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Alhakamy NA, Alamoudi AJ, Asfour HZ, Ahmed OAA, Abdel-Naim AB, Aboubakr EM. L-arginine mitigates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats through regulation of HO-1/PPAR-γ/β-catenin axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111834. [PMID: 38493696 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and progressively deteriorating lung condition that can be replicated in laboratory animals by administering bleomycin, a chemotherapeutic antibiotic known for its lung fibrosis-inducing side effects. L-arginine, a semi-essential amino acid, is recognized for its diverse biological functions, including its potential to counteract fibrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the antifibrotic properties of L-arginine on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The administration of a single intratracheal dose of bleomycin resulted in visible and microscopic damage to lung tissues, an uptick in oxidative stress markers, and an elevation in inflammatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic indicators. A seven-day treatment with L-arginine post-bleomycin exposure markedly improved the gross and histological architecture of the lungs, prevented the rise of malondialdehyde and carbonyl content, and enhanced total antioxidant capacity alongside the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Also, L-arginine attenuated the expression of the pro-fibrotic factors, transforming growth factor-β and lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In the lung tissue, L-arginine reduced collagen deposition, hydroxyproline concentration, and mucus production, along with decreasing expression of α-smooth muscle actin, tumor necrosis factor-α, caspase-3, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and β-catenin. Moreover, it boosted levels of nitric oxide and upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and E-cadherin and downregulating the expression of β-catenin. These findings suggest that L-arginine has preventive activities against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This effect can be attributed to the increased production of nitric oxide, which modulates the HO-1/PPAR-γ/β-catenin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsin J Alamoudi
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani Z Asfour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Osama A A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf B Abdel-Naim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam M Aboubakr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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Shimada M, Koyama Y, Kobayashi Y, Kobayashi H, Shimada S. Effect of the new silicon-based agent on the symptoms of interstitial pneumonitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5707. [PMID: 37029197 PMCID: PMC10080516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia (IP) is a collective term for diseases whose main lesion is fibrosis of the pulmonary interstitium, and the prognosis associated with acute exacerbation of these conditions is often poor. Therapeutic agents are limited to steroids, immunosuppressants, and antifibrotic drugs, which and have many side effects; therefore, the development of new therapeutic agents is required. Because oxidative stress contributes to lung fibrosis in IP, optimal antioxidants may be effective for the treatment of IP. Silicon (Si)-based agents, when administered orally, can continuously generate a large amount of antioxidant hydrogen in the intestinal tract. In this study, we investigated the effect of our Si-based agent on methotrexate-induced IP, using the IP mouse models. Pathological analysis revealed that interstitial hypertrophy was more significantly alleviated in the Si-based agent-treated group than in the untreated group (decreased by about 22%; P < 0.01). Moreover, additional morphological analysis demonstrated that infiltration of immune cells and fibrosis in the lungs were significantly inhibited by treatment with the Si-based agent. Furthermore, Si-based agent reduced oxidative stress associated with IP by increasing blood antioxidant activity. (increased by about 43%; P < 0.001). Taken together, these results suggest that Si-based agents can be effective therapeutic agents for IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
| | | | | | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
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Roodnat AW, Callaghan B, Doyle C, Henry M, Goljanek-Whysall K, Simpson DA, Sheridan C, Atkinson SD, Willoughby CE. Genome-Wide RNA Sequencing of Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Treated with TGF-β1: Relevance to Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1693. [PMID: 36421707 PMCID: PMC9687758 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (XFG) is an aggressive form of secondary open angle glaucoma, characterised by the production of exfoliation material and is estimated to affect 30 million people worldwide. Activation of the TGF-β pathway by TGF-β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. To further investigate the role of TGF-β1 in glaucomatous changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM), we used RNA-Seq to determine TGF-β1 induced changes in the transcriptome of normal human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. The main purpose of this study was to perform a hypothesis-independent RNA sequencing analysis to investigate genome-wide alterations in the transcriptome of normal HTMs stimulated with TGF-β1 and investigate possible pathophysiological mechanisms driving XFG. Our results identified multiple differentially expressed genes including several genes known to be present in exfoliation material. Significantly altered pathways, biological processes and molecular functions included extracellular matrix remodelling, Hippo and Wnt pathways, the unfolded protein response, oxidative stress, and the antioxidant system. This cellular model of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma can provide insight into disease pathogenesis and support the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W. Roodnat
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
- Personalised Medicine Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Breedge Callaghan
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Chelsey Doyle
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Megan Henry
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- School of Medicine, Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
| | - David A. Simpson
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
| | - Sarah D. Atkinson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT47 6SB, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine Campus, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, England, UK
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Bathish B, Robertson H, Dillon JF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and mechanisms by which it is ameliorated by activation of the CNC-bZIP transcription factor Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:221-261. [PMID: 35728768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a global health concern. It is characterised by fatty liver, hepatocyte cell death and inflammation, which are associated with lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron overload and oxidative stress. NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that combats oxidative stress. Remarkably, Nrf2 is downregulated during the development of NASH, which probably accelerates disease, whereas in pre-clinical studies the upregulation of Nrf2 inhibits NASH. We now review the scientific literature that proposes Nrf2 downregulation during NASH involves its increased ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, mediated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and/or β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) and/or HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1, also called synoviolin (SYVN1)). Additionally, downregulation of Nrf2-mediated transcription during NASH may involve diminished recruitment of coactivators by Nrf2, due to increased levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, or competition for promoter binding due to upregulation of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1). Many processes that downregulate Nrf2 are triggered by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), with oxidative stress amplifying its signalling. Oxidative stress may also increase suppression of Nrf2 by β-TrCP through facilitating formation of the DSGIS-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3. In animal models, knockout of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to NASH, while pharmacological activation of Nrf2 by inducing agents that target Keap1 inhibits development of NASH. These inducing agents probably counter Nrf2 downregulation affected by β-TrCP, Hrd1/SYVN1, ATF3, NF-κB p65 and Bach1, by suppressing oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is also likely to inhibit NASH by ameliorating lipotoxicity, inflammation, ER stress and iron overload. Crucially, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 in mice in which NASH has already been established supresses liver steatosis and inflammation. There is therefore compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 provides a comprehensive multipronged strategy to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Bathish
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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Garcia-Arcos I, Park SS, Mai M, Alvarez-Buve R, Chow L, Cai H, Baumlin-Schmid N, Agudelo CW, Martinez J, Kim MD, Dabo AJ, Salathe M, Goldberg IJ, Foronjy RF. LRP1 loss in airway epithelium exacerbates smoke-induced oxidative damage and airway remodeling. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100185. [PMID: 35202607 PMCID: PMC8953659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) partakes in metabolic and signaling events regulated in a tissue-specific manner. The function of LRP1 in airways has not been studied. We aimed to study the function of LRP1 in smoke-induced disease. We found that bronchial epithelium of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and airway epithelium of mice exposed to smoke had increased LRP1 expression. We then knocked out LRP1 in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro and in airway epithelial club cells in mice. In vitro, LRP1 knockdown decreased cell migration and increased transforming growth factor β activation. Tamoxifen-inducible airway-specific LRP1 knockout mice (club Lrp1-/-) induced after complete lung development had increased inflammation in the bronchoalveolar space and lung parenchyma at baseline. After 6 months of smoke exposure, club Lrp1-/- mice showed a combined restrictive and obstructive phenotype, with lower compliance, inspiratory capacity, and forced expiratory volume0.05/forced vital capacity than WT smoke-exposed mice. This was associated with increased values of Ashcroft fibrotic index. Proteomic analysis of room air exposed-club Lrp1-/- mice showed significantly decreased levels of proteins involved in cytoskeleton signaling and xenobiotic detoxification as well as decreased levels of glutathione. The proteome fingerprint created by smoke eclipsed many of the original differences, but club Lrp1-/- mice continued to have decreased lung glutathione levels and increased protein oxidative damage and airway cell proliferation. Therefore, LRP1 deficiency leads to greater lung inflammation and damage and exacerbates smoke-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sangmi S Park
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Mai
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger Alvarez-Buve
- Respiratory Department, Hospital University Arnau de Vilanova and Santa Maria, IRB Lleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lillian Chow
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huchong Cai
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christina W Agudelo
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Abdoulaye J Dabo
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert F Foronjy
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Estornut C, Milara J, Bayarri MA, Belhadj N, Cortijo J. Targeting Oxidative Stress as a Therapeutic Approach for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:794997. [PMID: 35126133 PMCID: PMC8815729 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.794997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease characterized by an abnormal reepithelialisation, an excessive tissue remodelling and a progressive fibrosis within the alveolar wall that are not due to infection or cancer. Oxidative stress has been proposed as a key molecular process in pulmonary fibrosis development and different components of the redox system are altered in the cellular actors participating in lung fibrosis. To this respect, several activators of the antioxidant machinery and inhibitors of the oxidant species and pathways have been assayed in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models and in different clinical trials. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of IPF and its underlying mechanisms as well as the evidence of oxidative stress in human IPF. Finally, we analyze the mechanism of action, the efficacy and the current status of different drugs developed to inhibit the oxidative stress as anti-fibrotic therapy in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Estornut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - Javier Milara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Estornut, ; Javier Milara,
| | - María Amparo Bayarri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nada Belhadj
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Pharmacy Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
- CIBERES, Health Institute Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Research and Teaching Unit, University General Hospital Consortium, Valencia, Spain
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Álvarez-Santos MD, Álvarez-González M, Eslava-De-Jesus E, González-López A, Pacheco-Alba I, Pérez-Del-Valle Y, Rojas-Madrid R, Bazán-Perkins B. Role of airway smooth muscle cell phenotypes in airway tone and obstruction in guinea pig asthma model. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 18:3. [PMID: 35016714 PMCID: PMC8753847 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-022-00645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Airway obstruction (AO) in asthma is driven by airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction. AO can be induced extrinsically by direct stimulation of ASM with contractile agonists as histamine, or by indirect provocation with antigens as ovalbumin, while the airway tone is dependent on intrinsic mechanisms. The association of the ASM phenotypes involved in different types of AO and airway tone in guinea pigs was evaluated. Methods Guinea pigs were sensitized to ovalbumin and challenged with antigen. In each challenge, the maximum OA response to ovalbumin was determined, and before the challenges, the tone of the airways. At third challenge, airway responsiveness (AR) to histamine was evaluated and ASM cells from trachea were disaggregated to determinate: (a) by flow cytometry, the percentage of cells that express transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-13 (IL-13) and sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase-2b (SERCA2b), (b) by RT-PCR, the SERCA2B gene expression, (c) by ELISA, reduced glutathione (GSH) and, (d) Ca2+ sarcoplasmic reticulum refilling rate by microfluorometry. Control guinea pig group received saline instead ovalbumin. Results Antigenic challenges in sensitized guinea pigs induced indirect AO, AR to histamine and increment in airway tone at third challenge. No relationship was observed between AO induced by antigen and AR to histamine with changes in airway tone. The extent of antigen-induced AO was associated with both, TGF-β1 expression in ASM and AR degree. The magnitude of AR and antigen-induced AO showed an inverse correlation with GSH levels in ASM. The airway tone showed an inverse association with SERCA2b expression. Conclusions Our data suggest that each type of AO and airway tone depends on different ASM phenotypes: direct and indirect AO seems to be sensitive to the level of oxidative stress; indirect obstruction induced by antigen appears to be influenced by the expression of TGF-β1 and the SERCA2b expression level plays a role in the airway tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra D Álvarez-Santos
- Biology Area, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisol Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Eslava-De-Jesus
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel González-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivonne Pacheco-Alba
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Pérez-Del-Valle
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Rojas-Madrid
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca Bazán-Perkins
- Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, 14380, Mexico City, Mexico.
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The Immunogenetics of Morphea and Lichen Sclerosus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:155-172. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Chung J, Huda MN, Shin Y, Han S, Akter S, Kang I, Ha J, Choe W, Choi TG, Kim SS. Correlation between Oxidative Stress and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413181. [PMID: 34947978 PMCID: PMC8707703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) facilitates precancerous tumor development, even though increasing the level of ROS can promote metastasis. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays an anti-tumorigenic role in the initial stages of cancer development but a pro-tumorigenic role in later stages that fosters cancer metastasis. TGF-β can regulate the production of ROS unambiguously or downregulate antioxidant systems. ROS can influence TGF-β signaling by enhancing its expression and activation. Thus, TGF-β signaling and ROS might significantly coordinate cellular processes that cancer cells employ to expedite their malignancy. In cancer cells, interplay between oxidative stress and TGF-β is critical for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Thus, both TGF-β and ROS can develop a robust relationship in cancer cells to augment their malignancy. This review focuses on the appropriate interpretation of this crosstalk between TGF-β and oxidative stress in cancer, exposing new potential approaches in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Chung
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
| | - Md Nazmul Huda
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UAMS Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences UAMS, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Insug Kang
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Wonchae Choe
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (T.G.C.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.); +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.C.); (M.N.H.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (I.K.); (J.H.); (W.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (T.G.C.); (S.S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-961-0287 (T.G.C.); +82-2-961-0524 (S.S.K.)
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10
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Ramundo V, Zanirato G, Aldieri E. The Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in the Development and Metastasis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212216. [PMID: 34830097 PMCID: PMC8621591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor mainly associated with asbestos exposure and is characterized by a very difficult pharmacological approach. One of the molecular mechanisms associated with cancer onset and invasiveness is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an event induced by different types of inducers, such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), the main inducer of EMT, and oxidative stress. MPM development and metastasis have been correlated to EMT; On one hand, EMT mediates the effects exerted by asbestos fibers in the mesothelium, particularly via increased oxidative stress and TGFβ levels evoked by asbestos exposure, thus promoting a malignant phenotype, and on the other hand, MPM acquires invasiveness via the EMT event, as shown by an upregulation of mesenchymal markers or, although indirectly, some miRNAs or non-coding RNAs, all demonstrated to be involved in cancer onset and metastasis. This review aims to better describe how EMT is involved in driving the development and invasiveness of MPM, in an attempt to open new scenarios that are useful in the identification of predictive markers and to improve the pharmacological approach against this aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ramundo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giada Zanirato
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
| | - Elisabetta Aldieri
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (V.R.); (G.Z.)
- Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates “G. Scansetti”, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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Fois SS, Canu S, Fois AG. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Sarcoidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111712. [PMID: 34769145 PMCID: PMC8584035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a rare, systemic inflammatory disease whose diagnosis and management can pose a challenge for clinicians and specialists. Scientific knowledge on the molecular pathways that drive its development is still lacking, with no standardized therapies available and insufficient strategies to predict patient outcome. In recent years, oxidative stress has been highlighted as an important factor in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, involving several enzymes and molecules in the mechanism of the disease. This review presents current data on the role of oxidative stress in sarcoidosis and its interaction with inflammation, as well as the application of antioxidative therapy in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Solveig Fois
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Canu
- Respiratory Diseases Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Giuseppe Fois
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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12
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Wishart TFL, Flokis M, Shu DY, Das SJ, Lovicu FJ. Hallmarks of lens aging and cataractogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2021; 210:108709. [PMID: 34339681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lens homeostasis and transparency are dependent on the function and intercellular communication of its epithelia. While the lens epithelium is uniquely equipped with functional repair systems to withstand reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative insult, ROS are not necessarily detrimental to lens cells. Lens aging, and the onset of pathogenesis leading to cataract share an underlying theme; a progressive breakdown of oxidative stress repair systems driving a pro-oxidant shift in the intracellular environment, with cumulative ROS-induced damage to lens cell biomolecules leading to cellular dysfunction and pathology. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of the sources and essential functions of lens ROS, antioxidative defenses, and changes in the major regulatory systems that serve to maintain the finely tuned balance of oxidative signaling vs. oxidative stress in lens cells. Age-related breakdown of these redox homeostasis systems in the lens leads to the onset of cataractogenesis. We propose eight candidate hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging and cataractogenesis in the mammalian lens: oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulated ion homeostasis, cell senescence, genomic instability and intrinsic apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Flokis
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daisy Y Shu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon J Das
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Transforming Growth Factor- β and Oxidative Stress in Cancer: A Crosstalk in Driving Tumor Transformation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123093. [PMID: 34205678 PMCID: PMC8235010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic changes in tumor microenvironment play a critical role in cancer, related to the accumulated alterations in signaling pathways that control cellular metabolism. Cancer metabolic deregulation is related to specific events such as the control of oxidative stress, and in particular the redox imbalance with aberrant oxidant production and/or a deregulation of the efficacy of the antioxidant systems. In cancer cells, different cytokines are involved in the development and/or progression of cancer; among these cytokines, the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is central to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In tumor cells, it has been demonstrated that there is a close correlation between oxidative stress and TGF-β; this crosstalk strongly contributes to tumorigenesis, both in tumor development and in mediating its invasiveness. This review is addressed to better understanding this crosstalk between TGF-β and oxidative stress in cancer cell metabolism, in an attempt to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic approach against cancer. Abstract Cancer metabolism involves different changes at a cellular level, and altered metabolic pathways have been demonstrated to be heavily involved in tumorigenesis and invasiveness. A crucial role for oxidative stress in cancer initiation and progression has been demonstrated; redox imbalance, due to aberrant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or deregulated efficacy of antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, GSH), contributes to tumor initiation and progression of several types of cancer. ROS may modulate cancer cell metabolism by acting as secondary messengers in the signaling pathways (NF-kB, HIF-1α) involved in cellular proliferation and metastasis. It is known that ROS mediate many of the effects of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a key cytokine central in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which in turn can modulate ROS production and the related antioxidant system activity. Thus, ROS synergize with TGF-β in cancer cell metabolism by increasing the redox imbalance in cancer cells and by inducing the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), a crucial event associated with tumor invasiveness and metastases. Taken as a whole, this review is addressed to better understanding this crosstalk between TGF-β and oxidative stress in cancer cell metabolism, in the attempt to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic approach against cancer.
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14
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Ye Z, Hu Y. TGF‑β1: Gentlemanly orchestrator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:132. [PMID: 34013369 PMCID: PMC8136122 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a worldwide disease characterized by the chronic and irreversible decline of lung function. Currently, there is no drug to successfully treat the disease except for lung transplantation. Numerous studies have been devoted to the study of the fibrotic process of IPF and findings showed that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in the development of IPF. TGF-β1 promotes the fibrotic process of IPF through various signaling pathways, including the Smad, MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. There are intersections between these signaling pathways, which provide new targets for researchers to study new drugs. In addition, TGF-β1 can affect the fibrosis process of IPF by affecting oxidative stress, epigenetics and other aspects. Most of the processes involved in TGF-β1 promote IPF, but TGF-β1 can also inhibit it. This review discusses the role of TGF-β1 in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ye
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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15
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Role of pirfenidone in TGF-β pathways and other inflammatory pathways in acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection: a theoretical perspective. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:712-727. [PMID: 33880743 PMCID: PMC8057922 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes pulmonary injury or multiple-organ injury by various pathological pathways. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a key factor that is released during SARS-CoV-2 infection. TGF-β, by internalization of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), suppresses the anti-oxidant system, downregulates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and activates the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB). These changes cause inflammation and lung injury along with coagulopathy. Moreover, reactive oxygen species play a significant role in lung injury, which levels up during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Drug Suggestion Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic drug with an anti-oxidant activity that can prevent lung injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the maturation process of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and enhancing the protective role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Pirfenidone is a safe drug for patients with hypertension or diabetes and its side effect tolerated well. Conclusion The drug as a theoretical perspective may be an effective and safe choice for suppressing the inflammatory response during COVID-19. The recommendation would be a combination of pirfenidone and N-acetylcysteine to achieve maximum benefit during SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
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16
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Coenzyme Q10 and Silymarin Reduce CCl4-Induced Oxidative Stress and Liver and Kidney Injury in Ovariectomized Rats—Implications for Protective Therapy in Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:50-63. [PMID: 35366269 PMCID: PMC8830449 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the key factors in the pathophysiology of liver disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential impact of two antioxidants, namely coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and silymarin, on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage in ovariectomized rats. Female Long Evans rats were divided into six groups (n = 6): control, CCl4, CCl4 + CoQ10 (200 mg/kg), CCl4 + silymarin (140 mg/kg), Control + CoQ10, and Control + silymarin. Plasma and tissues from liver and kidney were analyzed for oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities using biochemical assays. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis were assessed by histological staining of tissue sections. Both CoQ10 and silymarin significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels that were detected to be higher in CCl4 rats compared to controls. Significant reduction in CCl4-induced elevated levels of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and advanced protein oxidation product (APOP) was observed with both antioxidants. However, in control rats, CoQ10 and silymarin did not produce a significant effect. Histological analysis revealed that CCl4 markedly increased the level of inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis in liver and kidney tissues, but this was significantly reduced in CCl4 + CoQ10 and CCl4 + silymarin groups. Taken together, our results suggest that CoQ10 and silymarin can protect the liver against oxidative damage through improved antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced lipid peroxidation. Thus, supplementation of the aforementioned antioxidants may be useful as a therapeutic intervention to protect liver health in chronic liver diseases.
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17
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Atabai K, Yang CD, Podolsky MJ. You Say You Want a Resolution (of Fibrosis). Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:424-435. [PMID: 32640171 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0182tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathological fibrosis, aberrant tissue remodeling with excess extracellular matrix leads to organ dysfunction and eventual morbidity. Diseases of fibrosis create significant global health and economic burdens and are often deadly. Although fibrosis has traditionally been thought of as an irreversible process, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that organ fibrosis can reverse in certain circumstances, especially if an underlying cause of injury can be removed. This body of evidence has uncovered more and more contributors to persistent and nonresolving tissue fibrosis. Here, we review the present knowledge on resolution of organ fibrosis and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture. We emphasize three critical areas of tissue homeostasis that are necessary for fibrosis resolution, namely, the elimination of matrix-producing cells, the clearance of excess matrix, and the regeneration of normal tissue constituents. In so doing, we also highlight how profibrotic pathways interact with one another and where there may be therapeutic opportunities to intervene and remediate pathological persistent fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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18
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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19
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Das SJ, Wishart TFL, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Lovicu FJ. Nox4-mediated ROS production is involved, but not essential for TGFβ-induced lens EMT leading to cataract. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107918. [PMID: 31926131 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing enzyme, NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4), is upregulated in response to TGFβ in lens epithelial cells in vitro, and its selective inhibition was shown to block aspects of TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present in situ study we validate the role(s) of Nox4 in TGFβ-induced lens EMT leading to anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) formation. Mice overexpressing TGFβ in the lens, that develop ASC, were crossed to Nox4-deficient mice. When comparing mice overexpressing TGFβ in lens, to mice that were also deficient for Nox4, we see the delayed onset of cataract, along with a delay in EMT protein markers normally associated with TGFβ-induced fibrotic cataracts. In the absence of Nox4, we also see elevated levels of ERK1/2 activity that was shown to be required for TGFβ/Smad2/3-signaling. qRT-PCR revealed upregulation of Nox2 and its regulatory subunit in TGFβ-overexpressing lens epithelial cells devoid of Nox4. Taken together, these findings provide an improved platform to delineate putative Nox4 (and ROS) interactions with Smad2/3 and/or ERK1/2, in particular in the development of fibrotic diseases, such as specific forms of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Das
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T F L Wishart
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F J Lovicu
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology & Eye Health, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Karatug Kacar A, Yildirim M, Bolkent S, Oztay F. The effects of atorvastatin on the kidney injury in mice with pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1301-1310. [PMID: 31215034 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of atorvastatin on kidney injury in mice with pulmonary fibrosis (PF). METHODS Adult mice were divided into four groups: mice treated with intratracheal bleomycin (I) and their controls (II), and mice treated with atorvastatin for 10 days after 7 days from bleomycin treatment (III) and their controls (IV). Mice were dissected on the 21st day. KEY FINDINGS Mononuclear cell infiltrations, injured proximal tubule epithelium and p-c-Jun level increased, while cell proliferation and the levels of p-SMAD2, ELK1, p-ELK1, p-ATF2 and c-Jun decreased in the kidney tissue of mice with PF. The atorvastatin treatments to mice with PF resulted in significant increases at the TGF-β activation, cell proliferation and kidney damage and decreases in the levels of p-SMAD2, p-ELK1, p-ATF2 and p-c-Jun, but not change the p-SMAD3, ELK1 and ATF2 in kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The depletion of MAPK signals, rather than SMAD signalling, is effective in kidney damage of mice with PF. Atorvastatin did not regress kidney damage in these mice, whereas it increases the kidney injury. The c-Jun-mediated JNK signals could help kidney repair through cell proliferation. The treatment time and doses of atorvastatin should be optimized for regression of kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug Kacar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Yildirim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sehnaz Bolkent
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Oztay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Andrich DE, Melbouci L, Ou Y, Auclair N, Mercier J, Grenier JC, Lira FS, Barreiro LB, Danialou G, Comtois AS, Lavoie JC, St-Pierre DH. A Short-Term High-Fat Diet Alters Glutathione Levels and IL-6 Gene Expression in Oxidative Skeletal Muscles of Young Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:372. [PMID: 31024337 PMCID: PMC6468044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and ensuing disorders are increasingly prevalent worldwide. High-fat diets (HFD) and diet-induced obesity have been shown to induce oxidative stress and inflammation while altering metabolic homeostasis in many organs, including the skeletal muscle. We previously observed that 14 days of HFD impairs contractile functions of the soleus (SOL) oxidative skeletal muscle. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not clarified. In order to determine the effects of a short-term HFD on skeletal muscle glutathione metabolism, young male Wistar rats (100–125 g) were fed HFD or a regular chow diet (RCD) for 14 days. Reduced (GSH) and disulfide (GSSG) glutathione levels were measured in the SOL. The expression of genes involved in the regulation of glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense and inflammation were measured by RNA-Seq. We observed a significant 25% decrease of GSH levels in the SOL muscle. Levels of GSSG and the GSH:GSSG ratio were similar in both groups. Further, we observed a 4.5 fold increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) but not of other cytokines or markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. We hereby demonstrate that a short-term HFD significantly lowers SOL muscle GSH levels. This effect could be mediated through the increased expression of IL-6. Further, the skeletal muscle antioxidant defense could be impaired under cellular stress. We surmise that these early alterations could contribute to HFD-induced insulin resistance observed in longer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Andrich
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lilya Melbouci
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ya Ou
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nickolas Auclair
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Mercier
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gawiyou Danialou
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Royal Military College Saint-Jean, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada
| | - Alain-Steve Comtois
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David H St-Pierre
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée (GRAPA), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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22
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Tangtrongsup S, Kisiday JD. Differential Effects of the Antioxidants N-Acetylcysteine and Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:153-163. [PMID: 31719906 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis is associated with increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in oxidative stress that is detrimental to cartilage regeneration. This study evaluated the ability of the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) to reduce intracellular ROS, and their effect on MSC chondrogenesis and maturation of cartilage-like extracellular matrix. Methods Equine bone marrow MSCs were cultured in serum-supplemented chondrogenic medium with or without NAC or PDTC. ROS was quantified in monolayer after 8 and 72 h of culture. MSCs were seeded into agarose, cultured for 15 days, and analyzed for viable cell density, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline accumulation, and collagen gene expression. PDTC cultures were evaluated for oxidative damage by protein carbonylation, and mechanical properties via compressive testing. Results NAC significantly lowered levels of ROS after 8 but not 72 h, and suppressed GAG accumulation (70%). In secondary experiments using serum-free medium, NAC significantly increased levels of ROS at 72 h, and lowered cell viability and extracellular matrix accumulation. PDTC significantly reduced levels of ROS (~ 30%) and protein carbonylation (27%), and enhanced GAG accumulation (20%). However, the compressive modulus for PDTC-treated samples was significantly lower (40%) than controls. Gene expression was largely unaffected by the antioxidants. Conclusions NAC demonstrated a limited ability to reduce intracellular ROS in chondrogenic culture, and generally suppressed accumulation of extracellular matrix. Conversely, PDTC was an effective antioxidant that enhanced GAG accumulation, although the concomitant reduction in compressive properties is a significant limitation for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimol Tangtrongsup
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - John D Kisiday
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300W. Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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Sioutas A, Vainikka LK, Kentson M, Dam-Larsen S, Wennerström U, Jacobson P, Persson HL. Oxidant-induced autophagy and ferritin degradation contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition through lysosomal iron. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:29-39. [PMID: 28405169 PMCID: PMC5378460 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s128292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 triggers epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) through autophagy, which is partly driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to determine whether leaking lysosomes and enhanced degradation of H-ferritin could be involved in EMT and whether it could be possible to prevent EMT by iron chelation targeting of the lysosome. Materials and methods EMT, H-ferritin, and autophagy were evaluated in TGF-β1-stimulated A549 human lung epithelial cells cultured in vitro using Western blotting, with the additional morphological assessment of EMT. By using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, lysosomes and ROS were assessed by acridine orange and 6-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein acetate assays, respectively. Results TGF-β1-stimulated cells demonstrated a loss of H-ferritin, which was prevented by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and inhibitors of lysosomal degradation. TGF-β1 stimulation generated ROS and autophagosome formation and led to EMT, which was further promoted by the additional ROS-generating cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α. Lysosomes of TGF-β1-stimulated cells were sensitized to oxidants but also completely protected by lysosomal loading with dextran-bound deferoxamine (DFO). Autophagy and EMT were prevented by NAC, DFO, and inhibitors of autophagy and lysosomal degradation. Conclusion The findings of this study support the role of enhanced autophagic degradation of H-ferritin as a mechanism for increasing the vulnerability of lysosomes to iron-driven oxidant injury that triggers further autophagy during EMT. This study proposes that lysosomal leakage is a novel pathway of TGF-β1-induced EMT that may be prevented by iron-chelating drugs that target the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Sioutas
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Linda K Vainikka
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping
| | | | | | | | - Petra Jacobson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences
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Resveratrol-Mediated Expression of KLF15 in the Ischemic Myocardium is Associated with an Improved Cardiac Phenotype. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2017; 31:29-38. [PMID: 28064408 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial infarction results in physiological derangements that lead to structural and functional alterations to the myocardium. In addition, oxidative stress potentiates cardiac remodeling and drives disease progression. Unfortunately, treatment with antioxidants in clinical trials have failed to show any therapeutic benefits despite the positive results reported in animal studies, which warrants further investigation into their mechanism(s) of action. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to elucidate a previously unknown mechanism of action for the antioxidant, resveratrol, in the treatment of the ischemic heart. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent four weeks of chronic myocardial ischemia with or without daily resveratrol treatment (10 mg/kg/day). The expression and signaling of Krüppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) were determined by immunoblot and qPCR analyses, respectively. RESULTS Chronic myocardial ischemia reduced the protein expression of KLF15. In parallel, mRNA transcripts of KLF15 gene targets actively involved in cardiac remodeling were robustly increased in untreated hearts. Importantly, daily treatment with resveratrol stimulated KLF15 expression, which was associated with attenuated gene expression and an improved cardiac phenotype. Additionally, we describe a novel role for KLF15 in the regulation of redox homeostasis. CONCLUSION Based on our current findings, it appears that resveratrol treatment induces KLF15 expression, which may, in part, explain its therapeutic efficacy to improve the cardiac phenotype following ischemic injury.
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Paeoniflorin Attenuated Oxidative Stress in Rat COPD Model Induced by Cigarette Smoke. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:1698379. [PMID: 28003846 PMCID: PMC5149678 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1698379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glucoside, might have an effect on the oxidative stress. However, the mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we made the COPD model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by exposing them to the smoke of 20 cigarettes for 1 hour/day and 6 days/week, for 12 weeks, 24 weeks, or 36 weeks. Our findings suggested that smoke inhalation can trigger the oxidative stress from the very beginning. A 24-week treatment of PF especially in the dosage of 40 mg/kg·d can attenuate oxygen stress by partially quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating antioxidant enzymes via an Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
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Czaja AJ. Nature and Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stresses in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2784-2803. [PMID: 27411555 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses can damage cellular membranes, disrupt mitochondrial function, alter gene expression, promote the apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes, and increase fibrosis in diverse acute and chronic liver diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis. The objectives of this review are to describe the mechanisms of oxidative and nitrosative stresses in inflammatory liver disease, indicate the pathogenic implications of these stresses in autoimmune hepatitis, and suggest investigational opportunities to develop interventions that counter them. The principal antioxidant defenses, including glutathione production, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the release of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, may be inadequate or suppressed by transforming growth factor beta. The generation of reactive oxygen species can intensify nitrosative stress, and this stress may not be adequately modulated by the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system and induce post-translational modifications of proteins that further disrupt hepatocyte function. The unfolded protein response and autophagy may be unable to restore redox stability, meet metabolic demands, and maintain hepatocyte survival. Emerging interventions with highly selective site- and organelle-specific actions may improve outcomes, and they include inhibitors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and transforming growth factor beta. Pharmacological manipulation of nuclear transcription factors may favor expression of antioxidant genes, and stimulation of chaperone proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum and modulation of autophagy may prevent hepatic fibrosis and enhance cell survival. These interventions constitute investigational opportunities to improve the management of autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Richter K, Kietzmann T. Reactive oxygen species and fibrosis: further evidence of a significant liaison. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:591-605. [PMID: 27345301 PMCID: PMC5010605 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease and cardiomyopathy are frequently associated with fibrosis. Work within the last decade has improved our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to fibrosis development. In particular, oxidative stress and the antioxidant system appear to be crucial modulators of processes such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signalling, metabolic homeostasis and chronic low-grade inflammation, all of which play important roles in fibrosis development and persistence. In the current review, we discuss the connections between reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and TGF-β1 signalling, together with functional consequences, reflecting a concept of redox-fibrosis that can be targeted in future therapies. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Richter
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90230, Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, FI-90230, Oulu, Finland.
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Kurundkar A, Thannickal VJ. Redox mechanisms in age-related lung fibrosis. Redox Biol 2016; 9:67-76. [PMID: 27394680 PMCID: PMC4943089 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling and oxidative stress are associated with tissue fibrosis and aging. Aging is recognized as a major risk factor for fibrotic diseases involving multiple organ systems, including that of the lung. A number of oxidant generating enzymes are upregulated while antioxidant defenses are deficient with aging and cellular senescence, leading to redox imbalance and oxidative stress. However, the precise mechanisms by which redox signaling and oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis are not well understood. Tissue repair is a highly regulated process that involves the interactions of several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Fibrosis may develop when these interactions are dysregulated with the acquisition of pro-fibrotic cellular phenotypes. In this review, we explore the roles of redox mechanisms that promote and perpetuate fibrosis in the context of cellular senescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kurundkar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Richter K, Konzack A, Pihlajaniemi T, Heljasvaara R, Kietzmann T. Redox-fibrosis: Impact of TGFβ1 on ROS generators, mediators and functional consequences. Redox Biol 2015; 6:344-352. [PMID: 26335400 PMCID: PMC4565043 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is one of the most prevalent features of age-related diseases like obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic kidney disease, or cardiomyopathy and affects millions of people in all countries. Although the understanding about the pathophysiology of fibrosis has improved a lot during the recent years, a number of mechanisms still remain unknown. Although TGF-β1 signaling, loss of metabolic homeostasis and chronic low-grade inflammation appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, recent evidence indicates that oxidative stress and the antioxidant system may also be crucial for fibrosis development and persistence. These findings point to a concept of a redox-fibrosis where the cellular oxidant and antioxidant system could be potential therapeutic targets. The current review aims to summarize the existing links between TGF-β1 signaling, generation and action of reactive oxygen species, expression of antioxidative enzymes, and functional consequences including epigenetic redox-mediated responses during fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Richter
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anja Konzack
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center of Excellence in Cell-Extracellular Matrix Research, Finland
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Center of Excellence in Cell-Extracellular Matrix Research, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Oxidative Stress Interplay: Implications in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:654594. [PMID: 26078812 PMCID: PMC4452864 DOI: 10.1155/2015/654594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and oxidative stress/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) both have pivotal roles in health and disease. In this review we are analyzing the interplay between TGF-β and ROS in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. They have contradictory roles in cancer progression since both can have antitumor effects, through the induction of cell death, senescence and cell cycle arrest, and protumor effects by contributing to cancer cell spreading, proliferation, survival, and metastasis. TGF-β can control ROS production directly or by downregulating antioxidative systems. Meanwhile, ROS can influence TGF-β signaling and increase its expression as well as its activation from the latent complex. This way, both are building a strong interplay which can be taken as an advantage by cancer cells in order to increment their malignancy. In addition, both TGF-β and ROS are able to induce cell senescence, which in one way protects damaged cells from neoplastic transformation but also may collaborate in cancer progression. The mutual collaboration of TGF-β and ROS in tumorigenesis is highly complex, and, due to their differential roles in tumor progression, careful consideration should be taken when thinking of combinatorial targeting in cancer therapies.
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Prasanphanich AF, Arencibia CA, Kemp ML. Redox processes inform multivariate transdifferentiation trajectories associated with TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:1-13. [PMID: 25088330 PMCID: PMC4254148 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype reprogramming during transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an extensive and dynamic process, orchestrated by the integration of biological signaling across multiple time scales. As part of the numerous transcriptional changes necessary for EMT, TGFβ-initiated Smad3 signaling results in remodeling of the redox environment and decreased nucleophilic tone. Because Smad3 itself is susceptible to attenuated activity through antioxidants, the possibility of a positive feedback loop exists, albeit the time scales on which these mechanisms operate are quite different. We hypothesized that the decreased nucleophilic tone acquired during EMT promotes Smad3 signaling, enhancing acquisition and stabilization of the mesenchymal phenotype. Previous findings supporting such a mechanism were characterized independent of each other; we sought to investigate these relationships within a singular experimental context. In this study, we characterized multivariate representations of phenotype as they evolved over time, specifically measuring expression of epithelial/mesenchymal differentiation, redox regulators, and Smad transcription factors. In-cell Western (ICW) assays were developed to evaluate multivariate phenotype states as they developed during EMT. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted anticorrelations between phospho-Smad3 (pSmad3) and Smad2/Smad4, which reflected a compensatory up-regulation of Smad2 and Smad4 following cessation of TGFβ signaling. Measuring transcript expression following EMT, we identified down-regulation of numerous antioxidant genes concomitant with up-regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and multiple mesenchymal phenotype markers. TGFβ treatment increased CM-H2DCF-DA oxidation, decreased H2O2 degradation rates, and increased glutathione redox potential. Our findings suggest that the decreased nucleophilic tone during EMT coincides with the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype over too long a time scale to enable enhanced Smad3 phosphorylation during initiation of EMT. We further challenged the mesenchymal phenotype following EMT through antioxidant and TGFβ inhibitor treatments, which failed to induce a mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Our characterization of multivariate phenotype dynamics during EMT indicates that the decrease in nucleophilic tone occurs alongside EMT; however, maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype following EMT is independent of both the nascent redox state and the continuous TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Prasanphanich
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
| | - C Andrew Arencibia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
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Voisin G, Bouvet GF, Legendre P, Dagenais A, Massé C, Berthiaume Y. Oxidative stress modulates the expression of genes involved in cell survival in ΔF508 cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:634-46. [PMID: 24893876 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cystic fibrosis (CF) pathophysiology is explained by a defect in CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, the broad spectrum of disease severity is the consequence of environmental and genetic factors. Among them, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play an important role in the evolution of this disease, with susceptibility to oxidative damage, decline of pulmonary function, and impaired lung antioxidant defense. Although oxidative stress has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation, its molecular outcomes in CF cells remain to be evaluated. To address the question, we compared the gene expression profile in NuLi-1 cells with wild-type CFTR and CuFi-1 cells homozygous for ΔF508 mutation cultured at air-liquid interface. We analyzed the transcriptomic response of these cell lines with microarray technology, under basal culture conditions and after 24 h oxidative stress induced by 15 μM 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphtoquinone. In the absence of oxidative conditions, CuFi-1 gene profiling showed typical dysregulated inflammatory responses compared with NuLi-1. In the presence of oxidative conditions, the transcriptome of CuFi-1 cells reflected apoptotic transcript modulation. These results were confirmed in the CFBE41o- and corrCFBE41o- cell lines as well as in primary culture of human CF airway epithelial cells. Altogether, our data point to the influence of oxidative stress on cell survival functions in CF and identify several genes that could be implicated in the inflammation response observed in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Voisin
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal - Hôtel Dieu, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Legendre
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - André Dagenais
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantal Massé
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors play an integral role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, the generation of protective immunity, and lung reparative processes. However, the dysregulated expression of cytokines and growth factors in response to infectious or noxious insults can initiate and perpetuate deleterious lung inflammation and fibroproliferation. In this article, we will comprehensively review the contribution of individual cytokines and growth factors and cytokine networks to key pathophysiological events in human and experimental acute lung injury (ALI), including inflammatory cell recruitment and activation, alveolar epithelial injury and repair, angiogenesis, and matrix deposition and remodeling. The application of cytokines/growth factors as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets in human ALI is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
The distal airways are covered with a heterogeneous layer of cells known as the alveolar epithelium. Alveolar epithelial cells provide the major barrier between the airspace and fluid filled tissue compartments. As such, regulation of the alveolar epithelium is critical to maintain a healthy lung and for optimal gas exchange. In this chapter, we discuss functional roles for alveolar epithelial cells with particular emphasis on intercellular junctions and communication. As a thin layer of cells directly exposed to atmospheric oxygen, alveoli are particularly sensitive to oxidant insults. Alcohol significantly diminishes the normal antioxidant reserves of the alveolar epithelium, thereby rendering it sensitized for an exaggerated damage response to acute and chronic injuries. The effects of alcohol on alveolar epithelia are discussed along with open questions and potential therapeutic targets to prevent the pathophysiology of alcoholic lung disease.
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Wang D, Li Y, Wang Z, Sun GY, Zhang QH. Nimodipine rescues N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:149-54. [PMID: 23772111 PMCID: PMC3680855 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: That nimodipine (NMD) is potentially useful for ophthalmic treatment. However, the effect of NMD is unknown on retinal degenerative diseases. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of NMD on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration (RD) and elucidate its possible mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Morphological observation of NMD on MNU-induced RD was evaluated by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Nonenzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH) was measured by a colorimetric method. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Telomerase was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: The significantly protective effect of NMD on MNU-induced RD was demonstrated morphologically. NMD increased the content of GSH and decreased the level of TGF-β in rat retina. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that NMD treatment significantly decreased mRNA level of telomerase. Conclusion: These data suggest that NMD inhibit MNU-induced RD in rats. The expressions of TGF-β, telomerase and GSH contents might partially contribute to its protective effects on MNU-induced RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, P. R. China ; Department of Pharmacology, HE's University, P. R. China
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Tanaka R, Watanabe H, Kodama A, Chuang VTG, Ishima Y, Hamasaki K, Tanaka KI, Mizushima T, Otagiri M, Maruyama T. Long-acting human serum albumin-thioredoxin fusion protein suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis progression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:271-83. [PMID: 23442250 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is thought to involve inflammatory cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion radical (O2(·-)). There is currently no effective treatment of IPF. We previously developed a human serum albumin (HSA)-thioredoxin 1 (Trx) fusion protein (HSA-Trx) designed to overcome the unfavorable pharmacokinetic and short pharmacological properties of Trx, an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory protein. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effect of HSA-Trx on an IPF animal model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. A pharmacokinetic study of HSA-Trx or Trx in BLM mice showed that the plasma retention and lung distribution of Trxc was markedly improved by fusion with HSA. A weekly intravenous administration of HSA-Trx, but not Trx, ameliorated BLM-induced fibrosis, as evidenced by a histopathological analysis and pulmonary hydroxyproline levels. HSA-Trx suppressed active-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels in the lung and inhibited the increase of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, pulmonary inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers. An in vitro EPR experiment using phosphate-buffered saline-stimulated neutrophils confirmed the O2(·-) scavenging ability of HSA-Trx. Furthermore, post-treatment of HSA-Trx had a suppressive effect against BLM-induced fibrosis. These results suggest that HSA-Trx has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for IPF, because of its long-acting antioxidative and anti-inflammatory modulation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Overgaard CE, Mitchell LA, Koval M. Roles for claudins in alveolar epithelial barrier function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:167-74. [PMID: 22671603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Terminal airspaces of the lung, alveoli, are sites of gas exchange that are sensitive to disrupted fluid balance. The alveolar epithelium is a heterogeneous monolayer of cells interconnected by tight junctions at sites of cell-cell contact. Paracellular permeability depends on claudin (cldn)-family tight junction proteins. Of over a dozen alveolar cldns, cldn-3, cldn-4, and cldn-18 are the most highly expressed; other prominent alveolar claudins include cldn-5 and cldn-7. Cldn-3 is primarily expressed by type II alveolar epithelial cells, whereas cldn-4 and cldn-18 are expressed throughout the alveolar epithelium. Lung diseases associated with pulmonary edema, such as alcoholic lung syndrome and acute lung injury, affect alveolar claudin expression, which is frequently associated with impaired fluid clearance due to increased alveolar leak. However, recent studies have identified a role for increased cldn-4 in protecting alveolar barrier function following injury. Thus, alveolar claudins are dynamically regulated, tailoring lung barrier function to control the air-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory Alcohol and Lung Biology Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Laher I, Beam J, Botta A, Barendregt R, Sulistyoningrum D, Devlin A, Rheault M, Ghosh S. Short-term exercise worsens cardiac oxidative stress and fibrosis in 8-month-old db/db mice by depleting cardiac glutathione. Free Radic Res 2012; 47:44-54. [PMID: 23039789 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.737463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Moderate exercise improves cardiac antioxidant status in young humans and animals with Type-2 diabetes (T2D). Given that both diabetes and advancing age synergistically decrease antioxidant expression in most tissues, it is unclear whether exercise can upregulate cardiac antioxidants in chronic animal models of T2D. To this end, 8-month-old T2D and normoglycemic mice were exercised for 3 weeks, and cardiac redox status was evaluated. As expected, moderate exercise increased cardiac antioxidants and attenuated oxidative damage in normoglycemic mice. In contrast, similar exercise protocol in 8-month-old db/db mice worsened cardiac oxidative damage, which was associated with a specific dysregulation of glutathione (GSH) homeostasis. Expression of enzymes for GSH biosynthesis [γ-glutamylcysteine synthase, glutathione reductase] as well as for GSH-mediated detoxification (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase) was lower, while toxic metabolites dependent on GSH for clearance (4-hydroxynonenal) were increased in exercised diabetic mice hearts. To validate GSH loss as an important factor for such aggravated damage, daily administration of GSH restored cardiac GSH levels in exercised diabetic mice. Such supplementation attenuated both oxidative damage and fibrotic changes in the myocardium. Expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and its regulated genes which are responsible for such profibrotic changes were also attenuated with GSH supplementation. These novel findings in a long-term T2D animal model demonstrate that short-term exercise by itself can deplete cardiac GSH and aggravate cardiac oxidative stress. As GSH administration conferred protection in 8-month-old diabetic mice undergoing exercise, supplementation with GSH-enhancing agents may be beneficial in elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
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Lu SC. Glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3143-53. [PMID: 22995213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1454] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) is present in all mammalian tissues as the most abundant non-protein thiol that defends against oxidative stress. GSH is also a key determinant of redox signaling, vital in detoxification of xenobiotics, and regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune function, and fibrogenesis. Biosynthesis of GSH occurs in the cytosol in a tightly regulated manner. Key determinants of GSH synthesis are the availability of the sulfur amino acid precursor, cysteine, and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), which is composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modifier (GCLM) subunit. The second enzyme of GSH synthesis is GSH synthetase (GS). SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes key functions of GSH and focuses on factors that regulate the biosynthesis of GSH, including pathological conditions where GSH synthesis is dysregulated. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS GCL subunits and GS are regulated at multiple levels and often in a coordinated manner. Key transcription factors that regulate the expression of these genes include NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) via the antioxidant response element (ARE), AP-1, and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). There is increasing evidence that dysregulation of GSH synthesis contributes to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions. These include diabetes mellitus, pulmonary and liver fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE GSH is a key antioxidant that also modulates diverse cellular processes. A better understanding of how its synthesis is regulated and dysregulated in disease states may lead to improvement in the treatment of these disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Liu RM, Vayalil PK, Ballinger C, Dickinson DA, Huang WT, Wang S, Kavanagh TJ, Matthews QL, Postlethwait EM. Transforming growth factor β suppresses glutamate-cysteine ligase gene expression and induces oxidative stress in a lung fibrosis model. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:554-63. [PMID: 22634145 PMCID: PMC3432394 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular free thiol and an important antioxidant, is decreased in the lung in both fibrotic diseases and experimental fibrosis models. The underlying mechanisms and biological significance of GSH depletion, however, remain unclear. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is the most potent and ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all fibrotic diseases. In this study, we show that increasing TGF-β1 expression in mouse lung to a level comparable to those found in lung fibrotic diseases by intranasal instillation of AdTGF-β1(223/225), an adenovirus expressing constitutively active TGF-β1, suppressed the expression of both catalytic and modifier subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in de novo GSH synthesis, decreased GSH concentration, and increased protein and lipid peroxidation in mouse lung. Furthermore, we show that increasing TGF-β1 expression activated JNK and induced activating transcription factor 3, a transcriptional repressor involved in the regulation of the catalytic subunit of GCL, in mouse lung. Control virus (AdDL70-3) had no significant effect on any of these parameters, compared to saline-treated control. Concurrent with GSH depletion, TGF-β1 induced lung epithelial apoptosis and robust pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, lung GSH levels returned to normal, whereas fibrosis persisted at least 21 days after TGF-β1 instillation. Together, the data suggest that increased TGF-β1 expression may contribute to the GSH depletion observed in pulmonary fibrosis diseases and that GSH depletion may be an early event in, rather than a consequence of, fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Todd NW, Luzina IG, Atamas SP. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:11. [PMID: 22824096 PMCID: PMC3443459 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung disease characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and remodeling of the lung architecture. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is considered the most common and severe form of the disease, with a median survival of approximately three years and no proven effective therapy. Despite the fact that effective treatments are absent and the precise mechanisms that drive fibrosis in most patients remain incompletely understood, an extensive body of scientific literature regarding pulmonary fibrosis has accumulated over the past 35 years. In this review, we discuss three broad areas which have been explored that may be responsible for the combination of altered lung fibroblasts, loss of alveolar epithelial cells, and excessive accumulation of ECM: inflammation and immune mechanisms, oxidative stress and oxidative signaling, and procoagulant mechanisms. We discuss each of these processes separately to facilitate clarity, but certainly significant interplay will occur amongst these pathways in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevins W Todd
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ali EN, Mansour SZ. Boswellic acids extract attenuates pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and oxidative stress from gamma irradiation in rats. Chin Med 2011; 6:36. [PMID: 21961991 PMCID: PMC3199276 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an altered cellular composition of the alveolar region with excessive deposition of collagen. Lung inflammation is also common in pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to test the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase (5-LOX) by boswellic acid (BA) extract in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis using bleomycin (BL). METHODS Boswellic acid extract (1 g/kg) was force-fed to rats seven days prior to administration of BL or gamma irradiation or both. BL (0.15 U/rat) in 25 μl of 0.9% normal saline (NS) or 0.9% NS alone was administered intratracheally. Rats were exposed to two fractionated doses of gamma irradiation (0.5 Gy/dose/week) with a gamma cell-40 (Cesium-137 irradiation units, Canada) during the last two weeks of the experiment. BA was administered during BL or irradiation treatment or both. After the animals were sacrificed, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed; lungs were weighed and processed separately for biochemical and histological studies. RESULTS In rats treated with BL, levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated (P = 0.05 and P = 0.005). Hydroxyproline was highly and extensively expressed. Immunoreactive compounds were abundantly expressed, represented in the levels of macrophages infiltrate, accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the lung as well as the aggregation of fibroblasts in the fibrotic area. The levels of lipoxygenase enzyme activity were significantly increased (P = 0.005). Antioxidant activities measured in BL-treated rats deteriorated, coupled with the elevation of both levels of plasma lipid peroxide (LP) content and bronchoalveolar lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity. BA-treated rats had reduced number of macrophages, (P = 0.01), neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (P = 0.01) and protein (P = 0.0001). Moreover, the hydroxyproline content was significantly lowered in BA-treated rats (P = 0.005). BA extract inhibited the TGF-ß induced fibrosis (P = 0.01) and 5-LOX activity levels (P = 0.005).Histologically, BA reduced the number of infiltrating cells, ameliorated the destruction of lung architecture and attenuated lung fibrosis. CONCLUSION BA attenuates the BL-induced injury response in rats, such as collagen accumulation, airway dysfunction and injury. This study suggests that the blocking of 5-LOX may prevent the progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Noaman Ali
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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Overgaard CE, Daugherty BL, Mitchell LA, Koval M. Claudins: control of barrier function and regulation in response to oxidant stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1179-93. [PMID: 21275791 PMCID: PMC3144428 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a family of nearly two dozen transmembrane proteins that are a key part of the tight junction barrier that regulates solute movement across polarized epithelia. Claudin family members interact with each other, as well as with other transmembrane tight junction proteins (such as occludin) and cytosolic scaffolding proteins (such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)). Although the interplay between all of these different classes of proteins is critical for tight junction formation and function, claudin family proteins are directly responsible for forming the equivalent of paracellular ion selective channels (or pores) with specific permeability and thus are essential for barrier function. In this review, we summarize current progress in identifying structural elements of claudins that regulate their transport, assembly, and function. The effects of oxidant stress on claudins are also examined, with particular emphasis on lung epithelial barrier function and oxidant stress induced by chronic alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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45
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Guan Y, Li FF, Hong L, Yan XF, Tan GL, He JS, Dong XW, Bao MJ, Xie QM. Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke-induced lung epithelial cell injury. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:473-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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Targeting maladaptive glutathione responses in lung disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 81:187-93. [PMID: 20951119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The lung is unique being exposed directly to the atmospheric environment containing xenobiotics, pathogens, and other agents which are continuously inhaled on a daily basis. Additionally, the lung is exposed to higher ambient oxygen levels which can promote the formation of a complex number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Due to this constant barrage of potential damaging agents, the lung has developed a high degree of plasticity in dealing with ever changing conditions. In the present commentary, we will focus on glutathione (GSH) as a key antioxidant in the lung airways and discuss mechanisms by which the lung uses GSH to adapt to its rapidly changing environment. We will then examine the evidence on how defective and inadequate adaptive responses can lead to lung injury, inflammation and disease. Lastly, we will examine some of the recent attempts to alter lung GSH levels with therapies in a number of human lung diseases and discuss some of the limitations of such approaches.
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47
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Safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Impot Res 2010; 22:298-309. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2010.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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48
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Ou Y, Zheng S, Lin L, Jiang Q, Yang X. Protective effect of C-phycocyanin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Liu RM, Gaston Pravia KA. Oxidative stress and glutathione in TGF-beta-mediated fibrogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1-15. [PMID: 19800967 PMCID: PMC2818240 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is the most potent and ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine, and its expression is increased in almost all the fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. TGF-beta increases reactive oxygen species production and decreases the concentration of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant intracellular free thiol and an important antioxidant, which mediates many of the fibrogenic effects of TGF-beta in various types of cells. A decreased GSH concentration is also observed in human fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. Although the biological significance of GSH depletion in the development of fibrosis remains obscure, GSH and N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of GSH, have been used in clinics for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes recent findings in the field to address the potential mechanism whereby oxidative stress mediates fibrogenesis induced by TGF-beta and the potential therapeutic value of antioxidant treatment in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-M Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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50
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Chen CNJ, Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Aging impairs the expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase in soleus muscle under stress. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 65:129-37. [PMID: 20018823 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the disrupted homeostasis of reduced glutathione (GSH) in aging muscles with stress (14 days of hind-limb unloading [HU]). Adult and old rats were randomized into four groups: weight bearing and 3, 7, and 14 days of HU. Soleus muscles were harvested to investigate the activity or content of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism (utilization and synthesis). The activities of glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) were determined. The protein content of the two subunits of GCL, catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modifier subunit (GCLM), were evaluated. The major results, failure to maintain the accelerated GCLC production and GCL activity, are associated with the GSH depletion in aging muscles with 14 days of HU. The results suggest that the regulation of GCL, especially the catalytic subunit, with stress may be compromised in aging muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Nan Joyce Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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