1
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Wei C. The multifaceted roles of matrix metalloproteinases in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1195426. [PMID: 37766868 PMCID: PMC10520958 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1195426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Though the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are widely investigated in lung cancer (LC), however, almost no review systematically clarify their multi-faced roles in LC. Methods We investigated the expression of MMPs and their effects on survival of patients with LC, the resistance mechanisms of MMPs in anti-tumor therapy, the regulatory networks of MMPs involved, the function of MMPs inducing CSCLs, MMPs-related tumor immunity, and effects of MMP polymorphisms on risk of LC. Results High expression of MMPs was mainly related to poor survival, high clinical stages and cancer metastasis. Role of MMPs in LC are multi-faced. MMPs are involved in drug resistance, induced CSCLs, participated in tumor immunity. Besides, MMPs polymorphisms may increase risk of LC. Conclusions MMPs might be promising targets to restore the anti-tumor immune response and enhance the killing function of nature immune cells in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wei
- Department of Emergency, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
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2
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Esnault S, Jarjour NN. Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1426:287-351. [PMID: 37464127 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32259-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Pacheco GA, Canedo-Marroquín G, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Induction of Protective Immunity by a Single Low Dose of a Master Cell Bank cGMP-rBCG-P Vaccine Against the Human Metapneumovirus in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:662714. [PMID: 34268134 PMCID: PMC8276701 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.662714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an emergent virus, which mainly infects the upper and lower respiratory tract epithelium. This pathogen is responsible for a significant portion of hospitalizations due to bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly worldwide. hMPV infection induces a pro-inflammatory immune response upon infection of the host, which is not adequate for the clearance of this pathogen. The lack of knowledge regarding the different molecular mechanisms of infection of this virus has delayed the licensing of effective treatments or vaccines. As part of this work, we evaluated whether a single and low dose of a recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) expressing the phosphoprotein of hMPV (rBCG-P) can induce a protective immune response in mice. Immunization with the rBCG-P significantly decreased neutrophil counts and viral loads in the lungs of infected mice at different time points. This immune response was also associated with a modulated infiltration of innate cells into the lungs, such as interstitial macrophages (IM) and alveolar macrophages (AM), activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and changes in the population of differentiated subsets of B cells, such as marginal zone B cells and plasma cells. The humoral immune response induced by the rBCG-P led to an early and robust IgA response and a late and constant IgG response. Finally, we determined that the transfer of cells or sera from immunized and infected mice to naïve mice promoted an efficient viral clearance. Therefore, a single and low dose of rBCG-P can protect mice from the disease caused by hMPV, and this vaccine could be a promising candidate for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Balestrieri B, Granata F, Loffredo S, Petraroli A, Scalia G, Morabito P, Cardamone C, Varricchi G, Triggiani M. Phenotypic and Functional Heterogeneity of Low-Density and High-Density Human Lung Macrophages. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050505. [PMID: 34064389 PMCID: PMC8147777 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary macrophages are a highly heterogeneous cell population distributed in different lung compartments. METHODS We separated two subpopulations of macrophages from human lung parenchyma according to flotation over density gradients. RESULTS Two-thirds 65.4% of the lung macrophages have a density between 1.065 and 1.078 (high-density macrophages: HDMs), and the remaining one-third (34.6) had a density between 1.039 and 1.052 (low-density macrophages: LDMs). LDMs had a larger area (691 vs. 462 μm2) and cell perimeter (94 vs. 77 μm) compared to HDMs. A significantly higher percentage of HDMs expressed CD40, CD45, and CD86 compared to LDMs. In contrast, a higher percentage of LDMs expressed the activation markers CD63 and CD64. The release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly higher in HDMs than in LDMs. CONCLUSION The human lung contains two subpopulations of macrophages that differ in buoyancy, morphometric parameters, surface marker expression and response to LPS. These subpopulations of macrophages probably play distinct roles in lung inflammation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Balestrieri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalia
- Clinical and Experimental Cytometry Unit, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Morabito
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Chiara Cardamone
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.L.); (A.P.); (G.V.)
- Center of Excellence, World Allergy Organization (WAO), 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (C.C.); (M.T.)
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Lung Macrophage Functional Properties in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030853. [PMID: 32013028 PMCID: PMC7037150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by the chronic exposure of the lungs to toxic particles and gases. These exposures initiate a persistent innate and adaptive immune inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissues. Lung macrophages (LMs) are key innate immune effector cells that identify, engulf, and destroy pathogens and process inhaled particles, including cigarette smoke and particulate matter (PM), the main environmental triggers for COPD. The number of LMs in lung tissues and airspaces is increased in COPD, suggesting a potential key role for LMs in initiating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response that underpins the progressive nature of COPD. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss the origins of LMs, their functional properties (chemotaxis, recruitment, mediator production, phagocytosis and apoptosis) and changes in these properties due to exposure to cigarette smoke, ambient particulate and pathogens, as well as their persistent altered functional properties in subjects with established COPD. We also explore the potential to therapeutically modulate and restore LMs functional properties, to improve impaired immune system, prevent the progression of lung tissue destruction, and improve both morbidity and mortality related to COPD.
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6
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Lung Interstitial Macrophages: Past, Present, and Future. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5160794. [PMID: 29854841 PMCID: PMC5952507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5160794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, investigations about the lung myeloid compartment have been mainly limited to the macrophages located within the airways, that is, the well-known alveolar macrophages specialized in recycling of surfactant molecules and removal of debris. However, a growing number of reports have highlighted the complexity of the lung myeloid compartment, which also encompass different subsets of dendritic cells, tissue monocytes, and nonalveolar macrophages, called interstitial macrophages (IM). Recent evidence supports that, in mice, IM perform important immune functions, including the maintenance of lung homeostasis and prevention of immune-mediated allergic airway inflammation. In this article, we describe lung IM from a historical perspective and we review current knowledge on their characteristics, ontogeny, and functions, mostly in rodents. Finally, we emphasize some important future challenges for the field.
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Nieto C, Bragado R, Municio C, Sierra-Filardi E, Alonso B, Escribese MM, Domínguez-Andrés J, Ardavín C, Castrillo A, Vega MA, Puig-Kröger A, Corbí AL. The Activin A-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Axis Contributes to the Transcriptome of GM-CSF-Conditioned Human Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29434585 PMCID: PMC5796898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GM-CSF promotes the functional maturation of lung alveolar macrophages (A-MØ), whose differentiation is dependent on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor. In fact, blockade of GM-CSF-initiated signaling or deletion of the PPARγ-encoding gene PPARG leads to functionally defective A-MØ and the onset of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In vitro, macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF display potent proinflammatory, immunogenic and tumor growth-limiting activities. Since GM-CSF upregulates PPARγ expression, we hypothesized that PPARγ might contribute to the gene signature and functional profile of human GM-CSF-conditioned macrophages. To verify this hypothesis, PPARγ expression and activity was assessed in human monocyte-derived macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF [proinflammatory GM-CSF-conditioned human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ)] or M-CSF (anti-inflammatory M-MØ), as well as in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ. GM-MØ showed higher PPARγ expression than M-MØ, and the expression of PPARγ in GM-MØ was found to largely depend on activin A. Ligand-induced activation of PPARγ also resulted in distinct transcriptional and functional outcomes in GM-MØ and M-MØ. Moreover, and in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, PPARγ knockdown significantly altered the GM-MØ transcriptome, causing a global upregulation of proinflammatory genes and significantly modulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Similar effects were observed in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ, where PPARγ silencing led to enhanced expression of genes coding for growth factors and chemokines and downregulation of cell surface pathogen receptors. Therefore, PPARγ shapes the transcriptome of GM-CSF-dependent human macrophages (in vitro derived GM-MØ and ex vivo isolated A-MØ) in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, and its expression is primarily regulated by activin A. These results suggest that activin A, through enhancement of PPARγ expression, help macrophages to switch from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory polarization state, thus contributing to limit tissue damage and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concha Nieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bragado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Municio
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Escribese
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), and Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ICSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), IIBM-Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), and Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel L Corbí
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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9
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Jansen MF, Hollander MR, van Royen N, Horrevoets AJ, Lutgens E. CD40 in coronary artery disease: a matter of macrophages? Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 111:38. [PMID: 27146510 PMCID: PMC4856717 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the leading cause of mortality in the western world, with developing countries showing a similar trend. With the increased understanding of the role of the immune system and inflammation in coronary artery disease, it was shown that macrophages play a major role in this disease. Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of inflammation, and especially, the CD40L-CD40 axis is of importance in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Although it was shown that CD40 can mediate macrophage function, its exact role in macrophage biology has not gained much attention in cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the goal of this review is to give an overview on the role of macrophage-specific CD40 in cardiovascular disease, with a focus on coronary artery disease. We will discuss the function of CD40 on the macrophage and its (proposed) role in the reduction of atherosclerosis, the reduction of neointima formation, and the stimulation of arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs F Jansen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits R Hollander
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels van Royen
- Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J Horrevoets
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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10
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The Role of Interleukin-23 in the Early Development of Emphysema in HIV1(+) Smokers. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3463104. [PMID: 27446965 PMCID: PMC4942665 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3463104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is upregulated in alveolar macrophages (AM) of HIV1+ smokers who develop emphysema. Knowing that lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of HIV1+ smokers contains increased levels of inflammatory cytokines compared to HIV1− smokers, we hypothesized that upregulation of lung cytokines in HIV1+ smokers may be functionally related to increased MMP-9 expression. Methods. Cytokine arrays evaluated cytokine protein levels in ELF obtained from 5 groups of individuals: HIV1− healthy nonsmokers, HIV1− healthy smokers, HIV1− smokers with low diffusing capacity (DLCO), HIV1+ nonsmokers, and HIV1+ smokers with low DLCO. Results. Increased levels of the Th17 related cytokine IL-23 were found in HIV1− smokers with low DLCO and HIV1+ smokers and nonsmokers. Relative IL-23 gene expression was increased in AM of HIV1+ individuals, with greater expression in AM of HIV1+ smokers with low DLCO. Infection with HIV1 in vitro induced IL-23 expression in normal AM. IL-23 stimulation of AM/lymphocyte cocultures in vitro induced upregulation of MMP-9. Lung T lymphocytes express receptor IL-23R and interact with AM in order to upregulate MMP-9. Conclusion. This mechanism may contribute to the increased tissue destruction in the lungs of HIV1+ smokers and suggests that Th17 related inflammation may play a role.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential component of the human body that is responsible for the proper function of various organs. Changes in the ECM have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular conditions including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and heart failure. Matrix components, such as collagens and noncollagenous proteins, influence the function and activity of vascular cells, particularly vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Matrix proteins have been shown to be implicated in the development of atherosclerotic complications, such as plaque rupture, aneurysm formation, and calcification. ECM proteins control ECM remodeling through feedback signaling to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the key players of ECM remodeling in both normal and pathological conditions. The production of MMPs is closely related to the development of an inflammatory response and is subjected to significant changes at different stages of atherosclerosis. Indeed, blood levels of circulating MMPs may be useful for the assessment of the inflammatory activity in atherosclerosis and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. The availability of a wide variety of low-molecular MMP inhibitors that can be conjugated with various labels provides a good perspective for specific targeting of MMPs and implementation of imaging techniques to visualize MMP activity in atherosclerotic plaques and, most interestingly, to monitor responses to antiatheroslerosis therapies. Finally, because of the crucial role of ECM in cardiovascular repair, the regenerative potential of ECM could be successfully used in constructing engineered scaffolds and vessels that mimic properties of the natural ECM and consist of the native ECM components or composite biomaterials. These scaffolds possess a great promise in vascular tissue engineering.
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Silva MFD, Napimoga MH, Rodrigues DBR, Pereira SAL, Silva CL. Phenotypic and functional characterization of pulmonary macrophages subpopulations after intratracheal injection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cell wall components. Immunobiology 2010; 216:821-31. [PMID: 21257226 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A shift in the activation of pulmonary macrophages characterized by an increase of IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6 production has been induced in mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It is still unclear whether a functional shift in the resident alveolar macrophage population would be responsible for these observations due to the expression of cell surface molecules. We investigated pulmonary macrophages by flow cytometry from mice treated with P. brasiliensis derivatives by intratracheal route. In vivo labeling with the dye PKH26GL was applied to characterize newly recruited pulmonary macrophages from the bloodstream. Pulmonary macrophages from mice inflamed with P. brasiliensis derivatives showed a high expression of the surface antigens CD11b/CD18 and CD23 among several cellular markers. The expression of these markers indicated a pattern of activation of a subpopulation characterized as CD11b+ or CD23+, which was modulated in vitro by IFN-γ and IL-4. Analysis of monocytes labelled with PKH26GL demonstrated that CD11b+ cells did infiltrate the lung exhibiting a proinflammatory pattern of activation, whereas CD23+ cells were considered to be resident in the lung. These findings may contribute to better understand the pathology of lung inflammation caused by P. brasiliensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fernandes da Silva
- Pro-Rectory of Research, Post-Graduation and Extension, University of Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Hoppstädter J, Diesel B, Zarbock R, Breinig T, Monz D, Koch M, Meyerhans A, Gortner L, Lehr CM, Huwer H, Kiemer AK. Differential cell reaction upon Toll-like receptor 4 and 9 activation in human alveolar and lung interstitial macrophages. Respir Res 2010; 11:124. [PMID: 20843333 PMCID: PMC2949727 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Investigations on pulmonary macrophages (MΦ) mostly focus on alveolar MΦ (AM) as a well-defined cell population. Characteristics of MΦ in the interstitium, referred to as lung interstitial MΦ (IM), are rather ill-defined. In this study we therefore aimed to elucidate differences between AM and IM obtained from human lung tissue. Methods Human AM and IM were isolated from human non-tumor lung tissue from patients undergoing lung resection. Cell morphology was visualized using either light, electron or confocal microscopy. Phagocytic activity was analyzed by flow cytometry as well as confocal microscopy. Surface marker expression was measured by flow cytometry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression patterns as well as cytokine expression upon TLR4 or TLR9 stimulation were assessed by real time RT-PCR and cytokine protein production was measured using a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay. Results IM were found to be smaller and morphologically more heterogeneous than AM, whereas phagocytic activity was similar in both cell types. HLA-DR expression was markedly higher in IM compared to AM. Although analysis of TLR expression profiles revealed no differences between the two cell populations, AM and IM clearly varied in cell reaction upon activation. Both MΦ populations were markedly activated by LPS as well as DNA isolated from attenuated mycobacterial strains (M. bovis H37Ra and BCG). Whereas AM expressed higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon activation, IM were more efficient in producing immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL10, IL1ra, and IL6. Conclusion AM appear to be more effective as a non-specific first line of defence against inhaled pathogens, whereas IM show a more pronounced regulatory function. These dissimilarities should be taken into consideration in future studies on the role of human lung MΦ in the inflammatory response.
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Freeman CM, Han MK, Martinez FJ, Murray S, Liu LX, Chensue SW, Polak TJ, Sonstein J, Todt JC, Ames TM, Arenberg DA, Meldrum CA, Getty C, McCloskey L, Curtis JL. Cytotoxic potential of lung CD8(+) T cells increases with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severity and with in vitro stimulation by IL-18 or IL-15. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:6504-13. [PMID: 20427767 PMCID: PMC4098931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung CD8(+) T cells might contribute to progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) indirectly via IFN-gamma production or directly via cytolysis, but evidence for either mechanism is largely circumstantial. To gain insights into these potential mechanisms, we analyzed clinically indicated lung resections from three human cohorts, correlating findings with spirometrically defined disease severity. Expression by lung CD8(+) T cells of IL-18R and CD69 correlated with severity, as did mRNA transcripts for perforin and granzyme B, but not Fas ligand. These correlations persisted after correction for age, smoking history, presence of lung cancer, recent respiratory infection, or inhaled corticosteroid use. Analysis of transcripts for killer cell lectin-like receptor G1, IL-7R, and CD57 implied that lung CD8(+) T cells in COPD do not belong to the terminally differentiated effector populations associated with chronic infections or extreme age. In vitro stimulation of lung CD8(+) T cells with IL-18 plus IL-12 markedly increased production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, whereas IL-15 stimulation induced increased intracellular perforin expression. Both IL-15 and IL-18 protein expression could be measured in whole lung tissue homogenates, but neither correlated in concentration with spirometric severity. Although lung CD8(+) T cell expression of mRNA for both T-box transcription factor expressed in T cells and GATA-binding protein 3 (but not retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma or alpha) increased with spirometric severity, stimulation of lung CD8(+) T cells via CD3epsilon-induced secretion of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and GM-CSF, but not IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17A. These findings suggest that the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by lung-resident CD8(+) T cells contributes to COPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Freeman
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Ann Arbor,
MI, 48105
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - MeiLan K. Han
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Lyrica X. Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Ann
Arbor Healthsystem, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health
System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan
Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
| | - Timothy J. Polak
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Joanne Sonstein
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Jill C. Todt
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Theresa M. Ames
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Douglas A. Arenberg
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Catherine A. Meldrum
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Christi Getty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Lisa McCloskey
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Ann Arbor,
MI, 48105
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI,
48109
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan
Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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15
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Suttles J, Stout RD. Macrophage CD40 signaling: A pivotal regulator of disease protection and pathogenesis. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Seagrave J, Barr EB, March TH, Nikula KJ. EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE EXPOSURE AND CESSATION ON INFLAMMATORY CELLS AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE ACTIVITY IN MICE. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:1-15. [PMID: 14967600 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490252858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
B6C3F1 female mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) (250 mg/m3 total particulate material) or filtered air (FA), 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 6, 7, or 10 weeks, or to CS for 6 weeks, then FA for 1 or 4 additional weeks. Exposure to CS increased macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Partial recovery of most lavage parameters (except lymphocytes) was observed 1 week after cessation of CS exposure with further reductions after 4 weeks, but interstitial inflammation persisted longer. These results support a role for MMPs in CS-induced emphysema and indicate that smoking cessation allows restoration toward normal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeanClare Seagrave
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA.
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17
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Expression of phospholipases A2 in primary human lung macrophages: role of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha in arachidonic acid release and platelet activating factor synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2008; 1791:92-102. [PMID: 19130898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major source of lipid mediators in the human lung. Expression and contribution of cytosolic (cPLA(2)) and secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)) to the generation of lipid mediators in human macrophages are unclear. We investigated the expression and role of different PLA(2)s in the production of lipid mediators in primary human lung macrophages. Macrophages express the alpha, but not the zeta isoform of group IV and group VIA cPLA(2) (iPLA(2)). Two structurally-divergent inhibitors of group IV cPLA(2) completely block arachidonic acid release by macrophages in response to non-physiological (Ca(2+) ionophores and phorbol esters) and physiological agonists (lipopolysaccharide and Mycobacterium protein derivative). These inhibitors also reduce by 70% the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by activated macrophages. Among the full set of human sPLA(2)s, macrophages express group IIA, IID, IIE, IIF, V, X and XIIA, but not group IB and III enzymes. Me-Indoxam, a potent and cell impermeable inhibitor of several sPLA(2)s, has no effect on arachidonate release or platelet-activating factor production. Agonist-induced exocytosis is not influenced by cPLA(2) inhibitors at concentrations that block arachidonic acid release. Our results indicate that human macrophages express cPLA(2)-alpha, iPLA(2) and several sPLA(2)s. Cytosolic PLA(2)-alpha is the major enzyme responsible for lipid mediator production in human macrophages.
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18
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Chizzolini C, Parel Y, Scheja A, Dayer JM. Polarized subsets of human T-helper cells induce distinct patterns of chemokine production by normal and systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R10. [PMID: 16356198 PMCID: PMC1526552 DOI: 10.1186/ar1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of fibroblasts in inflammatory processes and their cross-talk with T cells is increasingly being recognized. Our aim was to explore the capacity of dermal fibroblasts to produce inflammatory chemokines potentially involved in fibrosis occurring in response to contact with polarized human T cells. Our findings indicate that the program of chemokine production by fibroblasts is differentially regulated depending on the T-helper (Th) cell subset used to activate them. Thus, Th1 and Th2 cells preferentially induced production of IFN-γ inducible protein (IP)-10 and IL-8, respectively, whereas monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was equally induced by both subsets at mRNA and protein levels. Neutralization experiments indicated that membrane-associated tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-1 played a major role in the induction of IL-8 and MCP-1 by Th1 and Th2 cells, whereas membrane-associated IFN-γ (present only in Th1 cells) was responsible, at least in part, for the lower IL-8 and higher IP-10 production induced by Th1 cells. The contributions of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1 and IFN-α were confirmed when fibroblasts were cultured separated in a semipermeable membrane from living T cells activated by CD3 cross-linking. We observed further differences when we explored signal transduction pathway usage in fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB resulted in inhibition of IL-8 mRNA transcription induced by Th1 cells but not that by Th2 cells, whereas inhibition of MEK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and nuclear factor-κB resulted in inhibition of MCP-1 mRNA induced by Th2 but not by Th1 cells. Finally, no distinct differences in chemokine production were observed when the responses to T cell contact or to prototypic Th1 and Th2 cytokines were examined in systemic sclerosis versus normal fibroblasts. These findings indicate that fibroblasts have the potential to participate in shaping the inflammatory response through the activation of flexible programs of chemokine production that depend on the Th subset eliciting their response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Chizzolini
- Immunology and Allergy, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva School of Medicine, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 24, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Yann Parel
- Immunology and Allergy, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva School of Medicine, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 24, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Agneta Scheja
- Division of Rheumatology, Lund University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jean-Michel Dayer
- Immunology and Allergy, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva School of Medicine, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, 24, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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19
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Burger D, Dayer JM. Assays of T-cell contact dependent monocyte-macrophage functions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2007; 136:139-148. [PMID: 17983145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-402-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The production of cytokines and other inflammatory products in chronic/sterile inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis might be induced in monocytes/macrophages by direct cellular contact with stimulated T-cells. Studies of cell-cell interactions are usually complicated by the simultaneous presence of at least two viable cell types. To obviate this problem, we developed strategies allowing only interactions between stimulated T-cell surface molecules and the monocytes/macrophages, and any products secreted into the medium or mRNA are necessarily of monocytic origin. This chapter aims at reviewing and describing the latter methods and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Burger
- Clinical Immunology Unit, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Webster NL, Crowe SM. Matrix metalloproteinases, their production by monocytes and macrophages and their potential role in HIV-related diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80:1052-66. [PMID: 16959898 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0306152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are a subfamily of metzincins. Matrix metalloproteinases are responsible for much of the turnover of extra-cellular matrix components and are key to a wide range of processes including tissue remodeling and release of biological factors. Imbalance between the MMPs and endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) can result in dysregulation of many biologic processes and lead to the development of malignancy, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. MMP production by monocyte/macrophages is dependent on the cell type, state of differentiation, and/or level of activation and whether they are infected, e.g., by HIV-1. MMP expression by HIV-1 infected monocytes and macrophages may alter cellular trafficking and contribute to HIV-associated pathology such as HIV-associated dementia (HAD). This review will provide a classification of the MMP super-family with particular reference to those produced by monocyte/macrophages, describe their regulation and function within the immune system, and indicate their possible roles in the pathogenesis of disease, including HIV-associated dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Webster
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Program, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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21
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Acuff HB, Carter KJ, Fingleton B, Gorden DL, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 from bone marrow-derived cells contributes to survival but not growth of tumor cells in the lung microenvironment. Cancer Res 2006; 66:259-66. [PMID: 16397239 PMCID: PMC1360653 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of specific stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was analyzed in experimental metastasis assays in wild-type and either MMP-9, MMP-7, or MMP-2 null mice. MMP-9 null mice showed an 81% reduction in Lewis lung carcinoma tumor number, whereas MMP-7 null mice showed a 42% increase in tumor number, and there was no difference in tumor number in MMP-2 null mice compared with wild-type controls. Similarly, in an orthotopic model of lung cancer, 50% fewer MMP-9 null mice were able to establish tumors in the lung compared with control mice, although the size of the tumors was not different. The effect of MMP-9 on lung tumor colonization was dependent on the expression of MMP-9 from bone marrow-derived cells and is most likely contributed by neutrophils. To examine temporal effects of stromal MMP-9, bioluminescence imaging from luciferase-expressing human lung cancer-derived A549 cells revealed that there were fewer tumor cells in the lungs of MMP-9 null mice as early as 19 hours after injection compared with control mice, with no difference in subsequent growth rates. Six hours after injection of tumor cells, MMP-9 null mice showed a 4-fold increase in the percent of tumor cells undergoing apoptosis compared with control mice. We conclude that MMP-9 from the bone marrow contributes to the early survival and establishment of tumors in the lung and has no effect on subsequent growth. These results provide insights into the failure of MMP inhibitors in clinical trials in patients with late-stage lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lynn M. Matrisian
- *Correspondence to: Address: Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, 771 PRB, 2220 Pierce, Ave., Nashville, TN 37232-6840., Phone: (615) 322-0375, Fax: (615) 936-2911, E-mail:
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22
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Garn H, Siese A, Stumpf S, Wensing A, Renz H, Gemsa D. Phenotypical and functional characterization of alveolar macrophage subpopulations in the lungs of NO2-exposed rats. Respir Res 2006; 7:4. [PMID: 16398938 PMCID: PMC1368986 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar macrophages (AM) are known to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions in the lung, e.g. during the development of chronic lung diseases. Exposure of rats to NO2 has recently been shown to induce a shift in the activation type of AM that is characterized by reduced TNF-α and increased IL-10 production. So far it is unclear, whether a functional shift in the already present AM population or the occurrence of a new, phenotypically different AM population is responsible for these observations. Methods AM from rat and mice were analyzed by flow cytometry for surface marker expression and in vivo staining with PKH26 was applied to characterize newly recruited macrophages. Following magnetic bead separation, AM subpopulations were further analyzed for cytokine, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA expression using quantitative RT-PCR. Following in vitro stimulation, cytokines were quantitated in the culture supernatants by ELISA. Results In untreated rats the majority of AM showed a low expression of the surface antigen ED7 (CD11b) and a high ED9 (CD172) expression (ED7-/ED9high). In contrast, NO2 exposure induced the occurrence of a subpopulation characterized by the marker combination ED7+/ED9low. Comparable changes were observed in mice and by in vivo labeling of resident AM using the dye PKH26 we could demonstrate that CD11b positive cells mainly comprise newly recruited AM. Subsequent functional analyses of separated AM subpopulations of the rat revealed that ED7+ cells showed an increased expression and production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 whereas TNF-α production was lower compared to ED7- AM. However, iNOS and IL-12 expression were also increased in the ED7+ subpopulation. In addition, these cells showed a significantly higher mRNA expression for the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-7, -8, -9, and -12. Conclusion NO2 exposure induces the infiltration of an AM subpopulation that, on the one hand may exert antiinflammatory functions by the production of high amounts of IL-10 but on the other hand may contribute to the pathology of NO2-induced lung damage by selective expression of certain matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Garn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anette Siese
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Stumpf
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anka Wensing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Diethard Gemsa
- Institute of Immunology, Philipps University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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23
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Chen P, Farivar AS, Mulligan MS, Madtes DK. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 deficiency abrogates obliterative airway disease after heterotopic tracheal transplantation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:464-72. [PMID: 16388023 PMCID: PMC2644207 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0344oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a major cause of allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation and is thought to result from immunologically mediated airway epithelial destruction and luminal fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in the regulation of lung inflammation, airway epithelial repair, and extracellular matrix remodeling and therefore may participate in the pathogenesis of OB. The goals of this study were to determine the expression profiles of MMPs and TIMPs and the role of TIMP-1 in the development of airway obliteration using the murine heterotopic tracheal transplant model of OB. We demonstrate the selective induction of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-12, and TIMP-1 in a temporally restricted manner in tracheal allografts compared with isografts. In contrast, the expression of MMP-7, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 was decreased in allografts relative to isografts during the period of graft rejection. TIMP-1 protein localized to epithelial, mesenchymal, and inflammatory cells in the tracheal grafts in a temporally and spatially restricted manner. Using TIMP-1-deficient mice, we demonstrate that the absence of TIMP-1 in the donor trachea or the allograft recipient reduced luminal obliteration and increased re-epithelialization in the allograft compared with wild-type control at 28 d after transplantation. Our findings provide direct evidence that TIMP-1 contributes to the development of airway fibrosis in the heterotopic tracheal transplant model, and suggest a potential role for this proteinase inhibitor in the pathogenesis of OB in patients with lung transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D3-190, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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24
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Chang HW, Jeng CR, Lin TL, Liu JJ, Chiou MT, Tsai YC, Chia MY, Jan TR, Pang VF. Immunopathological effects of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on swine alveolar macrophages by in vitro inoculation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 110:207-19. [PMID: 16310858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), a multifactorial disease, in pigs. Monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), are the major target cells for PCV2. Swine AMs are essential for the pulmonary defense system against various pathogens. Concurrent infection of lung with opportunistic pathogens in pigs suffered from PMWS is speculated as a feature of immunosuppression. The present study was conducted to characterize the effects of PCV2 inoculation on swine AMs in the in vitro system. The parameters selected for evaluation included PCV2 antigen- and nucleic acid-containing rate, viability, TUNEL-positive rate, phagocytosis, microbicidal capability, and capacity for production of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, O2-, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2), cytokines, and chemokines. High intracytoplasmic PCV2 antigen- and nucleic acid-containing rate, absence of intranuclear signals for PCV2 antigen and nucleic acid, and lack of noticeable cell death were seen in PCV2-inoculated AMs. The PCV2-inoculated AMs displayed a transient as well as persistent reduction in the up-take and destruction of Candida albicans, respectively, accompanied by decrease in the production of O2- and H2O2. In PCV2-inoculated AMs, the levels of tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were significantly increased; the mRNA expression levels of alveolar macrophage-derived neutrophil chemotactic factors-II (AMCF-II), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-8 were strongly up-regulated. The reduced phagocytosis and microbicidal capability in conjunction with decreased production of reactive oxygen species in PCV2-inoculated AMs suggest that PCV2-containing AMs may favor the survival and spread of PCV2. It is speculated that the functional alterations observed in PCV2-containing AMs may be potentially harmful to the lung tissue and local pulmonary defense system, especially in those PCV2-infected pigs conditioned by various PMWS development-dependent co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Triggiani M, Giannattasio G, Balestrieri B, Loffredo S, Forte V, Granata F. Phenotypical and functional heterogeneity of human lung macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-9725.2004.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Abstract
When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect because both processes contribute to persistence and progression of disease, despite anti-inflammatory therapy. Th2 cells are continually active in the airways, even when disease is quiescent. IL-13 is the key effector cytokine in asthma and stimulates airway fibrosis through the action of matrix metalloproteinases on TGF-beta and promotes epithelial damage, mucus production, and eosinophilia. The production of IL-13 and other Th2 cytokines by non-T cells augments the inflammatory response. Inflammation is amplified by local responses of the epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts through the production of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases. Injured cells produce adenosine that enhances IL-13 production. We review human and animal data detailing the cellular and molecular interactions in established allergic asthma that promote persistent disease, amplify inflammation, and, in turn, cause disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cohn
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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27
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Burger D, Molnarfi N, Gruaz L, Dayer JM. Differential Induction of IL-1β and TNF by CD40 Ligand or Cellular Contact with Stimulated T Cells Depends on the Maturation Stage of Human Monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1292-7. [PMID: 15240722 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular contact with stimulated T cells potently induces cytokine production in monocytes, a mechanism that is likely to be relevant to chronic inflammation. Although the identity of surface molecules involved in this process remains elusive, CD40 and its ligand, CD40L, are thought to be implicated, considering that they are expressed at the inflammatory site. To ascertain the involvement of CD40L, we compared the activation of three different types of human monocytic cells, i.e., freshly isolated monocytes, monocytes primed with IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma-macrophages), and THP-1 cells. These cells were activated by either membranes isolated from stimulated T cells (HUT-78 or T lymphocytes) to mimic cellular contact, soluble extracts from isolated membranes, or CD40L trimer (CD40LT). The production of TNF and IL-1beta was induced by membranes of stimulated T cells in the three types of target cells, whereas CD40LT induced TNF production in IFN-gamma-macrophages only. Similar results were obtained with soluble extracts of T cell membranes, demonstrating that the difference between membranes and CD40LT was not due to the particulate form of membranes. CD40LT induced neither transcript nor protein of cytokines in monocytes, whereas in IFN-gamma-macrophages, IL-1beta and TNF mRNA were observed, but only TNF was measured in cell supernatants. Finally, anti-CD40L Abs failed to inhibit TNF and IL-1beta production induced in IFN-gamma-macrophages by solubilized membranes, whereas TNF production induced by CD40LT was inhibited. These results demonstrate that CD40L is not required in monocyte activation by direct cellular contact with stimulated T cells, although soluble CD40LT induces the production of TNF in IFN-gamma-macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Burger
- Clinical Immunology Unit (Hans Wilsdorf Laboratory), Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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28
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Chizzolini C, Parel Y, De Luca C, Tyndall A, Akesson A, Scheja A, Dayer JM. Systemic sclerosis Th2 cells inhibit collagen production by dermal fibroblasts via membrane-associated tumor necrosis factor alpha. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2593-604. [PMID: 13130479 DOI: 10.1002/art.11129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), T cells infiltrate organs undergoing fibrotic changes and may participate in dysregulated production of collagen by fibroblasts. The objective of this study was to functionally characterize T cells infiltrating skin lesions in early SSc and investigate their capacity to affect production of type I collagen and interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase 1 [MMP-1]) by dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Four-color cytometric analysis was used to characterize subset distribution and production of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in T cell lines generated from the skin of patients with SSc. T cell clones were generated, and their capacity to modulate collagen and MMP-1 production by fibroblasts derived from patients with SSc and from normal individuals was assessed. Neutralizing reagents were used to identify T cell mediators involved in fibroblast modulation. RESULTS The skin of individuals with early-stage SSc contained T cells preferentially producing high levels of IL-4. Cloned CD4+ Th2-like cells inhibited collagen production by normal fibroblasts. Th2 cell-dependent inhibition was, at least in part, contact-dependent, was essentially mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), and was dominant over the enhancement induced by profibrotic IL-4 and transforming growth factor beta cytokines. The simultaneous induction of MMP-1 production confirmed the specificity of these observations. To be inhibitory, Th2 cells required activation by CD3 ligation. Th2 cells were less potent than were Th1 cells in inhibiting collagen production by normal fibroblasts via cell-to-cell interaction, and SSc fibroblasts were resistant to inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that, despite their production of IL-4, Th2 cells reduce type I collagen synthesis by dermal fibroblasts because of the dominant effect of TNF alpha, and suggest that strategies based on TNF alpha blockade aimed at controlling fibrosis in SSc may be unwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Chizzolini
- Division of Immunologya and Allergy, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Monick MM, Mallampalli RK, Carter AB, Flaherty DM, McCoy D, Robeff PK, Peterson MW, Hunninghake GW. Ceramide regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt activity in human alveolar macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5977-85. [PMID: 11698477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway is an important regulator of cell survival. In human alveolar macrophages, we found that LPS activates PI 3-kinase and its downstream effector, Akt. LPS exposure of alveolar macrophages also results in the generation of ceramide. Because ceramide exposure induces apoptosis in other cell types and the PI 3-kinase pathway is known to inhibit apoptosis, we determined the relationship between LPS-induced ceramide and PI 3-kinase activation in alveolar macrophages. We found that ceramide exposure activated PI 3-kinase and Akt. When we blocked LPS-induced ceramide with the inhibitor D609, we blocked LPS-induced PI 3-kinase and Akt activation. Evaluating cell survival after ceramide or LPS exposure, we found that blocking PI 3-kinase induced a significant increase in cell death. Because these effects of PI 3-kinase inhibition were more pronounced in ceramide- vs LPS-treated alveolar macrophages, we also evaluated NF-kappaB, which has also been linked to cell survival. We found that LPS, to a greater degree than ceramide, induced NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus. As a composite, these studies suggest that the effects of ceramide exposure in alveolar macrophages may be very different from the effects described for other cell types. We believe that LPS induction of ceramide results in PI 3-kinase activation and represents a novel effector mechanism that promotes survival of human alveolar macrophages in the setting of pulmonary sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Monick
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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