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Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liu T, Tang J, Liu Y, Gou T, Chen K, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang H. Exploring the role of ITGB6: fibrosis, cancer, and other diseases. Apoptosis 2024; 29:570-585. [PMID: 38127283 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01921-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrin β6 (ITGB6), a member of the integrin family of proteins, is only present in epithelial tissues and frequently associates with integrin subunit αv to form transmembrane heterodimers named integrin αvβ6. Importantly, ITGB6 determines αvβ6 expression and availability. In addition to being engaged in organ fibrosis, ITGB6 is also directly linked to the emergence of cancer, periodontitis, and several potential genetic diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the molecular-biological mechanism of ITGB6, which could provide novel insights for future clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and biological function of ITGB6. This review also expounds on ITGB6-related diseases, detailing the known biological effects of ITGB6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jiayou Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tiantian Gou
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Kangli Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Northwest University, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, 710021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Faulty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Baasch S, Henschel J, Henneke P. Combined Host-Pathogen Fate Mapping to Investigate Lung Macrophages in Viral Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:347-361. [PMID: 37639135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage identity, as defined by epigenetic, transcriptional, proteomic, and functional programs, is greatly impacted by cues originating from the microenvironment. As a consequence, immunophenotyping based on surface marker expression is established and reliable in homeostatic conditions, whereas environmental challenges, in particular infections, severely hamper the determination of identity states. This has become more evident with recent discoveries that macrophage-inherent plasticity may go beyond limits of lineage-defining immunophenotypes. Therefore, transgenic fate mapping tools, such as the phage-derived loxP-cre-system, are essential for the analysis of macrophage adaptation in the tissue under extreme environmental conditions, for example, upon encounter with pathogens. In this chapter, we describe an advanced application of the loxP-cre-system during infection. Here, the host encodes a cell type-specific cre-recombinase, while the pathogen harbors a STOP-floxed fluorescent reporter gene. As an instructive example for the versatility of the system, we demonstrate that alveolar macrophages are predominantly targeted after respiratory tract infection with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Combined host-pathogen fate mapping not only enables to distinguish between infected and non-infected (bystander) macrophages but also spurs exploration of phenotypic adaptation and tracing of cellular localization in the context of MCMV infection. Moreover, we provide a gating strategy for resolving the diversity of pulmonary immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Imunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Control, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Henschel
- Institute for Imunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Imunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Control, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Sime P, Jenkins G. Goldilocks and the Three Trials: Clinical Trials Targeting the α vβ 6 Integrin in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1062-1063. [PMID: 36018580 PMCID: PMC9704830 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202208-1579ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sime
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom
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Aegerter H, Lambrecht BN, Jakubzick CV. Biology of lung macrophages in health and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:1564-1580. [PMID: 36103853 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident alveolar and interstitial macrophages and recruited macrophages are critical players in innate immunity and maintenance of lung homeostasis. Until recently, assessing the differential functional contributions of tissue-resident versus recruited macrophages has been challenging because they share overlapping cell surface markers, making it difficult to separate them using conventional methods. This review describes how scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics can separate these subpopulations and help unravel the complexity of macrophage biology in homeostasis and disease. First, we provide a guide to identifying and distinguishing lung macrophages from other mononuclear phagocytes in humans and mice. Second, we outline emerging concepts related to the development and function of the various lung macrophages in the alveolar, perivascular, and interstitial niches. Finally, we describe how different tissue states profoundly alter their functions, including acute and chronic lung disease, cancer, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aegerter
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia V Jakubzick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
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5
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Bain CC, MacDonald AS. The impact of the lung environment on macrophage development, activation and function: diversity in the face of adversity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:223-234. [PMID: 35017701 PMCID: PMC8749355 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has been somewhat of a renaissance period for the field of macrophage biology. This renewed interest, combined with the advent of new technologies and development of novel model systems to assess different facets of macrophage biology, has led to major advances in our understanding of the diverse roles macrophages play in health, inflammation, infection and repair, and the dominance of tissue environments in influencing all of these areas. Here, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of lung macrophage heterogeneity, ontogeny, metabolism and function in the context of health and disease, and highlight core conceptual advances and key unanswered questions that we believe should be focus of work in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum C Bain
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh Bioquarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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6
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Jiang Y, Zhou T, Shi Y, Feng W, Lyu T. A SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1 Positive Feedback Loop Promotes the Invasion and Adhesion of Ovarian Cancer Spheroids. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690618. [PMID: 34621667 PMCID: PMC8490739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implantation metastasis is the main means of dissemination in ovarian cancer. Our previous studies showed that SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) expression was higher in ovarian cancer spheroids than in monolayers. SMYD3 enhancement of spheroid invasion and adhesion is mediated by the downstream effectors ITGB6 and ITGAM. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the SMYD3/integrin-mediated invasion and adhesion of spheroids still need to be explored. Methods Western blotting was used to examine the expression of SMYD3, ITGB6 and downstream molecules under different treatments. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of F-actin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Anti-ITGB6 antibody-based inhibition and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the binding between ITGB6 and latent TGFβ1. Transwell invasion, adherence and 3D tumor spheroid invasion assays were employed to test the effects of TGFβ1 on the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. ELISA was performed to assess the release of latent TGFβ1 from ovarian cancer spheroids. Results SMYD3 and ITGB6 activated the TGFβ1/Smad3 pathway and then induced the upregulation of Snail, Vimentin and N-cadherin and the downregulation of E-cadherin in 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. In this process, latent TGFβ1 could bind to ITGB6 and become activated to stimulate the Smad3 pathway. Moreover, SMYD3 and ITGB6 could facilitate the release of latent TGFβ1 from 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. Interestingly, TGFβ1 could promote the expression of SMYD3 and ITGB6 via feedback. This positive feedback loop could further amplify the biological effect and promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1-Smad3 positive feedback loop could promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids by upregulating the expression of N-cadherin, Snail, and Vimentin and downregulating the expression of E-cadherin. Thus, our study unmasked the mechanism of SMYD3- and ITGB6-induced ovarian cancer metastasis and provides new ideas for targeted ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Lyu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Zhang ZQ, Tian HT, Liu H, Xie R. The role of macrophage-derived TGF-β1 on SiO 2-induced pulmonary fibrosis: A review. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:240-250. [PMID: 33588701 DOI: 10.1177/0748233721989896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is an occupational fibrotic lung disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), which is secreted from macrophages, has an important role in the development of this disease. Macrophages can recognize and capture silicon dust, undergo M2 polarization, synthesize TGF-β1 precursors, and secrete them out of the cell where they are activated. Activated TGF-β1 induces cells from different sources, transforming them into myofibroblasts through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, ultimately causing silicosis. These processes involve complex molecular events, which are not yet fully understood. This systematic summary may further elucidate the location and development of pulmonary fibrosis in the formation of silicosis. In this review, we discussed the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of production, secretion, activation of TGF-β1, as well as the mechanisms through which TGF-β1 induces cells from three different sources into myofibroblasts during the pathogenesis of silicosis. This study furthers the medical understanding of the pathogenesis and theoretical basis for diagnosing silicosis, thereby promoting silicosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Public Health, 74496Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hai-Tao Tian
- Department of Public Health, 74496Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Public Health, 74496Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruining Xie
- Department of Public Health, 74496Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Krishn SR, Salem I, Quaglia F, Naranjo NM, Agarwal E, Liu Q, Sarker S, Kopenhaver J, McCue PA, Weinreb PH, Violette SM, Altieri DC, Languino LR. The αvβ6 integrin in cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles enhances angiogenesis. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1763594. [PMID: 32595914 PMCID: PMC7301698 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1763594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) cells crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). sEVs, as well as large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), isolated via iodixanol density gradients from PrCa cell culture media, express the epithelial-specific αvβ6 integrin, which is known to be induced in cancer. In this study, we show sEV-mediated protein transfer of αvβ6 integrin to microvascular endothelial cells (human microvascular endothelial cells 1 - HMEC1) and demonstrate that de novo αvβ6 integrin expression is not caused by increased mRNA levels. Incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from PrCa PC3 cells that express the αvβ6 integrin results in a highly significant increase in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules. In contrast, incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from β6 negative PC3 cells, generated by shRNA against β6, results in a reduction in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules, a decrease in survivin levels and an increase in a negative regulator of angiogenesis, pSTAT1. Furthermore, treatment of HMEC1 with sEVs generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated down-regulation of β6, causes up-regulation of pSTAT1. Overall, our findings suggest that αvβ6 integrin in cancer sEVs regulates angiogenesis during PrCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Ram Krishn
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Israa Salem
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Fabio Quaglia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nicole M Naranjo
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ekta Agarwal
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA.,Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Srawasti Sarker
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jessica Kopenhaver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Peter A McCue
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | - Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA.,Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lucia R Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
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9
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Frangogiannis N. Transforming growth factor-β in tissue fibrosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190103. [PMID: 32997468 PMCID: PMC7062524 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of proteases, integrins, and specialized extracellular matrix molecules. Although fibroblasts are major targets of TGF-β, some fibrogenic actions may reflect activation of other cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. TGF-β–driven fibrosis is mediated through Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways and is modulated by coreceptors and by interacting networks. This review discusses the role of TGF-β in fibrosis, highlighting mechanisms of TGF-β activation and signaling, the cellular targets of TGF-β actions, and the challenges of therapeutic translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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10
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Safer approaches to therapeutic modulation of TGF-β signaling for respiratory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:98-113. [PMID: 29462659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines play a central role in development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases. TGF-β overexpression in chronic inflammation, remodeling, fibrotic process and susceptibility to viral infection is established in the most prevalent chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite the overwhelming burden of respiratory diseases in the world, new pharmacological therapies have been limited in impact. Although TGF-β inhibition as a therapeutic strategy carries great expectations, the constraints in avoiding compromising the beneficial pleiotropic effects of TGF-β, including the anti-proliferative and immune suppressive effects, have limited the development of effective pharmacological modulators. In this review, we focus on the pathways subserving deleterious and beneficial TGF-β effects to identify strategies for selective modulation of more distal signaling pathways that may result in agents with improved safety/efficacy profiles. Adverse effects of TGF-β inhibitors in respiratory clinical trials are comprehensively reviewed, including those of the marketed TGF-β modulators, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Precise modulation of TGF-β signaling may result in new safer therapies for chronic respiratory diseases.
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12
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Lung surfactant metabolism: early in life, early in disease and target in cell therapy. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:721-735. [PMID: 27783217 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2520-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins lining the alveolar epithelium. At the air-liquid interface, surfactant lowers surface tension, avoiding alveolar collapse and reducing the work of breathing. The essential role of lung surfactant in breathing and therefore in life, is highlighted by surfactant deficiency in premature neonates, which causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and results in early death after birth. In addition, defects in surfactant metabolism alter lung homeostasis and lead to disease. Special attention should be paid to two important key cells responsible for surfactant metabolism: alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2C) and alveolar macrophages (AM). On the one hand, surfactant deficiency coming from abnormal AE2C function results in high surface tension, promoting alveolar collapse and mechanical stress in the epithelium. This epithelial injury contributes to tissue remodeling and lung fibrosis. On the other hand, impaired surfactant catabolism by AM leads to accumulation of surfactant in air spaces and the associated altered lung function in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). We review here two recent cell therapies that aim to recover the activity of AE2C or AM, respectively, therefore targeting the restoring of surfactant metabolism and lung homeostasis. Applied therapies successfully show either transplantation of healthy AE2C in fibrotic lungs, to replace injured AE2C cells and surfactant, or transplantation of bone marrow-derived macrophages to counteract accumulation of surfactant lipid and proteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces leading to PAP. These therapies introduce an alternative treatment with great potential for patients suffering from lung diseases.
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13
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Meliopoulos VA, Van de Velde LA, Van de Velde NC, Karlsson EA, Neale G, Vogel P, Guy C, Sharma S, Duan S, Surman SL, Jones BG, Johnson MDL, Bosio C, Jolly L, Jenkins RG, Hurwitz JL, Rosch JW, Sheppard D, Thomas PG, Murray PJ, Schultz-Cherry S. An Epithelial Integrin Regulates the Amplitude of Protective Lung Interferon Responses against Multiple Respiratory Pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005804. [PMID: 27505057 PMCID: PMC4978498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy lung maintains a steady state of immune readiness to rapidly respond to injury from invaders. Integrins are important for setting the parameters of this resting state, particularly the epithelial-restricted αVβ6 integrin, which is upregulated during injury. Once expressed, αVβ6 moderates acute lung injury (ALI) through as yet undefined molecular mechanisms. We show that the upregulation of β6 during influenza infection is involved in disease pathogenesis. β6-deficient mice (β6 KO) have increased survival during influenza infection likely due to the limited viral spread into the alveolar spaces leading to reduced ALI. Although the β6 KO have morphologically normal lungs, they harbor constitutively activated lung CD11b+ alveolar macrophages (AM) and elevated type I IFN signaling activity, which we traced to the loss of β6-activated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Administration of exogenous TGF-β to β6 KO mice leads to reduced numbers of CD11b+ AMs, decreased type I IFN signaling activity and loss of the protective phenotype during influenza infection. Protection extended to other respiratory pathogens such as Sendai virus and bacterial pneumonia. Our studies demonstrate that the loss of one epithelial protein, αVβ6 integrin, can alter the lung microenvironment during both homeostasis and respiratory infection leading to reduced lung injury and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lee-Ann Van de Velde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Van de Velde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Geoff Neale
- The Hartwell Center, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology Core, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sherri L. Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bart G. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael D. L. Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catharine Bosio
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jolly
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R. Gisli Jenkins
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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Smoktunowicz N, Alexander RE, Franklin L, Williams AE, Holman B, Mercer PF, Jarai G, Scotton CJ, Chambers RC. The anti-fibrotic effect of inhibition of TGFβ-ALK5 signalling in experimental pulmonary fibrosis in mice is attenuated in the presence of concurrent γ-herpesvirus infection. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1129-39. [PMID: 26138704 PMCID: PMC4582104 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ-ALK5 pro-fibrotic signalling and herpesvirus infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. In this study we addressed the role of TGFβ-ALK5 signalling during the progression of fibrosis in a two-hit mouse model of murine γ-herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infection on the background of pre-existing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Assessment of total lung collagen levels in combination with ex vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) analysis of whole lungs demonstrated that MHV-68 infection did not enhance lung collagen deposition in this two-hit model but led to a persistent and exacerbated inflammatory response. Moreover, µCT reconstruction and analysis of the two-hit model revealed distinguishing features of diffuse ground-glass opacities and consolidation superimposed on pre-existing fibrosis that were reminiscent of those observed in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF). Virally-infected murine fibrotic lungs further displayed evidence of extensive inflammatory cell infiltration and increased levels of CCL2, TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10. Blockade of TGFβ-ALK5 signalling attenuated lung collagen accumulation in bleomycin-alone injured mice, but this anti-fibrotic effect was reduced in the presence of concomitant viral infection. In contrast, inhibition of TGFβ-ALK5 signalling in virally-infected fibrotic lungs was associated with reduced inflammatory cell aggregates and increased levels of the antiviral cytokine IFNγ. These data reveal newly identified intricacies for the TGFβ-ALK5 signalling axis in experimental lung fibrosis, with different outcomes in response to ALK5 inhibition depending on the presence of viral infection. These findings raise important considerations for the targeting of TGFβ signalling responses in the context of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smoktunowicz
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Robert E Alexander
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Linda Franklin
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Andrew E Williams
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Beverley Holman
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Horsham, RH12 5AB, UK
| | - Chris J Scotton
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation & Tissue Repair, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
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15
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Ghahhari NM, Babashah S. Interplay between microRNAs and WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:1638-49. [PMID: 26025765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signalling implies its significance in maintaining an epithelial cell phenotype, proper cell-cell junctions, and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of the members of this pathway involves in the development of cancer and an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) required for metastasis. Loss of E-cadherin is the major contributor to an EMT process and is largely influenced by the WNT/β-catenin signalling. An E-cadherin/β-catenin complex maintains epithelial integrity and disturbance of this complex and WNT/β-catenin pathway will ultimately lead to the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and transcription of EMT-promoting genes. WNT/β-catenin signalling is controlled by microRNAs (miRNAs), several of which are either up- or downregulated during EMT. The strong association between the expression of the WNT signalling components with miRNAs in the initiation and achievement of an EMT phenotype is suggestive of introducing these miRNAs as therapeutic targets against metastatic tumours. Therefore, this review aims to describe these putative miRNAs in altering the WNT/β-catenin signalling in EMT, and whether targeting them is a useful therapeutic option for human invasive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Kopf M, Schneider C, Nobs SP. The development and function of lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:36-44. [PMID: 25521683 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gas exchange is the vital function of the lungs. It occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium surrounding the alveoli, separated only by a fused basement membrane 0.2-0.5 μm in thickness. This tenuous barrier is exposed to dangerous or innocuous particles, toxins, allergens and infectious agents inhaled with the air or carried in the blood. The lung immune system has evolved to ward off pathogens and restrain inflammation-mediated damage to maintain gas exchange. Lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells are located in close proximity to the epithelial surface of the respiratory system and the capillaries to sample and examine the air-borne and blood-borne material. In communication with alveolar epithelial cells, they set the threshold and the quality of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel P Nobs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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John AE, Luckett JC, Tatler AL, Awais RO, Desai A, Habgood A, Ludbrook S, Blanchard AD, Perkins AC, Jenkins RG, Marshall JF. Preclinical SPECT/CT Imaging of αvβ6 Integrins for Molecular Stratification of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:2146-52. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.120592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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18
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Cory TJ, Birket SE, Murphy BS, Mattingly C, Breslow-Deckman JM, Feola DJ. Azithromycin increases in vitro fibronectin production through interactions between macrophages and fibroblasts stimulated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:840-51. [PMID: 23248239 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic azithromycin therapy has been associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who are chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have previously demonstrated that azithromycin polarizes macrophages towards an alternatively activated phenotype, thereby blunting inflammation associated with infection. Because this phenotype is pro-fibrotic, it is important to evaluate azithromycin's consequential effects upon fibroblast function and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production. METHODS We co-cultured macrophages and fibroblasts together and stimulated them by adding P. aeruginosa or lipopolysaccharide to assess the ability of azithromycin to alter the macrophage phenotype, along with the impact exerted upon the production of fibronectin and other effectors that govern tissue remodelling, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and arginase. We supported these studies by evaluating the impact of azithromycin treatment on these proteins in a mouse model of P. aeruginosa infection. RESULTS Azithromycin increased arginase expression in vitro, as well as the activation of latent TGFβ, consistent with polarization to the alternative macrophage phenotype. While the drug increased fibronectin concentrations after stimulation in vitro, secretion of the ECM-degrading enzyme MMP-9 was also increased. Neutralization of active TGFβ resulted in the ablation of azithromycin's ability to increase fibronectin concentrations, but did not alter its ability to increase MMP-9 expression. In P. aeruginosa-infected mice, azithromycin significantly decreased MMP-9 and fibronectin concentrations in the alveolar space compared with non-treated, infected controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that azithromycin's effect on MMP-9 is regulated independently of TGFβ activity. Additionally, the beneficial effects of azithromycin may be partially due to effects on homeostasis in which ECM-degrading mediators like MMP-9 are up-regulated early after infection. This may impact the damaging effects of inflammation that lead to fibrosis in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Cory
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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19
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Abstract
Lung fibrosis can affect the parenchyma and the airways, classically giving rise to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the parenchyma or airway remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TGF-β activation has been implicated in the fibrosis of both IPF and airway remodeling. However, the mechanisms of TGF-β activation appear to differ depending on the cellular and anatomical compartments, with implications on disease pathogenesis. Although it appears that epithelial cell activation of TGF-β by the αvβ6 integrin is central in IPF, mesenchymal activation of TGF-β by the αvβ5 and αvβ8 integrins appears to predominate in airway remodeling. Interestingly, the mechanism of TGF-β by the integrins αvβ6 and αvβ5 is shared, relying on cytoskeletal changes, whereas activation of TGF-β by the αvβ8 integrin is distinct, relying on proteolytic cleavage of the latency-associated peptide of TGF-β by matrix metalloproteinase 14. This article describes the mechanisms through which epithelial cells activate TGF-β by the αvβ6 integrin and mesenchymal cells activate TGF-β by the αvβ5 integrin, and highlights their roles in lung fibrosis.
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20
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Abstract
Integrins are adhesive proteins that have evolved to mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix communication that is indispensable for development and postnatal physiology. Despite their widespread expression, the genetic deletion of specific integrin family members in lower organisms as well as mammals leads to relatively distinct abnormalities. Many of the processes in which integrins participate have a requirement for strong adhesion coincident with times of mechanical stress. In Drosophila, the absence of specific integrins leads to detachment of muscle from the gut and body wall and separation of the two epithelial layers in the wing. In mice and humans, a deletion of either subunit of the laminin-binding integrin, α6β4 leads to severe skin blistering and defects in other epithelial layers. In addition, integrins have also evolved to serve more subspecialized roles ranging from the establishment of a stem cell niche in Drosophila and mammals, to the regulation of pathogenic tumor vascularization, platelet adhesion, and leukocyte transmigration in mammalian systems. However, some cells seem to function normally in the absence of all integrins, as revealed by the very surprising finding that deletion of all the major integrin types on dendritic cells of mice has no effect on the ability of these cells to migrate within the interstitium of the skin and enter into lymphatics. In addition to serving as transmembrane mechanical links, integrins in vertebrates synergize with a number of receptors including growth factor receptors, to enhance responses. This leads to the activation of a large signaling network that affects cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as cell shape and migration. In vivo studies, in lower organisms, knockout mouse models as well as in inherited human diseases together have provided important insights into how this major, primordial family of adhesion receptors have remained true to their name "integrins" as their diverse functions have in common the ability to integrate extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals that affect cell behavior.
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21
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Matsubara D, Ishikawa S, Sachiko O, Aburatani H, Fukayama M, Niki T. Co-activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-MET defines a distinct subset of lung adenocarcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2191-204. [PMID: 20934974 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MET are molecular targets for lung cancer treatment. The relationships between expression, activation, and gene abnormalities of these two targets are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a panel of 40 lung cancer cell lines could be classified into two groups. Group I was characterized by (1) high phosphorylations of MET and EGFR, (2) frequent mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), (3) high expressions of bronchial epithelial markers (thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), MUC1, and Cytokeratin 7 (CK7)); and (4) high expressions of MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor-3, E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-2, and laminin gamma2. In contrast, Group II exhibited little or no phosphorylation of MET and EGFR; no mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and HER2; were triple-negative for TTF-1, MUC1, and CK7; and showed high expressions of vimentin, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, and transcription factor 8. Importantly, Group I was more sensitive to gefitinib and more resistant to cisplatin and paclitaxel than Group II. The clinical relevance was confirmed in publicly available data on 442 primary lung adenocarcinoma patients; survival benefits by postoperative chemotherapy were seen in only patients with tumors corresponding to Group II. Overall, co-activation of EGFR and MET defines a distinct subgroup of lung carcinoma with characteristic genetic abnormalities, gene expression pattern, and response to chemotherapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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22
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Carlson CM, Turpin EA, Moser LA, O'Brien KB, Cline TD, Jones JC, Tumpey TM, Katz JM, Kelley LA, Gauldie J, Schultz-Cherry S. Transforming growth factor-β: activation by neuraminidase and role in highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001136. [PMID: 20949074 PMCID: PMC2951376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine regulating several immunologic processes, is expressed by virtually all cells as a biologically inactive molecule termed latent TGF-β (LTGF-β). We have previously shown that TGF-β activity increases during influenza virus infection in mice and suggested that the neuraminidase (NA) protein mediates this activation. In the current study, we determined the mechanism of activation of LTGF-β by NA from the influenza virus A/Gray Teal/Australia/2/1979 by mobility shift and enzyme inhibition assays. We also investigated whether exogenous TGF-β administered via a replication-deficient adenovirus vector provides protection from H5N1 influenza pathogenesis and whether depletion of TGF-β during virus infection increases morbidity in mice. We found that both the influenza and bacterial NA activate LTGF-β by removing sialic acid motifs from LTGF-β, each NA being specific for the sialic acid linkages cleaved. Further, NA likely activates LTGF-β primarily via its enzymatic activity, but proteases might also play a role in this process. Several influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H5N9, H6N1, and H7N3) except the highly pathogenic H5N1 strains activated LTGF-β in vitro and in vivo. Addition of exogenous TGF-β to H5N1 influenza virus-infected mice delayed mortality and reduced viral titers whereas neutralization of TGF-β during H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1 infection increased morbidity. Together, these data show that microbe-associated NAs can directly activate LTGF-β and that TGF-β plays a pivotal role protecting the host from influenza pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Carlson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Turpin
- Pfizer Inc., Department of Viral Vaccines, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsey A. Moser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. O'Brien
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Cline
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Kelley
- Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Station, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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TGFβ: a sleeping giant awoken by integrins. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 36:47-54. [PMID: 20870411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) controls numerous cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and migration. This cytokine is produced by many different cell types and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, ranging from autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases to fibrosis and cancer. However, TGFβ is always produced as an inactive complex that must be activated to enable binding to its receptor and subsequent function. Recent evidence highlights a crucial role for members of the integrin receptor family in controlling the activation of TGFβ. These pathways are important in human health and disease, and new insights into the biochemical mechanisms that allow integrins to control TGFβ activation could prove useful in the design of therapeutics.
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24
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Schokker D, Smits MA, Hoekman AJW, Parmentier HK, Rebel JMJ. Effects of Salmonella on spatial-temporal processes of jejunal development in chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1090-1100. [PMID: 20541565 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To study effects of Salmonella enteritidis on morphological and functional changes in chicken jejunal development, we analysed gene expression profiles at seven points post-infection in 1-21 day-old broiler chickens. Nine clusters with different gene expression patterns were identified, and the genes in each cluster were further analyzed by a functional annotation clustering method (DAVID). Functional and morphological developmental processes dominated in all the nine clusters. Salmonella infection caused delays in several intestinal-morphological processes, whereas functional metabolic processes occurred in a similar spatial-temporal frame compared to normal jejunum development. A clear difference between normal developing- and Salmonella disturbed jejunum was the higher expression of genes involved in cell turn-over at early stages in the infected jejunum. Surprisingly, we found no clustered immune related processes in the infected birds. To compare the immunological processes between control and Salmonella infected chickens, the gene expression data was superimposed on known immunological KEGG pathways. Furthermore an in-depth analysis on the immune gene level was performed. As expected, we did find immunological processes in the Salmonella infected jejunum. Several of these processes could be verified by immunohistochemistry measurements of different immunological cell types. However, the well-ordered spatial-temporal development of the immune system, as observed in control non-infected animals, was completely abolished in the infected animals. Several immunological processes started much earlier in time, whereas other processes are disorganised. These data indicate that normal morphological and immunological development of jejunum is changed dramatically by a disturbance due to Salmonella infection. Due to the disturbance, the well-organized spatial-temporal development of morphological processes are delayed, those of the immunological development are scattered, whereas metabolic functional processes are almost not affected. This demonstrates the flexibility of developmental processes in the broiler chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
The generation of an innate immune response is essential for rapid clearance of microbes from the respiratory tract, whereas acquired immunity is required for the generation of cellular immunity necessary for the killing of certain intracellular pathogens and the development of immunological memory. Cytokines play an integral role in host defense by serving as leukocyte chemoattractants, leukocyte-activating factors or afferent signals in the induction or regulation of other effector molecules. This review assesses the contribution of cytokine networks to the generation of antimicrobial host defenses in the lung, with an emphasis on cytokines/cytokine networks that are instrumental in innate antibacterial responses, including mucosal immunity, and also introduces networks that instruct the development of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Bhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0360, USA
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26
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Douda DN, Farmakovski N, Dell S, Grasemann H, Palaniyar N. SP-D counteracts GM-CSF-mediated increase of granuloma formation by alveolar macrophages in lysinuric protein intolerance. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2009; 4:29. [PMID: 20030831 PMCID: PMC2807424 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a syndrome with multiple etiologies and is often deadly in lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI). At present, PAP is treated by whole lung lavage or with granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); however, the effectiveness of GM-CSF in treating LPI associated PAP is uncertain. We hypothesized that GM-CSF and surfactant protein D (SP-D) would enhance the clearance of proteins and dying cells that are typically present in the airways of PAP lungs. METHODS Cells and cell-free supernatant of therapeutic bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of a two-year-old patient with LPI were isolated on multiple occasions. Diagnostic BALF samples from an age-matched patient with bronchitis or adult PAP patients were used as controls. SP-D and total protein content of the supernatants were determined by BCA assays and Western blots, respectively. Cholesterol content was determined by a calorimetic assay or Oil Red O staining of cytospin preparations. The cells and surfactant lipids were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Uptake of Alexa-647 conjugated BSA and DiI-labelled apoptotic Jurkat T-cells by BAL cells were studied separately in the presence or absence of SP-D (1 microg/ml) and/or GM-CSF (10 ng/ml), ex vivo. Specimens were analyzed by light and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Here we show that large amounts of cholesterol, and large numbers of cholesterol crystals, dying cells, and lipid-laden foamy alveolar macrophages were present in the airways of the LPI patient. Although SP-D is present, its bioavailability is low in the airways. SP-D was partially degraded and entrapped in the unusual surfactant lipid tubules with circular lattice, in vivo. We also show that supplementing SP-D and GM-CSF increases the uptake of protein and dying cells by healthy LPI alveolar macrophages, ex vivo. Serendipitously, we found that these cells spontaneously generated granulomas, ex vivo, and GM-CSF treatment drastically increased the number of granulomas whereas SP-D treatment counteracted the adverse effect of GM-CSF. CONCLUSIONS We propose that increased GM-CSF and decreased bioavailability of SP-D may promote granuloma formation in LPI, and GM-CSF may not be suitable for treating PAP in LPI. To improve the lung condition of LPI patients with PAP, it would be useful to explore alternative therapies for increasing dead cell clearance while decreasing cholesterol content in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Douda
- Lung Innate Immunity Research, Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital For Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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27
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Chroneos ZC, Sever-Chroneos Z, Shepherd VL. Pulmonary surfactant: an immunological perspective. Cell Physiol Biochem 2009; 25:13-26. [PMID: 20054141 DOI: 10.1159/000272047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant has two crucial roles in respiratory function; first, as a biophysical entity it reduces surface tension at the air water interface, facilitating gas exchange and alveolar stability during breathing, and, second, as an innate component of the lung's immune system it helps maintain sterility and balance immune reactions in the distal airways. Pulmonary surfactant consists of 90% lipids and 10% protein. There are four surfactant proteins named SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D; their distinct interactions with surfactant phospholipids are necessary for the ultra-structural organization, stability, metabolism, and lowering of surface tension. In addition, SP-A and SP-D bind pathogens, inflict damage to microbial membranes, and regulate microbial phagocytosis and activation or deactivation of inflammatory responses by alveolar macrophages. SP-A and SP-D, also known as pulmonary collectins, mediate microbial phagocytosis via SP-A and SP-D receptors and the coordinated induction of other innate receptors. Several receptors (SP-R210, CD91/calreticulin, SIRPalpha, and toll-like receptors) mediate the immunological functions of SP-A and SP-D. However, accumulating evidence indicate that SP-B and SP-C and one or more lipid constituents of surfactant share similar immuno-regulatory properties as SP-A and SP-D. The present review discusses current knowledge on the interaction of surfactant with lung innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zissis C Chroneos
- The Center of Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, USA.
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28
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Nishimura SL. Integrin-mediated transforming growth factor-beta activation, a potential therapeutic target in fibrogenic disorders. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:1362-70. [PMID: 19729474 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A subset of integrins function as cell surface receptors for the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). TGF-beta is expressed in an inactive or latent form, and activation of TGF-beta is a major mechanism that regulates TGF-beta function. Indeed, important TGF-beta activation mechanisms involve several of the TGF-beta binding integrins. Knockout mice suggest essential roles for integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation in vessel and craniofacial morphogenesis during development and in immune homeostasis and the fibrotic wound healing response in the adult. Amplification of integrin-mediated TGF-beta activation in fibrotic disorders and data from preclinical models suggest that integrins may therefore represent novel targets for antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Nishimura
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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29
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Woodruff PG, Ellwanger A, Solon M, Cambier CJ, Pinkerton KE, Koth LL. Alveolar macrophage recruitment and activation by chronic second hand smoke exposure in mice. COPD 2009; 6:86-94. [PMID: 19378221 PMCID: PMC2873864 DOI: 10.1080/15412550902751738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of cases of COPD occur in non-smokers. Among the potential risk factors for COPD in non-smokers is second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure. However, the Surgeon General reported in 2006 that the evidence linking second hand smoke and COPD is insufficient to infer a causal relationship, largely because current evidence does not establish a biological link. The goal of this study was to determine whether SHS exposure can induce alveolar macrophage recruitment and expression of activation markers that we have previously demonstrated in human smokers and in mouse models of emphysema. To achieve these goals, we studied mice exposed to an ambient mixture of predominantly [89%] sidestream smoke at increasing doses over 3 months. We found that second hand smoke exposure induced a dose-dependent increase in alveolar macrophage recruitment (mean +/- sd; 224,511 +/- 52,330 vs 166,152 +/- 47,989 macrophages/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage in smoke-exposed vs air-exposed controls at 3 months, p = 0.003). We also found increased expression of several markers of alveolar macrophage activation (PLA2g7, dkfzp434l142, Trem-2, and pirin, all p < 0.01 at 3 months) and increased lavage levels of two inflammatory mediators associated with COPD (CCL2 [MCP-1], 58 +/- 12 vs. 43 +/- 22 pg/ml, p = 0.03; and TNFalpha, 138 +/- 43 vs 88 +/- 78 pg/ml, p = 0.04 at 3 months). These findings indicate that second smoke exposure can cause macrophage recruitment and activation, providing a biological link between second-hand smoke exposure and the development of inflammatory processes linked to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescott G. Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, Box 0130, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143; FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Almut Ellwanger
- UCSF, Box 0111, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Margaret Solon
- UCSF, Box 0111, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, FAX: (415) 476-5712
| | - Christopher J. Cambier
- Lung Biology Center, UCSF, Mission Bay, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158; FAX: 415-514-4369
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA. FAX: (530) 752-8334
| | - Laura L. Koth
- Lung Biology Center, UCSF, Mission Bay, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158; FAX: 415-514-4369
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Aluwihare P, Mu Z, Zhao Z, Yu D, Weinreb PH, Horan GS, Violette SM, Munger JS. Mice that lack activity of alphavbeta6- and alphavbeta8-integrins reproduce the abnormalities of Tgfb1- and Tgfb3-null mice. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:227-32. [PMID: 19118215 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.035246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-binding integrins alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 activate latent TGFbeta1 and TGFbeta3 in vivo, but it is uncertain whether other RGD-binding integrins such as integrins alphavbeta5 and alphavbeta3 activate these TGFbeta isoforms. To define the combined role of alphavbeta6- and alphavbeta8-integrin in TGFbeta activation, we analyzed mice lacking function of both integrins by means of gene deletion and/or pharmacologic inhibition. Most Itgb6-/-;Itgb8-/- embryos die at mid-gestation; those that survive develop cleft palate-as observed in Tgfb3-/- mice. Itgb8-/- mice treated with an anti-alphavbeta6-integrin antibody develop severe autoimmunity and lack Langerhans cells-similar to Tgfb1-null mice. These results support a model in which TGFbeta3-mediated palate fusion and TGFbeta1-mediated suppression of autoimmunity and generation of Langerhans cells require integrins alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 but not other RGD-binding integrins as TGFbeta activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshala Aluwihare
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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31
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Lung alveolar epithelium and interstitial lung disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1643-51. [PMID: 19433305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a group of lung disorders characterized by various levels of inflammation and fibrosis. The current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of ILD strongly suggests a central role of the alveolar epithelium. Following injury, alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) may actively participate in the restoration of a normal alveolar architecture through a coordinated process of re-epithelialization, or in the development of fibrosis through a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Complex networks orchestrate EMT leading to changes in cell architecture and behaviour, loss of epithelial characteristics and gain of mesenchymal properties. In the lung, AECs themselves may serve as a source of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts by acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype. This review covers recent knowledge on the role of alveolar epithelium in the pathogenesis of ILD. The mechanisms underlying disease progression are discussed, with a main focus on the apoptotic pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and the developmental pathway.
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32
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Aluwihare P, Munger JS. What the lung has taught us about latent TGF-beta activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:499-502. [PMID: 18927350 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0003ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Samten B, Townsend JC, Sever-Chroneos Z, Pasquinelli V, Barnes PF, Chroneos ZC. An antibody against the surfactant protein A (SP-A)-binding domain of the SP-A receptor inhibits T cell-mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:115-23. [PMID: 18443188 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein A (SP-A) suppresses lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 secretion, in part, by binding to its receptor, SP-R210. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not well understood. Here, we studied the effect of antibodies against the SP-A-binding (neck) domain (alpha-SP-R210n) or nonbinding C-terminal domain (alpha-SP-R210ct) of SP-R210 on human peripheral blood T cell immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrated that both antibodies bind to more than 90% of monocytes and 5-10% of CD3+ T cells in freshly isolated PBMC. Stimulation of PBMC from healthy tuberculin reactors [purified protein derivative-positive (PPD+)] with heat-killed M. tuberculosis induced increased antibody binding to CD3+ cells. Increased antibody binding suggested enhanced expression of SP-R210, and this was confirmed by Western blotting. The antibodies (alpha-SP-R210n) cross-linking the SP-R210 through the SP-A-binding domain markedly inhibited cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion by PBMC from PPD+ donors in response to heat-killed M. tuberculosis, whereas preimmune IgG and antibodies (alpha-SP-R210ct) cross-linking SP-R210 through the non-SP-A-binding, C-terminal domain had no effect. Anti-SP-R210n also decreased M. tuberculosis-induced production of TNF-alpha but increased production of IL-10. Inhibition of IFN-gamma production by alpha-SP-R210n was abrogated by the combination of neutralizing antibodies to IL-10 and TGF-beta1. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that SP-A, via SP-R210, suppresses cell-mediated immunity against M. tuberculosis via a mechanism that up-regulates secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buka Samten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, the University of Texas Health Center, 11937 U.S. Hwy. 271, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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