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Li Y, Acosta FM, Jiang JX. Gap Junctions or Hemichannel-Dependent and Independent Roles of Connexins in Fibrosis, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions, and Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1796. [PMID: 38136665 PMCID: PMC10742173 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis initially appears as a normal response to damage, where activated fibroblasts produce large amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process to assist in the repair of injured tissue. However, the excessive accumulation of the ECM, unresolved by remodeling mechanisms, leads to organ dysfunction. Connexins, a family of transmembrane channel proteins, are widely recognized for their major roles in fibrosis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and wound healing. Efforts have been made in recent years to identify novel mediators and targets for this regulation. Connexins form gap junctions and hemichannels, mediating communications between neighboring cells and inside and outside of cells, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that connexins, beyond forming channels, possess channel-independent functions in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing. One crucial channel-independent function is their role as the primary functional component for cell adhesion. Other channel-independent functions of connexins involve their roles in mitochondria and exosomes. This review summarizes the latest advances in the channel-dependent and independent roles of connexins in fibrosis, the EMT, and wound healing, with a particular focus on eye diseases, emphasizing their potential as novel, promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Francisca M. Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (Y.L.); (F.M.A.)
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2
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Zhou E, Zhou J, Bi C, Zhang Z. Cx43 Facilitates Mesenchymal Transition of Endothelial Cells Induced by Shear Stress. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:204-212. [PMID: 37673049 PMCID: PMC10614473 DOI: 10.1159/000533320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the function of Cx43 in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process of endothelial cells (ECs) and to explore the potential signaling pathways underlying these functions. METHODS ECs were extracted from rat aorta. ECs were transfected with Cx43 cDNA and Cx43 siRNA and then exposed to 5 or 12 dyne/cm2. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of SM22α, Cx43, and acetylated α-tubulin in ECs. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of α-SMA, CD31, Cx43, H1-calponin, Ift88, and p-smad3 in ECs. RESULTS The expression of αSMA, SM22α, and Cx43 was significantly increased, and CD31 was markedly decreased in ECs treated with laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2. The Cx43 cDNA transfection could induce the expression of SM22α or H1-calponin and attenuate CD31 expression in ECs. Also, Cx43 overexpression harms cilia formation in ECs exposed to 5 dyn/cm2, accompanied with the regulated Ift88 and smad signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study found that laminar shear stress at 5 dyn/cm2 would increase the expression of Cx43 to facilitate the EndMT process of ECs, associated with morphological changes in primary cilia and the decreased expression of Ift88 in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlong Bi
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Liu GW, Guzman EB, Menon N, Langer RS. Lipid Nanoparticles for Nucleic Acid Delivery to Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3-25. [PMID: 36735106 PMCID: PMC9897626 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play critical roles in circulatory homeostasis and are also the gateway to the major organs of the body. Dysfunction, injury, and gene expression profiles of these cells can cause, or are caused by, prevalent chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Modulation of gene expression within endothelial cells could therefore be therapeutically strategic in treating longstanding disease challenges. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) have emerged as potent, scalable, and tunable carrier systems for delivering nucleic acids, making them attractive vehicles for gene delivery to endothelial cells. Here, we discuss the functions of endothelial cells and highlight some receptors that are upregulated during health and disease. Examples and applications of DNA, mRNA, circRNA, saRNA, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, and ASO delivery to endothelial cells and their targets are reviewed, as well as LNP composition and morphology, formulation strategies, target proteins, and biomechanical factors that modulate endothelial cell targeting. Finally, we discuss FDA-approved LNPs as well as LNPs that have been tested in clinical trials and their challenges, and provide some perspectives as to how to surmount those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Liu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Edward B Guzman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Nandita Menon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Strand Therapeutics, MA, 02215, Boston, USA
| | - Robert S Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Meng J, Xu K, Qin Y, Liu Y, Xu L, Qiao S, An J, Liu J, Zhang Z. Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Disrupts Cx43-Mediated Corneal Endothelial Gap Junction Intercellular Communication. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4824699. [PMID: 36193063 PMCID: PMC9526630 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4824699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43)-mediated gap junctions are vital in maintaining corneal endothelium homeostasis. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is among the most important inflammatory factors which cause corneal endothelial dysfunction in various eye diseases. However, the effect of TNF-α on Cx43-mediated gap junctions of the corneal endothelium remains undefined. In the current research, we determined the effect of TNF-α on gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in rabbit corneal endothelium. To evaluate alterations of GJIC, if any, we treated ex vivo cultured rabbit corneal endothelium with different concentrations of TNF-α (2-20 ng/ml). The localization of Cx43 was analyzed by immunostaining, while RT-qPCR and western blot were used to profile the expression of Cx43 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). The association between ZO-1 and Cx43 was evaluated using immunoprecipitation and double staining. GJIC activity was determined by the scrap loading and dye transfer assay (SLDT). Our data demonstrated that a high concentration of TNF-α (10 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml) disrupts the Cx43 mediated gap junction distribution in rabbit corneal endothelium and suppresses the expression of Cx43 protein. Furthermore, rabbit corneal endothelial GJIC was inhibited due to the decreased association between the ZO-1 and Cx43 proteins. Current results demonstrate that TNF-α inhibits corneal endothelial GJIC via decreasing the association between ZO-1 and Cx43, disrupting the distribution of Cx43, and downregulating the expression of Cx43 protein. This study offers a new theoretical foundation for diagnosing and treating corneal endothelial cell decompensation induced by elevated TNF-α in various eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufeng Meng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yinyin Qin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Shigang Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Jianzhong An
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou 215153, China
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5
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Near infra-red labelling and tracking of corneal endothelial cells in-vivo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6338. [PMID: 35428788 PMCID: PMC9012756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following corneal transplantation, there is an initial, rapid decline in corneal endothelial cells (CECs) following surgery. Direct imaging of post-transplantation endothelial cells is only possible weeks after surgery and with a limited field of view. We have developed a labelling approach using 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DIR) dye solution, that enables tracking of labelled CECs in vivo for at least 1 month. Initial in vitro optimization, with assessments of dye concentration on fluorescence, cellular toxicity and cell migration, performed in propagated primary CECs. Subsequently, in vivo evaluation of cellular labelling was assessed within a rabbit wound healing model. Finally, real-time visualization of human cadaver donor tissue incubated in DIR transplanted into rabbits was achieved using a clinical confocal microscope. Results revealed detectable fluorescence increased with concentration to a plateau of 100 µg/ml, with no toxicity of CECs at any concentration evaluated. DIR-labelled CECs were detectable in vivo up to 1 month, and transplanted labelled donor graft could be visualized and were trackable in vivo. Acute endothelial rejection in 1 rabbit was evidenced by detectable DIR positive cells within the anterior chamber. DIR imaging allowed for detailed imaging of the transplanted human corneal endothelium, and enabled non-invasive observation of the corneal endothelial morphology following transplantation.
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Spinozzi D, Miron A, Bruinsma M, Dapena I, Kocaba V, Jager MJ, Melles GRJ, Ni Dhubhghaill S, Oellerich S. New developments in corneal endothelial cell replacement. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:712-729. [PMID: 33369235 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is currently the most effective treatment to restore corneal clarity in patients with endothelial disorders. Endothelial transplantation, either by Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) or by Descemet stripping (automated) endothelial keratoplasty (DS(A)EK), is a surgical approach that replaces diseased Descemet membrane and endothelium with tissue from a healthy donor eye. Its application, however, is limited by the availability of healthy donor tissue. To increase the pool of endothelial grafts, research has focused on developing new treatment options as alternatives to conventional corneal transplantation. These treatment options can be considered as either 'surgery-based', that is tissue-efficient modifications of the current techniques (e.g. Descemet stripping only (DSO)/Descemetorhexis without endothelial keratoplasty (DWEK) and Quarter-DMEK), or 'cell-based' approaches, which rely on in vitro expansion of human corneal endothelial cells (hCEC) (i.e. cultured corneal endothelial cell sheet transplantation and cell injection). In this review, we will focus on the most recent developments in the field of the 'cell-based' approaches. Starting with the description of aspects involved in the isolation of hCEC from donor tissue, we then describe the different natural and bioengineered carriers currently used in endothelial cell sheet transplantation, and finally, we discuss the current 'state of the art' in novel therapeutic approaches such as endothelial cell injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Spinozzi
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alina Miron
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Bruinsma
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Dapena
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Viridiana Kocaba
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore Singapore
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit R. J. Melles
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Amnitrans EyeBank Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sorcha Ni Dhubhghaill
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Antwerp University Hospital (UZA) Edegem Belgium
| | - Silke Oellerich
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Cell transdifferentiation in ocular disease: Potential role for connexin channels. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112823. [PMID: 34506760 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation is the conversion of a cell type to another without requiring passage through a pluripotent cell state, and encompasses epithelial- and endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT and EndMT). EMT and EndMT are well defined processes characterized by a loss of epithelial/endothelial phenotype and gain in mesenchymal spindle shaped morphology, which results in increased cell migration and decreased apoptosis and cellular senescence. Such cells often develop invasive properties. Physiologically, these processes may occur during embryonic development and can resurface, for example, to promote wound healing in later life. However, they can also be a pathological process. In the eye, EMT, EndMT and cell transdifferentiation have all been implicated in development, homeostasis, and multiple diseases affecting different parts of the eye. Connexins, constituents of connexin hemichannels and intercellular gap junctions, have been implicated in many of these processes. In this review, we firstly provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms induced by transdifferentiation (including EMT and EndMT) and its involvement in eye diseases. We then review the literature for the role of connexins in transdifferentiation in the eye and eye diseases. The evidence presented in this review supports the need for more studies into the therapeutic potential for connexin modulators in prevention and treatment of transdifferentiation related eye diseases, but does indicate that connexin channel modulation may be an upstream and unifying approach for regulating these otherwise complex processes.
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8
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Kinoshita S, Colby KA, Kruse FE. A Close Look at the Clinical Efficacy of Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor Eye Drops for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2021; 40:1225-1228. [PMID: 34481406 PMCID: PMC8423139 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The current understanding on the clinical efficacy of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor for treating Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy is summarized to clarify whether the "off-label" ROCK-inhibitor eye-drop application are appropriate. ROCK-inhibitor eye drops may eventually be deemed a cutting-edge therapy for Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy patients with acute corneal endothelial defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kathryn A. Colby
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU), New York, NY; and
| | - Friedrich E. Kruse
- Department for Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Jindal S, Chockalingam S, Ghosh SS, Packirisamy G. Connexin and gap junctions: perspectives from biology to nanotechnology based therapeutics. Transl Res 2021; 235:144-167. [PMID: 33582245 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of gap junctions and their role in intercellular communication has been known for around 50 years. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the fundamental biology of connexins in mediating gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) and their role in various cellular processes including pathological conditions. However, this understanding has not led to development of advanced therapeutics utilizing GJIC. Inadequacies in strategies that target specific connexin protein in the affected tissue, with minimal or no collateral damage, are the primary reason for the lack of development of efficient therapeutic models. Herein, nanotechnology has a role to play, giving plenty of scope to circumvent these problems and develop more efficient connexin based therapeutics. AsODN, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides; BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins; BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells; BG, bioglass; Cx, Connexin; CxRE, connexin-responsive elements; CoCr NPs, cobalt-chromium nanoparticles; cGAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acids; FGFR1, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; GJ, gap junction; GJIC, gap junctional intercellular communication; HGPRTase, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; HSV-TK, herpes virus thymidine kinase; HSA, human serum albumin; HA, hyaluronic acid; HDAC, histone deacetylase; IRI, ischemia reperfusion injury; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IONPs, iron-oxide nanoparticles; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LAMP, local activation of molecular fluorescent probe; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MI, myocardial infarction; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NO, nitric oxide; PKC, protein kinase C; QDs, quantum dots; ROI, region of interest; RGO, reduced graphene oxide; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; UCN, upconversion nanoparticles; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. In this review, we discuss briefly the role of connexins and gap junctions in various physiological and pathological processes, with special emphasis on cancer. We further discuss the application of nanotechnology and tissue engineering in developing treatments for various connexin based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlok Jindal
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Chockalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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Cx43 mediates changes in myofibroblast contraction and collagen release in human amniotic membrane defects after trauma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16975. [PMID: 34408164 PMCID: PMC8373966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound healing capacity of the fetal membranes after spontaneous or iatrogenic membrane rupture is unclear. We examined the healing mechanisms in amniotic membrane (AM) defects after trauma. Traumatised human AM defects were cultured for 4 days. Markers for nuclear (DAPI), cell type (vimentin, αSMA) and healing (Cx43, TGFβ1, collagen) were examined by immunofluorescence (IMF) confocal microscopy, Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) imaging and RT-qPCR. After trauma, AMCs and myofibroblasts migrated to the AM wound edge. Within four days, αSMA expressing myofibroblasts showed abundant Cx43 localized in the cytoplasmic processes. The highly contractile spindle-shaped myofibroblasts were present in the defect site and released collagen. In contrast, AMCs expressed vimentin and formed Cx43 plaques between cells found in the outer edges of the wound. Whilst AMCs were absent in the defect site, αSMA expressing myofibroblasts continued to elongate and polarize the collagen fibres. Both TGFβ1 and Cx43 gene expression were significantly increased after trauma. Cx43 has differential effects on AM cell populations that increase cellularity, contraction and potentially migration to the wound edge resulting in collagen polarisation in the AM defect site. Establishing how Cx43 regulates AM cell function could be an approach to repair defects in the membranes after trauma.
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11
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Wilson SE. TGF beta -1, -2 and -3 in the modulation of fibrosis in the cornea and other organs. Exp Eye Res 2021; 207:108594. [PMID: 33894227 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The TGF beta-1, -2 and -3 isoforms are transcribed from different genes but bind to the same receptors and signal through the same canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathways. There are numerous regulatory mechanisms controlling the action of each isoform that include the organ-specific cells producing latent TGF beta growth factors, multiple effectors that activate the isoforms, ECM-associated SLRPs and basement membrane components that modulate the activity and localization of the isoforms, other interactive cytokine-growth factor receptor systems, such as PDGF and CTGF, TGF beta receptor expression on target cells, including myofibroblast precursors, receptor binding competition, positive and negative signal transduction effectors, and transcription and translational regulatory mechanisms. While there has long been the view that TGF beta-1and TGF beta-2 are pro-fibrotic, while TGF beta-3 is anti-fibrotic, this review suggests that view is too simplistic, at least in adult tissues, since TGF beta-3 shares far more similarities in its modulation of fibrotic gene expression with TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2, than it does differences, and often the differences are subtle. Rather, TGF beta-3 should be seen as a fibro-modulatory partner to the other two isoforms that modulates a nuanced and better controlled response to injury. The complex interplay between the three isoforms and numerous interactive proteins, in the context of the cellular milieu, controls regenerative non-fibrotic vs. fibrotic healing in a response to injury in a particular organ, as well as the resolution of fibrosis, when that occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Wilson
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Clinicopathologic Correlations of Retrocorneal Membranes Associated With Endothelial Corneal Graft Failure. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:24-33. [PMID: 32810471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide clinicopathologic correlations for retrocorneal membranes associated with Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) failure. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS The specimens and medical records of the patients diagnosed with clinically significant retrocorneal membranes associated with DSAEK failure at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute or the University of Miami Veterans Hospital between October 2015 and March 2020 were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and surgeries performed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff sections. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pancytokeratin, and CK7. Immunofluorescence was performed for vimentin, N-cadherin, ROCK1, RhoA, ZEB1, and Snail. RESULTS A total of 7 patients (3 male and 4 female) were identified to have a clinically significant retrocorneal membranes at the time of graft failure. The average age at the time of first DSAEK was 70 years (range: 55-85 years). All patients were pseudophakic and had a glaucoma drainage device in place; 1 had a history of failed DSAEK. Ranging from 0 to 47 months after surgery, a variably thick retrocorneal fibrous membrane was observed, eventually leading to graft failure. Four patients underwent subsequent penetrating keratoplasty and 3 underwent repeat DSAEK. On histopathologic evaluation, a pigmented fibrocellular tissue was identified along the posterior margin of the corneas and DSAEK buttons in all cases. Further characterization with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated membranes to be negative for pancytokeratin and positive for α-SMA, vimentin, CK7, N-cadherin, ZEB1, Snail, ROCK1, and RhoA. CONCLUSIONS Fibrocellular retrocorneal membrane proliferation may be associated with DSAEK failure in patients with previous glaucoma drainage device surgery. Our results demonstrate myofibroblastic differentiation and a lack of epithelial differentiation. Positivity for markers of an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition indicates possible endothelial origin and could be the hallmark for future targeted pharmacotherapy.
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13
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Khalili M, Asadi M, Kahroba H, Soleyman MR, Andre H, Alizadeh E. Corneal endothelium tissue engineering: An evolution of signaling molecules, cells, and scaffolds toward 3D bioprinting and cell sheets. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3275-3303. [PMID: 33090510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cornea is an avascular and transparent tissue that focuses light on retina. Cornea is supported by the corneal-endothelial layer through regulation of hydration homeostasis. Restoring vision in patients afflicted with corneal endothelium dysfunction-mediated blindness most often requires corneal transplantation (CT), which faces considerable constrictions due to donor limitations. An emerging alternative to CT is corneal endothelium tissue engineering (CETE), which involves utilizing scaffold-based methods and scaffold-free strategies. The innovative scaffold-free method is cell sheet engineering, which typically generates cell layers surrounded by an intact extracellular matrix, exhibiting tunable release from the stimuli-responsive surface. In some studies, scaffold-based or scaffold-free technologies have been reported to achieve promising outcomes. However, yet some issues exist in translating CETE from bench to clinical practice. In this review, we compare different corneal endothelium regeneration methods and elaborate on the application of multiple cell types (stem cells, corneal endothelial cells, and endothelial precursors), signaling molecules (growth factors, cytokines, chemical compounds, and small RNAs), and natural and synthetic scaffolds for CETE. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of three-dimensional bioprinting strategies and simulation of Descemet's membrane by biomimetic topography. Finally, we dissected the recent advances, applications, and prospects of cell sheet engineering for CETE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Khalili
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Asadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Biomedicine Institute, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Soleyman
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Helder Andre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Hwang JS, Yi HC, Shin YJ. Effect of SOX2 Repression on Corneal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124397. [PMID: 32575737 PMCID: PMC7352647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Human corneal endothelial cells (hCECs) pump out water from the stroma and maintain the clarity of the cornea. The sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) participates in differentiation during the development of the anterior segment of the eye and is found in the periphery of wounded corneas. This study was performed to investigate the effect of SOX2 repression on hCECs. Methods: Cultured hCECs were transfected by siRNA for SOX2. The wound healing rate and cell viability were measured. The cell proliferation-associated protein level was evaluated by Western blotting and RT-PCR. The energy production and mitochondrial function were measured, and cell shape and WNT signaling were assessed. Results: Upon transfecting the cultured cells with siRNA for SOX2, the SOX2 level was reduced by 80%. The wound healing rate and viability were also reduced. Additionally, CDK1, cyclin D1, SIRT1, and ATP5B levels were reduced, and CDKN2A and pAMPK levels were increased. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial viability decreased, and the cell shape became elongated. Furthermore, SMAD1, SNAI1, WNT3A, and β-catenin levels were increased. Conclusion: SOX2 repression disrupts the normal metabolism of hCECs through modulating WNT signaling and mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Ho Chul Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.S.H.); (H.C.Y.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, 1 Shingil-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07441, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-6960-1240
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15
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Srivastava SP, Goodwin JE. Cancer Biology and Prevention in Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061380. [PMID: 32498358 PMCID: PMC7349292 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The available evidence suggests a complex relationship between diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological data suggest a positive correlation, however, in certain types of cancer, a more complex picture emerges, such as in some site-specific cancers being specific to type I diabetes but not to type II diabetes. Reports share common and differential mechanisms which affect the relationship between diabetes and cancer. We discuss the use of antidiabetic drugs in a wide range of cancer therapy and cancer therapeutics in the development of hyperglycemia, especially antineoplastic drugs which often induce hyperglycemia by targeting insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Similarly, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a well-known target in type II diabetes mellitus, has differential effects on cancer types. Past studies suggest a protective role of DPP-4 inhibitors, but recent studies show that DPP-4 inhibition induces cancer metastasis. Moreover, molecular pathological mechanisms of cancer in diabetes are currently largely unclear. The cancer-causing mechanisms in diabetes have been shown to be complex, including excessive ROS-formation, destruction of essential biomolecules, chronic inflammation, and impaired healing phenomena, collectively leading to carcinogenesis in diabetic conditions. Diabetes-associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contribute to cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) formation in tumors, allowing the epithelium and endothelium to enable tumor cell extravasation. In this review, we discuss the risk of cancer associated with anti-diabetic therapies, including DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, and the role of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), AMPK, and cell-specific glucocorticoid receptors in cancer biology. We explore possible mechanistic links between diabetes and cancer biology and discuss new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.S.); (J.E.G.)
| | - Julie E. Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
- Correspondence: (S.P.S.); (J.E.G.)
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16
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Squecco R, Chellini F, Idrizaj E, Tani A, Garella R, Pancani S, Pavan P, Bambi F, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Sassoli C. Platelet-Rich Plasma Modulates Gap Junction Functionality and Connexin 43 and 26 Expression During TGF-β1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Clues for Counteracting Fibrosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051199. [PMID: 32408529 PMCID: PMC7290305 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle repair/regeneration may benefit by Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) treatment owing to PRP pro-myogenic and anti-fibrotic effects. However, PRP anti-fibrotic action remains controversial. Here, we extended our previous researches on the inhibitory effects of PRP on in vitro transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the effector cells of fibrosis, focusing on gap junction (GJ) intercellular communication. The myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated by cell shape analysis, confocal fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting analyses of α-smooth muscle actin and type-1 collagen expression, and electrophysiological recordings of resting membrane potential, resistance, and capacitance. PRP negatively regulated myofibroblast differentiation by modifying all the assessed parameters. Notably, myofibroblast pairs showed an increase of voltage-dependent GJ functionality paralleled by connexin (Cx) 43 expression increase. TGF-β1-treated cells, when exposed to a GJ blocker, or silenced for Cx43 expression, failed to differentiate towards myofibroblasts. Although a minority, myofibroblast pairs also showed not-voltage-dependent GJ currents and coherently Cx26 expression. PRP abolished the TGF-β1-induced voltage-dependent GJ current appearance while preventing Cx43 increase and promoting Cx26 expression. This study adds insights into molecular and functional mechanisms regulating fibroblast-myofibroblast transition and supports the anti-fibrotic potential of PRP, demonstrating the ability of this product to hamper myofibroblast generation targeting GJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (R.S.); (E.I.); (R.G.)
| | - Sofia Pancani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Paola Pavan
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children’s Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (P.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Franco Bambi
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Unit, "A. Meyer" University Children’s Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy; (P.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (S.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0552-7580-63
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17
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Chau VQ, Hu J, Gong X, Hulleman JD, Ufret-Vincenty RL, Rigo F, Prakash TP, Corey DR, Mootha VV. Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides to the Cornea. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 30:207-214. [PMID: 32202944 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic nucleic acids that recognize complementary RNA sequences inside cells and modulate gene expression. In this study, we explore the feasibility of ASO delivery to the cornea. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to test the efficacy of a benchmark ASO targeting a noncoding nuclear RNA, Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1), in a human corneal endothelial cell line, ex vivo human corneas, and in vivo in mice. In vivo delivery was via intravitreal or intracameral injections as well as topical administration. The anti-MALAT1 ASO significantly reduced expression of MALAT1 in a corneal endothelial cell line. We achieved a dose-dependent reduction of target gene expression in endothelial tissue from ex vivo human donor corneas. In vivo mouse experiments confirmed MALAT1 reduction in whole corneal tissue via intravitreal and intracameral routes, 82% and 71% knockdown, respectively (P < 0.001). Effects persisted up to at least 21 days, 32% (P < 0.05) and 43% (P < 0.05) knockdown, respectively. We developed protocols for the isolation and analysis of mouse corneal endothelium and observed reduction in MALAT1 expression upon both intravitreal and intracameral administrations, 64% (P < 0.05) and 63% (P < 0.05) knockdown, respectively. These data open the possibility of using ASOs to treat corneal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Q Chau
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John D Hulleman
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - David R Corey
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - V Vinod Mootha
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Kampik D, Basche M, Georgiadis A, Luhmann UFO, Larkin DF, Smith AJ, Ali RR. Modulation of Contact Inhibition by ZO-1/ZONAB Gene Transfer-A New Strategy to Increase the Endothelial Cell Density of Corneal Grafts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3170-3177. [PMID: 31335954 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Endothelial cell density (ECD) is the principal factor determining the success of corneal transplants. Here we explored a strategy to increase corneal ECD in human explants via modulation of the ZO-1/ZONAB pathway. In multiple cell types, ZO-1 maintains G1 cell cycle arrest via cytoplasmic sequestration of the mitosis-inducing transcription factor ZONAB. In this study, we assessed the effects of lentiviral vector-mediated downregulation of ZO-1 or overexpression of ZONAB upon ECD and the integrity of the endothelial monolayer. Methods HIV-based lentiviral vectors were used to deliver either constitutively expressed ZONAB (LNT-ZONAB), or a small hairpin RNA targeting ZO-1 (LNT-shZO1). Human corneal specimens were bisected and each half was exposed to either treatment or control vector. After 1 week in ex vivo culture, effects were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and ECD assessment. Results LNT-shZO1 achieved an ∼45% knockdown of ZO-1 mRNA in corneal endothelial cells cultured ex vivo, reduced ZO-1 staining, and did not affect morphologic endothelial monolayer integrity. The proliferative effect of LNT-shZO1 correlated with control ECD but not with donor age. Within a low-ECD cohort an ∼30% increase in ECD was observed. LNT-ZONAB achieved a >200-fold overexpression of ZONAB mRNA, which led to an ∼25% increase in ECD. Conclusions ZO-1 downregulation or ZONAB upregulation increases corneal ECD via interference with contact inhibition and cell cycle control. With further development, such approaches might provide a means for improving ECD in donor corneas before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kampik
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,University Hospital of Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark Basche
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander J Smith
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Lastwika KJ, Dunn CA, Solan JL, Lampe PD. Phosphorylation of connexin 43 at MAPK, PKC or CK1 sites each distinctly alter the kinetics of epidermal wound repair. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.234633. [PMID: 31427427 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) is a key player in wound healing, and inhibitors of Cx43, which speed epidermal wound healing, are currently in clinical trials. Here, we provide direct in vivo evidence that specific phosphorylation events on Cx43 change the physiological response during wound healing. Blocking phosphorylation, through mutation of serine residues in Cx43 at the protein kinase C (PKC) or casein kinase 1 (CK1) sites, significantly slowed the rate of wound closure in vivo and in vitro and resulted in a thicker epidermal layer after reepithelialization. Conversely, preventing Cx43 phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) through mutation significantly increased the rate of wound closure in vivo Defects in migration, but not proliferation, in all mutants were partially rescued in vitro by changing serine residues to aspartic or glutamic acid. These data prove that specific Cx43 phosphorylation events play an important role at different stages of wound healing. Thus, a clear physiological understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of kinase activation and consequent effects on gap junctions could lead to a more targeted approach to modulating Cx43 expression during wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Lastwika
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Clarence A Dunn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joell L Solan
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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20
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Srivastava SP, Hedayat AF, Kanasaki K, Goodwin JE. microRNA Crosstalk Influences Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal, Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal, and Macrophage-to-Mesenchymal Transitions in the Kidney. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:904. [PMID: 31474862 PMCID: PMC6707424 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding nucleotides that regulate diverse biological processes. Altered microRNA biosynthesis or regulation contributes to pathological processes including kidney fibrosis. Kidney fibrosis is characterized by deposition of excess extracellular matrix (ECM), which is caused by infiltration of immune cells, inflammatory cells, altered chemokines, and cytokines as well as activation and accumulation of fibroblasts in the kidney. These activated fibroblasts can arise from epithelial cells via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), from bone marrow-derived M2 phenotype macrophages via macrophage-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), from endothelial cells via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), from resident fibroblasts, and from bone marrow-derived monocytes and play a crucial role in fibrotic events. Disrupted microRNA biosynthesis and aberrant regulation contribute to the activation of mesenchymal programs in the kidney. miR-29 regulates the interaction between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and integrin β1 and the associated active transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and pro-EndMT signaling; however, miR-let-7 targets transforming growth factor β receptors (TGFβRs) to inhibit TGFβ signaling. N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) is an endogenous anti-fibrotic peptide, which is associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) phosphorylation and subsequently responsible for the production of miR-let-7. miR-29 and miR-let-7 family clusters participate in crosstalk mechanisms, which are crucial for endothelial cell homeostasis. The physiological level of AcSDKP is vital for the activation of anti-fibrotic mechanisms including restoration of anti-fibrotic microRNA crosstalk and suppression of profibrotic signaling by mitigating DPP-4-associated mesenchymal activation in the epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and M2 phenotype macrophages. The present review highlights recent advancements in the understanding of both the role of microRNAs in the development of kidney disease and their potential as novel therapeutic targets for fibrotic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Fahim Hedayat
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Keizo Kanasaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Julie E Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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21
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Li Z, Duan H, Li W, Jia Y, Zhang S, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Shi W. Nicotinamide inhibits corneal endothelial mesenchymal transition and accelerates wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:227-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Yamashita K, Hatou S, Inagaki E, Higa K, Tsubota K, Shimmura S. A Rabbit Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction Model Using Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transformed Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16868. [PMID: 30442918 PMCID: PMC6237874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike humans, rabbit corneal endothelial wounds are known to spontaneously heal. The current study was aimed to develop a new rabbit bullous keratopathy model using corneal endothelial cells that were induced to undergo endothelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). EMT was induced in rabbit corneal endothelial cells (RCECs) by culturing with TGFβ and basic FGF Supplemented Medium. The corneal endothelia in recipient rabbits were mechanically scraped from the corneal endothelial surface inside an 8 mm mark. Then, a suspension of EMT-induced RCECs (EMT-RCECs) was injected into the anterior chamber. Eyes injected with freshly isolated RCECs (Fresh RCECs group) and eyes that were scraped without injection of cells (Scrape group) were used as controls. Immediately following operation, subepithelial and stromal edema was observed with increased central corneal thickness and corneal opacity in all groups. In the EMT-RCECs group, bullous keratopathy persisted for 42 days up to the end of the study. In the Fresh-RCECs and Scrape groups, corneal transparency and thickness recovered by 7 days after treatment and was maintained up to 42 days. The activated fibroblast marker, α-SMA, was observed spanning from corneal endothelium to corneal stroma in the EMT-RCECs group. Interestingly, α-SMA was upregulated in the Scrape-group as well. In all groups, there was no damage to other intraocular structures, and intraocular pressure was normal throughout the observation period. Transplanting a fresh donor cornea effectively treated corneal edema due to bullous keratopathy. This model is a promising tool for pre-clinical trials in the development of new therapies against corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Hatou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Inagaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Higa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Abstract
The connexin family of channel-forming proteins is present in every tissue type in the human anatomy. Connexins are best known for forming clustered intercellular channels, structurally known as gap junctions, where they serve to exchange members of the metabolome between adjacent cells. In their single-membrane hemichannel form, connexins can act as conduits for the passage of small molecules in autocrine and paracrine signalling. Here, we review the roles of connexins in health and disease, focusing on the potential of connexins as therapeutic targets in acquired and inherited diseases as well as wound repair, while highlighting the associated clinical challenges.
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24
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Bartakova A, Kuzmenko O, Alvarez-Delfin K, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. A Cell Culture Approach to Optimized Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1617-1629. [PMID: 29625488 PMCID: PMC5869002 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cell-based therapies to replace corneal endothelium depend on culture methods to optimize human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) function and minimize endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Here we explore contribution of low-mitogenic media on stabilization of phenotypes in vitro that mimic those of HCECs in vivo. Methods HCECs were isolated from cadaveric donor corneas and expanded in vitro, comparing continuous presence of exogenous growth factors (“proliferative media”) to media without those factors (“stabilizing media”). Identity based on canonical morphology and expression of surface marker CD56, and function based on formation of tight junction barriers measured by trans-endothelial electrical resistance assays (TEER) were assessed. Results Primary HCECs cultured in proliferative media underwent EnMT after three to four passages, becoming increasingly fibroblastic. Stabilizing the cells before each passage by switching them to a media low in mitogenic growth factors and serum preserved canonical morphology and yielded a higher number of cells. HCECs cultured in stabilizing media increased both expression of the identity marker CD56 and also tight junction monolayer integrity compared to cells cultured without stabilization. Conclusions HCECs isolated from donor corneas and expanded in vitro with a low-mitogenic media stabilizing step before each passage demonstrate more canonical structural and functional features and defer EnMT, increasing the number of passages and total canonical cell yield. This approach may facilitate development of HCEC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Olga Kuzmenko
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States.,Emmecell, Bridgewater, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, United States
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25
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Peng RM, Guo YX, Qiu Y, Hong J, Xiao GG, Qu HQ. Clinical outcomes after Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty using donor corneas from children younger than 3 years. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 46:721-729. [PMID: 29498188 PMCID: PMC6221158 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Importance There is limited literature on paediatric donors in endothelial keratoplasty. Background This study investigated the efficacy of and appropriate paediatric donor age for Descemet’s stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). Design Retrospective and observational case series. Participants Thirty‐eight consecutive patients underwent DSEK with paediatric donor corneas. Methods The age of the donors ranged from 32 weeks gestation (premature neonate) to 3 years old. All donor consents were obtained from the parents. The causes of donor death included traffic accident, congenital heart disease and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Main Outcome Measures The outcome measures included best‐corrected visual acuity, endothelial cell loss and complications. Results Best‐corrected visual acuity at last follow‐up was >20/40 in 28 of 38 eyes (73.7%). The mean preoperative endothelial cell density of donor corneas was 4682 ± 520 cells/mm2. The mean endothelial cell density of grafts was 3977 ± 556 cells/mm2 at 18 months postoperatively. Three lenticules from premature neonate donors exhibited severe contraction postoperatively. The edge of six lenticules from donors <1‐year‐old exhibited contraction in the early postoperative period and gradually flattened spontaneously. Graft detachment occurred in one patient. Conclusions and Relevance DSEK with paediatric donor corneas can achieve good clinical outcomes. The corneal lenticules from 1‐ to 3‐year‐ old donors are suitable for DSEK while those from donors <1‐year‐old are less suitable due to the possibility of severe postoperative graft contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Mei Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ge-Ge Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Wu PC, Hsu WL, Chen CL, Lam CF, Huang YB, Huang CC, Lin MH, Lin MW. Morphine Induces Fibroblast Activation through Up-regulation of Connexin 43 Expression: Implication of Fibrosis in Wound Healing. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:875-882. [PMID: 30008599 PMCID: PMC6036091 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is the most effective drugs for attenuating various types of severe pain, but morphine abuse carries a high risk of systemic fibrosis. Our previous have indicated that systemic administration of morphine hinders angiogenesis and delays wound healing. Here we have explained the pathological mechanism underlying the effect of morphine on wound healing. To determine how morphine affects wound healing, we first created a wound in mice treated them with a combination of a low doses (5 mg/kg/day) and high doses (20 or 30 mg/kg/day) of morphine. An In vivo study revealed that high-dose morphine-induced abnormal myofibroblasts persist after the end of wound healing because of connexin 43 (Cx43) upregulation. High-dose morphine-induced Cx43 increased the expression levels of focal adhesion molecules, namely fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) through the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling. In addition, we found that Cx43 contributed to TGF-βRII/ Smad2/3 signaling for regulating the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts during high-dose morphine exposure. In conclusion, the abnormal regulation of Cx43 by morphine may induce systemic fibrosis because of abnormal myofibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ching Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, Taiwan Innovation Center of Medical Devices and Technology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Hsu
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fuh Lam
- Department of Anesthesiology, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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27
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Rajendran V, Netuková M, Griffith M, Forrester JV, Kuffová L. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for retro-corneal membrane - A clinical challenge in full-thickness transplantation of biosynthetic corneal equivalents. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:346-356. [PMID: 29030302 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial corneas (keratoprostheses) and biosynthetic collagen-based corneal equivalents are surgical implants designed to ease the global burden of corneal blindness. However, keratoprostheses in many cases fail due to development of fibrous retro-corneal membranes (RCM). Fibrous membranes which develop in the anterior chamber after prosthesis implantation do so on a matrix of fibrin. This study investigated fibrin deposition and RCM formation after full-thickness collagen-based hydrogel implants and compared them with syngeneic and allogeneic corneal grafts in mice. Fibrin cleared from the anterior chamber within 14 days in both allo- and syn-grafts but, persisted in hydrogel implants and developed into dense retro-corneal membrane (RCM) which were heavily infiltrated by activated myofibroblasts. In contrast, the number of CD11b+ macrophages infiltrating the initial deposition of fibrin in the anterior chamber (AC) after hydrogel implantation was markedly reduced compared to syn- and allo-grafts. Inoculation of mesenchymal stem cells prior to collagen gel implant promoted clearance of gel-associated fibrin from the anterior chamber. We propose that a failure of macrophage-mediated clearance of fibrin may be the cause of RCM formation after collagen-based hydrogel implants and that mesenchymal stem cell therapy promotes clearance of fibrin and prevents RCM formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The manuscript addresses the potential value of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for retro-corneal membrane (RCM) formation in full-thickness transplantation of biosynthetic corneal equivalents. This work reports the pathophysiological changes in the anterior chamber of the mouse eye following full-thickness recombinant human cross-linked collagen-based hydrogel implants in which persistent fibrin promotes the development of dense RCM. Furthermore, pre-treatment with mesenchymal stem cells reduces RCM formation and enhances corneal transparency.
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28
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Thévenin AF, Margraf RA, Fisher CG, Kells-Andrews RM, Falk MM. Phosphorylation regulates connexin43/ZO-1 binding and release, an important step in gap junction turnover. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3595-3608. [PMID: 29021339 PMCID: PMC5706988 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether connexin phosphorylation regulates the known role of zonula occludens-1 protein (ZO-1) in gap junction (GJ) function, we generated and analyzed a series of phosphomimetic and phosphorylation-dead mutants by mutating known conserved regulatory serine (S) residues 255, 279/282, 365, 368, and 373 located in the C-terminal domain of connexin43 (Cx43) into glutamic acid (E) or alanine (A) residues. All connexin mutants were translated into stable, full-length proteins and assembled into GJs when expressed in HeLa or Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. However, mutants with S residues exchanged at positions 365, 368, and 373 exhibited a significantly altered ZO-1 interaction profile, while mutants with S residues exchanged at 255 and 279/282 did not. Unlike wild-type Cx43, in which ZO-1 binding is restricted to the periphery of GJ plaques, S365A, S365E, S368A, S368E, and S373A mutants bound ZO-1 throughout the GJ plaques, while the S373E mutant did not bind ZO-1 at all. Inability to disengage from ZO-1 correlated with increased GJ plaque size and increased connexin protein half-life, while maintaining GJ channels in an open, functional state. Quantitative clathrin-binding analyses revealed no significant alterations in clathrin-binding efficiency, suggesting that the inability to disengage from ZO-1 prevented maturation of functional into nonfunctional/endocytic channels, rather than ZO-1 interfering with GJ endocytosis directly. Collectively, our results indicate that ZO-1 binding regulates channel accrual, while disengagement from ZO-1 is critical for GJ channel closure and transitioning GJ channels for endocytosis. Intriguingly, these transitional ZO-1 binding/release and channel-aging steps are mediated by a series of hierarchical phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events at S373, S365, and S368, well-known Cx43 Akt, protein kinase A, and protein kinase C phosphorylation sites located in the vicinity of the ZO-1 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel A Margraf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Charles G Fisher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | | | - Matthias M Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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29
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Chen J, Li Z, Zhang L, Ou S, Wang Y, He X, Zou D, Jia C, Hu Q, Yang S, Li X, Li J, Wang J, Sun H, Chen Y, Zhu YT, Tseng SCG, Liu Z, Li W. Descemet's Membrane Supports Corneal Endothelial Cell Regeneration in Rabbits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6983. [PMID: 28765543 PMCID: PMC5539296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Descemet’s membrane (DM) helps maintain phenotype and function of corneal endothelial cells under physiological conditions, while little is known about the function of DM in corneal endothelial wound healing process. In the current study, we performed in vivo rabbit corneal endothelial cell (CEC) injury via CEC scraping, in which DM remained intact after CECs removal, or via DM stripping, in which DM was removed together with CECs. We found rabbit corneas in the CEC scraping group healed with transparency restoration, while there was posterior fibrosis tissue formation in the corneas after DM stripping on day 14. Following CEC scraping on day 3, cells that had migrated toward the central cornea underwent a transient fibrotic endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which was reversed back to an endothelial phenotype on day 14. However, in the corneas injured via DM stripping, most of the cells in the posterior fibrosis tissue did not originate from the corneal endothelium, and they maintained fibroblastic phenotype on day 14. We concluded that corneal endothelial wound healing in rabbits has different outcomes depending upon the presence or absence of Descemet’s membrane. Descemet’s membrane supports corneal endothelial cell regeneration in rabbits after endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Yan'an Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medicine University in Chenzhou, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shangkun Ou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yanzi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin He
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dulei Zou
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changkai Jia
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xian Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Juan Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | | | | | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Xiamen University affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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30
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Bartakova A, Alvarez-Delfin K, Weisman AD, Salero E, Raffa GA, Merkhofer RM, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. Novel Identity and Functional Markers for Human Corneal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2749-62. [PMID: 27196322 PMCID: PMC4884060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) density decreases with age, surgical complications, or disease, leading to vision impairment. Such endothelial dysfunction is an indication for corneal transplantation, although there is a worldwide shortage of transplant-grade tissue. To overcome the current poor donor availability, here we isolate, expand, and characterize HCECs in vitro as a step toward cell therapy. Methods Human corneal endothelial cells were isolated from cadaveric corneas and expanded in vitro. Cell identity was evaluated based on morphology and immunocytochemistry, and gene expression analysis and flow cytometry were used to identify novel HCEC-specific markers. The functional ability of HCEC to form barriers was assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays. Results Cultured HCECs demonstrated canonical morphology for up to four passages and later underwent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Quality of donor tissue influenced cell measures in culture including proliferation rate. Cultured HCECs expressed identity markers, and microarray analysis revealed novel endothelial-specific markers that were validated by flow cytometry. Finally, canonical HCECs expressed higher levels of CD56, which correlated with higher TEER than fibroblastic HCECs. Conclusions In vitro expansion of HCECs from cadaveric donor corneas yields functional cells identifiable by morphology and a panel of novel markers. Markers described correlated with function in culture, suggesting a basis for cell therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Alejandra D Weisman
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Enrique Salero
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Gabriella A Raffa
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Richard M Merkhofer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 3Emmecell, K
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 4Byers Eye I
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31
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Elbadawy HM, Mirabelli P, Xeroudaki M, Parekh M, Bertolin M, Breda C, Cagini C, Ponzin D, Lagali N, Ferrari S. Effect of connexin 43 inhibition by the mimetic peptide Gap27 on corneal wound healing, inflammation and neovascularization. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2880-93. [PMID: 27472295 PMCID: PMC5055138 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The connexin 43 (Cx43) mimetic peptide Gap27 was designed to transiently block the function of this gap junction. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Gap27 on corneal healing, inflammation and neovascularization. Experimental Approach The effect of Gap27 on wound healing, inflammation and vascularization was assessed in primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in vitro and whole human corneas ex vivo, and in an in vivo rat wound healing model. Key Results Gap27 enhanced the wound closure of HCEC in vitro and accelerated wound closure and stratification of epithelium in human corneas ex vivo, but did not suppress the corneal release of inflammatory mediators IL‐6 or TNF‐α in vivo. In human corneas ex vivo, F4/80 positive macrophages were observed around the wound site. In vivo, topical Gap27 treatment enhanced the speed and density of early granulocyte infiltration into rat corneas. After 7 days, the expressions of TNF‐α and TGFβ1 were elevated and correlated with inflammatory cell accumulation in the tissue. Additionally, Gap27 did not suppress VEGF release in organotypic culture, nor did it suppress early or late VEGFA expression or neovascularization in vivo. Conclusions and Implications Gap27 can be effective in promoting the healing of superficial epithelial wounds, but in deep stromal wounds it has the potential to promote inflammatory cell migration and accumulation in the tissue and does not suppress the subsequent neovascularization response. These results support the proposal that Gap27 acts as a healing agent in the transient, early stages of corneal epithelial wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mostafa Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, AlMadinah AlMunawwarah, Saudi Arabia. .,International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy.
| | - Pierfrancesco Mirabelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maria Xeroudaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Mohit Parekh
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Marina Bertolin
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Claudia Breda
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Cagini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perugia General Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Diego Ponzin
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Neil Lagali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
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32
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Zhao Y, Qiao X, Wang L, Tan TK, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Rao P, Cao Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang YM, Lee VWS, Alexander SI, Harris DCH, Zheng G. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 induces endothelial-mesenchymal transition via Notch activation in human kidney glomerular endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2016; 17:21. [PMID: 27130612 PMCID: PMC4850690 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-016-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a major source of myofibroblast formation in kidney fibrosis. Our previous study showed a profibrotic role for matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in kidney fibrosis via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Inhibition of MMP-9 activity reduced kidney fibrosis in murine unilateral ureteral obstruction. This study investigated whether MMP-9 also plays a role in EndoMT in human glomerular endothelial cells. RESULTS TGF-β1 (10 or 20 ng/ml) induced EndoMT in HKGECs as shown by morphological changes. In addition, VE-cadherin and CD31 were significantly downregulated, whereas α-SMA, vimentin, and N-cadherin were upregulated. RT-PCR revealed that Snail, a known inducer of EMT, was upregulated. The MMP inhibitor GM6001 abrogated TGF-β1-induced EndoMT. Zymography indicated that MMP-9 was also upregulated in TGF-β1-treated HKGECs. Recombinant MMP-9 (2 μg/ml) induced EndoMT in HKGECs via Notch signaling, as evidenced by increased formation of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and decreased Notch 1. Inhibition of MMP-9 activity by its inhibitor showed a dose-dependent response in preventing TGF-β1-induced α-SMA and NICD in HKGECs, whereas inhibition of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) blocked rMMP-9-induced EndoMT. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that MMP-9 plays an important role in TGF-β1-induced EndoMT via upregulation of Notch signaling in HKGECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,The School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, PR China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, WuYi Road 382, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, WuYi Road 382, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tian Kui Tan
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Experimental Centre of Science and Research, the First Clinical Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian Road 382, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jianlin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian Road 56, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Padmashree Rao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, 212 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W S Lee
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, 212 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the University of Sydney, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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33
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Kim R, Chang G, Hu R, Phillips A, Douglas R. Connexin gap junction channels and chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:611-7. [PMID: 26919292 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junction channels are formed by connexin (Cx) proteins. These channels facilitate communication between adjacent cells, and some have been implicated in acute and chronic inflammation. We investigated whether altered connexin expression could be associated with the inflammatory changes of the sinonasal mucosa that characterize chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Our aims were first to screen normal sinus mucosa to determine the expression profile of the connexin family of genes, and second to compare the level of expression of 3 key connexins (Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43) in CRS and normal sinus mucosa. These 3 connexins have been implicated in lower airway epithelial cell repair, as well as chronic and acute cutaneous wounds. METHODS Sinus mucosa biopsies were taken from 11 patients with CRS undergoing sinus surgery and from 7 controls with normal sinuses undergoing transnasal pituitary surgery. Gene expression study of the connexin family was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subsequent targeted quantitative analyses were done using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS A total of 16 different connexin genes were expressed in the normal mucosa including Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43. The qPCR demonstrated increased abundance of Cx26 (p = 0.005), Cx30 (p = 0.07), and Cx43 (p = 0.04) in CRS compared to control mucosa. IHC confirmed significantly higher levels of Cx43 in CRS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The majority of the connexin family is expressed in normal sinus mucosa. Expression of 3 selected connexins was found elevated in CRS mucosa. Connexin gap junction modulation may offer a novel therapeutic target for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Kim
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - George Chang
- Faculty of Medical and Health Science, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Hu
- Faculty of Medical and Health Science, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Science, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,CoDa Therapeutics Inc, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Douglas
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis through siRNA delivery with tunable mesoporous bioactive nanocarriers. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:352-364. [PMID: 26432439 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene silencing through siRNA delivery has shown great promise for treating diseases and repairing damaged tissues, including bone. This report is the first to develop siRNA delivery system in the inhibition of osteoclastic functions which in turn can help turn-over bone mass increase in the diseases like osteoporosis. For this reason, biocompatible and degradable nanocarriers that can effectively load and deliver genetic molecules to target cells and tissues are being actively sought by researchers. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres (MBG), a novel unique biocompatible degradable inorganic nanocarrier, is introduced. Furthermore, siRNA was designed to function by inhibiting the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) in order to suppress osteoclastogenesis. Amine-functionalized MBG were synthesized with tunable mesoporosities, showing a strong complexation with siRNA. An in vitro release profile indicated that the siRNA from the MBG was able to achieve a highly sustainable liberation for up to 4 days, confirming a temporary delivery system can be designed to function for that period of time. The intracellular uptake capacity of the complex siRNA(RANK)-MBG was recorded to be around 70%. Furthermore, the RANK-expressing cell population declined down to 29% due to the delivery of siRNA(RANK)-MBG (vs. 86% in control). The expression of osteoclastogenesis-related genes, including c-fos, cathepsin-K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), was substantially down-regulated by the siRNA delivery system. This study reports for the first time on the use of a novel MBG delivery system for siRNA that aims to suppress osteoclastic actions. MBGs may be a potential gene delivery platform for hard tissue repair and disease treatment due to the collective results which indicate a high loading capacity, temporary release kinetics, high intracellular uptake rate, and sufficient gene silencing effects, together with the intrinsic beneficial properties like bone-bioactivity and degradability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This report is the first to develop siRNA delivery system of biocompatible and degradable nanocarriers made from a unique composition, i.e., mesoporous bioactive glass that can effectively load and deliver genetic molecules to osteoclastic cells. We proved through a series of studies that the biocompatible nanocarriers are effective for the delivery of siRNA in the inhibition of osteoclastic functions which thus might be considered as a nanocarrier platform to help turn-over bone mass increase in the diseases like osteoporosis.
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Kinase programs spatiotemporally regulate gap junction assembly and disassembly: Effects on wound repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 50:40-8. [PMID: 26706150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions are highly ordered plasma membrane domains that are constantly assembled, remodeled and turned over due to the short half-life of connexins, the integral membrane proteins that form gap junctions. Connexin 43 (Cx43), by far the most widely expressed connexin, is phosphorylated at multiple serine residues in the cytoplasmic, C-terminal region allowing for exquisite cellular control over gap junctional communication. This is evident during epidermal wounding where spatiotemporal changes in connexin expression occur as cells are instructed whether to die, proliferate or migrate to promote repair. Early gap junctional communication is required for initiation of keratinocyte migration, but accelerated Cx43 turnover is also critical for proper wound healing at later stages. These events are controlled via a "kinase program" where sequential phosphorylation of Cx43 leads to reductions in Cx43's half-life and significant depletion of gap junctions from the plasma membrane within several hours. The complex regulation of gap junction assembly and turnover affords several steps where intervention might speed wound healing.
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37
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Lee JG, Heur M. WNT10B enhances proliferation through β-catenin and RAC1 GTPase in human corneal endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26752-64. [PMID: 26370090 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the anterior, transparent tissue of the human eye that serves as its main refractive element. Corneal endothelial cells are arranged as a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea and function as a pump to counteract the leakiness of its basement membrane. Maintaining the cornea in a slightly dehydrated state is critical for the maintenance of corneal transparency. Adult human corneal endothelial cells are G1-arrested, even in response to injury, leading to an age-dependent decline in endothelial cell density. Corneal edema and subsequent vision loss ensues when endothelial cell density decreases below a critical threshold. Vision loss secondary to corneal endothelial dysfunction is a common indication for transplantation in developed nations. An impending increase in demand for and a current global shortage of donor corneas will necessitate the development of treatments for vision loss because of endothelial dysfunction that do not rely on donor corneas. Wnt ligands regulate many critical cellular functions, such as proliferation, making them attractive candidates for modulation in corneal endothelial dysfunction. We show that WNT10B causes nuclear transport and binding of RAC1 and β-catenin in human corneal endothelial cells, leading to the activation of Cyclin D1 expression and proliferation. Our findings indicate that WNT10B promotes proliferation in human corneal endothelial cells by simultaneously utilizing both β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways and suggest that its modulation could be used to treat vision loss secondary to corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Goo Lee
- From the University of Southern California Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Martin Heur
- From the University of Southern California Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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38
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Abstract
Corneal wound healing is a complex process involving cell death, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Many similarities are observed in the healing processes of corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells, as well as cell-specific differences. Corneal epithelial healing largely depends on limbal stem cells and remodeling of the basement membrane. During stromal healing, keratocytes get transformed to motile and contractile myofibroblasts largely due to activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) system. Endothelial cells heal mostly by migration and spreading, with cell proliferation playing a secondary role. In the last decade, many aspects of wound healing process in different parts of the cornea have been elucidated, and some new therapeutic approaches have emerged. The concept of limbal stem cells received rigorous experimental corroboration, with new markers uncovered and new treatment options including gene and microRNA therapy tested in experimental systems. Transplantation of limbal stem cell-enriched cultures for efficient re-epithelialization in stem cell deficiency and corneal injuries has become reality in clinical setting. Mediators and course of events during stromal healing have been detailed, and new treatment regimens including gene (decorin) and stem cell therapy for excessive healing have been designed. This is a very important advance given the popularity of various refractive surgeries entailing stromal wound healing. Successful surgical ways of replacing the diseased endothelium have been clinically tested, and new approaches to accelerate endothelial healing and suppress endothelial-mesenchymal transformation have been proposed including Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor eye drops and gene therapy to activate TGF-β inhibitor SMAD7. Promising new technologies with potential for corneal wound healing manipulation including microRNA, induced pluripotent stem cells to generate corneal epithelium, and nanocarriers for corneal drug delivery are discussed. Attention is also paid to problems in wound healing understanding and treatment, such as lack of specific epithelial stem cell markers, reliable identification of stem cells, efficient prevention of haze and stromal scar formation, lack of data on wound regulating microRNAs in keratocytes and endothelial cells, as well as virtual lack of targeted systems for drug and gene delivery to select corneal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mehrnoosh Saghizadeh
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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Xu X, Tan X, Tampe B, Sanchez E, Zeisberg M, Zeisberg EM. Snail Is a Direct Target of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) in Hypoxia-induced Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Human Coronary Endothelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16653-64. [PMID: 25971970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.636944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) was originally described in heart development where the endocardial endothelial cells that line the atrioventricular canal undergo an EndMT to form the endocardial mesenchymal cushion that later gives rise to the septum and mitral and tricuspid valves. In the postnatal heart specifically, endothelial cells that originate from the endocardium maintain increased susceptibility to undergo EndMT as remnants from their embryonic origin. Such EndMT involving adult coronary endothelial cells contributes to microvascular rarefaction and subsequent chronification of hypoxia in the injured heart, ultimately leading to cardiac fibrosis. Although in most endothelial beds hypoxia induces tip cell formation and sprouting angiogenesis, here we demonstrate that hypoxia is a stimulus for human coronary endothelial cells to undergo phenotypic changes reminiscent of EndMT via a mechanism involving hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-induced activation of the EndMT master regulatory transcription factor SNAIL. Our study adds further evidence for the unique susceptibility of endocardium-derived endothelial cells to undergo EndMT and provides novel insights into how hypoxia contributes to progression of cardiac fibrosis. Additional studies may be required to discriminate between distinct sprouting angiogenesis and EndMT responses of different endothelial cells populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Björn Tampe
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany and
| | - Elisa Sanchez
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany and
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- From the Departments of Cardiology and Pneumology and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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41
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Tarzemany R, Jiang G, Larjava H, Häkkinen L. Expression and function of connexin 43 in human gingival wound healing and fibroblasts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115524. [PMID: 25584940 PMCID: PMC4293150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (C×s) are a family of transmembrane proteins that form hemichannels and gap junctions (GJs) on the cell membranes, and transfer small signaling molecules between the cytoplasm and extracellular space and between connecting cells, respectively. Among C×s, suppressing C×43 expression or function promotes skin wound closure and granulation tissue formation, and may alleviate scarring, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Oral mucosal gingiva is characterized by faster wound closure and scarless wound healing outcome as compared to skin wounds. Therefore, we hypothesized that C×43 function is down regulated during human gingival wound healing, which in fibroblasts promotes expression of genes conducive for fast and scarless wound healing. Cultured gingival fibroblasts expressed C×43 as their major connexin. Immunostaining of unwounded human gingiva showed that C×43 was abundantly present in the epithelium, and in connective tissue formed large C×43 plaques in fibroblasts. At the early stages of wound healing, C×43 was strongly down regulated in wound epithelial cells and fibroblasts, returning to the level of normal tissue by day 60 post-wounding. Blocking of C×43 function by C×43 mimetic peptide Gap27 suppressed GJ-mediated dye transfer, promoted migration, and caused significant changes in the expression of wound healing-associated genes in gingival fibroblasts. In particular, out of 54 genes analyzed, several MMPs and TGF-β1, involved in regulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and VEGF-A, involved in angiogenesis, were significantly upregulated while pro-fibrotic ECM molecules, including Collagen type I, and cell contractility-related molecules were significantly down regulated. These responses involved MAPK, GSK3α/β and TGF-β signaling pathways, and AP1 and SP1 transcription factors. Thus, suppressed function of C×43 in fibroblasts promotes their migration, and regulates expression of wound healing-associated genes via AP1, SP1, MAPK, GSK3α/β and TGF-β signaling pathways, and may promote fast and scarless wound healing in human gingiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Tarzemany
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guoqiao Jiang
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lari Häkkinen
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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42
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Xu X, Friehs I, Zhong Hu T, Melnychenko I, Tampe B, Alnour F, Iascone M, Kalluri R, Zeisberg M, Del Nido PJ, Zeisberg EM. Endocardial fibroelastosis is caused by aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 2015; 116:857-66. [PMID: 25587097 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a unique form of fibrosis, which forms a de novo subendocardial tissue layer encapsulating the myocardium and stunting its growth, and which is typically associated with congenital heart diseases of heterogeneous origin, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Relevance of EFE was only recently highlighted through the establishment of staged biventricular repair surgery in infant patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, where surgical removal of EFE tissue has resulted in improvement in the restrictive physiology leading to the growth of the left ventricle in parallel with somatic growth. However, pathomechanisms underlying EFE formation are still scarce, and specific therapeutic targets are not yet known. OBJECTIVE Here, we aimed to investigate the cellular origins of EFE tissue and to gain insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms to ultimately develop novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS By utilizing a novel EFE model of heterotopic transplantation of hearts from newborn reporter mice and by analyzing human EFE tissue, we demonstrate for the first time that fibrogenic cells within EFE tissue originate from endocardial endothelial cells via aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition. We further demonstrate that such aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition involving endocardial endothelial cells is caused by dysregulated transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic proteins signaling and that this imbalance is at least in part caused by aberrant promoter methylation and subsequent transcriptional suppression of bone morphogenetic proteins 5 and 7. Finally, we provide evidence that supplementation of exogenous recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins 7 effectively ameliorates endothelial to mesenchymal transition and experimental EFE in rats. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data point to aberrant endothelial to mesenchymal transition as a common denominator of infant EFE development in heterogeneous, congenital heart diseases, and to bone morphogenetic proteins 7 as an effective treatment for EFE and its restriction of heart growth.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Biomarkers
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/physiology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7/therapeutic use
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Transdifferentiation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/drug therapy
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis/pathology
- Endocardium/pathology
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Heart Transplantation
- Humans
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/pathology
- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome/surgery
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad Proteins/genetics
- Smad Proteins/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ingeborg Friehs
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Tachi Zhong Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Ivan Melnychenko
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Björn Tampe
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Fouzi Alnour
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Maria Iascone
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Michael Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.)
| | - Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- From the Department of Cardiology and Pneumology (X.X., F.A., E.M.Z.), Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology (B.T., M.Z.), University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (I.F., I.V., P.J.d N.); Division of Matrix Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.Z.H., R.K., E.M.Z.); Lab Genetica Molecolare, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy (M.I.); Department of Cancer Biology and the Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (R.K.); and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Göttingen, Germany (E.M.Z.).
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43
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Combining TGF-β signal inhibition and connexin43 silencing for iPSC induction from mouse cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7323. [PMID: 25471520 PMCID: PMC4255192 DOI: 10.1038/srep07323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be achieved by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc). However, to date, some iPSCs have been generated using viral vectors; thus, unexpected insertional mutagenesis in the target cells would be a potential risk. Here we report reprogramming of siPSCs (gene silencing-induced pluripotent stem cells) from mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes (CMs) by combining TGF-β signal inhibition and connexin43 (Cx43) silencing, and show that siPSCs show pluripotency in vitro and in vivo. Our novel non-insertional mutagenesis technique may provide a means for iPSC generation.
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44
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Zhang Z, Huang Y, Xie H, Pan J, Liu F, Li X, Chen W, Hu J, Liu Z. Benzalkonium chloride suppresses rabbit corneal endothelium intercellular gap junction communication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109708. [PMID: 25299343 PMCID: PMC4192355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) plays a critical role in the maintenance of corneal endothelium homeostasis. We determined if benzalkonium chloride (BAK) alters GJIC activity in the rabbit corneal endothelium since it is commonly used as a drug preservative in ocular eyedrop preparations even though it can have cytotoxic effects. Methods Thirty-six adult New Zealand albino rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. BAK at 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% was applied twice daily to one eye of each of the rabbits in one of the three groups for seven days. The contralateral untreated eyes were used as controls. Corneal endothelial morphological features were observed by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Immunofluorescent staining resolved changes in gap junction integrity and localization. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR evaluated changes in levels of connexin43 (Cx43) and tight junction zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) gene and protein expression, respectively. Cx43 and ZO-1 physical interaction was detected by immunoprecipitation (IP). Primary rabbit corneal endothelial cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing BAK for 24 hours. The scrape-loading dye transfer technique (SLDT) was used to assess GJIC activity. Results Topical administration of BAK (0.05%, 0.1%) dose dependently disrupted corneal endothelial cell morphology, altered Cx43 and ZO-1 distribution and reduced Cx43 expression. BAK also markedly induced increases in Cx43 phosphorylation status concomitant with decreases in the Cx43-ZO-1 protein-protein interaction. These changes were associated with marked declines in GJIC activity. Conclusions The dose dependent declines in rabbit corneal endothelial GJIC activity induced by BAK are associated with less Cx43-ZO-1 interaction possibly arising from increases in Cx43 phosphorylation and declines in its protein expression. These novel changes provide additional evidence that BAK containing eyedrop preparations should be used with caution to avoid declines in corneal transparency resulting from losses in GJIC activity and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Zhang
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Juxin Pan
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fanfei Liu
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaoyue Hu
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JH)
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Eye Institute and affiliated Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JH)
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D'hondt C, Iyyathurai J, Himpens B, Leybaert L, Bultynck G. Cx43-hemichannel function and regulation in physiology and pathophysiology: insights from the bovine corneal endothelial cell system and beyond. Front Physiol 2014; 5:348. [PMID: 25309448 PMCID: PMC4162354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication in primary bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs) is mainly driven by the release of extracellular ATP through Cx43 hemichannels. Studying the characteristics of Ca2+-wave propagation in BCECs, an important form of intercellular communication, in response to physiological signaling events has led to the discovery of important insights in the functional properties and regulation of native Cx43 hemichannels. Together with ectopic expression models for Cx43 hemichannels and truncated/mutated Cx43 versions, it became very clear that loop/tail interactions play a key role in controlling the activity of Cx43 hemichannels. Interestingly, the negative regulation of Cx43 hemichannels by enhanced actin/myosin contractility seems to impinge upon loss of these loop/tail interactions essential for opening Cx43 hemichannels. Finally, these molecular insights have spurred the development of novel peptide tools that can selectively inhibit Cx43 hemichannels, but neither Cx43 gap junctions nor hemichannels formed by other Cx isoforms. These tools now set the stage to hunt for novel physiological functions for Cx43 hemichannels in primary cells and tissues and to tackle disease conditions associated with excessive, pathological Cx43-hemichannel openings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleyne D'hondt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Himpens
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Bartakova A, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. Regenerative Cell Therapy for Corneal Endothelium. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:81-90. [PMID: 25328857 PMCID: PMC4196268 DOI: 10.1007/s40135-014-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction as in Fuchs dystrophy or pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, and the limited regenerative capacity of human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs), drive the need for corneal transplant. In response to limited donor corneal availability, significant effort has been directed towards cell therapy as an alternative to surgery. Stimulation of endogenous progenitors, or transplant of stem cell-derived HCECs or in vitro-expanded, donor-derived HCECs could replace traditional surgery with regenerative therapy. Ex vivo expansion of HCECs is technically challenging, and the basis for molecular identification of functional HCECs is not established. Delivery of cells to the inner layer of the human cornea is another challenge: different techniques, from simple injection to artificial corneal scaffolds, are being investigated. Despite remaining questions, corneal endothelial cell therapies, translated to the clinic, represent the future for the treatment of corneal endotheliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Noelia J. Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Emmetrope Ophthalmics, Key Biscayne, FL 33149
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Abed A, Toubas J, Kavvadas P, Authier F, Cathelin D, Alfieri C, Boffa JJ, Dussaule JC, Chatziantoniou C, Chadjichristos CE. Targeting connexin 43 protects against the progression of experimental chronic kidney disease in mice. Kidney Int 2014; 86:768-79. [PMID: 24850151 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excessive recruitment of monocytes and progression of fibrosis are hallmarks of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently we reported that the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) was upregulated in the kidney during experimental nephropathy. To investigate the role of Cx43 in the progression of CKD, we interbred RenTg mice, a genetic model of hypertension-induced CKD, with Cx43+/- mice. The renal cortex of 5-month-old RenTgCx43+/- mice showed a marked decrease of cell adhesion markers leading to reduced monocyte infiltration and interstitial renal fibrosis compared with their littermates. In addition, functional and histological parameters such as albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis were ameliorated in RenTgCx43+/- mice. Interestingly, treatment with Cx43 antisense produced remarkable improvement of renal function and structure in 1-year-old RenTg mice. Similar results were found in Cx43+/- or wild-type mice treated with Cx43 antisense after obstructive nephropathy. Furthermore, in these mice, Cx43 antisense attenuated E-cadherin downregulation and phosphorylation of the transcription factor Sp1 by the ERK pathway resulting in decreased transcription of type I collagen gene. Interestingly, Cx43-specific blocking peptide inhibited monocyte adhesion in activated endothelium and profibrotic pathways in tubular cells. Cx43 was highly increased in biopsies of patients with CKD. Thus, Cx43 may represent a new therapeutic target against the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abed
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Julie Toubas
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Boffa
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France [3] Department of Nephrology, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dussaule
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France [3] Department of Physiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christos Chatziantoniou
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Christos E Chadjichristos
- 1] INSERM UMR-S1155, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France [2] Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Paris, France
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Brücher BL, Jamall IS. Epistemology of the origin of cancer: a new paradigm. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:331. [PMID: 24885752 PMCID: PMC4026115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenesis is widely thought to originate from somatic mutations and an inhibition of growth suppressors, followed by cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and risk of metastasis. Fewer than 10% of all cancers are hereditary; the ratio in gastric (1%), colorectal (3-5%) and breast (8%) cancers is even less. Cancers caused by infection are thought to constitute some 15% of the non-hereditary cancers. Those remaining, 70 to 80%, are called “sporadic,” because they are essentially of unknown etiology. We propose a new paradigm for the origin of the majority of cancers. Presentation of hypothesis Our paradigm postulates that cancer originates following a sequence of events that include (1) a pathogenic stimulus (biological or chemical) followed by (2) chronic inflammation, from which develops (3) fibrosis with associated changes in the cellular microenvironment. From these changes a (4) pre-cancerous niche develops, which triggers the deployment of (5) a chronic stress escape strategy, and when this fails to resolve, (6) a transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs. If we are correct, this paradigm would suggest that the majority of the findings in cancer genetics so far reported are either late events or are epiphenomena that occur after the appearance of the pre-cancerous niche. Testing the hypothesis If, based on experimental and clinical findings presented here, this hypothesis is plausible, then the majority of findings in the genetics of cancer so far reported in the literature are late events or epiphenomena that could have occurred after the development of a PCN. Our model would make clear the need to establish preventive measures long before a cancer becomes clinically apparent. Future research should focus on the intermediate steps of our proposed sequence of events, which will enhance our understanding of the nature of carcinogenesis. Findings on inflammation and fibrosis would be given their warranted importance, with research in anticancer therapies focusing on suppressing the PCN state with very early intervention to detect and quantify any subclinical inflammatory change and to treat all levels of chronic inflammation and prevent fibrotic changes, and so avoid the transition from a normal cell to a cancer cell. Implication of the hypothesis The paradigm proposed here, if proven, spells out a sequence of steps, one or more of which could be interdicted or modulated early in carcinogenesis to prevent or, at a minimum, slow down the progression of many cancers.
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Billaud M, Lohman AW, Johnstone SR, Biwer LA, Mutchler S, Isakson BE. Regulation of cellular communication by signaling microdomains in the blood vessel wall. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:513-69. [PMID: 24671377 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the accumulation of proteins in specific regions of the plasma membrane can facilitate cellular communication. These regions, termed signaling microdomains, are found throughout the blood vessel wall where cellular communication, both within and between cell types, must be tightly regulated to maintain proper vascular function. We will define a cellular signaling microdomain and apply this definition to the plethora of means by which cellular communication has been hypothesized to occur in the blood vessel wall. To that end, we make a case for three broad areas of cellular communication where signaling microdomains could play an important role: 1) paracrine release of free radicals and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species; 2) role of ion channels including gap junctions and potassium channels, especially those associated with the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization mediated signaling, and lastly, 3) mechanism of exocytosis that has considerable oversight by signaling microdomains, especially those associated with the release of von Willebrand factor. When summed, we believe that it is clear that the organization and regulation of signaling microdomains is an essential component to vessel wall function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22902.
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Grek CL, Rhett JM, Ghatnekar GS. Cardiac to cancer: connecting connexins to clinical opportunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1349-64. [PMID: 24607540 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions and their connexin components are indispensable in mediating the cellular coordination required for tissue and organ homeostasis. The critical nature of their existence mandates a connection to disease while at the same time offering therapeutic potential. Therapeutic intervention may be offered through the pharmacological and molecular disruption of the pathways involved in connexin biosynthesis, gap junction assembly, stabilization, or degradation. Chemical inhibitors aimed at closing connexin channels, peptide mimetics corresponding to short connexin sequences, and gene therapy approaches have been incredibly useful molecular tools in deciphering the complexities associated with connexin biology. Recently, therapeutic potential in targeting connexins has evolved from basic research in cell-based models to clinical opportunity in the form of human trials. Clinical promise is particularly evident with regards to targeting connexin43 in the context of wound healing. The following review is aimed at highlighting novel advances where the pharmacological manipulation of connexin biology has proven beneficial in animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- FirstString Research, Inc., 300 W. Coleman Blvd., Suite 203, Mount Pleasant, SC, United States
| | - J Matthew Rhett
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gautam S Ghatnekar
- FirstString Research, Inc., 300 W. Coleman Blvd., Suite 203, Mount Pleasant, SC, United States.
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