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Görg R, Büttgenbach A, Jakobs J, Kurtoğlu Babayev FH, Rolles B, Rink L, Wessels I. Leukemia cells accumulate zinc for oncofusion protein stabilization. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 123:109482. [PMID: 37839758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are both hematological malignancies characterized by genetic alterations leading to the formation of oncofusion proteins. The classical chromosomal aberrations in APL and CML result in the PML-RARα and BCR-ABL1 oncofusion proteins, respectively. Interestingly, our flow cytometric analyses revealed elevated free intracellular zinc levels in various leukemia cells, which may play a role in stabilizing oncofusion proteins in leukemia and thus support cell proliferation and malignancy. Long-term zinc deficiency resulted in the degradation of PML-RARα in NB4 cells (APL cell line) and of BCR-ABL1 in K562 cells (CML cell line). This degradation may be explained by increased caspase 3 activity observed in zinc deficient cells, whereas zinc reconstitution normalized the caspase 3 activity and abolished zinc deficiency-induced oncofusion protein degradation. In NB4 cells, fluorescence microscopic images further indicated enlarged and enriched lysosomes during zinc deficiency, suggesting increased rates of autophagy. Moreover, NB4 cells exhibited increased expression of the zinc transporters ZIP2, ZIP10 and ZnT3 during zinc deficiency and revealed excessive accumulation of zinc in contrast to healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), when zinc was abundantly available extracellularly. Our results highlight the importance of altered zinc homeostasis for some characteristics in leukemia cells, uncover potential pathways underlying the effects of zinc deficiency in leukemia cells, and provide potential alternative strategies by which oncofusion proteins can be degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Görg
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Büttgenbach
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Jakobs
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Rolles
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD), Aachen, Germany; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University and Helmholtzzentrum Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Zhu W, Chen Y, Liu Z, Yang W, Li Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Cui Y, Wang B. Fabrication of Supramolecular System Derived from Poly β-cyclodextrin Coupling Quinoline Dderivative and Its Fluorescence Sensing of Zinc Ion in Pure Water Environment. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2241-2252. [PMID: 37010649 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) is an important guest material owing to the water solubility and biocompatibility. In the paper, an organic small molecule was synthesized. According to supramolecular self-assembly, the organic molecule was bounded to the cavity of Poly β-cyclodextrin, which was characterized by IR, SEM and TEM et al. After self-assembly interaction, the morphology has changed obviously comparing with precursors. Simultaneously, the supramolecular self-assembly complex exhibited good water solubility. Moreover, By Gaussian calculation, the high binding activity between organic molecule and cyclodextrin was confirmed. By fluorescence investigation, the supramolecular system showed high fluorescence sensing activity for Zn2+ in pure water environment, which could track the dynamic change of Zn2+ in organisms. In addition, the supramolecular system exhibited low cytotoxicity. The work provided an interesting pathway for constructing water-soluble and low cytotoxic fluorescence sensor for Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Yinlong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Zengchen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China.
| | - Weijie Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Yahong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Yali Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Eningeering, Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, International Joint Research Laboratory for Biomedical Nanomaterials of Henan; Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Nanosensing and Detection, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, P.R. China
| | - Baodui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, P. R. China
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Zinc transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytoplasm via Zip7 is necessary for barrier dysfunction mediated by inflammatory signaling in RPE cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271656. [PMID: 35901031 PMCID: PMC9333247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory signaling induces barrier dysfunction in retinal-pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells and plays a role in the pathology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We studied the role of Zn flux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytoplasm via Zip7 during inflammatory signaling in RPE cells. In ARPE-19 cells, Zip7 inhibition reduced impedance loss, FITC-dextran permeability and cytokine induction caused by challenge with IL-1β/TNF-α. Zip7 inhibition in iPS-derived RPE cells challenged with TNF- α reduced barrier loss in TER assays. In ARPE-19 cells, a Zn ionophore restored cytokine induction and barrier loss in cells challenged with IL-1 β /TNF- α despite Zip7 inhibition. A cell permeable Zn chelator demonstrated that Zn is essential for IL-1 β /TNF- α signaling. ER stress caused by Zip7 inhibition in ARPE-19 cells was found to partially contribute to reducing barrier dysfunction caused by IL-1 β /TNF- α. Overall, it was shown that Zn flux through Zip7 from the ER to the cytoplasm plays a critical role in driving barrier dysfunction caused by inflammatory cytokines in RPE cells.
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Nicoletti VG, Pajer K, Calcagno D, Pajenda G, Nógrádi A. The Role of Metals in the Neuroregenerative Action of BDNF, GDNF, NGF and Other Neurotrophic Factors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081015. [PMID: 35892326 PMCID: PMC9330237 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature neurotrophic factors and their propeptides play key roles ranging from the regulation of neuronal growth and differentiation to prominent participation in neuronal survival and recovery after injury. Their signaling pathways sculpture neuronal circuits during brain development and regulate adaptive neuroplasticity. In addition, neurotrophic factors provide trophic support for damaged neurons, giving them a greater capacity to survive and maintain their potential to regenerate their axons. Therefore, the modulation of these factors can be a valuable target for treating or preventing neurologic disorders and age-dependent cognitive decline. Neuroregenerative medicine can take great advantage by the deepening of our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the properties of neurotrophic factors. It is indeed an intriguing topic that a significant interplay between neurotrophic factors and various metals can modulate the outcome of neuronal recovery. This review is particularly focused on the roles of GDNF, BDNF and NGF in motoneuron survival and recovery from injuries and evaluates the therapeutic potential of various neurotrophic factors in neuronal regeneration. The key role of metal homeostasis/dyshomeostasis and metal interaction with neurotrophic factors on neuronal pathophysiology is also highlighted as a novel mechanism and potential target for neuronal recovery. The progress in mechanistic studies in the field of neurotrophic factor-mediated neuroprotection and neural regeneration, aiming at a complete understanding of integrated pathways, offers possibilities for the development of novel neuroregenerative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giuseppe Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.G.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Damiano Calcagno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (V.G.N.); (D.C.)
| | - Gholam Pajenda
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Research Centre for Traumatology of the Austrian Workers, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Department for Trauma Surgery, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-6-234-2855
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Tuschl K, White RJ, Trivedi C, Valdivia LE, Niklaus S, Bianco IH, Dadswell C, González-Méndez R, Sealy IM, Neuhauss SCF, Houart C, Rihel J, Wilson SW, Busch-Nentwich EM. Loss of slc39a14 causes simultaneous manganese hypersensitivity and deficiency in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm044594. [PMID: 35514229 PMCID: PMC9227717 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese neurotoxicity is a hallmark of hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2, an inherited manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. To identify novel potential targets of manganese neurotoxicity, we performed transcriptome analysis of slc39a14-/- mutant zebrafish that were exposed to MnCl2. Differentially expressed genes mapped to the central nervous system and eye, and pathway analysis suggested that Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and activation of the unfolded protein response are key features of manganese neurotoxicity. Consistent with this interpretation, MnCl2 exposure led to decreased whole-animal Ca2+ levels, locomotor defects and changes in neuronal activity within the telencephalon and optic tectum. In accordance with reduced tectal activity, slc39a14-/- zebrafish showed changes in visual phototransduction gene expression, absence of visual background adaptation and a diminished optokinetic reflex. Finally, numerous differentially expressed genes in mutant larvae normalised upon MnCl2 treatment indicating that, in addition to neurotoxicity, manganese deficiency is present either subcellularly or in specific cells or tissues. Overall, we assembled a comprehensive set of genes that mediate manganese-systemic responses and found a highly correlated and modulated network associated with Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and cellular stress. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tuschl
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, IoPPN, Kings College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard J. White
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chintan Trivedi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leonardo E. Valdivia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile
| | - Stephanie Niklaus
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isaac H. Bianco
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris Dadswell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | | | - Ian M. Sealy
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Houart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, IoPPN, Kings College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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Zeng Z, Xie Y, Li L, Wang H, Tan J, Li X, Bian Q, Zhang Y, Liu T, Weng Y, Chen J. Reducing Endogenous Labile Zn May Help to Reduce Smooth Muscle Cell Injury around Vascular Stents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5139. [PMID: 35563532 PMCID: PMC9101291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stent service involves complex service environments and performance requirements, among which the histocompatibility of the stent could seriously affect the therapeutic effect. In the pathology of vascular disease, the thin fiber cap is easily ruptured, exposing the necrotic core below, and triggering a series of dangerous biochemical reactions. In contrast, the thin neointima, considered an essential structure growing on the stent, may evolve into vulnerable plaque structures due to lesions induced by the stent. Therefore, the reduction of necrosis around the stent below the thin neointima is indispensable. In this work, different cell model experiments suggested that the content of endogenous labile Zn positively correlated with cell injury. Zinquin-Zn fluorescence experiments and zinc ion channels research suggested that the change in the content of endogenous labile Zn in smooth muscle cells is affected by different stent coatings. The content of endogenous labile Zn in cells negatively correlated with cell viability. Animal experiments indirectly verified the increase in endogenous labile Zn by detecting the expression of Zn regulatory protein (metallothionein) in the necrotic tissues. Reducing the content of endogenous labile Zn may favor a reduction in smooth muscle cell injury and necrosis. This biochemical mechanism is effective in improving the therapeutic effect of vascular stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yinhong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huanran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianying Tan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qihao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Tao Liu
- Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guanzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Yajun Weng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Junying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.X.); (L.L.); (H.W.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Q.B.); (Y.Z.)
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Millo T, Rivera A, Obolensky A, Marks-Ohana D, Xu M, Li Y, Wilhelm E, Gopalakrishnan P, Gross M, Rosin B, Hanany M, Webster A, Tracewska AM, Koenekoop RK, Chen R, Arno G, Schueler-Furman O, Roosing S, Banin E, Sharon D. Identification of autosomal recessive novel genes and retinal phenotypes in members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily. Genet Med 2022; 24:1523-1535. [PMID: 35486108 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the clinical and genetic aspects of solute carrier (SLC) genes in inherited retinal diseases (IRDs). METHODS Exome sequencing data were filtered to identify pathogenic variants in SLC genes. Analysis of transcript and protein expression was performed on fibroblast cell lines and retinal sections. RESULTS Comprehensive analysis of 433 SLC genes in 913 exome sequencing IRD samples revealed homozygous pathogenic variants in 6 SLC genes, including 2 candidate novel genes, which were 2 variants in SLC66A1, causing autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP), and a variant in SLC39A12, causing autosomal recessive mild widespread retinal degeneration with marked macular involvement. In addition, we present 4 families with ARRP and homozygous null variants in SLC37A3 that were previously suggested to cause retinitis pigmentosa, 2 of which cause exon skipping. The recently reported SLC4A7- c.2007dup variant was found in 2 patients with ARRP resulting in the absence of protein. Finally, variants in SLC24A1 were found in 4 individuals with either ARRP or congenital stationary night blindness. CONCLUSION We report on SLC66A1 and SLC39A12 as candidate novel IRD genes, establish SLC37A3 pathogenicity, and provide further evidence of SLC4A7 as IRD genes. We extend the phenotypic spectrum of SLC24A1 and suggest that its ARRP phenotype may be more common than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Millo
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Antonio Rivera
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexey Obolensky
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devora Marks-Ohana
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mingchu Xu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yumei Li
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Enosh Wilhelm
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Prakadeeswari Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Menachem Gross
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Rosin
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Hanany
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Andrew Webster
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Tracewska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Stabłowicka, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert K Koenekoop
- Department of Paediatric surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gavin Arno
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eyal Banin
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Dror Sharon
- Division of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Zinc deficiency leads to reduced interleukin-2 production by active gene silencing due to enhanced CREMα expression in T cells. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:3263-3278. [PMID: 33183881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The micronutrient zinc is essential for proper immune function. Consequently, zinc deficiency leads to impaired immune function, as seen in decreased secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 by T cells. Although this association has been known since the late 1980s, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Zinc deficiency and reduced IL-2 levels are especially found in the elderly, which in turn are prone to chronic diseases. Here, we describe a new molecular link between zinc deficiency and reduced IL-2 expression in T cells. METHODS The effects of zinc deficiency were first investigated in vitro in the human T cell lines Jurkat and Hut-78 and complemented by in vivo data from zinc-supplemented pigs. A short- and long-term model for zinc deficiency was established. Zinc levels were detected by flow cytometry and expression profiles were investigated on the mRNA and protein level. RESULTS The expression of the transcription factor cAMP-responsive-element modulator α (CREMα) is increased during zinc deficiency in vitro, due to increased protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity, resulting in decreased IL-2 production. Additionally, zinc supplementation in vivo reduced CREMα levels causing increased IL-2 expression. On epigenetic levels increased CREMα binding to the IL-2 promoter is mediated by histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). The HDAC1 activity is inhibited by zinc. Moreover, deacetylation of the activating histone mark H3K9 was increased under zinc deficiency, resulting in reduced IL-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS With the transcription factor CREMα a molecular link was uncovered, connecting zinc deficiency with reduced IL-2 production due to enhanced PP2A and HDAC1 activity.
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Emri E, Kortvely E, Dammeier S, Klose F, Simpson D, den Hollander AI, Ueffing M, Lengyel I. A Multi-Omics Approach Identifies Key Regulatory Pathways Induced by Long-Term Zinc Supplementation in Human Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103051. [PMID: 33036197 PMCID: PMC7601425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), both systemic and local zinc levels decline. Elevation of zinc in clinical studies delayed the progression to end-stage AMD. However, the molecular pathways underpinning this beneficial effect are not yet identified. In this study, we used differentiated primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cultures and long-term zinc supplementation to carry out a combined transcriptome, proteome and secretome analysis from three genetically different human donors. After combining significant differences, we identified the complex molecular networks using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The cell cultures from the three donors showed extensive pigmentation, development of microvilli and basal infoldings and responded to zinc supplementation with an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (apical supplementation: 443.2 ± 79.3%, basal supplementation: 424.9 ± 116.8%, compared to control: 317.5 ± 98.2%). Significant changes were observed in the expression of 1044 genes, 151 cellular proteins and 124 secreted proteins. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed changes in specific molecular pathways related to cell adhesion/polarity, extracellular matrix organization, protein processing/transport, and oxidative stress response by zinc and identified a key upstream regulator effect similar to that of TGFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Emri
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - David Simpson
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-28-9097-6027
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10
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Bossowski A, Stożek K, Rydzewska M, Niklińska W, Gąsowska M, Polnik D, Szalecki M, Mikłosz A, Chabowski A, Reszeć J. Expression of zinc transporter 8 in thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 2020; 53:376-384. [PMID: 32896170 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1815194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have revealed the presence of zinc and the expression of zinc transporter (ZnT) family members in most endocrine cell types. It was demonstrated that ZnT family plays an important role in the synthesis and secretion of many hormones. Moreover, recently ZnT8 was described as a newly islet autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the expression of ZnT8 transporter in thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases. The study was performed in thyroid tissues after thyroidectomy from patients with thyroid non-toxic nodular goitre (NTNG; n = 17, mean age 15.8 ± 2.2 years) and cases with Graves' disease (n = 20, mean age 15.6 ± 2.8). In our study we investigated the expression of ZnT8 in human thyroid tissues from patients with immune and non-immune thyroid diseases using immunohistochemistry, Western Blot as well as immunofluorescence analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation which identified ZnT8 protein expression in human thyroid tissues, moreover, confirmed by three different laboratory techniques. Results and Conclusions Expression of ZnT8 transporter was identified by immunohistochemistry in the thyroid tissues from paediatric patients with Graves' disease (on +++) and non-toxic nodular goitre (on ++). ZnT8 transporter expression was found both in thyroid follicular cells (within the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic membrane in follicular cells) and C cells (membrane-cytoplasmic reaction) in fluorescence. Predominant expression of ZnT8 in band 41 kDa in immune than in non-immune thyroid disorders may suggest potential role of ZnT8 as a new thyroid autoanitgen but it requires further study on a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Stożek
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Rydzewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes with a Cardiology Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wiesława Niklińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Gąsowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Polnik
- Department of Children's Surgery and Transplantology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Szalecki
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mikłosz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszeć
- Department of Medical Patomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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11
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Singh N, Chaudhary S, Ashok A, Lindner E. Prions and prion diseases: Insights from the eye. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108200. [PMID: 32858007 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders that have gained much publicity due to their transmissible nature. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common human prion disorder, with an incidence of 1 in a million. Inherited prion disorders are relatively rare, and associated with mutations in the prion protein gene. More than 50 different point mutations, deletions, and insertions have been identified so far. Most are autosomal dominant and fully penetrant. Prion disorders also occur in animals, and are of major concern because of the potential for spreading to humans. The principal pathogenic event underlying all prion disorders is a change in the conformation of prion protein (PrPC) from a mainly α-helical to a β-sheet rich isoform, PrP-scrapie (PrPSc). Accumulation of PrPSc in the brain parenchyma is the major cause of neuronal degeneration. The mechanism by which PrPSc is transmitted, propagates, and causes neurodegenerative changes has been investigated over the years, and several clues have emerged. Efforts are also ongoing for identifying specific and sensitive diagnostic tests for sCJD and animal prion disorders, but success has been limited. The eye is suitable for these evaluations because it shares several anatomical and physiological features with the brain, and can be observed in vivo during disease progression. The retina, considered an extension of the central nervous system, is involved extensively in prion disorders. Accordingly, Optical Coherence Tomography and electroretinogram have shown some promise as pre-mortem diagnostic tests for human and animal prion disorders. However, a complete understanding of the physiology of PrPC and pathobiology of PrPSc in the eye is essential for developing specific and sensitive tests. Below, we summarize recent progress in ocular physiology and pathology in prion disorders, and the eye as an anatomically accessible site to diagnose, monitor disease progression, and test therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Departments of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ewald Lindner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
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12
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Maares M, Duman A, Keil C, Schwerdtle T, Haase H. The impact of apical and basolateral albumin on intestinal zinc resorption in the Caco-2/HT-29-MTX co-culture model. Metallomics 2019; 10:979-991. [PMID: 29931006 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00064f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of intestinal zinc resorption and its regulation are still topics of ongoing research. To this end, the application of suitable in vitro intestinal models, optimized with regard to their cellular composition and medium constituents, is of crucial importance. As one vital aspect, the impact of cell culture media or buffer compounds, respectively, on the speciation and cellular availability of zinc has to be considered when investigating zinc resorption. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the impact of serum, and in particular its main constituent serum albumin, on zinc uptake and toxicity in the intestinal cell line Caco-2. Furthermore, the impact of serum albumin on zinc resorption is analyzed using a co-culture of Caco-2 cells and the mucin-producing goblet cell line HT-29-MTX. Apically added albumin significantly impaired zinc uptake into enterocytes and buffered its cytotoxicity. Yet, undigested albumin does not occur in the intestinal lumen in vivo and impairment of zinc uptake was abrogated by digestion of albumin. Interestingly, zinc uptake, as well as gene expression studies of mt1a and selected intestinal zinc transporters after zinc incubation for 24 h, did not show significant differences between 0 and 10% serum. Importantly, the basolateral application of serum in a transport study significantly enhanced fractional apical zinc resorption, suggesting that the occurrence of a zinc acceptor in the plasma considerably affects intestinal zinc resorption. This study demonstrates that the apical and basolateral medium composition is crucial when investigating zinc, particularly its intestinal resorption, using in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Golan Y, Lehvy A, Horev G, Assaraf YG. High proportion of transient neonatal zinc deficiency causing alleles in the general population. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:828-840. [PMID: 30450693 PMCID: PMC6349188 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function (LoF) mutations in the zinc transporter SLC30A2/ZnT2 result in impaired zinc secretion into breast milk consequently causing transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD) in exclusively breastfed infants. However, the frequency of TNZD causing alleles in the general population is yet unknown. Herein, we investigated 115 missense SLC30A2/ZnT2 mutations from the ExAC database, equally distributed in the entire coding region, harboured in 668 alleles in 60 706 healthy individuals of diverse ethnicity. To estimate the frequency of LoF SLC30A2/ZnT2 mutations in the general population, we used bioinformatics tools to predict the potential impact of these mutations on ZnT2 functionality, and corroborated these predictions by a zinc transport assay in human MCF-7 cells. We found 14 missense mutations that were markedly deleterious to zinc transport. Together with two conspicuous LoF mutations in the ExAC database, 26 SLC30A2/ZnT2 alleles harboured deleterious mutations, suggesting that at least 1 in 2334 newborn infants are at risk to develop TNZD. This high frequency of TNZD mutations combined with the World Health Organization-promoted increase in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding highlights the importance of genetic screening for inactivating SLC30A2/ZnT2 mutations in the general population for the early diagnosis and prevention of TNZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarden Golan
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Adrian Lehvy
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Horev
- Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, The Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Ollig J, Kloubert V, Taylor KM, Rink L. B cell activation and proliferation increase intracellular zinc levels. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:72-79. [PMID: 30448545 PMCID: PMC6372723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions serve as second messengers in major cellular pathways, including the regulation pathways of proliferation and their proper regulation is necessary for homeostasis and a healthy organism. Accordingly, expression of zinc transporters can be altered in various cancer cell lines and is often involved in producing elevated intracellular zinc levels. In this study, human B cells were infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) to generate immortalized cells, which revealed traits of tumor cells, such as high proliferation rates and an extended lifespan. These cells showed differentially altered zinc transporter expression with ZIP7 RNA and protein expression being especially increased as well as a corresponding increased phosphorylation of ZIP7 in EBV-transformed B cells. Accordingly, free zinc levels were elevated within these cells. To prove whether the observed changes resulted from immortalization or rather high proliferation, free zinc levels in in vitro activated B cells and in freshly isolated B cells expressing the activation marker CD69 were determined. Here, comparatively increased zinc levels were found, suggesting that activation and proliferation, but not immortalization, act as crucial factors for the elevation of intracellular free zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ollig
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Kloubert
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Paskavitz AL, Quintana J, Cangussu D, Tavera-Montañez C, Xiao Y, Ortiz-Miranda S, Navea JG, Padilla-Benavides T. Differential expression of zinc transporters accompanies the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:27-34. [PMID: 29895369 PMCID: PMC6082398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc transporters facilitate metal mobilization and compartmentalization, playing a key role in cellular development. Little is known about the mechanisms and pathways of Zn movement between Zn transporters and metalloproteins during myoblast differentiation. We analyzed the differential expression of ZIP and ZnT transporters during C2C12 myoblast differentiation. Zn transporters account for a transient decrease of intracellular Zn upon myogenesis induction followed by a gradual increase of Zn in myotubes. Considering the subcellular localization and function of each of the Zn transporters, our findings indicate that a fine regulation is necessary to maintain correct metal concentrations in the cytosol and subcellular compartments to avoid toxicity, maintain homeostasis, and for loading metalloproteins needed during myogenesis. This study advances our basic understanding of the complex Zn transport network during muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Paskavitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Julia Quintana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Daniella Cangussu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cristina Tavera-Montañez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Sonia Ortiz-Miranda
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Juan G Navea
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Teresita Padilla-Benavides
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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16
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Maares M, Keil C, Thomsen S, Günzel D, Wiesner B, Haase H. Characterization of Caco-2 cells stably expressing the protein-based zinc probe eCalwy-5 as a model system for investigating intestinal zinc transport. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:296-304. [PMID: 29395783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal zinc resorption, in particular its regulation and mechanisms, are not yet fully understood. Suitable intestinal cell models are needed to investigate zinc uptake kinetics and the role of labile zinc in enterocytes in vitro. Therefore, a Caco-2 cell clone was produced, stably expressing the genetically encoded zinc biosensor eCalwy-5. The aim of the present study was to reassure the presence of characteristic enterocyte-specific properties in the Caco-2-eCalwy clone. Comparison of Caco-2-WT and Caco-2-eCalwy cells revealed only slight differences regarding subcellular localization of the tight junction protein occludin and alkaline phosphatase activity, which did not affect basic integrity of the intestinal barrier or the characteristic brush border membrane morphology. Furthermore, introduction of the additional zinc-binding protein in Caco-2 cells did not alter mRNA expression of the major intestinal zinc transporters (zip4, zip5, znt-1 and znt-5), but increased metallothionein 1a-expression and cellular resistance to higher zinc concentrations. Moreover, this study examines the effect of sensor expression level on its saturation with zinc. Fluorescence cell imaging indicated considerable intercellular heterogeneity in biosensor-expression. However, FRET-measurements confirmed that these differences in expression levels have no effect on fractional zinc-saturation of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maares
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Keil
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Thomsen
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of essential trace elements in healthy and diseased elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany.
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17
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New Insights into the Role of Zinc Acquisition and Zinc Tolerance in Group A Streptococcal Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00048-18. [PMID: 29581188 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00048-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays an important role in host innate immune function. However, the innate immune system also utilizes zinc starvation ("nutritional immunity") to combat infections. Here, we investigate the role of zinc import and export in the protection of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS), a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of human diseases, against challenge from host innate immune defense. In order to determine the role of GAS zinc import and export during infection, we utilized zinc import (ΔadcA ΔadcAII) and export (ΔczcD) deletion mutants in competition with the wild type in both in vitro and in vivo virulence models. We demonstrate that nutritional immunity is deployed extracellularly, while zinc toxicity is utilized upon phagocytosis of GAS by neutrophils. We also show that lysosomes and azurophilic granules in neutrophils contain zinc stores for use against intracellular pathogens.
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18
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Broadgate S, Kiire C, Halford S, Chong V. Diabetic macular oedema: under-represented in the genetic analysis of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96 Suppl A111:1-51. [PMID: 29682912 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a complex disease and is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults worldwide. It can be divided into distinct subclasses, one of which is diabetic macular oedema. Diabetic macular oedema can occur at any time in diabetic retinopathy and is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the large number of genetic association studies that have been performed in cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes and published in English-language journals up to February 2017. Many of these studies have produced positive associations with gene polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy. However, this review highlights that within this large body of work, studies specifically addressing a genetic association with diabetic macular oedema, although present, are vastly under-represented. We also highlight that many of the studies have small patient numbers and that meta-analyses often inappropriately combine patient data sets. We conclude that there will continue to be conflicting results and no meaningful findings will be achieved if the historical approach of combining all diabetic retinopathy disease states within patient cohorts continues in future studies. This review also identifies several genes that would be interesting to analyse in large, well-defined cohorts of patients with diabetic macular oedema in future candidate gene association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Christine Kiire
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital; John Radcliffe Hospital; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Victor Chong
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
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19
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Asthana A, Baksi S, Ashok A, Karmakar S, Mammadova N, Kokemuller R, Greenlee MH, Kong Q, Singh N. Prion protein facilitates retinal iron uptake and is cleaved at the β-site: Implications for retinal iron homeostasis in prion disorders. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9600. [PMID: 28851903 PMCID: PMC5575325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion disease-associated retinal degeneration is attributed to PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), a misfolded isoform of prion protein (PrPC) that accumulates in the neuroretina. However, a lack of temporal and spatial correlation between PrPSc and cytotoxicity suggests the contribution of host factors. We report retinal iron dyshomeostasis as one such factor. PrPC is expressed on the basolateral membrane of retinal-pigment-epithelial (RPE) cells, where it mediates uptake of iron by the neuroretina. Accordingly, the neuroretina of PrP-knock-out mice is iron-deficient. In RPE19 cells, silencing of PrPC decreases ferritin while over-expression upregulates ferritin and divalent-metal-transporter-1 (DMT-1), indicating PrPC-mediated iron uptake through DMT-1. Polarization of RPE19 cells results in upregulation of ferritin by ~10-fold and β-cleavage of PrPC, the latter likely to block further uptake of iron due to cleavage of the ferrireductase domain. A similar β-cleavage of PrPC is observed in mouse retinal lysates. Scrapie infection causes PrPSc accumulation and microglial activation, and surprisingly, upregulation of transferrin despite increased levels of ferritin. Notably, detergent-insoluble ferritin accumulates in RPE cells and correlates temporally with microglial activation, not PrPSc accumulation, suggesting that impaired uptake of iron by PrPSc combined with inflammation results in retinal iron-dyshomeostasis, a potentially toxic host response contributing to prion disease-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Ajay Ashok
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Shilpita Karmakar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Najiba Mammadova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Robyn Kokemuller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Mary Heather Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA.
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20
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Bafaro E, Liu Y, Xu Y, Dempski RE. The emerging role of zinc transporters in cellular homeostasis and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:17029. [PMID: 29218234 PMCID: PMC5661630 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in the structural or enzymatic functions of many cellular proteins. Cellular zinc homeostasis involves the opposing action of two families of metal transporters: the ZnT (SLC30) family that functions to reduce cytoplasmic zinc concentrations and the ZIP (SLC39) family that functions to increase cytoplasmic zinc concentrations. Fluctuations in intracellular zinc levels mediated by these transporter families affect signaling pathways involved in normal cell development, growth, differentiation and death. Consequently, changes in zinc transporter localization and function resulting in zinc dyshomeostasis have pathophysiological effects. Zinc dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the progression of cancer. Here we review recent progress toward understanding the structural basis for zinc transport by ZnT and ZIP family proteins, as well as highlight the roles of zinc as a signaling molecule in physiological conditions and in various cancers. As zinc is emerging as an important signaling molecule in the development and progression of cancer, the ZnT and ZIP transporters that regulate cellular zinc homeostasis are promising candidates for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bafaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Zinc Interactions With Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Related Peptide Fragments. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017; 104:29-56. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Pandini G, Satriano C, Pietropaolo A, Gianì F, Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The Inorganic Side of NGF: Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Affect the NGF Mimicking Signaling of the N-Terminus Peptides Encompassing the Recognition Domain of TrkA Receptor. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:569. [PMID: 28090201 PMCID: PMC5201159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) N-terminus peptide, NGF(1–14), and its acetylated form, Ac-NGF(1–14), were investigated to scrutinize the ability of this neurotrophin domain to mimic the whole protein. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that non-covalent forces assist the molecular recognition of TrkA receptor by both peptides. Combined parallel tempering/docking simulations discriminated the effect of the N-terminal acetylation on the recognition of NGF(1–14) by the domain 5 of TrkA (TrkA-D5). Experimental findings demonstrated that both NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14) activate TrkA signaling pathways essential for neuronal survival. The NGF-induced TrkA internalization was slightly inhibited in the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, whereas the metal ions elicited the NGF(1–14)-induced internalization of TrkA and no significant differences were found in the weak Ac-NGF(1–14)-induced receptor internalization. The crucial role of the metals was confirmed by experiments with the metal-chelator bathocuproine disulfonic acid, which showed different inhibitory effects in the signaling cascade, due to different metal affinity of NGF, NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14). The NGF signaling cascade, activated by the two peptides, induced CREB phosphorylation, but the copper addition further stimulated the Akt, ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the presence of NGF and NGF(1–14) only. A dynamic and quick influx of both peptides into PC12 cells was tracked by live cell imaging with confocal microscopy. A significant role of copper ions was found in the modulation of peptide sub-cellular localization, especially at the nuclear level. Furthermore, a strong copper ionophoric ability of NGF(1–14) was measured. The Ac-NGF(1–14) peptide, which binds copper ions with a lower stability constant than NGF(1–14), exhibited a lower nuclear localization with respect to the total cellular uptake. These findings were correlated to the metal-induced increase of CREB and BDNF expression caused by NGF(1–14) stimulation. In summary, we here validated NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14) as first examples of monomer and linear peptides able to activate the NGF-TrkA signaling cascade. Metal ions modulated the activity of both NGF protein and the NGF-mimicking peptides. Such findings demonstrated that NGF(1–14) sequence can reproduce the signal transduction of whole protein, therefore representing a very promising drug candidate for further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pandini
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy
| | | | - Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy
| | | | - Diego La Mendola
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G Nicoletti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy; Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy
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Baksi S, Tripathi AK, Singh N. Alpha-synuclein modulates retinal iron homeostasis by facilitating the uptake of transferrin-bound iron: Implications for visual manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:292-306. [PMID: 27343690 PMCID: PMC4996775 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in neurons of the substantia nigra is diagnostic of Parkinson's disease (PD), a neuro-motor disorder with prominent visual symptoms. Here, we demonstrate that α-syn, the principal protein involved in the pathogenesis of PD, is expressed widely in the neuroretina, and facilitates the uptake of transferrin-bound iron (Tf-Fe) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that form the outer blood-retinal barrier. Absence of α-syn in knock-out mice (α-syn(-/-)) resulted in down-regulation of ferritin in the neuroretina, indicating depletion of cellular iron stores. A similar phenotype of iron deficiency was observed in the spleen, femur, and brain tissue of α-syn(-)(/-) mice, organs that utilize mainly Tf-Fe for their metabolic needs. The liver and kidney, organs that take up significant amounts of non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI), showed minimal change. Evaluation of the underlying mechanism in the human RPE47 cell line suggested a prominent role of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by modulating the endocytosis and recycling of transferrin (Tf)/transferrin-receptor (TfR) complex. Down-regulation of α-syn in RPE cells by RNAi resulted in the accumulation of Tf/TfR complex in common recycling endosomes (CREs), indicating disruption of recycling to the plasma membrane. Over-expression of exogenous α-syn in RPE cells, on the other hand, up-regulated ferritin and TfR expression. Interestingly, exposure to exogenous iron increased membrane association and co-localization of α-syn with TfR, supporting its role in iron uptake by the Tf/TfR complex. Together with our observations indicating basolateral expression of α-syn and TfR on RPE cells in vivo, this study reveals a novel function of α-syn in the uptake of Tf-Fe by the neuroretina. It is likely that retinal iron dyshomeostasis due to impaired or altered function of α-syn contributes to the visual symptoms associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Baksi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ajai K Tripathi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Neena Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Olesen RH, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Smidt K, Rungby J, Larsen A. Obesity and age-related alterations in the gene expression of zinc-transporter proteins in the human brain. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e838. [PMID: 27300264 PMCID: PMC4931611 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing. Major risk factors for AD are advancing age and diabetes. Lately, obesity has been associated with an increased risk of dementia. Obese and diabetic individuals are prone to decreased circulating levels of zinc, reducing the amount of zinc available for crucial intracellular processes. In the brain, zinc co-localizes with glutamate in synaptic vesicles, and modulates NMDA receptor activity. Intracellular zinc is involved in apoptosis and fluctuations in cytoplasmic Zn(2+) affect modulation of intracellular signaling. The ZNT and ZIP proteins participate in intracellular zinc homeostasis. Altered expression of zinc-regulatory proteins has been described in AD patients. Using microarray data from human frontal cortex (BrainCloud), this study investigates expression of the SCLA30A (ZNT) and SCLA39A (ZIP) families of genes in a Caucasian and African-American sample of 145 neurologically and psychiatrically normal individuals. Expression of ZNT3 and ZNT4 were significantly reduced with increasing age, whereas expression of ZIP1, ZIP9 and ZIP13 were significantly increased. Increasing body mass index (BMI) correlated with a significant reduction in ZNT1 expression similar to what is seen in the early stages of AD. Increasing BMI also correlated with reduced expression of ZNT6. In conclusion, we found that the expression of genes that regulate intracellular zinc homeostasis in the human frontal cortex is altered with increasing age and affected by increasing BMI. With the increasing rates of obesity throughout the world, these findings warrant continuous scrutiny of the long-term consequences of obesity on brain function and the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Olesen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Smidt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J Rungby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - A Larsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Bennis A, Gorgels TGMF, ten Brink JB, van der Spek PJ, Bossers K, Heine VM, Bergen AA. Comparison of Mouse and Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Gene Expression Profiles: Potential Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141597. [PMID: 26517551 PMCID: PMC4627757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of age related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. There is currently no effective treatment available. Preclinical studies in AMD mouse models are essential to develop new therapeutics. This requires further in-depth knowledge of the similarities and differences between mouse and human RPE. Methods We performed a microarray study to identify and functionally annotate RPE specific gene expression in mouse and human RPE. We used a meticulous method to determine C57BL/6J mouse RPE signature genes, correcting for possible RNA contamination from its adjacent layers: the choroid and the photoreceptors. We compared the signature genes, gene expression profiles and functional annotations of the mouse and human RPE. Results We defined sets of mouse (64), human (171) and mouse–human interspecies (22) RPE signature genes. Not unexpectedly, our gene expression analysis and comparative functional annotation suggested that, in general, the mouse and human RPE are very similar. For example, we found similarities for general features, like “organ development” and “disorders related to neurological tissue”. However, detailed analysis of the molecular pathways and networks associated with RPE functions, suggested also multiple species-specific differences, some of which may be relevant for the development of AMD. For example, CFHR1, most likely the main complement regulator in AMD pathogenesis was highly expressed in human RPE, but almost absent in mouse RPE. Furthermore, functions assigned to mouse and human RPE expression profiles indicate (patho-) biological differences related to AMD, such as oxidative stress, Bruch’s membrane, immune-regulation and outer blood retina barrier. Conclusion These differences may be important for the development of new therapeutic strategies and translational studies in age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bennis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo G. M. F. Gorgels
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoline B. ten Brink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kambe T, Tsuji T, Hashimoto A, Itsumura N. The Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Roles of Zinc Transporters in Zinc Homeostasis and Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:749-84. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is involved in a variety of biological processes, as a structural, catalytic, and intracellular and intercellular signaling component. Thus zinc homeostasis is tightly controlled at the whole body, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels by a number of proteins, with zinc transporters being particularly important. In metazoan, two zinc transporter families, Zn transporters (ZnT) and Zrt-, Irt-related proteins (ZIP) function in zinc mobilization of influx, efflux, and compartmentalization/sequestration across biological membranes. During the last two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular properties, expression, regulation, and cellular and physiological roles of ZnT and ZIP transporters, which underpin the multifarious functions of zinc. Moreover, growing evidence indicates that malfunctioning zinc homeostasis due to zinc transporter dysfunction results in the onset and progression of a variety of diseases. This review summarizes current progress in our understanding of each ZnT and ZIP transporter from the perspective of zinc physiology and pathogenesis, discussing challenging issues in their structure and zinc transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokuji Tsuji
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Hashimoto
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Itsumura
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Melatonin exerts protective effect on N2a cells under hypoxia conditions through Zip1/ERK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhao WJ, Song Q, Wang YH, Li KJ, Mao L, Hu X, Lian HZ, Zheng WJ, Hua ZC. Zn-responsive proteome profiling and time-dependent expression of proteins regulated by MTF-1 in A549 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105797. [PMID: 25162517 PMCID: PMC4146543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays a critical role in many biological processes. However, it is toxic at high concentrations and its homeostasis is strictly regulated by metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) together with many other proteins to protect cells against metal toxicity and oxidative stresses. In this paper, we used high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) to profile global changes of the whole soluble proteome in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells in response to exogenous zinc treatment for 24 h. Eighteen differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI TOF/TOF and MASCOT search. In addition, we used Western blotting and RT-PCR to examine the time-dependent changes in expression of proteins regulated by MTF-1 in response to Zn treatment, including the metal binding protein MT-1, the zinc efflux protein ZnT-1, and the zinc influx regulator ZIP-1. The results indicated that variations in their mRNA and protein levels were consistent with their functions in maintaining the homeostasis of zinc. However, the accumulation of ZIP-1 transcripts was down-regulated while the protein level was up-regulated during the same time period. This may be due to the complex regulatory mechanism of ZIP-1, which is involved in multiple signaling pathways. Maximal changes in protein abundance were observed at 10 h following Zn treatment, but only slight changes in protein or mRNA levels were observed at 24 h, which was the time-point frequently used for 2DE analyses. Therefore, further study of the time-dependent Zn-response of A549 cells would help to understand the dynamic nature of the cellular response to Zn stress. Our findings provide the basis for further study into zinc-regulated cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yan-hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ke-jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hong-zhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei-juan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zi-chun Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, O'Brien RM. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) and β cell function. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:415-24. [PMID: 24751356 PMCID: PMC4112161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pancreatic β cells have exceptionally high zinc content. In β cells the highest zinc concentration is in insulin secretory granules, from which it is cosecreted with the hormone. Uptake of zinc into secretory granules is mainly mediated by zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), the product of the SLC30A8 [solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 8] gene. The minor alleles of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC30A8 are associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the precise mechanisms underlying the protective effects remain uncertain. In this article we review current knowledge of the role of ZnT8 in maintaining zinc homeostasis in β cells, its role in glucose metabolism based on knockout mouse studies, and current theories regarding the link between ZnT8 function and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard W Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Janet M Wenzlau
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard M O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Takatani-Nakase T, Matsui C, Maeda S, Kawahara S, Takahashi K. High glucose level promotes migration behavior of breast cancer cells through zinc and its transporters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90136. [PMID: 24587242 PMCID: PMC3938647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diabetes patients have been associated with an increased risk of mortality by breast cancer and there are difference between the breast cancer patients with diabetes, and their nondiabetic counterparts in the regimen choice and effects of breast cancer treatment. However, the pathophysiological relationships of diabetes and breast cancer have not yet been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigate the breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 motility, which linked to invasion and metastasis, in high glucose level corresponding to hyperglycemia and the role of Zn and its transporter. Methodology/Principal findings We demonstrated the significant motility of MCF-7 cultured in hyperglycemic level (25 mM glucose) in comparison to normal physiological glucose level (5.5 mM glucose). The other hand, the osmotic control medium, 5.5 mM glucose with 19.5 mM mannitol or fructose had no effect on migratory, suggesting that high glucose level promotes the migration of MCF-7. Moreover, the activity of intracellular Zn2+ uptake significantly increased in high glucose-treated cells in comparison to 5.5 mM glucose, and the mRNA expression of zinc transporters, ZIP6 and ZIP10, was upregulated in 25 mM glucose-treated cells. The deficiency of ZIP6 or ZIP10 and intracellular Zn2+ significantly inhibited the high migration activity in 25 mM glucose medium, indicating that Zn2+ transported via ZIP6 and ZIP10 play an essential role in the promotion of cell motility by high glucose stimulation. Conclusion/Significance Zinc and its transporters, ZIP6 and ZIP10, are required for the motility stimulated with high glucose level. These findings provide the first evidence proposing the novel strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of breast cancer with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Takatani-Nakase
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TTN); (KT)
| | - Chihiro Matsui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sachie Maeda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kawahara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TTN); (KT)
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Nygaard SB, Larsen A, Knuhtsen A, Rungby J, Smidt K. Effects of zinc supplementation and zinc chelation on in vitro β-cell function in INS-1E cells. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:84. [PMID: 24502363 PMCID: PMC3923740 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is essential for the activities of pancreatic β-cells, especially insulin storage and secretion. Insulin secretion leads to co-release of zinc which contributes to the paracrine communication in the pancreatic islets. Zinc-transporting proteins (zinc-regulated transporter, iron-regulated transporter-like proteins [ZIPs] and zinc transporters [ZnTs]) and metal-buffering proteins (metallothioneins, MTs) tightly regulate intracellular zinc homeostasis. The present study investigated how modulation of cellular zinc availability affects β-cell function using INS-1E cells. RESULTS Using INS-1E cells, we found that zinc supplementation and zinc chelation had significant effects on insulin content and insulin secretion. Supplemental zinc within the physiological concentration range induced insulin secretion. Insulin content was reduced by zinc chelation with N,N,N',N-tektrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine. The changes in intracellular insulin content following exposure to various concentrations of zinc were reflected by changes in the expression patterns of MT-1A, ZnT-8, ZnT-5, and ZnT-3. Furthermore, high zinc concentrations induced cell necrosis while zinc chelation induced apoptosis. Finally, cell proliferation was sensitive to changes in zinc the concentration. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the β-cell-like function and survival of INS-1E cells are dependent on the surrounding zinc concentrations. Our results suggest that regulation of zinc homeostasis could represent a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Bjørn Nygaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Health, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, Bld 1240, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.
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Fu X, Zeng A, Zheng W, Du Y. Upregulation of zinc transporter 2 in the blood-CSF barrier following lead exposure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:202-12. [PMID: 24311739 PMCID: PMC3928640 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213509213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for normal brain function; an abnormal Zn homeostasis in brain and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been implied in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms that regulate Zn transport in the blood-brain interface remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate Zn transport by the blood-CSF barrier (BCB) in the choroid plexus, with a particular focus on Zn transporter-2 (ZnT2), and to understand if lead (Pb) accumulation in the choroid plexus disturbed the Zn regulatory function in the BCB. Confocal microscopy, quantitative PCR and western blot demonstrated the presence of ZnT2 in the choroidal epithelia; ZnT2 was primarily in cytosol in freshly isolated plexus tissues but more toward the peripheral membrane in established choroidal Z310 cells. Exposure of rats to Pb (single ip injection of 50 mg Pb acetate/kg) for 24 h increased ZnT2 fluorescent signals in plexus tissues by confocal imaging and protein expression by western blot. Similar results were obtained by in vitro experiments using Z310 cells. Further studies using cultured cells and a two-chamber Transwell device showed that Pb treatment significantly reduced the cellular Zn concentration and led to an increased transport of Zn across the BCB, the effect that may be due to the increased ZnT2 by Pb exposure. Taken together, these results indicate that ZnT2 is present in the BCB; Pb exposure increases the ZnT2 expression in choroidal epithelial cells by a yet unknown mechanism and as a result, more Zn ions may be deposited into the intracellular Zn pool, leading to a relative Zn deficiency state in the cytoplasm at the BCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Fu
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Andrew Zeng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yansheng Du
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Ugarte M, Osborne NN. Recent advances in the understanding of the role of zinc in ocular tissues. Metallomics 2014; 6:189-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00291h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ugarte M, Osborne NN, Brown LA, Bishop PN. Iron, zinc, and copper in retinal physiology and disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:585-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Magrì A, Pietropaolo A, Nicoletti VG, Grasso G, Malgieri G, Fattorusso R, Isernia C, Rizzarelli E. Zinc(II) interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor N-terminal peptide fragments: inorganic features and biological perspectives. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11075-83. [PMID: 24070197 DOI: 10.1021/ic401318t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin essential for neuronal differentiation, growth, and survival; it is involved in memory formation and higher cognitive functions. The N-terminal domain of BDNF is crucial for the binding selectivity and activation of its specific TrkB receptor. Zn(2+) ion binding may influence BDNF activity. Zn(2+) complexes with the peptide fragment BDNF(1-12) encompassing the sequence 1-12 of the N-terminal domain of BDNF were studied by means of potentiometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) approaches. The predominant Zn(2+) complex species, at physiological pH, is [ZnL] in which the metal ion is bound to an amino, an imidazole, and two water molecules (NH2, N(Im), and 2O(water)) in a tetrahedral environment. DFT-based geometry optimization of the zinc coordination environment showed a hydrogen bond between the carboxylate and a water molecule bound to zinc in [ZnL]. The coordination features of the acetylated form [AcBDNF(1-12)] and of a single mutated peptide [BDNF(1-12)D3N] were also characterized, highlighting the role of the imidazole side chain as the first anchoring site and ruling out the direct involvement of the aspartate residue in the metal binding. Zn(2+) addition to the cell culture medium induces an increase in the proliferative activity of the BDNF(1-12) peptide and of the whole protein on the SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. The effect of Zn(2+) is opposite to that previously observed for Cu(2+) addition, which determines a decrease in the proliferative activity for both peptide and protein, suggesting that these metals might discriminate and modulate differently the activity of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Travaglia
- Center for Neural Science, New York University , 4 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Leung E, Landa G. Update on current and future novel therapies for dry age-related macular degeneration. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 6:565-79. [PMID: 23971874 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.829645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. There are currently no cures, but there are promising potential therapies that target the underlying disease mechanisms of dry ARMD. Stem cells, ciliary neurotrophic factor, rheopheresis, ozonated autohemotherapy and prostaglandins show promise in stabilizing or improving visual acuity. Age-Related Eye Disease Study vitamins may reduce progression to severe ARMD. Adjuvant therapy like low vision rehabilitation and implantable miniature telescopes may help patients adjust to the sequelae of their disease, and herbal supplementation with saffron, zinc monocysteine and phototrop may be helpful. Therapies that are currently in clinical trials include brimonidine, doxycycline, anti-amyloid antibodies (GSK933776 and RN6G), RPE65 inhibitor (ACU-4429), complement inhibitors (ARC1905, FCFD4514S), hydroxychloroquine, intravitreal fluocinolone acetate and vasodilators like sildenafil, moxaverine and MC-1101. Therapies that have not been shown to be effective include POT-4, eculizumab, tandospirone, anecortave acetate, the antioxidant OT-551, sirolimus and vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, NY, USA
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Shukolyukov SA. Rhodopsin, Zn2+, and retinitis pigmentosa: a Short tale requiring continuation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:660-6. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bai S, Sheline CR, Zhou Y, Sheline CT. A reduced zinc diet or zinc transporter 3 knockout attenuate light induced zinc accumulation and retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2012; 108:59-67. [PMID: 23274584 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study on retinal light exposure suggests the involvement of zinc (Zn(2+)) toxicity in the death of RPE and photoreceptors (LD) which could be attenuated by pyruvate and nicotinamide, perhaps through restoration of NAD(+) levels. In the present study, we examined Zn(2+) toxicity, and the effects of NAD(+) restoration in primary retinal cultures. We then reduced Zn(2+) levels in rodents by reducing Zn(2+) levels in the diet, or by genetics and measured LD. Sprague Dawley albino rats were fed 2, or 61 mg Zn(2+)/kg of diet for 3 weeks, and exposed to 18 kLux of white light for 4 h. We light exposed (70 kLux of white light for 50 h) Zn(2+) transporter 3 knockout (ZnT3-KO, no synaptic Zn(2+)), or RPE65 knockout mice (RPE65-KO, lack rhodopsin cycling), or C57/BI6/J controls and determined light damage and Zn(2+) staining. Retinal Zn(2+) staining was examined at 1 h and 4 h after light exposure. Retinas were examined after 7 d by optical coherence tomography and histology. After LD, rats fed the reduced Zn(2+) diet showed less photoreceptor Zn(2+) staining and degeneration compared to a normal Zn(2+) diet. Similarly, ZnT3-KO and RPE65-KO mice showed less Zn(2+) staining, NAD(+) loss, and RPE or photoreceptor death than C57/BI6/J control mice. Dietary or ZnT3-dependent Zn(2+) stores, and intracellular Zn(2+) release from rhodopsin recycling are suggested to be involved in light-induced retinal degeneration. These results implicate novel rhodopsin-mediated mechanisms and therapeutic targets for LD. Our companion manuscript demonstrates that pharmacologic, circadian, or genetic manipulations which maintain NAD(+) levels reduce LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology and The Neuroscience Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Deniro M, Al-Mohanna FA. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) expression is reduced by ischemic insults: a potential therapeutic target to prevent ischemic retinopathy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50360. [PMID: 23209723 PMCID: PMC3507680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc (Zn++) transporter ZnT8 plays a crucial role in zinc homeostasis. It’s been reported that an acute decrease in ZnT8 levels impairs β cell function and Zn++ homeostasis, which contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM). Although ZnT8 expression has been detected in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), its expression profile in the retina has yet to be determined. Furthermore, the link between diabetes and ischemic retinopathy is well documented; nevertheless, the molecular mechanism(s) of such link has yet to be defined. Our aims were to; investigate the expression profile of ZnT8 in the retina; address the influence of ischemia on such expression; and evaluate the influence of YC-1; (3-(50-hydroxymethyl-20-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole), a hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitor, on the status of ZnT8 expression. We used real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and Müller cells to evaluate the effects of ischemia/hypoxia and YC-1 on ZnT8 expression. Our data indicate that ZnT8 was strongly expressed in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and nerve fiber layer (NFL), whereas the photoreceptor layer (PRL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) showed moderate ZnT8 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that retinal ischemic insult induces a significant downregulation of ZnT8 at the message and protein levels, YC-1 rescues the injured retina by restoring the ZnT8 to its basal homeostatic levels in the neovascular retinas. Our data indicate that ischemic retinopathy maybe mediated by aberrant Zn++ homeostasis caused by ZnT8 downregulation, whereas YC-1 plays a neuroprotective role against ischemic insult. Therefore, targeting ZnT8 provides a therapeutic strategy to combat neovascular eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Deniro
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (Affiliate of the Wilmer Eye Institute of the Johns Hopkins Medicine), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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40
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Fan Q, Barathi VA, Cheng CY, Zhou X, Meguro A, Nakata I, Khor CC, Goh LK, Li YJ, Lim W, Ho CEH, Hawthorne F, Zheng Y, Chua D, Inoko H, Yamashiro K, Ohno-Matsui K, Matsuo K, Matsuda F, Vithana E, Seielstad M, Mizuki N, Beuerman RW, Tai ES, Yoshimura N, Aung T, Young TL, Wong TY, Teo YY, Saw SM. Genetic variants on chromosome 1q41 influence ocular axial length and high myopia. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002753. [PMID: 22685421 PMCID: PMC3369958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness, myopia poses a significant public health burden in Asia. The primary determinant of myopia is an elongated ocular axial length (AL). Here we report a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies on AL conducted in 1,860 Chinese adults, 929 Chinese children, and 2,155 Malay adults. We identified a genetic locus on chromosome 1q41 harboring the zinc-finger 11B pseudogene ZC3H11B showing genome-wide significant association with AL variation (rs4373767, β = -0.16 mm per minor allele, P(meta) =2.69 × 10(-10)). The minor C allele of rs4373767 was also observed to significantly associate with decreased susceptibility to high myopia (per-allele odds ratio (OR) =0.75, 95% CI: 0.68-0.84, P(meta) =4.38 × 10(-7)) in 1,118 highly myopic cases and 5,433 controls. ZC3H11B and two neighboring genes SLC30A10 and LYPLAL1 were expressed in the human neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and sclera. In an experimental myopia mouse model, we observed significant alterations to gene and protein expression in the retina and sclera of the unilateral induced myopic eyes for the murine genes ZC3H11A, SLC30A10, and LYPLAL1. This supports the likely role of genetic variants at chromosome 1q41 in influencing AL variation and high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Isao Nakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wan'e Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Candice E. H. Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia Hawthorne
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Molecular Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E.-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (S-MS); (Y-YT)
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (S-MS); (Y-YT)
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Travaglia A, Pietropaolo A, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The inorganic perspectives of neurotrophins and Alzheimer's disease. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 111:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Organisciak D, Wong P, Rapp C, Darrow R, Ziesel A, Rangarajan R, Lang J. Light-induced retinal degeneration is prevented by zinc, a component in the age-related eye disease study formulation. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1396-407. [PMID: 22385127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mineral supplements are often included in multivitamin preparations because of their beneficial effects on metabolism. In this study, we used an animal model of light-induced retinal degeneration to test for photoreceptor cell protection by the essential trace element zinc. Rats were treated with various doses of zinc oxide and then exposed to intense visible light for as long as 8 h. Zinc treatment effectively prevented retinal light damage as determined by rhodopsin and retinal DNA recovery, histology and electrophoretic analysis of DNA damage and oxidized retinal proteins. Zinc oxide was particularly effective when given before light exposure and at doses two- to four-fold higher than recommended by the age-related eye disease study group. Treated rats exhibited higher serum and retinal pigment epithelial zinc levels and an altered retinal gene expression profile. Using an Ingenuity database, 512 genes with known functional annotations were found to be responsive to zinc supplementation, with 45% of these falling into a network related to cellular growth, proliferation, cell cycle and death. Although these data suggest an integrated and extensive regulatory response, zinc induced changes in gene expression also appear to enhance antioxidative capacity in retina and reduce oxidative damage arising from intense light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Organisciak
- Petticrew Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
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ZIP2 and ZIP4 mediate age-related zinc fluxes across the retinal pigment epithelium. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:122-37. [PMID: 21603979 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in systemic and cellular levels of zinc (Zn(2+)) during normal aging correlate with several age-related pathologies including age-related macular degeneration. Zn(2+) homeostasis in tissues is not only dependent on dietary intake but also on optimal expression and function of its influx (ZIP) and efflux (ZnT) transporters. We recently showed that many of the Zn(2+) transporters are expressed by the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In this study, we present evidence that RPE cells contain less endogenous Zn(2+) with increased aging and transport this ion vectorially with greater transport from the basal to apical direction. Expression of two Zn(2+) influx transporters, ZIP2 and ZIP4, is reduced as a function of RPE age. Gene silencing of ZIP2 and ZIP4 in RPE cells from young donors or their overexpression in cells from older donors confirms that these two transporters are essential in controlling Zn(2+) influx and sequestration in RPE cells. Both transporters are distributed on the basal surface of the RPE where they are likely to control Zn(2+) homeostasis in the outer retina.
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44
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Filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells as outer blood-retinal barrier model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 40:289-96. [PMID: 20385230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) regulates drug transfer between posterior eye segment and blood circulation, but there is no established RPE cell model for drug delivery studies. We evaluated ARPE-19 filter culture model for this purpose. Passive permeability of 6-carboxyfluorescein, betaxolol and FITC-dextran (40kDa) and active transport of 6-carboxyfluorescein, sodium fluorescein, rhodamine 123, cyclosporine A and digoxin in ARPE-19 model were investigated and compared with isolated bovine RPE-choroid tissue. In addition, barrier properties, and mRNA expression of RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes (RPE65, VMD2, CRALBP, OTX-2, MITF-A, TRP-1, tyrosinase) were measured in various culture conditions. The filter grown ARPE-19 cell model showed reasonable barrier properties (TER close to 100Omegacm(2)), but its permeability was slightly higher than that of isolated bovine RPE/choroid specimens. In active transport studies the ARPE-19 model mimics qualitatively the permeability profile of bovine RPE-choroid, but ARPE-19 model underestimates the importance of active transport relative to passive diffusion. Long-term filter-cultured ARPE-19 cells expressed various RPE-specific and melanogenesis-related genes at higher levels than the ARPE-19 cells cultured short-term in flasks. ARPE-19 model can be used to study drug permeation processes in the RPE.
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45
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Dubben S, Hönscheid A, Winkler K, Rink L, Haase H. Cellular zinc homeostasis is a regulator in monocyte differentiation of HL-60 cells by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:833-44. [PMID: 20089671 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0409241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It was reported previously that zinc-deficient mice show impaired lymphopoiesis. At the same time, monocyte numbers in these animals are increased, indicating a negative impact of zinc on monocyte development. Here, we investigate the role of zinc homeostasis in the differentiation of myeloid precursors into monocytes. Reduced gene expression of several zinc transporters, predominantly from the Zip family, was observed during 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3))-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. This was accompanied by a reduction of intracellular-free zinc, measured by FluoZin-3. Amplifying this reduction with the zinc chelator TPEN or zinc-depleted cell-culture medium enhanced 1,25D(3)-induced expression of monocytic surface markers CD11b and CD14 on HL-60, THP-1, and NB4 cells. In contrast, differentiation of NB4 cells to granulocytes was not zinc-sensitive, pointing toward a specific effect of zinc on monocyte differentiation. Further, monocyte functions, such as TNF-alpha secretion, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst, were also augmented by differentiation in the presence of TPEN. The second messenger cAMP promotes monocyte differentiation. We could show that zinc inhibits the cAMP-synthesizing enzyme adenylate cyclase, and chelation of zinc by TPEN increases cAMP generation after stimulation with the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. Based on our in vitro results and the in vivo observations from the literature, we suggest a model in which the intracellular-free zinc concentration limits AC activity, and the decrease of zinc after 1,25D(3) treatment promotes differentiation by relieving AC inhibition. Thus, cellular zinc homeostasis acts as an endogenous modulator of monocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Dubben
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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46
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Thumann G, Stöcker M, Maltusch C, Salz AK, Barth S, Walter P, Johnen S. High efficiency non-viral transfection of retinal and iris pigment epithelial cells with pigment epithelium-derived factor. Gene Ther 2009; 17:181-9. [PMID: 19741732 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pigment epithelial cells in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease has the potential to improve functional rehabilitation. Genetic modification of cells before transplantation may allow the delivery of neuroprotective factors to achieve functional improvement. As transplantation of cells modified using viral vectors is complicated by the possible dissemination of viral particles and severe immune reactions, we have explored non-viral methods to insert genetic material in pigment epithelial cells. Using lipofection or nucleofection ARPE-19 cells, freshly isolated and primary retinal and iris pigment epithelial (IPE) cells were transfected with plasmids encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) and with three plasmids encoding recombinant pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and GFP. Transfection efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and stability of protein expression by immunoblotting. Pigment epithelial cells were successfully transfected with plasmid encoding GFP. Expression of GFP in ARPE-19 was transient, but was observed for up to 1 year in IPE cells. Analysis of pigment epithelial cells transfected with PEDF plasmids revealed that PEDF fusion proteins were successfully expressed and functionally active. In conclusion, efficient transfer of genetic information in pigment epithelial cells can be achieved using non-viral transfection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thumann
- IZKF Biomat, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Leung KW, Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J. Bacterial endotoxin activates retinal pigment epithelial cells and induces their degeneration through IL-6 and IL-8 autocrine signaling. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1374-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Human retinal cadmium accumulation as a factor in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:79-87. [PMID: 19254715 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a naturally occurring, highly toxic, metallic element. It pollutes the environment as a result of industrial activity and accumulates in human tissues with a long biological half-life. Cadmium content has been demonstrated to increase in human retinal tissues as a function of age and tobacco smokers have approximately twice as much cadmium in retinal tissues than non-smokers. Smoking is also a key environmental risk factor for the retinal disease age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent studies have shown that urinary cadmium levels (a measure of Cd body burden) are higher in smokers who have AMD. We now report the Cd measurements in human retinal tissues from eyes afflicted with AMD compared to non-diseased eyes (controls) from age-matched donors. Human donor eyes frozen under argon gas were assessed for AMD severity using color stereoscopic fundus photographs and the Minnesota Grading System. Cadmium, zinc and, copper levels were measured in retinal tissues (neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and graphite furnace spectrophotometry and values were normalized to tissue protein levels. Higher Cd levels were found in the neural retina and RPE for eyes afflicted with AMD compared to controls in males, differences were not statistically significant in females. The results indicate that higher retinal cadmium burdens are associated with the presence of AMD at least in males and suggest possible gender differences in the metabolism of metals in the human retina.
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Satarug S, Wisedpanichkij R, Takeda K, Li B, Na-Bangchang K, Moore MR, Shibahara S. Prostaglandin D2 induces heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression through the DP2 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:878-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Satarug S, Kikuchi M, Wisedpanichkij R, Li B, Takeda K, Na-Bangchang K, Moore MR, Hirayama K, Shibahara S. Prevention of cadmium accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium with manganese and zinc. Exp Eye Res 2008; 87:587-93. [PMID: 18948096 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Risk factors include old age, female gender, obesity, smoking, low dietary intakes of antioxidants and increased exposure to the toxic metal cadmium (Cd(2+)). Supplementation with high-dose zinc (80 mg) provides some protection, but the mechanism(s) underlying such protection has not been fully elucidated. The present study had a focus on the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line ARPE-19 in an attempt to demonstrate a reduction in intracellular Cd(2+) effect associated with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression by co-exposure with zinc (Zn(2+)) or manganese (Mn(2+)), which is known to be a more potent inhibitor of Cd(2+) uptake than Zn(2+). Our results indicated that co-exposure of 10 microM Cd(2+) with 5 microM Mn(2+) reduced the intracellular Cd(2+) effect by 50-60%, possibly by limiting the amounts of Cd(2+) entering cells through Mn(2+) transporter protein (ZIP8). A similar reduction in a Cd(2+) effect was achieved by co-exposure with 20 microM Zn(2+) while co-exposure with 5 and 10 microM Zn(2+) ions was ineffective. Mn(2+) ions as low as 2.5 microM were found to cause an increase in HO-1 mRNA expression levels in ARPE-19 cells, demonstrating for the first time that Mn(2+) is an inducer of HO-1. Mn(2+) ions at 1 microM induced HO-1 mRNA expression in the HEK293 human embryonic kidney cells. In contrast, Zn(2+) in 5, 10 or 20 microM concentrations did not induce expression of HO-1 in ARPE-19 cells or any other cells tested. These data suggest the superiority of Mn(2+) over Zn(2+) in preventing Cd(2+) uptake and accumulation in RPE to toxic levels. Further, induction of HO-1 by Mn(2+) could provide RPE with some resistance to enhanced oxidative stress arising from Cd(2+) accumulation in RPE as HO-1 is one of the frontline cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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