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Mitola G, Falvo P, Bertolini F. New Insight to Overcome Tumor Resistance: An Overview from Cellular to Clinical Therapies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1131. [PMID: 34833007 PMCID: PMC8621237 DOI: 10.3390/life11111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease relapse caused by drug resistance still represents a major clinical hurdle in cancer treatments. Tumor cells may take advantage of different intracellular and genetic systems attenuating the drug effects. Resistant cells or minimal residual disease (MRD) cells have strong clinical relevance, as they might give rise to secondary tumors when the therapy is concluded. Thus, MRDs are crucial therapeutic targets in order to prevent tumor relapse. Therefore, several groups aim at understanding how MRDs are orginated, characterizing their molecular features, and eradicating them. In this review, we will describe MRD from a genetic, evolutionary, and molecular point of view. Moreover, we will focus on the new in vitro, in vivo, preclinical, and clinical studies that aim at eradicating tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Bertolini
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy;
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Kumar A, Midha N, Mohanty S, Chohan A, Seth T, Gogia V, Gupta S. Evaluating role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in dry age-related macular degeneration using multifocal electroretinogram and fundus autofluorescence imaging. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1552-1558. [PMID: 29062775 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in the treatment of advanced dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and fundus autofluorescence imaging. METHODS Thirty patients (60 eyes) with bilateral central geographic atrophy (GA) were recruited. Worse eye of each patient received autologous bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (BM-HSCs) (group 1) and the fellow eye with better visual acuity served as control (group 2). The effect of stem cell therapy was determined in terms of visual acuity, amplitude and implicit time in mf-ERG and size of GA on fundus autofluorescence imaging. These tests were performed at presentation and first, third and sixth month follow up. Adverse events (if any) were also monitored. RESULTS At 6mo follow-up there was no statistically significant improvement in median logMAR best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in either group. Mf-ERG revealed significant improvement in amplitude and implicit time in the intervention group. A significant decrease was also noted in greatest linear dimension (GLD) of GA in the eyes receiving stem cells [6.78±2.60 mm at baseline to 6.56±2.59 mm at 6mo (P=0.021)]. However, no such improvement was noted in the control group. CONCLUSION Electrophysiological and anatomical improvement in the intervention group sheds light on the therapeutic role of BM-HSCs. Further studies are required to determine the stage of disease at which the maximal benefit can be achieved and to standardize the dose and frequency of stem cell injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neha Midha
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Annu Chohan
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tulika Seth
- Department of Hematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Varun Gogia
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Shikha Gupta
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Jeon S, Oh IH. Regeneration of the retina: toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases. BMB Rep 2016; 48:193-9. [PMID: 25560700 PMCID: PMC4436854 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, which can lead to the loss of vision. However, therapeutic approaches that can reverse this process are limited. Recent efforts have allowed the possibility of the stem cell-based regeneration of retinal cells and repair of injured retinal tissues. Although the direct differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into terminally differentiated photoreceptor cells comprises one approach, a series of studies revealed the intrinsic regenerative potential of the retina using endogenous retinal stem cells. Muller glial cells, ciliary pigment epithelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells are candidates for such retinal stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of retinal cells and be integrated into injured or developing retina. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the cellular identity of these candidate retinal stem cells and their therapeutic potential for cell therapy against degenerative retinal diseases. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 193-199]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Jeon
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Biodegradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonate by indigenous isolate Shinella yambaruensis SA1 and its validation by genotoxic analysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-013-0801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Melville H, Carpiniello M, Hollis K, Staffaroni A, Golestaneh N. Stem cells: a new paradigm for disease modeling and developing therapies for age-related macular degeneration. J Transl Med 2013; 11:53. [PMID: 23452406 PMCID: PMC3599723 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over age 55 in the U.S. and the developed world. This condition leads to the progressive impairment of central visual acuity. There are significant limitations in the understanding of disease progression in AMD as well as a lack of effective methods of treatment. Lately, there has been considerable enthusiasm for application of stem cell biology for both disease modeling and therapeutic application. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been used in cell culture assays and in vivo animal models. Recently a clinical trial was approved by FDA to investigate the safety and efficacy of the human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation in sub-retinal space of patients with dry AMD These studies suggest that stem cell research may provide both insight regarding disease development and progression, as well as direction for therapeutic innovation for the millions of patients afflicted with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Melville
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Matthew Carpiniello
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kia Hollis
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Andrew Staffaroni
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nady Golestaneh
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Steffenhagen C, Kraus S, Dechant FX, Kandasamy M, Lehner B, Poehler AM, Furtner T, Siebzehnrubl FA, Couillard-Despres S, Strauss O, Aigner L, Rivera FJ. Identity, fate and potential of cells grown as neurospheres: species matters. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 7:815-35. [PMID: 21431886 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis follow the same principles through the mammalian class. However, it has been reported that neurogenesis might differ between species, even from the same order, like in rodents. Currently, it is not known if neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) from various species differ in their cell identity and potential. NSPCs can be expanded ex vivo as neurospheres (NSph), a model widely used to study neurogenesis in vitro. Here we demonstrate that rat (r) and mouse (m) NSph display different cell identities, differentiation fate, electrophysiological function and tumorigenic potential. Adult rNSph consist mainly of oligodendroglial progenitors (OPCs), which after repeated passaging proliferate independent of mitogens, whereas adult mNSph show astroglial precursor-like characteristics and retain their mitogen dependency. Most of the cells in rNSph express OPC markers and spontaneously differentiate into oligodendrocytes after growth factor withdrawal. Electrophysiological analysis confirmed OPC characteristics. mNSph have different electrophysiological properties, they express astrocyte precursor markers and spontaneously differentiate primarily into astrocytes. Furthermore, rNSph have the potential to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, whereas mNSph are restricted to the astrocytic lineage. The phenotypic differences between rNSph and mNSph were not due to a distinct response to species specific derived growth factors and are probably not caused by autocrine mechanisms. Our findings suggest that NSph derived from adult rat and mouse brains display different cell identities. Thus, results urge for caution when data derived from NSph are extrapolated to other species or to the in vivo situation, especially when aimed towards the clinical use of human NSph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Steffenhagen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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Gualdoni S, Baron M, Lakowski J, Decembrini S, Pearson RA, Ali RR, Sowden JC. Isolation and Culture of Adult Ciliary Epithelial Cells, Previously Identified as Retinal Stem Cells, and Retinal Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 1:Unit 1H.4. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01h04s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gualdoni
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Michael Baron
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Lakowski
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Decembrini
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. Pearson
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Robin R. Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Sowden
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
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Wong IYH, Poon MW, Pang RTW, Lian Q, Wong D. Promises of stem cell therapy for retinal degenerative diseases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:1439-48. [PMID: 21866334 PMCID: PMC3178027 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of stem cell technology, stem cell-based therapy for retinal degeneration has been proposed to restore the visual function. Many animal studies and some clinical trials have shown encouraging results of stem cell-based therapy in retinal degenerative diseases. While stem cell-based therapy is a promising strategy to replace damaged retinal cells and ultimately cure retinal degeneration, there are several important challenges which need to be overcome before stem cell technology can be applied widely in clinical settings. In this review, different types of donor cell origins used in retinal treatments, potential target cell types for therapy, methods of stem cell delivery to the eye, assessments of potential risks in stem cell therapy, as well as future developments of retinal stem cells therapy, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Yat-Hin Wong
- Department of Medicine and Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
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Loss of photoreceptor potential from retinal progenitor cell cultures, despite improvements in survival. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:500-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gualdoni S, Baron M, Lakowski J, Decembrini S, Smith AJ, Pearson RA, Ali RR, Sowden JC. Adult ciliary epithelial cells, previously identified as retinal stem cells with potential for retinal repair, fail to differentiate into new rod photoreceptors. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1048-59. [PMID: 20506130 DOI: 10.1002/stem.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ciliary margin in lower vertebrates is a site of continual retinal neurogenesis and a stem cell niche. By contrast, the human eye ceases retinal neuron production before birth and loss of photoreceptors during life is permanent and a major cause of blindness. The discovery of a proliferative cell population in the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the adult mammalian eye, designated retinal stem cells, raised the possibility that these cells could help to restore sight by replacing lost photoreceptors. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation using cells from the developing retina. CE cells could provide a renewable source of photoreceptors for transplantation. Several laboratories reported that these cells generate new photoreceptors, whereas a recent report questioned the existence of retinal stem cells. We used Nrl.gfp transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein in rod photoreceptors to assess definitively the ability of CE cells to generate new photoreceptors. We report that CE cells expanded in monolayer cultures, lose pigmentation, and express a subset of eye field and retinal progenitor cell markers. Simultaneously, they continue to express some markers characteristic of differentiated CE and typically lack a neuronal morphology. Previously reported photoreceptor differentiation conditions used for CE cells, as well as conditions used to differentiate embryonic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived RPCs, do not effectively activate the Nrl-regulated photoreceptor differentiation program. Therefore, we conclude that CE cells lack potential for photoreceptor differentiation and would require reprogramming to be useful as a source of new photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gualdoni
- Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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