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Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S. Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2329-2337. [PMID: 35044504 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) can be conducted to assist in the diagnosis of multiple fundus diseases. METHODS Fifty-four subjects with high myopia were prospectively recruited for a 3-month clinical trial. Detailed ophthalmologic examinations and MPOD measurements were performed. The subjects in each high myopia category group were randomly subdivided into 5 intervention groups, including a low-dose Lycium barbarum group (10 g Lycium barbarum, containing 10 mg of zeaxanthin and 1 mg of lutein), low-dose control group (1 mg of lutein), high-dose Lycium barbarum group (20 g of Lycium barbarum, containing 20 mg of zeaxanthin and 2 mg lutein), high-dose control group (2 mg of lutein), and a blank control group. Differences in the MPODs among the high myopia groups were calculated with Welch two-sample t tests. A linear mixed-effects model was constructed and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine correlations between MPOD and other factors. The MPOD values at baseline and the 3-month follow-up were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The category 1 group had a significantly higher MPOD than the category 2 (P = 0.02) and category 3 groups (P < 0.001). The category 2 group had a significantly higher MPOD than the category 3 group (P < 0.001). The MPOD significantly decreased with increasing axial length (AL) and decreasing best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the category 1-3 groups and with increasing age and increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) in the category 2-3 groups. The MPOD was significantly higher in the group who received high-dose zeaxanthin from Lycium barbarum than in the group who received high-dose lutein at 3 months (P = 0.0403), while no significant difference was identified between the low-dose zeaxanthin group and low-dose lutein group (P = 0.1117). CONCLUSIONS The MPOD was negatively correlated with the category of high myopia. Supplementation of zeaxanthin from Lycium barbarum is beneficial in preventing the loss of macular pigment of high myopia patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number and date of registration: ChiCTR2100046748.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Song Han
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Böhm V, Lietz G, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Phelan D, Reboul E, Bánati D, Borel P, Corte-Real J, de Lera AR, Desmarchelier C, Dulinska-Litewka J, Landrier JF, Milisav I, Nolan J, Porrini M, Riso P, Roob JM, Valanou E, Wawrzyniak A, Winklhofer-Roob BM, Rühl R, Bohn T. From carotenoid intake to carotenoid blood and tissue concentrations - implications for dietary intake recommendations. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:544-573. [PMID: 32766681 PMCID: PMC8025354 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is uncertainty regarding carotenoid intake recommendations, because positive and negative health effects have been found or are correlated with carotenoid intake and tissue levels (including blood, adipose tissue, and the macula), depending on the type of study (epidemiological vs intervention), the dose (physiological vs supraphysiological) and the matrix (foods vs supplements, isolated or used in combination). All these factors, combined with interindividual response variations (eg, depending on age, sex, disease state, genetic makeup), make the relationship between carotenoid intake and their blood/tissue concentrations often unclear and highly variable. Although blood total carotenoid concentrations <1000 nmol/L have been related to increased chronic disease risk, no dietary reference intakes (DRIs) exist. Although high total plasma/serum carotenoid concentrations of up to 7500 nmol/L are achievable after supplementation, a plateauing effect for higher doses and prolonged intake is apparent. In this review and position paper, the current knowledge on carotenoids in serum/plasma and tissues and their relationship to dietary intake and health status is summarized with the aim of proposing suggestions for a "normal," safe, and desirable range of concentrations that presumably are beneficial for health. Existing recommendations are likewise evaluated and practical dietary suggestions are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Phelan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Joana Corte-Real
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Centro De Investigaciones Biomédicas and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia and with University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Human Nutrition, Milan, Italy
| | - Johannes M Roob
- Research Unit Chronic Inflammation in Nephrology, Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brigitte M Winklhofer-Roob
- Human Nutrition & Metabolism Research and Training Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary and with CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Population Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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3
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Polat Gultekin B, Sahli E. Macular pigment optical density in central serous chorioretinopathy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:2515841421997195. [PMID: 33738428 PMCID: PMC7934065 DOI: 10.1177/2515841421997195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to evaluate the macular pigment optical density in patients with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and to describe the association between central retinal thickness and choroidal thickness with the macular pigment optical density. Materials and Methods Eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (patients, who were diagnosed as having disease activity for 6 months) were included in this study. Macular pigment was measured using the heterochromatic flicker technique of the MPS II device for both eyes in patients with acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy and in control subjects. Results Twenty-seven eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy, 23 eyes with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy, and 25 control eyes were enrolled. The mean macular pigment optical density in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (0.480 ± 0.16 density unit (95% confidence interval: 0.390-0.570) was found to be significantly lower than in the control eyes (0.571 ± 0.128 density unit) (95% confidence interval: 0.480-0.670) (p = 0.007). In correlation analysis, no significant association was detected between the central retinal thickness, choroidal thickness, and macular pigment optical density values in central serous chorioretinopathy group (p = 0.31, p = 0.71). Conclusion Macular pigment optical density levels were significantly lower in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy patients than in controls, possibly due to degeneration of the neurosensorial retina, as a result of the long-term persistence of subretinal fluid. There was not a significant correlation between choroidal thickness and macular pigment optical density levels in central serous chorioretinopathy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Polat Gultekin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Esra Sahli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Rutledge GA, Pratt SG, Richer SP, Huntjens B, Perry CB, Pratt G, Podella C. Foveal macular pigment dip in offspring of age-related macular degeneration patients is inversely associated with omega-3 index. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:473. [PMID: 33267825 PMCID: PMC7709463 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Offspring of parent(s) with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have a 45% lifetime risk of developing the disease. High foveal macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is protective, whereas individuals with a “foveal macular pigment dip” (FMPD) are at increased risk. Shortage of the dietary carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin as well as fish consumption are reported AMD risk factors. This Early Biomarkers of AMD (EBAMD) study evaluates serum factors that protect foveal MPOD architecture in Caucasian offspring of parent(s) with AMD. Methods N = 130 subjects [mean (SD) age 62.8 (8.6) years; 36/94 male/female] were recruited from Scripps Health/ Scripps Memorial Hospital/ Scripps Mericos Eye Institute between 2012 and 2017. Macula pigment 3D topography was evaluated using specular reflectance. Buccal genetic cheek swab, circulating serum dietary carotenoids and long-term RBC omega-3 fatty acid status, as well as common secondary clinical structural and vision function parameters were obtained. Results 41 % of offspring of AMD parent(s) presented with FMPD. These offspring were about 4 years younger than those without FMPD (controls; P = 0.012) and had thinner foveas (P = 0.010). There were no differences in gender, BMI, % body fat, visual acuity or contrast sensitivity between those with and without FMPD. % RBC membrane docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in FMPD offspring vs. control offspring (P = 0.04). The Omega-3 Index was significantly decreased in the FMPD group (P = 0.03). Conclusions The percentage of FMPD in AMD offspring is nearly twice that reported for the general population in the scientific literature. Offspring presenting FMPD had similar AMD genetic risk, but significantly reduced % RBC membrane omega-3 fatty acids and thinner foveas compared with those without FMPD. Our data supports the importance of ‘essential fatty’ acids as an independent AMD risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Rutledge
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. .,USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Steven G Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart P Richer
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, Division of Optometry and Vision Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Blake Perry
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gunilla Pratt
- Scripps Health/Scripps Memorial Hospital/Scripps Mericos Eye Institute - Scripps Clinical Research Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carla Podella
- Eye Clinics, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Hammond BR, Buch J. Individual differences in visual function. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108186. [PMID: 32781197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of research on the visual system focuses on general principles that apply to samples and/or populations. Many questions, however, are more suited to the specific characteristics of an individual. The visual system, like most systems of the body, is extremely variable with respect to function and susceptibility to disease. Understanding this variation is an important avenue to better measurement, disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Hammond
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, United States.
| | - John Buch
- Johnson and Johnson Vision Care, Inc, United States
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Zanón-Moreno V, Domingo Pedrol JC, Sanz-González SM, Raga-Cervera J, Salazar-Corral J, Pinazo-Durán MD. Feasibility study of a docosahexaenoic acid optimized nutraceutical formulation on the macular levels of lutein in a healthy Mediterranean population. Ophthalmic Res 2020; 64:1068-1076. [PMID: 32544914 DOI: 10.1159/000509439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macular pigment optical density plays a pivotal role in maintaining macular structure and functioning. Research shows that daily consumption of lutein reduces the risk of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. OBJECTIVE This study analyzes the influence of a supplementation containing lutein and antioxidant vitamins either with or without docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with the main objective of identifying macular pigment optical density (MPOD) changes in both eyes at the end of the follow-up using the Visucam® retinograph. The secondary endpoint was to determine variation in the lutein and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cell membranes respectively. METHODS One hundred healthy participants (200 eyes) aged 40-70 years (mean age 49.3 years, SEM=13.7) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive daily one of the following supplements for 3 months: Lutein group (LT-G, n=49), Lutein /Docosahexaenoic acid group (LT/DHA-G, n= 51). The MPOD was measured at baseline and end of the follow-up by retinography (Visucam® retinograph). Lutein in plasma was determined by HPLC and DHA in red blood cell membranes was analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. RESULTS From baseline, macular pigment optical density showed significantly higher values in the Lutein/DHA group than in the Lutein group at the end of the study (p<0.0001). Significantly higher Lutein in plasma (p<0.0001) and DHA (p<0.0001) levels in the red blood cell membrane were seen in the Lutein/DHA group than in the Lutein group at the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSION Lutein supplementation improves macular pigment optical density in healthy subjects from a Mediterranean population being significantly increased in the presence of DHA. Therefore, our findings highlight the relevance of the adjunctive role of DHA for a better Lutein availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía" FISABIO, and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group of the Department of Surgery at University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Network of Cooperative Research in Ophthalmology (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan C Domingo Pedrol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine at the Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia M Sanz-González
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía" FISABIO, and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group of the Department of Surgery at University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Network of Cooperative Research in Ophthalmology (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Raga-Cervera
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía" FISABIO, and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group of the Department of Surgery at University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Manises, Manises, Spain
| | - Juan Salazar-Corral
- Spanish Network of Cooperative Research in Ophthalmology (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Ophthalmic Research "Ramón Castroviejo", Complutensis University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía" FISABIO, and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmobiology Group of the Department of Surgery at University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Network of Cooperative Research in Ophthalmology (OFTARED), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Madrid, Spain
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Obana A, Gohto Y, Sasano H, Gellermann W, Sharifzadeh M, Seto T, Bernstein PS. Spatial distribution of macular pigment estimated by autofluorescence imaging in elderly Japanese individuals. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2020; 64:160-170. [PMID: 31989400 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-020-00716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the spatial distribution types of macular pigment (MP) in elderly Japanese individuals and to consider their origin. STUDY DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS Local MP optical density (MPOD) at some eccentricities and MP volume were measured using the MPOD module of a MultiColor Spectralis in 96 pseudophakic eyes of 96 participants (age range, 52-86 years; mean age, 72.8 ± 8.3 years). The MP distribution types were determined from the MP spatial profiles. The retinal thickness (RT) at the foveal center, at both 0.5° and 0.9° eccentricities, and the foveal width were measured using optical coherence tomography. RESULTS The mean local MPOD at the foveal center was 0.79. Spatial distribution was classified into four types: central peak (24.0%), ring-like (40.6%), intermediate (22.9%), and central dip (12.5%). The ring-like type was the most frequent in these Japanese participants. The central-peak type showed lower MPOD than did the other types in the area outside 0.9°. The ring-like type occurred frequently in eyes with small RT at 0.5° and wider foveal width. A rough contour of the Müller cell cone was found more frequently in the central-dip type than in the other types. CONCLUSIONS The present characteristics of the different distribution patterns could be explained by the hypothesis that MP presents mainly in the Müller cell cone within 0.5° and in Müller cells in the outer and inner plexiform layers in the area outside 0.5°. The anatomic characteristics of Müller cells at the fovea and parafovea likely affect the MP distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Obana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan. .,Hamamatsu BioPhotonics Innovation Chair, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Yuko Gohto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | | | | | - Takahiko Seto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 430-8558, Japan
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA
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Green-Gomez M, Bernstein PS, Curcio CA, Moran R, Roche W, Nolan JM. Standardizing the Assessment of Macular Pigment Using a Dual-Wavelength Autofluorescence Technique. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:41. [PMID: 31867142 PMCID: PMC6922273 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is essential to have an appropriate measure to assess macular pigment (MP) that can provide an accurate, valid, and reliable representation of the MP within the macula. The aim of this study was to describe and introduce MP optical volume (MPOV) as an optimal value for reporting MP. METHODS Three hundred ninety-three subjects were analyzed using the Heidelberg Spectralis with the investigational MP optical density (MPOD) module to measure MPOV and MPOD at four foveal eccentricities (0.23°, 0.51°, 0.98°, 1.76° [7° as reference point]). Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) dietary intake and serum concentrations were evaluated. RESULTS MPOV mean was 5094 (95%CI, 4877-5310); range: 527 to 10,652. MPOV was inversely correlated with body mass index and positively correlated with education (r = -0.156, P = 0.002 and r = 0.124, P = 0.014, respectively). Serum concentrations of L and Z were positively correlated with MPOV (r = 0.422, P < 0.001 and r = 0.285, P < 0.001, respectively). MPOV was positively correlated to MPOD at all measured eccentricities, with the strongest agreement at 1.76° (r = 0.906, P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of L and Z, BMI, education, and age (P < 0.001) were found to be significant predictors of MPOV. CONCLUSIONS The Spectralis MPOV measurement provided a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the MP profile. The Spectralis MPOV should be considered a preferred metric for the assessment of MP. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Applying a standardized method for the assessment and report of MP will allow to fully derive meaning from observational studies and to successfully implement this MP measurement technique in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Green-Gomez
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | | | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel Moran
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Warren Roche
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Carriganore House, Waterford Institute of Technology, West Campus, Waterford, Ireland
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Christaras D, Ginis H, Pennos A, Mompean J, Artal P. Objective method for measuring the macular pigment optical density in the eye. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3572-3583. [PMID: 31467794 PMCID: PMC6706042 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Macular pigment is a yellowish pigment of purely dietary origin, which is thought to have a protective role in the retina. Recently, it was linked to age-related macular degeneration and improved visual function. In this work, we present a method and a corresponding optical instrument for the rapid measurement of its optical density. The method is based on fundus reflectometry and features a photodetector for the measurement of reflectance at different wavelengths and retinal locations. The method has been tested against a commercially available instrument on a group of healthy volunteers and has shown good correlation. The proposed instrument can serve as a rapid, non-midriatic, low-cost tool for the measurement of macular pigment optical density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Christaras
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia,
Spain
- Department of Research, Athens Eye Hospital, Leof. Vouliagmenis 45, Glifada 166 75,
Greece
| | - Harilaos Ginis
- Department of Research, Athens Eye Hospital, Leof. Vouliagmenis 45, Glifada 166 75,
Greece
| | - Alexandros Pennos
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Juan Mompean
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Pablo Artal
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia,
Spain
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10
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Ctori I, Mahroo OA, Williams KM, Hammond CJ, Huntjens B. Repeatability of the macular pigment spatial profile: A comparison of objective versus subjective classification. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e797-e803. [PMID: 30156017 PMCID: PMC6282784 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Classification of macular pigment (MP) spatial profile phenotypes varies and is often based on subjective visualisation. We investigated repeatability of MP optical density (MPOD) comparing an objective versus subjective profiling system. METHODS The coefficient of repeatability (CoR) was calculated for point MPOD values (0-3.8°) obtained by dual-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (FAF) from two scans obtained in a single visit of 40 healthy individuals (39 ± 9 years). For each individual's dataset, the MP profile was classified as exponential, ring-like or central dip using an objective method (based on deviations away from an exponential fit), as well as by subjective visual profiling. Existing FAF images of 88 monozygotic (MZ) and 69 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs were reanalysed using the objective profiling method and concordance and heritability of ring-like profiles determined. RESULTS The CoR was 0.23 at 0° and 0.06 at 0.8°. Agreement of objective profiling between scans was excellent (κ = 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00; p < 0.0005). Subjective profiling showed moderate agreement between scans (κ = 0.48, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.73; p < 0.0005). Agreement between objective and subjective classification was low (κ = 0.23, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.42; p = 0.02). Concordance for the ring-like profile using objective profiling was 0.74 for MZ compared to 0.36 for DZ twins. Heritability was calculated as 81.5% (95% confidence interval 61.1-93.1%). CONCLUSION Compared to visual assessment, objective MP profiling is a more reliable method and should be considered in future observational and interventional studies. In addition, MP profile phenotypes showed high heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ctori
- Applied Vision Research CentreCity, University of LondonNorthampton SquareLondonUK
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
- Department of OphthalmologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
- Retinal ServiceMoorfields Eye HospitalLondonUK
- UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
- Department of OphthalmologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
- Department of OphthalmologyKing's College LondonSt Thomas’ Hospital CampusLondonUK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Applied Vision Research CentreCity, University of LondonNorthampton SquareLondonUK
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11
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Zarubina AV, Huisingh CE, Clark ME, Sloan KR, McGwin G, Crosson JN, Curcio CA, Owsley C. Rod-Mediated Dark Adaptation and Macular Pigment Optical Density in Older Adults with Normal Maculas. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:913-920. [PMID: 29634370 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1460380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA) in persons ≥60 years old with normal maculas as determined by an accepted color fundus photography grading system. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from eyes in the Alabama Study on Early Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Eyes at step 1 in the AREDS 9-step grading system were considered normal. Eyes were additionally assessed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Foveal MPOD was estimated via heterochromatic flicker photometry, and RMDA was assessed with a computerized dark adaptometer. The association between RMDA and MPOD was examined via Spearman correlation coefficients adjusted for age. RESULTS In 306 eyes from 306 persons (mean age 68.2 years) in normal macular health, MPOD was not associated with RMDA (age-adjusted rank correlation = 0.043, p = 0.45). After 81 eyes with incidental macular findings by SD-OCT evaluation were excluded, the association between MPOD and RMDA remained null (N = 225, age-adjusted r = 0.015, p = 0.82). CONCLUSION In a large sample of normal aged eyes, RMDA, a visual function that is rate limited by retinoid availability to photoreceptors across the complex of retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris, is not related to MPOD in the neurosensory retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Zarubina
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Carrie E Huisingh
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Mark E Clark
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,b Department of Computer Science , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,c Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Jason N Crosson
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,d Retina Consultants of Alabama , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Christine A Curcio
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- a Department of Ophthalmology , School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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12
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Conrady CD, Bell JP, Besch BM, Gorusupudi A, Farnsworth K, Ermakov I, Sharifzadeh M, Ermakova M, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. Correlations Between Macular, Skin, and Serum Carotenoids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3616-3627. [PMID: 28728169 PMCID: PMC5520678 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular and systemic measurement and imaging of the macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin have been employed extensively as potential biomarkers of AMD risk. In this study, we systematically compare dual wavelength retinal autofluorescence imaging (AFI) of macular pigment with skin resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) and serum carotenoid levels in a clinic-based population. Methods Eighty-eight patients were recruited from retina and general ophthalmology practices from a tertiary referral center and excluded only if they did not have all three modalities tested, had a diagnosis of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) or Stargardt disease, or had poor AFI image quality. Skin, macular, and serum carotenoid levels were measured by RRS, AFI, and HPLC, respectively. Results Skin RRS measurements and serum zeaxanthin concentrations correlated most strongly with AFI macular pigment volume under the curve (MPVUC) measurements up to 9° eccentricity relative to MPVUC or rotationally averaged macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements at smaller eccentricities. These measurements were reproducible and not significantly affected by cataracts. We also found that these techniques could readily identify subjects taking oral carotenoid-containing supplements. Conclusions Larger macular pigment volume AFI and skin RRS measurements are noninvasive, objective, and reliable methods to assess ocular and systemic carotenoid levels. They are an attractive alternative to psychophysical and optical methods that measure MPOD at a limited number of eccentricities. Consequently, skin RRS and MPVUC at 9° are both reasonable biomarkers of macular carotenoid status that could be readily adapted to research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - James P Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Brian M Besch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Kelliann Farnsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Igor Ermakov
- Image Technologies Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | | | - Maia Ermakova
- Image Technologies Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Werner Gellermann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States 2Image Technologies Corporation, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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13
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The Association between Foveal Morphology and Macular Pigment Spatial Distribution: An Ethnicity Study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169520. [PMID: 28068388 PMCID: PMC5221785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Macular pigment (MP) spatial distribution varies considerably among individuals. We investigated ethnic variations in MP spatial distribution in relation to foveal architecture. Methods We measured MP optical density (MPOD) using heterochromatic flicker photometry (MAP test, City, University of London) in 76 white, 80 South Asian and 70 black volunteers (18 to 39 years). MPOD spatial profiles were classified objectively as exponential, ring-like or central dip, based on deviations away from an exponential fit. Measurements including total retinal thickness (RT), inner retinal layer (IRL), inner and outer plexiform layer (IPL and OPL) thickness, foveal width and foveal pit slope were taken from Spectralis SD-OCT (Heidelberg, Germany) scans. Results Integrated MPOD up to 1.8° (MPODint) was higher in South Asian (0.84±0.26) and black (0.84±0.31) than whites (0.63±0.24, P<0.0005). Ethnicity explained around 10% of the variance while gender played no significant role. MPOD profile phenotypes were associated with ethnicity: 58% with ring profiles were South Asian and 43% with dip profiles were black (χ2(4,226) = 13.4, P = 0.009). MPODint was lower in exponential (0.66±0.21) compared to ring-like (0.96±0.26) and central dip (1.00±0.32, P<0.0005) groups. White subjects had thicker IRL at 0° (130±21μm) than South Asian (123±16μm) and blacks (116±14μm; F(2) = 12.4, P<0.0005), with comparable results for IPL (P<0.0005) and OPL (P = 0.03). There was no significant difference in IRL, IPL or OPL (from 0 to 3.8° retinal eccentricity) or foveal width between MP profile groups (P>0.05). Conclusion We report a significant difference in the amount and distribution of MP between ethnicities that is not explained by variations in foveal morphology.
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Ji Y, Zhang X, Wu K, Su Y, Zuo C, Chen H, Li M, Wen F. Macular pigment optical density in a healthy Chinese population. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e550-5. [PMID: 25588897 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values in a healthy Chinese population using the one-wavelength reflectometry method and to investigate the relationships of MPOD with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking and lens opacities. METHODS A total of 441 healthy participants, aged 3-81 years old (242 male and 199 female subjects), were enrolled in this study. Demographic and lifestyle data were recorded based on physical examinations and questionnaires. Lens opacities were measured according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). MPOD values were measured at 7° of eccentricity, using the one-wavelength reflectometry method (Visucam 200; Carl Zeiss Meditec). MPOD values were reported in parameters including 'max' and 'mean' optical density (OD). The original MPOD values without automated correction were used for analysis. RESULTS The average values were 0.303 ± 0.097 d.u. (initials of density units) for the max OD and 0.109 ± 0.031 d.u. for the mean OD. A significant inverse relationship was found between age and MPOD (for max OD, β = -0.716, p < 0.001; for mean OD, β = -0.669, p < 0.001). Participants with no lens opacities had higher MPOD values than those with moderate lens opacities (p < 0.001). The MPOD values were not associated with sex, BMI or smoking status. CONCLUSION MPOD within 7° of eccentricity, as measured by one-wavelength reflectometry, was found to decrease with increasing age in a healthy Chinese population, and lens opacities had an impact on these measurements. These results provide a reference value for future studies in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kunfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chengguo Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
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15
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Stringham NT, Stringham JM. Temporal Visual Mechanisms May Mediate Compensation for Macular Pigment. Perception 2015; 44:1400-15. [PMID: 26562864 DOI: 10.1177/0301006615607119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP) is a pre-receptoral filter that is diet derived and deposited in relatively high optical density in the foveal region of the retina. Due to its yellow coloration, MP absorbs light of relatively short wavelengths, ranging from 400 nm to 520 nm. Despite the spectral and spatial nonuniformity imposed upon the sensory retina by MP, perception appears to be relatively uniform across the central visual field. MP therefore offers an opportunity to determine experimentally potential mechanisms responsible for mediating this uniformity. After assessing, in 14 subjects, MP's effects on the temporal sensitivity of both the short-wavelength- and middle-/long-wavelength-sensitive visual pathways, it appears that the visual system compensates for absorption of short-wavelength light by MP by slowing the sampling rate of short-wavelength cones and by increasing the processing speed of middle-/long-wavelength-sensitive cones. This mechanism could work via temporal summation or a temporal neural code, whereby slower response dynamics lead to amplification of relatively weak signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Stringham
- Nutritional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USANeuroscience Division, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James M Stringham
- Nutritional Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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16
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Supplementation with three different macular carotenoid formulations in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2015; 34:1757-66. [PMID: 24887490 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of three different macular carotenoid formulations on macular pigment optical density and visual performance in subjects with early age-related macular degeneration. METHODS Fifty-two subjects were supplemented and followed for 12 months, 17 of them were in intervention Group 1 (20 mg/day lutein and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin); 21 in Group 2 (10 mg/day meso-zeaxanthin, 10 mg/day lutein, and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin); and 14 in Group 3 (17 mg/day meso-zeaxanthin, 3 mg/day lutein, and 2 mg/day zeaxanthin). The macular pigment optical density was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry, and visual function was assessed using corrected distance visual acuity and by letter contrast sensitivity. RESULTS A statistically significant increase in the macular pigment optical density was observed at all measured eccentricities in Group 2 (P ≤ 0.005) and in Group 3 (P < 0.05, for all), but only at 1.75° in Group 1 (P = 0.018). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements in letter contrast sensitivity were seen at all spatial frequencies (except 1.2 cycles per degree) in Group 3, and at low spatial frequencies in Groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION Augmentation of the macular pigment optical density across its spatial profile and enhancements in contrast sensitivity were best achieved after supplementation with a formulation containing high doses of meso-zeaxanthin in combination with lutein and zeaxanthin.
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17
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Thurnham DI, Nolan JM, Howard AN, Beatty S. Macular response to supplementation with differing xanthophyll formulations in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 253:1231-43. [PMID: 25311651 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our aim was to investigate the macular response to three different supplements containing lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) in normal subjects and those with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and serum xanthophyll concentrations were measured in normal (n = 31) and AMD subjects (n = 32), randomly assigned to: group 1 (20 mg L, 2 mg Z, 0.3 mg MZ), group 2 (10 mg L, 2 mg Z, 10 mg MZ) or group 3 (3 mg L, 2 mg Z, 17 mg MZ). MPOD was measured at baseline, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks and at 0.25°, 0.5°, 1.0° and 1.75° of eccentricity using customised heterochromatic flicker photometry and serum xanthophylls by HPLC. RESULTS MPOD increased significantly at all eccentricities in each group (p < 0.05), except at 1.75° in group 3 (p = 0.242). There was no difference in MPOD measurements between AMD and normal subjects, except for group 2, where AMD subjects exhibited a greater response at 1.75° (p = 0.012). Final serum concentrations of MZ were positively and significantly related to final MPOD values at each eccentricity in all subjects. Targeted analysis of those subjects receiving the MZ-containing supplements exhibited stronger relationships between serum MZ concentrations and MPOD at 0.25° in group 3 than group 2; in group 2 all associations were positive, but only significant at 1.75°. CONCLUSIONS Serum concentrations of MZ were strongly correlated with MPOD after 8 weeks of supplementation with the group 3 formulation, but the inclusion of L in the group 2 formulation may result in greater MPOD augmentation across the spatial profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Thurnham
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK,
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Tariq A, Mahroo OA, Williams KM, Liew SHM, Beatty S, Gilbert CE, Van Kuijk FJ, Hammond CJ. The heritability of the ring-like distribution of macular pigment assessed in a twin study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2214-9. [PMID: 24609627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been suggested that ring-like patterns of macular pigment, as measured with dual wavelength autofluorescence, are observed less frequently in subjects with age-related maculopathy. We explored relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) distributions using a classic twin study. METHODS As part of a previous nutritional study, 322 healthy Caucasian female twins, aged 16 to 50 (mean 40) years, underwent measurement of MPOD optical density by two-wavelength fundus autofluorescence. In the present study, the right eye MPOD profile was assessed for the presence of a ring-like pattern by two graders independently, using common criteria, with a third grader arbitrating in cases of disagreement. Concordance was calculated as 2C/(2C + D), where C is the number of twin pairs concordant, and D the number discordant, for the ring-like pattern. Also, heritability was calculated using maximum-likelihood structural equation modeling. RESULTS Images and zygosity data were available for 314 twins (88 monozygotic [MZ] and 69 dizygotic [DZ] pairs). The overall prevalence of the ring pattern was 25.8%. Respective concordances for MZ and DZ twins were 0.75 and 0.22. Additive genetic factors were estimated to contribute to 84.0% of the total variance (95% confidence intervals, 63.7%-94.6%). CONCLUSIONS Concordance for MZ twins was over three times that for DZ twins, with heritability estimated at 84%, indicating that genetic factors contribute to the development of the ring structure. Studies have suggested that ring-like patterns of macular pigment can affect risk for age-related maculopathy. In a classic twin study, we found that the presence of such a pattern was highly heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Tariq
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Akuffo KO, Beatty S, Stack J, Dennison J, O’Regan S, Meagher KA, Peto T, Nolan J. Central Retinal Enrichment Supplementation Trials (CREST): design and methodology of the CREST randomized controlled trials. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014; 21:111-23. [PMID: 24621122 PMCID: PMC4002658 DOI: 10.3109/09286586.2014.888085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Central Retinal Enrichment Supplementation Trials (CREST) aim to investigate the potential impact of macular pigment (MP) enrichment, following supplementation with a formulation containing 10 mg lutein (L), 2 mg zeaxanthin (Z) and 10 mg meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), on visual function in normal subjects (Trial 1) and in subjects with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD; Trial 2). METHODS CREST is a single center, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Trial 1 (12-month follow-up) subjects are randomly assigned to a formulation containing 10 mg L, 10 mg MZ and 2 mg Z (n = 60) or placebo (n = 60). Trial 2 (24-month follow-up) subjects are randomly assigned to a formulation containing 10 mg L, 10 mg MZ, 2 mg Z plus 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 25 mg zinc and 2 mg copper (Intervention A; n = 75) or 10 mg L and 2 mg Z plus 500 mg vitamin C, 400 IU vitamin E, 25 mg zinc and 2 mg copper (Intervention B; n = 75). Contrast sensitivity (CS) at 6 cycles per degree represents the primary outcome measure in each trial. Secondary outcomes include: CS at other spatial frequencies, MP, best-corrected visual acuity, glare disability, photostress recovery, light scatter, cognitive function, foveal architecture, serum carotenoid concentrations, and subjective visual function. For Trial 2, AMD morphology, reading speed and reading acuity are also being recorded. CONCLUSIONS CREST is the first study to investigate the impact of supplementation with all three macular carotenoids in the context of a large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Stephen Beatty
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Jim Stack
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Jessica Dennison
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Sarah O’Regan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Katherine A. Meagher
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
| | - Tunde Peto
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - John Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of TechnologyWaterfordIreland
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Pipis A, Touliou E, Augustin AJ. Macular pigment optical density in a Central European population. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2013; 44:260-7. [PMID: 23676228 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20130503-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to measure the macular pigment optical density and study its spatial profile as well as identify its determinant factors in a Central European population. PATIENTS AND METHODS The macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and its distribution were assessed in 228 eyes of 129 subjects using fundus reflectometry with the Visucam 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). RESULTS A statistically significant positive association between a diet rich in xanthophylls and all MPOD values was found. A positive monotonic relationship was demonstrated between an increasing degree in pigment distribution eccentricity and age, as well as all MPOD values except for area. CONCLUSION Assuming that macular pigment is protective against age-related macular degeneration, our study highlights the role of nutritional counseling and intervention in preventing this disease. Furthermore, MPOD appears to increase with age, and the distribution of macular pigment appears to form more eccentric profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Pipis
- Staedtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Augenklinik, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Beirne RO. The macular pigment optical density spatial profile and increasing age. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:383-8. [PMID: 24081317 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the central spatial profile of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and increasing age in normal eyes. METHODS Ninety-eight individuals (aged 19-71 years) with good visual acuity, free from ocular disease, and with clear ocular media participated. MPOD was measured at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.75° eccentricity from the foveal centre using a heterochromatic flicker photometry based densitometer instrument. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant association between MPOD and increasing age for the group as a whole at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00° eccentricity (p > 0.05 for all eccentricities). There was a small but statistically significant positive association between increasing age and MPOD at 1.75° eccentricity (p = 0.020), but age only accounted for 6 % of the variation in MPOD values. Fifteen percent of all participants had a non-exponential MPOD spatial profile. CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant relationship between MPOD and increasing age for three of the four locations measured. A significant proportion of individuals show an atypical MPOD spatial profile, indicating that studies on MPOD should ideally report information on the MPOD spatial profile rather than estimates from only one retinal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond O Beirne
- Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK,
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Concordance of macular pigment measurements obtained using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry, dual-wavelength autofluorescence, and single-wavelength reflectance. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:190-8. [PMID: 24007642 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study compares in vivo measurements of macular pigment (MP) obtained using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry (cHFP; Macular Metrics Densitometer(™)), dual-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (Heidelberg Spectralis(®) HRA + OCT MultiColor) and single-wavelength fundus reflectance (Zeiss Visucam(®) 200). MP was measured in one eye of 62 subjects on each device. Data from 49 subjects (79%) was suitable for analysis. Agreement between the Densitometer and Spectralis was investigated at various eccentricities using a variety of quantitative and graphical methods, including: Pearson correlation coefficient to measure degree of scatter (precision), accuracy coefficient, concordance correlation coefficient (ccc), paired t-test, scatter and Bland-Altman plots. The relationship between max MP from the Visucam and central MP from the Spectralis and Densitometer was investigated using regression methods. Agreement was strong between the Densitometer and Spectralis at all central eccentricities (e.g. at 0.25° eccentricity: accuracy = 0.97, precision = 0.90, ccc = 0.87). Regression analysis showed a very weak relationship between the Visucam and Densitometer (e.g. Visucam max on Densitometer central MP: R(2) = 0.008, p = 0.843). Regression analysis also demonstrated a weak relationship between MP measured by the Spectralis and Visucam (e.g. Visucam max on Spectralis central MP: R(2) = 0.047, p = 0.348). MP values obtained using the Heidelberg Spectralis are comparable to MP values obtained using the Densitometer. In contrast, MP values obtained using the Zeiss Visucam are not comparable with either the Densitometer or the Spectralis MP measuring devices. Taking cHFP as the current standard to which other MP measuring devices should be compared, the Spectralis is suitable for use in a clinical and research setting, whereas the Visucam is not.
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Nolan J, Beatty S, Dennison J. Re: lutein supplementation improves visual performance in Chinese drivers: 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study: the importance of supplementing with all three macular carotenoids. Nutrition 2013; 29:1072. [PMID: 23759271 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Higher dose lutein and a longer supplementation period would be good for visual performance. Nutrition 2013; 29:1072-3. [PMID: 23759270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lima VC, Rosen RB, Prata TS, Dorairaj S, Spielberg L, Maia M, Sallum JM. Association of age and macular pigment optical density using dual-wavelength autofluorescence imaging. Clin Ophthalmol 2013; 7:685-90. [PMID: 23589675 PMCID: PMC3622437 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that macular pigment may play a protective role against age-related macular degeneration, but the influence of age on macular pigment density levels remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between age and the normal distribution of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values surrounding the fovea. Methods Consecutive healthy subjects with no evidence of ocular disease were enrolled in this study. After inclusion, MPOD values were measured at specific eccentricities (0.5, 1, and 2 degrees) from the foveal center using a dual-wavelength autofluorescence method employing a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Whenever both eyes were eligible, one was randomly selected for analysis. The correlation between age and MPOD values was investigated using regression analysis. Results Thirty subjects (30 eyes) were included (mean age 48.6 ± 16.4 [range 23–77] years). Significant differences were found between MPOD values measured at 0.5, 1, and 2 degrees from the center of the fovea (0.49 ± 0.12 density units, 0.37 ± 0.11 density units, and 0.13 ± 0.05 density units, respectively, P < 0.05). Significant correlations between age and MPOD values at 0.5 and 1 degree were found (P ≤ 0.02). Values measured at 2 degrees did not correlate significantly with age (P = 0.06). Conclusion In healthy subjects, MPOD values were highest near the foveal center. These values appeared to increase during adulthood (peak at 45–50 years), followed by a gradual reduction after 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica Castro Lima
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, NY ; Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Effects of lutein and docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on macular pigment optical density in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2013; 5:543-51. [PMID: 23434908 PMCID: PMC3635211 DOI: 10.3390/nu5020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the macular pigment ocular density (MPOD) in patients with early age macular degeneration (AMD) before and 1 year after nutritional supplementation with lutein and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Forty-four patients with AMD were randomly divided into two groups that received placebo (n = 21) or a nutritional supplement (n = 23, 12 mg of lutein and 280 mg of DHA daily). Heterochromatic flicker photometry was used to determine the MPOD. At baseline, the MPOD in AMD patients with placebo was 0.286 ± 0.017 meanwhile in AMD patients with supplementation it was 0.291 ± 0.016. One year later, the mean MPOD had increased by 0.059 in the placebo group and by 0.162 in patients receiving lutein and DHA. This difference between groups was significant (p < 0.05). Lutein and DHA supplementation is effective in increasing the MPOD and may aid in prevention of age related macular degeneration.
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Sobaci G, Erdem Ü, Gundogan FÇ, Musayev S. The Effect of Chronic Smoking on the Pupil and Photostress Recovery Time. Ophthalmic Res 2013; 49:167-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000345533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tong N, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Wooten B, Wu X. Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1495-500. [PMID: 23224230 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment (MP) has been the focus of much attention in recent years, due to its protective effect against macular degenerations. In this study, we investigated the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and axial length (AL) in Chinese subjects with myopia. METHODS In total, 173 myopes (mean spherical equivalent [MSE] ≤-1.00D) were recruited for this prospective observational study. MPOD was measured in both eyes of each subject using a macular metrics densitometer. AL was measured in eyes using an IOL-Master. A raw coefficient of correlation analysis and a partial correlation analysis were used to investigate the relationship between MPOD and AL. RESULTS The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 67 years. The overall mean MPOD for the cohort was 0.412 ± 0.119 (range, 0.105-0.812). The mean AL was 25.18 ± 1.08 mm (range, 23.14-28.19 mm). Using a raw coefficient of correlation, a significant inverse correlation was found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.134, p=0.012). When using a partial correlation analysis to eliminate the impact of covariant, a significant inverse correlation was also found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.142, p=0.008). Furthermore, when AL was divided into two groups: AL>26 mm and AL ≤ 26 mm, a significant inverse correlation was observed between MPOD and AL in the former (r= -0.253, p=0.029), but no significant relationship was observed between these in the latter (r=0.104, p=0.067). CONCLUSIONS MPOD correlated inversely with AL in this sample of Chinese subjects with myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, No.85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
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Serum response to supplemental macular carotenoids in subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration. Br J Nutr 2012; 110:289-300. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Macular pigment (MP) is composed of lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ). The present study reports on serum response to three different MP supplements in normal subjects (n 27) and in subjects with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (n 27). Subjects were randomly assigned to: Group 1 (20 mg L and 2 mg Z), Group 2 (10 mg L, 2 mg Z and 10 mg MZ) or Group 3 (3 mg L, 2 mg Z and 17 mg MZ). Serum carotenoids were quantified at baseline, and at 4 and 8 weeks using HPLC. Response data for normal and AMD subjects were comparable and therefore combined for analysis. We report response as the average of the 4- and 8-week concentrations (saturation plateau). Serum L increased significantly in Group 1 (0·036 μmol/l per mg (269 %); P< 0·001) and Group 2 (0·079 μmol/l per mg (340 %); P< 0·001), with no significant change in Group 3 (0·006 μmol/l per mg (7 %); P= 0·466). Serum Z increased significantly in Group 1 (0·037 μmol/l per mg (69 %); P= 0·001) and Group 2 (0·015 μmol/l per mg (75 %); P< 0·001), with no significant change in Group 3 ( − 0·0002 μmol/l per mg ( − 6 %); P= 0·384). Serum MZ increased significantly in Group 1 (0·0094 μmol/l (absolute value); P= 0·015), Group 2 (0·005 μmol/l per mg; P< 0·001) and Group 3 (0·004 μmol/l per mg; P< 0·001). The formulation containing all three macular carotenoids (Group 2 supplement) was the most efficacious in terms of achieving the highest combined concentration of the three MP constituent carotenoids in serum, thereby potentially optimising the bioavailability of these compounds for capture by the target tissue (retina).
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Hammond CJ, Liew SHM, Van Kuijk FJ, Beatty S, Nolan JM, Spector TD, Gilbert CE. The heritability of macular response to supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin: a classic twin study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:4963-8. [PMID: 22700713 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Antioxidant supplements may reduce age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression. The macular carotenoids are of particular interest because of their biochemical, optical, and anatomic properties. This classic twin study was designed to determine the heritability of macular pigment (MP) augmentation in response to supplemental lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). METHODS A total of 322 healthy female twin volunteers, aged 16-50 years (mean 40 ± 8.7) was enrolled in a prospective, nonrandomized supplement study. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) measurements using two techniques (2-wavelength fundus autofluorescence [AF] and heterochromatic flicker photometry [HFP]), and serum concentrations of L and Z, were recorded at baseline, and at 3 and 6 months following daily supplementation with 18 mg L and 2.4 mg Z for a study period of 6 months. RESULTS At baseline, mean MPOD was 0.44 density units (SD 0.21, range 0.04-1.25) using HFP, and 0.41 density units (SD 0.15) using AF. Serum L and Z levels were raised significantly from baseline following 3 months' supplementation (mean increase 223% and 633%, respectively, P < 0.0001 for both), with no MPOD increase. After 6 months' supplementation, a small increase in MPOD was seen (mean increase 0.025 ± 0.16, P = 0.02, using HFP). Subdivision of baseline MPOD into quartiles revealed that baseline levels made no difference to the treatment effect. Genetic factors explained 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7-45) of the variation in MPOD response. Distribution profiles of macular pigment did not change in response to supplementation. CONCLUSIONS MPOD response to supplemental L and Z for a period of 6 months was small (an increase over baseline of 5.7% and 3.7%, measured using HFP and AF, respectively), and was moderately heritable. Further study is indicated to investigate the functional and clinical impact of supplementation with the macular carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Nolan JM, Akkali MC, Loughman J, Howard AN, Beatty S. Macular carotenoid supplementation in subjects with atypical spatial profiles of macular pigment. Exp Eye Res 2012; 101:9-15. [PMID: 22652506 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the impact of macular carotenoid supplementation on the spatial profile of macular pigment (MP) in subjects where the profile does not exhibit the typical central peak (i.e. peaked MP at foveal epicentre). Thirty one healthy subjects with such atypical MP spatial profiles were assigned to one of three intervention groups: Group 1: (n = 10), 20 mg/day lutein (L), 2 mg/day zeaxanthin (Z); Group 2: (n = 10), 10 mg/day meso-zeaxanthin (MZ), 10 mg/day L, 2 mg/day Z; Group 3: (n = 10), 17 mg/day MZ, 3 mg/day L, 2 mg/day Z. Subjects were instructed to take one capsule daily over an 8-week period. MP at 0.25°, 0.5°, 1°, 1.75° and 3° was measured using customized-heterochromatic flicker photometry at baseline, four weeks and 8 weeks. Over the study period, we report no statistically significant increase in MP at any eccentricity in Group 1 (p > 0.05, for all eccentricities). There was a trend towards an increase in MP at all eccentricities in Group 2, with a significant increase found at 0.25° and 0.50° (p = 0.000 and p = 0.016, respectively). There was a statistically significant increase evident in MP at 0.25° in Group 3 (p = 0.005), but at no other eccentricity (p > 0.05, for all other). We report that the typical central peak of MP can be realised in subjects with atypical spatial profiles, following supplementation with a preparation containing all three macular carotenoids, but not with a supplement lacking MZ. The implications of our findings, in terms of visual performance and/or a (photo)-protective effect, warrant additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Sabour-Pickett S, Nolan JM, Loughman J, Beatty S. A review of the evidence germane to the putative protective role of the macular carotenoids for age-related macular degeneration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:270-86. [PMID: 22121091 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sabour-Pickett
- Department of Optometry; College of Sciences and Health; Dublin Institute of Technology; Dublin Ireland
- Macular Pigment Research Group; Department of Chemical and Life Sciences; Waterford Institute of Technology; Waterford Ireland
| | - John M. Nolan
- Macular Pigment Research Group; Department of Chemical and Life Sciences; Waterford Institute of Technology; Waterford Ireland
- Institute of Vision Research; Whitfield Clinic; Waterford Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- Department of Optometry; College of Sciences and Health; Dublin Institute of Technology; Dublin Ireland
- African Vision Research Institute; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of KwaZulu Natal; Durban South Africa
| | - Stephen Beatty
- Macular Pigment Research Group; Department of Chemical and Life Sciences; Waterford Institute of Technology; Waterford Ireland
- Institute of Vision Research; Whitfield Clinic; Waterford Ireland
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Dubis AM, Hansen BR, Cooper RF, Beringer J, Dubra A, Carroll J. Relationship between the foveal avascular zone and foveal pit morphology. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:1628-36. [PMID: 22323466 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relationship between foveal pit morphology and size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). METHODS Forty-two subjects were recruited. Volumetric images of the macula were obtained using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Images of the FAZ were obtained using either a modified fundus camera or an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope. Foveal pit metrics (depth, diameter, slope, volume, and area) were automatically extracted from retinal thickness data, whereas the FAZ was manually segmented by two observers to extract estimates of FAZ diameter and area. RESULTS Consistent with previous reports, the authors observed significant variation in foveal pit morphology. The average foveal pit volume was 0.081 mm(3) (range, 0.022 to 0.190 mm(3)). The size of the FAZ was also highly variable between persons, with FAZ area ranging from 0.05 to 1.05 mm(2) and FAZ diameter ranging from 0.20 to 1.08 mm. FAZ area was significantly correlated with foveal pit area, depth, and volume; deeper and broader foveal pits were associated with larger FAZs. CONCLUSIONS Although these results are consistent with predictions from existing models of foveal development, more work is needed to confirm the developmental link between the size of the FAZ and the degree of foveal pit excavation. In addition, more work is needed to understand the relationship between these and other anatomic features of the human foveal region, including peak cone density, rod-free zone diameter, and Henle fiber layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Dubis
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Renzi LM, Hammond BR, Dengler M, Roberts R. The relation between serum lipids and lutein and zeaxanthin in the serum and retina: results from cross-sectional, case-control and case study designs. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:33. [PMID: 22375926 PMCID: PMC3310786 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The xanthophyll carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are found in and around the macula of the primate retina, where they are termed macular pigment (MP). Dietary L and Z are absorbed with fat in the gut and transported on lipoproteins to the retina. Both MP and serum lipoproteins have been related to risk for neurodegenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). L and Z are carried on both HDL (related to reduced risk of AMD) and LDL (related to increased risk). The purpose of this set of studies was to analyze the relation between L and Z in the serum and retina with the circulating lipid profile. Methods In all experiments, lipoproteins were measured enzymatically from plasma, and MP optical density (MPOD) was measured using customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Experiment 1: Relations between serum L and Z, MPOD and lipoprotein levels. 108 young, healthy subjects (M = 23.2, SD = 4.12 years) participated. Lipoprotein levels and MPOD were measured. In a subset of 66 participants, serum L and Z levels were also measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Experiment 2: Relations between lipoprotein levels and MPOD in statin users. 20 subjects (M = 58.05, SD = 11.08 years) taking statin medication and 20 subjects (M = 57.95, SD = 11.03 years) not taking satin were recruited for participation. MPOD and lipoprotein levels were measured. Experiment 3: lowering lipoprotein levels to impact MPOD. One individual (aged 41 years) with high MP density adhered first to an atorvastatin regimen, then, after a wash-out period, to a rosuvastatin regimen. Results Experiment 1: HDL were significantly (p < 0.05) related to MPOD (r = 0.33), to serum L (r = 0.36) and to serum Z (r = 0.26). MPOD was also significantly related to total cholesterol (r = 0.19). Experiment 2: MPOD was not lower in statin users when compared to matched non-statin users, but MPOD decreased significantly with increased duration of statin use (r = −0.63). Experiment 3: Administration of a statin regimen reduced MPOD with atorvastatin (p < 0.05) but not with rosuvastatin. Conclusions Serum xanthophylls, retinal xanthophylls and lipoprotein concentrations are significantly related, and changing lipoprotein levels may impact levels of retinal xanthophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Renzi
- Human Biofactors Laboratory and Vision Sciences Laboratory, The University of Georgia, 601 Psychology Building, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA.
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VanNasdale DA, Elsner AE, Hobbs T, Burns SA. Foveal phase retardation changes associated with normal aging. Vision Res 2011; 51:2263-72. [PMID: 21893077 PMCID: PMC3319026 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified normal age-related changes to the photoreceptor axons in the central macula using the birefringent properties of the Henle fiber layer. A scanning laser polarimeter was used to acquire 15° × 15° macular images in 120 clinically normal subjects, ranging in age from the third decade to the eighth. Raw image data of the macular cross were used to compute phase retardation maps associated with Henle fiber layer. Annular regions of interest ranging from 0.25° to 3° eccentricity and centered on the fovea were used to generate intensity profiles from the phase retardation data, which were then analyzed using sine curve fitting and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The amplitude of a 2f sine curve was used as a measure of macular phase retardation magnitude. For FFT analysis, the 2f amplitude, as well as the 4f, were normalized by the remaining FFT components. The amplitude component of the 2f curve fit and the normalized 2f FFT component decreased as a function of age, while the eccentricity of the maximum value for the normalized 2f FFT component increased. The phase retardation changes in the central macula indicate structural alterations in the cone photoreceptor axons near the fovea as a function of age. These changes result in either fewer cone photoreceptors in the central macula, or a change in the orientation of their axons. This large sample size demonstrates systematic changes to the central cone photoreceptor morphology using scanning laser polarimetry.
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Berrow EJ, Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Do lutein, zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density differ with age or age-related maculopathy? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eclnm.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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