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Riederer E, Cang C, Ren D. Lysosomal Ion Channels: What Are They Good For and Are They Druggable Targets? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:19-41. [PMID: 36151054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes play fundamental roles in material digestion, cellular clearance, recycling, exocytosis, wound repair, Ca2+ signaling, nutrient signaling, and gene expression regulation. The organelle also serves as a hub for important signaling networks involving the mTOR and AKT kinases. Electrophysiological recording and molecular and structural studies in the past decade have uncovered several unique lysosomal ion channels and transporters, including TPCs, TMEM175, TRPMLs, CLN7, and CLC-7. They underlie the organelle's permeability to major ions, including K+, Na+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-. The channels are regulated by numerous cellular factors, ranging from H+ in the lumen and voltage across the lysosomal membrane to ATP in the cytosol to growth factors outside the cell. Genetic variations in the channel/transporter genes are associated with diseases that include lysosomal storage diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies with human genetics and channel activators suggest that lysosomal channels may be attractive targets for the development of therapeutics for the prevention of and intervention in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Riederer
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
| | - Chunlei Cang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
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2
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Rowe AA, Chen X, Nettesheim ER, Issioui Y, Dong T, Hu Y, Messahel S, Kayani SN, Gray SJ, Wert KJ. Long-term progression of retinal degeneration in a preclinical model of CLN7 Batten disease as a baseline for testing clinical therapeutics. EBioMedicine 2022; 85:104314. [PMID: 36374771 PMCID: PMC9626557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Batten disease is characterized by cognitive and motor impairment, retinal degeneration, and seizures leading to premature death. Recent studies have shown efficacy for a gene therapy approach for CLN7 Batten disease. This gene therapy approach is promising to treat cognitive and motor impairment, but is not likely to delay vision loss. Additionally, the natural progression of retinal degeneration in CLN7 Batten disease patients is not well-known. METHODS We performed visual examinations on five patients with CLN7 Batten disease and found that patients were far progressed in degeneration within their first five years of life. To better understand the disease progression, we characterized the retina of a preclinical mouse model of CLN7 Batten disease, through the age at which mice present with paralysis and premature death. FINDINGS We found that this preclinical model shows signs of photoreceptor to bipolar synaptic defects early, and displays rod-cone dystrophy with late loss of bipolar cells. This vision loss could be followed not only via histology, but using clinical live imaging similar to that used in human patients. INTERPRETATION Natural history studies of rare paediatric neurodegenerative conditions are complicated by the rapid degeneration and limited availability of patients. Characterization of degeneration in the preclinical model allows for future experiments to better understand the mechanisms underlying the retinal disease progression in order to find therapeutics to treat patients, as well as to evaluate these therapeutic options for future human clinical trials. FUNDING Van Sickle Family Foundation Inc., NIHP30EY030413, Morton Fichtenbaum Charitable Trust and 5T32GM131945-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Rowe
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Emily R Nettesheim
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yacine Issioui
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Souad Messahel
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Saima N Kayani
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Katherine J Wert
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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3
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Recent Insight into the Genetic Basis, Clinical Features, and Diagnostic Methods for Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105729. [PMID: 35628533 PMCID: PMC9145894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare, inherited, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders that affect children and adults. They are traditionally grouped together, based on shared clinical symptoms and pathological ground. To date, 13 autosomal recessive gene variants, as well as one autosomal dominant gene variant, of NCL have been described. These genes encode a variety of proteins, whose functions have not been fully defined; most are lysosomal enzymes, transmembrane proteins of the lysosome, or other organelles. Common symptoms of NCLs include the progressive loss of vision, mental and motor deterioration, epileptic seizures, premature death, and, in rare adult-onset cases, dementia. Depending on the mutation, these symptoms can vary, with respect to the severity and onset of symptoms by age. Currently, all forms of NCL are fatal, and no curative treatments are available. Herein, we provide an overview to summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, genetics, and clinical manifestation of these conditions, as well as the approach to diagnosis.
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Liu J, Bassal M, Schlichting S, Braren I, Di Spiezio A, Saftig P, Bartsch U. Intravitreal gene therapy restores the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and attenuates retinal degeneration in cathepsin D-deficient mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 164:105628. [PMID: 35033660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of vision due to progressive retinal degeneration is a hallmark of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL), a group of fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases. Enzyme substitution therapies represent promising treatment options for NCLs caused by dysfunctions of soluble lysosomal enzymes. Here, we compared the efficacy of a cell-based enzyme substitution strategy and a gene therapy approach to attenuate the retinal pathology in cathepsin D- (CTSD) deficient mice, an animal model of CLN10 disease. Levels of enzymatically active CTSD in mutant retinas were significantly higher after an adeno-associated virus vector-mediated CTSD transfer to retinal glial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells than after intravitreal transplantations of a CTSD overexpressing clonal neural stem cell line. In line with this finding, the gene therapy treatment restored the disrupted autophagy-lysosomal pathway more effectively than the cell-based approach, as indicated by a complete clearance of storage, significant attenuation of lysosomal hypertrophy, and normalized levels of the autophagy marker sequestosome 1/p62 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II. While the cell-based treatment did not prevent the rapidly progressing loss of various retinal cell types, the gene therapy approach markedly attenuated retinal degeneration as demonstrated by a pronounced rescue of photoreceptor cells and rod bipolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Bassal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schlichting
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wang Y, Zeng W, Lin B, Yao Y, Li C, Hu W, Wu H, Huang J, Zhang M, Xue T, Ren D, Qu L, Cang C. CLN7 is an organellar chloride channel regulating lysosomal function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj9608. [PMID: 34910516 PMCID: PMC8673761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases. One variant form of late-infantile NCL (vLINCL) is caused by mutations of a lysosomal membrane protein CLN7, the function of which has remained unknown. Here, we identified CLN7 as a novel endolysosomal chloride channel. Overexpression of CLN7 increases endolysosomal chloride currents and enlarges endolysosomes through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent way. Human CLN7 and its yeast homolog exhibit characteristics of chloride channels and are sensitive to chloride channel blockers. Moreover, CLN7 regulates lysosomal chloride conductance, luminal pH, and lysosomal membrane potential and promotes the release of lysosomal Ca2+ through transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1). Knocking out CLN7 causes pathological features that are similar to those of patients with vLINCL, including retinal degeneration and autofluorescent lipofuscin. The pathogenic mutations in CLN7 lead to a decrease in chloride permeability, suggesting that reconstitution of lysosomal Cl− homeostasis may be an effective strategy for the treatment of vLINCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayu Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenping Zeng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bingqian Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yichuan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Canjun Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haotian Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiamin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lili Qu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Corresponding author. (L.Q.); (C.C.)
| | - Chunlei Cang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Corresponding author. (L.Q.); (C.C.)
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Retinal Degeneration and Microglial Dynamics in Mature Progranulin-Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111557. [PMID: 34768987 PMCID: PMC8584076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein that regulates numerous cellular processes. The role of PGRN as a regulator of lysosomes has recently received attention. The purpose of this study was to characterize the retinal phenotype in mature PGRN knockout (Grn−/−) mice. The a-wave amplitude of scotopic electroretinogram and outer nuclear thickness were significantly reduced at 6 months of age in Grn−/− mice compared to wild-type (Grn+/+) mice. In Grn−/− mice, retinal microglial cells accumulated on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) apical layer, and the number of infiltrated microglia and white fundus lesions between 2 and 6 months of age showed a close affinity. In Grn+/+ mice, PGRN was located in the retina, while the strongest PGRN signals were detected in the RPE-choroid. The different effects of PGRN deficiency on the expression of lysosomal proteins between the retina and RPE-choroid were demonstrated. Our data suggest that the subretinal translocation of microglia is a characteristic phenotype in the retina of mature PGRN knockout mice. The different effects of PGRN deficiency on the expression of lysosomal proteins between the retina and RPE-choroid might modulate microglial dynamics in PGRN knockout mice.
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Novel MFSD8 Variants in a Chinese Family with Nonsyndromic Macular Dystrophy. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6684045. [PMID: 34457359 PMCID: PMC8387190 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6684045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the molecular etiology of a Chinese family with nonsyndromic macular dystrophy. Methods Ophthalmic examinations were performed, and genomic DNA was extracted from available family members. Whole exome sequencing of two members (the proband and her unaffected mother) and Sanger sequencing in available family members were performed to screen potential pathogenic variants. Results Novel compound heterozygous variants, c.1066C>T (p.Pro356Ser) and c.1102+2T>C, in the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 gene (MFSD8) were suspected to be involved in this family's macular dystrophy phenotype. The novel c.1066C>T variant in the MFSD8 gene probably resulted in substitution of serine for proline at the 356th residue and was predicted to be “uncertain significance” through in silico analyses. The novel c.1102+2T>C variant in the MFSD8 gene was likely to affect the splicing form and predicted to be “pathogenic.” Conclusion The novel compound heterozygous variants, c.1066C>T (p.Pro356Ser) and c.1102+2T>C, in the MFSD8 gene are likely responsible for the isolated macular dystrophy phenotype in this family. This study enlarged the MFSD8 gene mutant spectrum and might provide more accurate genetic counseling for this family.
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Singh RB, Gupta P, Kartik A, Farooqui N, Singhal S, Shergill S, Singh KP, Agarwal A. Ocular Manifestations of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Semin Ophthalmol 2021; 36:582-595. [PMID: 34106804 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2021.1936571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of rare neurodegenerative storage disorders associated with devastating visual prognosis, with an incidence of 1/1,000,000 in the United States and comparatively higher incidence in European countries. The pathophysiological mechanisms causing NCLs occur due to enzymatic or transmembrane defects in various sub-cellular organelles including lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoplasmic vesicles. NCLs are categorized into different types depending upon the underlying cause i.e., soluble lysosomal enzyme deficiencies or non-enzymatic deficiencies (functions of identified proteins), which are sub-divided based on an axial classification system. In this review, we have evaluated the current evidence in the literature and reported the incidence rates, underlying mechanisms and currently available management protocols for these rare set of neuroophthalmological disorders. Additionally, we also highlighted the potential therapies under development that can expand the treatment of these rare disorders beyond symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Prakash Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Kartik
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Naba Farooqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sachi Singhal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sukhman Shergill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kanwar Partap Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Bartsch U, Liu J, Bassal M, Jankowiak W, Spitzer MS, Bartsch S. [Preclinical developments of treatment options for retinal dystrophy in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:769-770. [PMID: 34086071 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-021-01419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Bartsch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - Junling Liu
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Mahmoud Bassal
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Wanda Jankowiak
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Martin S Spitzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Bartsch
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Experimentelle Ophthalmologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
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Bassal M, Liu J, Jankowiak W, Saftig P, Bartsch U. Rapid and Progressive Loss of Multiple Retinal Cell Types in Cathepsin D-Deficient Mice-An Animal Model of CLN10 Disease. Cells 2021; 10:696. [PMID: 33800998 PMCID: PMC8003850 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision loss is among the characteristic symptoms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of retinal degeneration at the molecular and cellular levels in mice lacking the lysosomal aspartyl protease cathepsin D, an animal model of congenital CLN10 disease. We observed an early-onset accumulation of storage material as indicated by elevated levels of saposin D and subunit C of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. The accumulation of storage material was accompanied by reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis, elevated expression of the autophagy marker sequestosome 1/p62 and a dysregulated expression of several lysosomal proteins. The number of cone photoreceptor cells was reduced as early as at postnatal day 5. At the end stage of the disease, the outer nuclear layer was almost atrophied, and all cones were lost. A significant loss of rod and cone bipolar cells, amacrine cells and ganglion cells was found at advanced stages of the disease. Results demonstrate that cathepsin D deficiency results in an early-onset and rapidly progressing retinal dystrophy that involves all retinal cell types. Data of the present study will serve as a reference for studies aimed at developing treatments for retinal degeneration in CLN10 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bassal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.B.); (J.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.B.); (J.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Wanda Jankowiak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.B.); (J.L.); (W.J.)
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Udo Bartsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.B.); (J.L.); (W.J.)
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Behnke V, Langmann T. [Neuroinflammation in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:98-105. [PMID: 33411040 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal degeneration and neuroinflammation are often early hallmarks of different subtypes of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) in patients and genetic animal models. OBJECTIVE This article gives a summary of recently published research articles and novel concepts in the field of NCL-related neuroinflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search was carried out in PubMed for relevant publications and the results as well as own NCL-related research are discussed. RESULTS Microglia and other glial cells are chronically activated and show various dysfunctions in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina of NCL patients and animal models. This is accompanied by significant changes in the transcriptome and proteome. In NCL there is also involvement of the adaptive immune response, as demonstrated by the influx of autoantibodies and activated T cells. CONCLUSION A deeper understanding of the molecular processes that contribute to neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death is an important basis for the discovery of possible biomarkers and the development of immunotherapies in NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Behnke
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Immunologie des Auges, Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Köln, Deutschland
| | - T Langmann
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Immunologie des Auges, Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Medizinische Fakultät und Uniklinik Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Köln, Deutschland. .,Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Köln, Deutschland.
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Nelvagal HR, Lange J, Takahashi K, Tarczyluk-Wells MA, Cooper JD. Pathomechanisms in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Butz ES, Chandrachud U, Mole SE, Cotman SL. Moving towards a new era of genomics in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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kleine Holthaus SM, Aristorena M, Maswood R, Semenyuk O, Hoke J, Hare A, Smith AJ, Mole SE, Ali RR. Gene Therapy Targeting the Inner Retina Rescues the Retinal Phenotype in a Mouse Model of CLN3 Batten Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:709-718. [PMID: 32578444 PMCID: PMC7404834 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), often referred to as Batten disease, are inherited lysosomal storage disorders that represent the most common neurodegeneration during childhood. Symptoms include seizures, vision loss, motor and cognitive decline, and premature death. The development of brain-directed treatments for NCLs has made noteworthy progress in recent years. Clinical trials are currently ongoing or planned for different forms of the disease. Despite these promising advances, it is unlikely that therapeutic interventions targeting the brain will prevent loss of vision in patients as retinal cells remain untreated and will continue to degenerate. Here, we demonstrate that Cln3Δex7/8 mice, a mouse model of CLN3 Batten disease with juvenile onset, suffer from a decline in inner retinal function resulting from the death of rod bipolar cells, interneurons vital for signal transmission from photoreceptors to ganglion cells in the retina. We also show that this ocular phenotype can be treated by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of CLN3 in cells of the inner retina, leading to significant survival of bipolar cells and preserved retinal function. In contrast, the treatment of photoreceptors, which are lost in patients at late disease stages, was not therapeutic in Cln3Δex7/8 mice, underlining the notion that CLN3 disease is primarily a disease of the inner retina with secondary changes in the outer retina. These data indicate that bipolar cells play a central role in this disease and identify this cell type as an important target for ocular AAV-based gene therapies for CLN3 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikel Aristorena
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ryea Maswood
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olha Semenyuk
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Hoke
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aura Hare
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Smith
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara E. Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin R. Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Prof. Robin R. Ali, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom.
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15
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Langin L, Johnson TB, Kovács AD, Pearce DA, Weimer JM. A tailored Cln3 Q352X mouse model for testing therapeutic interventions in CLN3 Batten disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10591. [PMID: 32601357 PMCID: PMC7324379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN3 Batten disease (CLN3 disease) is a pediatric lysosomal storage disorder that presents with progressive blindness, motor and cognitive decline, seizures, and premature death. CLN3 disease results from mutations in CLN3 with the most prevalent mutation, a 966 bp deletion spanning exons 7-8, affecting ~ 75% of patients. Mouse models with complete Cln3 deletion or Cln3Δex7/8 mutation have been invaluable for learning about both the basic biology of CLN3 and the underlying pathological changes associated with CLN3 disease. These models, however, vary in their disease presentation and are limited in their utility for studying the role of nonsense mediated decay, and as a consequence, in testing nonsense suppression therapies and read-through compounds. In order to develop a model containing a disease-causing nonsense point mutation, here we describe a first-of-its-kind Cln3Q352X mouse model containing a c.1054C > T (p.Gln352Ter) point mutation. Similar to previously characterized Cln3 mutant mouse lines, this novel model shows pathological deficits throughout the CNS including accumulation of lysosomal storage material and glial activation, and has limited perturbation in behavioral measures. Thus, at the molecular and cellular level, this mouse line provides a valuable tool for testing nonsense suppression therapies or read through compounds in CLN3 disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Langin
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Tyler B Johnson
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Attila D Kovács
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - David A Pearce
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Jill M Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E. 60th N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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16
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Collin GB, Gogna N, Chang B, Damkham N, Pinkney J, Hyde LF, Stone L, Naggert JK, Nishina PM, Krebs MP. Mouse Models of Inherited Retinal Degeneration with Photoreceptor Cell Loss. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040931. [PMID: 32290105 PMCID: PMC7227028 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration (RD) leads to the impairment or loss of vision in millions of individuals worldwide, most frequently due to the loss of photoreceptor (PR) cells. Animal models, particularly the laboratory mouse, have been used to understand the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie PR cell loss and to explore therapies that may prevent, delay, or reverse RD. Here, we reviewed entries in the Mouse Genome Informatics and PubMed databases to compile a comprehensive list of monogenic mouse models in which PR cell loss is demonstrated. The progression of PR cell loss with postnatal age was documented in mutant alleles of genes grouped by biological function. As anticipated, a wide range in the onset and rate of cell loss was observed among the reported models. The analysis underscored relationships between RD genes and ciliary function, transcription-coupled DNA damage repair, and cellular chloride homeostasis. Comparing the mouse gene list to human RD genes identified in the RetNet database revealed that mouse models are available for 40% of the known human diseases, suggesting opportunities for future research. This work may provide insight into the molecular players and pathways through which PR degenerative disease occurs and may be useful for planning translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle B. Collin
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Navdeep Gogna
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Nattaya Damkham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jai Pinkney
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lillian F. Hyde
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Lisa Stone
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Jürgen K. Naggert
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
| | - Patsy M. Nishina
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
| | - Mark P. Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, ME 04609, USA; (G.B.C.); (N.G.); (B.C.); (N.D.); (J.P.); (L.F.H.); (L.S.); (J.K.N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.N.); (M.P.K.); Tel.: +1-207-2886-383 (P.M.N.); +1-207-2886-000 (M.P.K.)
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17
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Rosenberg JB, Chen A, Kaminsky SM, Crystal RG, Sondhi D. Advances in the Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019; 7:473-500. [PMID: 33365208 PMCID: PMC7755158 DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1684258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) represent a class of neurodegenerative disorders involving defective lysosomal processing enzymes or receptors, leading to lysosomal storage disorders, typically characterized by observation of cognitive and visual impairments, epileptic seizures, ataxia, and deterioration of motor skills. Recent success of a biologic (Brineura®) for the treatment of neurologic manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) has led to renewed interest in therapeutics for NCL, with the goal of ablating or reversing the impact of these devastating disorders. Despite complex challenges associated with CNS therapy, many treatment modalities have been evaluated, including enzyme replacement therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and small molecule pharmacotherapy. Because the clinical endpoints for the evaluation of candidate therapies are complex and often reliant on subjective clinical scales, the development of quantitative biomarkers for NCLs has become an apparent necessity for the validation of potential treatments. We will discuss the latest findings in the search for relevant biomarkers for assessing disease progression. For this review, we will focus primarily on recent pre-clinical and clinical developments for treatments to halt or cure these NCL diseases. Continued development of current therapies and discovery of newer modalities will be essential for successful therapeutics for NCL. AREAS COVERED The reader will be introduced to the NCL subtypes, natural histories, experimental animal models, and biomarkers for NCL progression; challenges and different therapeutic approaches, and the latest pre-clinical and clinical research for therapeutic development for the various NCLs. This review corresponds to the literatures covering the years from 1968 to mid-2019, but primarily addresses pre-clinical and clinical developments for the treatment of NCL disease in the last decade and as a follow-up to our 2013 review of the same topic in this journal. EXPERT OPINION Much progress has been made in the treatment of neurologic diseases, such as the NCLs, including better animal models and improved therapeutics with better survival outcomes. Encouraging results are being reported at symposiums and in the literature, with multiple therapeutics reaching the clinical trial stage for the NCLs. The potential for a cure could be at hand after many years of trial and error in the preclinical studies. The clinical development of enzyme replacement therapy (Brineura® for CLN2), immunosuppression (CellCept® for CLN3), and gene therapy vectors (for CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, and CLN6) are providing encouragement to families that have a child afflicted with NCL. We believe that successful therapies in the future may involve the combination of two or more therapeutic modalities to provide therapeutic benefit especially as the patients grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Rosenberg
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alvin Chen
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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18
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Huber RJ, Hughes SM, Liu W, Morgan A, Tuxworth RI, Russell C. The contribution of multicellular model organisms to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165614. [PMID: 31783156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NCLs (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) are forms of neurodegenerative disease that affect people of all ages and ethnicities but are most prevalent in children. Commonly known as Batten disease, this debilitating neurological disorder is comprised of 13 different subtypes that are categorized based on the particular gene that is mutated (CLN1-8, CLN10-14). The pathological mechanisms underlying the NCLs are not well understood due to our poor understanding of the functions of NCL proteins. Only one specific treatment (enzyme replacement therapy) is approved, which is for the treating the brain in CLN2 disease. Hence there remains a desperate need for further research into disease-modifying treatments. In this review, we present and evaluate the genes, proteins and studies performed in the social amoeba, nematode, fruit fly, zebrafish, mouse and large animals pertinent to NCL. In particular, we highlight the use of multicellular model organisms to study NCL protein function, pathology and pathomechanisms. Their use in testing novel therapeutic approaches is also presented. With this information, we highlight how future research in these systems may be able to provide new insight into NCL protein functions in human cells and aid in the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wenfei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alan Morgan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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19
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Mice deficient in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) display a complex retinal phenotype. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14185. [PMID: 31578378 PMCID: PMC6775149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) type 1 (CLN1) is a neurodegenerative storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). CLN1 patients suffer from brain atrophy, mental and motor retardation, seizures, and retinal degeneration ultimately resulting in blindness. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of the retinal phenotype of a PPT1-deficient mouse, an animal model of this condition. Reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis were evident in mutant retinas prior to the onset of retinal cell loss. Progressive accumulation of storage material, a pronounced dysregulation of various lysosomal proteins, and accumulation of sequestosome/p62-positive aggregates in the inner nuclear layer also preceded retinal degeneration. At advanced stages of the disease, the mutant retina was characterized by a significant loss of ganglion cells, rod and cone photoreceptor cells, and rod and cone bipolar cells. Results demonstrate that PPT1 dysfunction results in early-onset pathological alterations in the mutant retina, followed by a progressive degeneration of various retinal cell types at relatively late stages of the disease. Data will serve as a reference for future work aimed at developing therapeutic strategies for the treatment of retinal degeneration in CLN1 disease.
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20
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von Kleist L, Ariunbat K, Braren I, Stauber T, Storch S, Danyukova T. A newly generated neuronal cell model of CLN7 disease reveals aberrant lysosome motility and impaired cell survival. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:196-205. [PMID: 30301600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the CLN7/MFSD8 gene encoding the lysosomal membrane protein CLN7 are causative of CLN7 disease, an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that typically affects children. To gain insight into the pathomechanisms of CLN7 disease, we established an immortalized cell line based on cerebellar (Cb) granule neuron precursors isolated from Cln7-/- mice. Here, we demonstrate that Cln7-deficient neuron-derived Cb cells display an abnormal phenotype that includes increased size and defective outward movement of late endosomes and lysosomes as well as impaired lysosomal exocytosis. Whereas Cln7-/- Cb cells appeared to be autophagy-competent, loss of Cln7 resulted in enhanced cell death under prolonged nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, reduced cell survival of Cln7-deficient cells was accompanied by a significantly impaired protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 during long-term starvation. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that the putative lysosomal transporter CLN7 is relevant for lysosome motility and plays an important role for neuronal cell survival under conditions of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa von Kleist
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Khandsuren Ariunbat
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ingke Braren
- Vector Core Unit, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Storch
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tatyana Danyukova
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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McBride JL, Neuringer M, Ferguson B, Kohama SG, Tagge IJ, Zweig RC, Renner LM, McGill TJ, Stoddard J, Peterson S, Su W, Sherman LS, Domire JS, Ducore RM, Colgin LM, Lewis AD. Discovery of a CLN7 model of Batten disease in non-human primates. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:65-78. [PMID: 30048804 PMCID: PMC6200145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a natural Japanese macaque model of the childhood neurodegenerative disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, commonly known as Batten Disease, caused by a homozygous frameshift mutation in the CLN7 gene (CLN7−/−). Affected macaques display progressive neurological deficits including visual impairment, tremor, incoordination, ataxia and impaired balance. Imaging, functional and pathological studies revealed that CLN7−/− macaques have reduced retinal thickness and retinal function early in disease, followed by profound cerebral and cerebellar atrophy that progresses over a five to six-year disease course. Histological analyses showed an accumulation of cerebral, cerebellar and cardiac storage material as well as degeneration of neurons, white matter fragmentation and reactive gliosis throughout the brain of affected animals. This novel CLN7−/− macaque model recapitulates key behavioral and neuropathological features of human Batten Disease and provides novel insights into the pathophysiology linked to CLN7 mutations. These animals will be invaluable for evaluating promising therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McBride
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Martha Neuringer
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ian J Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert C Zweig
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Laurie M Renner
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Trevor J McGill
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jonathan Stoddard
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Samuel Peterson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jacqueline S Domire
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Rebecca M Ducore
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Lois M Colgin
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
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22
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Danyukova T, Ariunbat K, Thelen M, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Mole SE, Storch S. Loss of CLN7 results in depletion of soluble lysosomal proteins and impaired mTOR reactivation. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1711-1722. [PMID: 29514215 PMCID: PMC5932567 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the MFSD8 gene encoding the lysosomal membrane protein CLN7 lead to CLN7 disease, a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder belonging to the group of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Here, we have performed a SILAC-based quantitative analysis of the lysosomal proteome using Cln7-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from a Cln7 knockout (ko) mouse model. From 3335 different proteins identified, we detected 56 soluble lysosomal proteins and 29 highly abundant lysosomal membrane proteins. Quantification revealed that the amounts of 12 different soluble lysosomal proteins were significantly reduced in Cln7 ko MEFs compared with wild-type controls. One of the most significantly depleted lysosomal proteins was Cln5 protein that underlies another distinct neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis disorder. Expression analyses showed that the mRNA expression, biosynthesis, intracellular sorting and proteolytic processing of Cln5 were not affected, whereas the depletion of mature Cln5 protein was due to increased proteolytic degradation by cysteine proteases in Cln7 ko lysosomes. Considering the similar phenotypes of CLN5 and CLN7 patients, our data suggest that depletion of CLN5 may play an important part in the pathogenesis of CLN7 disease. In addition, we found a defect in the ability of Cln7 ko MEFs to adapt to starvation conditions as shown by impaired mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 reactivation, reduced autolysosome tubulation and increased perinuclear accumulation of autolysosomes compared with controls. In summary, depletion of multiple soluble lysosomal proteins suggest a critical role of CLN7 for lysosomal function, which may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of CLN7 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Danyukova
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Khandsuren Ariunbat
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Thelen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment & UCL GOSH Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan Storch
- Section Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Leinonen H, Keksa-Goldsteine V, Ragauskas S, Kohlmann P, Singh Y, Savchenko E, Puranen J, Malm T, Kalesnykas G, Koistinaho J, Tanila H, Kanninen KM. Retinal Degeneration In A Mouse Model Of CLN5 Disease Is Associated With Compromised Autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1597. [PMID: 28487519 PMCID: PMC5431647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Finnish variant of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (CLN5 disease) belongs to a family of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs) diseases. Vision loss is among the first clinical signs in childhood forms of NCLs. Mutations in CLN5 underlie CLN5 disease. The aim of this study was to characterize how the lack of normal functionality of the CLN5 protein affects the mouse retina. Scotopic electroretinography (ERG) showed a diminished c-wave amplitude in the CLN5 deficient mice already at 1 month of age, indicative of pathological events in the retinal pigmented epithelium. A- and b-waves showed progressive impairment later from 2 and 3 months of age onwards, respectively. Structural and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses showed preferential damage of photoreceptors, accumulation of autofluorescent storage material, apoptosis of photoreceptors, and strong inflammation in the CLN5 deficient mice retinas. Increased levels of autophagy-associated proteins Beclin-1 and P62, and increased LC3b-II/LC3b-I ratio, were detected by Western blotting from whole retinal extracts. Photopic ERG, visual evoked potentials, IHC and cell counting indicated relatively long surviving cone photoreceptors compared to rods. In conclusion, CLN5 deficient mice develop early vision loss that reflects the condition reported in clinical childhood forms of NCLs. The vision loss in CLN5 deficient mice is primarily caused by photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Leinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Velta Keksa-Goldsteine
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Philip Kohlmann
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yajuvinder Singh
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Savchenko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Giedrius Kalesnykas
- Experimentica Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- Research and Development Centre for Ophthalmic Innovations (SILK), Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Mohammed A, O'Hare MB, Warley A, Tear G, Tuxworth RI. in vivo localization of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis proteins, CLN3 and CLN7, at endogenous expression levels. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:123-132. [PMID: 28365214 PMCID: PMC5441185 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of recessively inherited, childhood-onset neurodegenerative conditions. Several forms are caused by mutations in genes encoding putative lysosomal membrane proteins. Studies of the cell biology underpinning these disorders are hampered by the poor antigenicity of the membrane proteins, which makes visualization of the endogenous proteins difficult. We have used Drosophila to generate knock-in YFP-fusions for two of the NCL membrane proteins: CLN7 and CLN3. The YFP-fusions are expressed at endogenous levels and the proteins can be visualized live without the need for overexpression. Unexpectedly, both CLN7 and CLN3 have restricted expression in the CNS of Drosophila larva and are predominantly expressed in the glia that form the insect blood-brain-barrier. CLN7 is also expressed in neurons in the developing visual system. Analogous with murine CLN3, Drosophila CLN3 is strongly expressed in the excretory and osmoregulatory Malpighian tubules, but the knock-in also reveals unexpected localization of the protein to the apical domain adjacent to the lumen. In addition, some CLN3 protein in the tubules is localized within mitochondria. Our in vivo imaging of CLN7 and CLN3 suggests new possibilities for function and promotes new ideas about the cell biology of the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamin Mohammed
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Megan B O'Hare
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Alice Warley
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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