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Zuo Q, Wu Y, Hu Y, Shao C, Liang Y, Chen L, Guo Q, Huang P, Chen Q. Targeting lipid reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment by traditional Chinese medicines as a potential cancer treatment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30807. [PMID: 38765144 PMCID: PMC11101863 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years, there has been a notable rise in the study of metabolic abnormalities in cancer cells. However, compared to glucose or glutamine metabolism, less attention has been paid to the importance of lipid metabolism in tumorigenesis. Recent developments in lipidomics technologies have allowed for detailed analysis of lipid profiles within cancer cells and other cellular players present within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its bioactive components have a long history of use in cancer treatments and are also being studied for their potential role in regulating metabolic reprogramming within TME. This review focuses on four core abnormalities altered by lipid reprogramming in cancer cells: de novo synthesis and exogenous uptake of fatty acids (FAs), upregulated fatty acid oxidation (FAO), cholesterol accumulation, which offer benefits for tumor growth and metastasis. The review also discusses how altered lipid metabolism impacts infiltrating immune cell function and phenotype as these interactions between cancer-stromal become more pronounced during tumor progression. Finally, recent literature is highlighted regarding how cancer cells can be metabolically reprogrammed by specific Chinese herbal components with potential therapeutic benefits related to lipid metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyu Hu
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Shao
- The First Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liushan Chen
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Breast, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ji H, Tang Z, Jiang K, Lyu S, Zhao Y, Feng J, Dai R, Liang H. Investigating potential biomarkers of acute pancreatitis in patients with a BMI>30 using Mendelian randomization and transcriptomic analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:119. [PMID: 38649912 PMCID: PMC11034057 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) has become a significant global health concern, and a high body mass index (BMI) has been identified as a key risk factor exacerbating this condition. Within this context, lipid metabolism assumes a critical role. The complex relationship between elevated BMI and AP, mediated by lipid metabolism, markedly increases the risk of complications and mortality. This study aimed to accurately define the correlation between BMI and AP, incorporating a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between individuals with high BMI and AP. METHODS Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was first applied to determine the causal relationship between BMI and the risk of AP. Subsequently, three microarray datasets were obtained from the GEO database. This was followed by an analysis of differentially expressed genes and the application of weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify key modular genes associated with AP and elevated BMI. Functional enrichment analysis was then performed to shed light on disease pathogenesis. To identify the most informative genes, machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE), and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), were employed. Subsequent analysis focused on the colocalization of the Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) data associated with the selected genes and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) data related to the disease. Preliminary verification of gene expression trends was conducted using external GEO datasets. Ultimately, the diagnostic potential of these genes was further confirmed through the development of an AP model in mice with a high BMI. RESULTS A total of 21 intersecting genes related to BMI>30, AP, and lipid metabolism were identified from the datasets. These genes were primarily enriched in pathways related to cytosolic DNA sensing, cytokine‒cytokine receptor interactions, and various immune and inflammatory responses. Next, three machine learning techniques were utilized to identify HADH as the most prevalent diagnostic gene. Colocalization analysis revealed that HADH significantly influenced the risk factors associated with BMI and AP. Furthermore, the trend in HADH expression within the external validation dataset aligned with the trend in the experimental data, thus providing a preliminary validation of the experimental findings.The changes in its expression were further validated using external datasets and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). CONCLUSION This study systematically identified HADH as a potential lipid metabolism-grounded biomarker for AP in patients with a BMI>30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ji
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Shuang Lyu
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jiajie Feng
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ruiwu Dai
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
- College of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Hongyin Liang
- Department of Hepatobilialy Surgery, General Surgery Center, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610083, China.
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Nielsen S, Jensen MD. Insulin regulation of regional lipolysis in upper-body obese and lean humans. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e175629. [PMID: 38602778 PMCID: PMC11141918 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper-body obesity (UBO) results in insulin resistance with regards to free fatty acid (FFA) release; how this differs by fat depot and sex between adults with UBO and lean adults is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that insulin suppression of FFA release from the splanchnic bed, leg fat, and upper-body nonsplanchnic (UBNS) adipose tissue would be impaired in UBO. METHODS Fourteen volunteers with UBO (7 men and 7 women) and 14 healthy volunteers with normal weight (7 men and 7 women) participated in studies that included femoral artery, femoral vein, and hepatic vein catheterization. We then measured leg and splanchnic plasma flow as well as FFA kinetics (using isotopic tracers) under overnight fasting as well as low- and high-dose insulin infusion using the insulin clamp technique. RESULTS We found the expected insulin resistance in UBO; the most quantitatively important difference between adults with UBO and lean adults was greater FFA release from UBNS adipose tissue when plasma insulin concentrations were in the postprandial, physiological range. There were obesity, but not sex, differences in the regulation of splanchnic FFA release and sex differences in the regulation of leg FFA release. CONCLUSION Reversing the defects in insulin-regulated UBNS adipose tissue FFA release would have the greatest effect on systemic FFA abnormalities in UBO. FUNDING These studies were supported by the US Public Health Service (grants DK45343 and DK40484), the Novo Nordic Foundation (grant NNF18OC0031804 and NNF16OC0021406), and the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant 8020-00420B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Nielsen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Steno Diabetes Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Eng PC, Phylactou M, Qayum A, Woods C, Lee H, Aziz S, Moore B, Miras AD, Comninos AN, Tan T, Franks S, Dhillo WS, Abbara A. Obesity-Related Hypogonadism in Women. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:171-189. [PMID: 37559411 PMCID: PMC10911953 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a well-characterized condition in men (termed male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism; MOSH); however, an equivalent condition has not been as clearly described in women. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to increase with obesity, but PCOS is more typically characterized by increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (and by proxy luteinizing hormone; LH) pulsatility, rather than by the reduced gonadotropin levels observed in MOSH. Notably, LH levels and LH pulse amplitude are reduced with obesity, both in women with and without PCOS, suggesting that an obesity-related secondary hypogonadism may also exist in women akin to MOSH in men. Herein, we examine the evidence for the existence of a putative non-PCOS "female obesity-related secondary hypogonadism" (FOSH). We précis possible underlying mechanisms for the occurrence of hypogonadism in this context and consider how such mechanisms differ from MOSH in men, and from PCOS in women without obesity. In this review, we consider relevant etiological factors that are altered in obesity and that could impact on GnRH pulsatility to ascertain whether they could contribute to obesity-related secondary hypogonadism including: anti-Müllerian hormone, androgen, insulin, fatty acid, adiponectin, and leptin. More precise phenotyping of hypogonadism in women with obesity could provide further validation for non-PCOS FOSH and preface the ability to define/investigate such a condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chia Eng
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549
| | - Maria Phylactou
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ambreen Qayum
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Casper Woods
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hayoung Lee
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Aziz
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Benedict Moore
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander D Miras
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Steve Franks
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W12 0NN, UK
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Butcko AJ, Putman AK, Mottillo EP. The Intersection of Genetic Factors, Aberrant Nutrient Metabolism and Oxidative Stress in the Progression of Cardiometabolic Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:87. [PMID: 38247511 PMCID: PMC10812494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), which encompasses metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), has been increasing considerably in the past 50 years. CMD is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors such as diet. With the increased reliance on processed foods containing saturated fats, fructose and cholesterol, a mechanistic understanding of how these molecules cause metabolic disease is required. A major pathway by which excessive nutrients contribute to CMD is through oxidative stress. In this review, we discuss how oxidative stress can drive CMD and the role of aberrant nutrient metabolism and genetic risk factors and how they potentially interact to promote progression of MAFLD, CVD and CKD. This review will focus on genetic mutations that are known to alter nutrient metabolism. We discuss the major genetic risk factors for MAFLD, which include Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), Membrane Bound O-Acyltransferase Domain Containing 7 (MBOAT7) and Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 (TM6SF2). In addition, mutations that prevent nutrient uptake cause hypercholesterolemia that contributes to CVD. We also discuss the mechanisms by which MAFLD, CKD and CVD are mutually associated with one another. In addition, some of the genetic risk factors which are associated with MAFLD and CVD are also associated with CKD, while some genetic risk factors seem to dissociate one disease from the other. Through a better understanding of the causative effect of genetic mutations in CMD and how aberrant nutrient metabolism intersects with our genetics, novel therapies and precision approaches can be developed for treating CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Butcko
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ashley K. Putman
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Emilio P. Mottillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, 6135 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (A.J.B.); (A.K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Kueck PJ, Morris JK, Stanford JA. Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:111-129. [PMID: 38196559 PMCID: PMC10774290 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kueck
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Nahmias-Blank D, Maimon O, Meirovitz A, Sheva K, Peretz-Yablonski T, Elkin M. Excess body weight and postmenopausal breast cancer: Emerging molecular mechanisms and perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 96:26-35. [PMID: 37739109 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal, obese women have a significantly higher risk of developing estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors, that are resistant to therapies and are associated with higher recurrence and death rates. The global prevalence of overweight/obese women has reached alarming proportions and with postmenopausal ER+ breast carcinoma (BC) having the highest incidence among the three obesity-related cancers in females (i.e., breast, endometrial and ovarian), this is of significant concern. Elucidation of the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the pro-cancerous action of obesity in ER+BC is therefore critical for disease prevention and novel treatment initiatives. Interestingly, accumulating data has shown opposing relationships between obesity and cancer in either pre- or post-menopausal women. Excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and a decreased risk in pre-menopausal women. Moreover, excess adiposity during early life appears to be protective against postmenopausal breast cancer, including both ER+ and ER negative BC subtypes. Overall, estrogen-dependent mechanisms have been implicated as the main driving force in obesity-related breast tumorigenesis. In the present review we discuss the epidemiologic and mechanistic aspects of association between obesity and breast tumors after menopause, mainly in the context of hormone dependency. Molecular and cellular events underlying this association present as potential avenues for both therapeutic intervention as well as the prevention of BC-promoting processes linked to excess adiposity, which is proving to be vital in an increasingly obese global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nahmias-Blank
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Maimon
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Legacy Heritage Oncology Center and Dr. Larry Norton Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Kim Sheva
- Legacy Heritage Oncology Center and Dr. Larry Norton Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz-Yablonski
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Taghiyar S, Pourrajab F, Aarabi MH. Astaxanthin improves fatty acid dysregulation in diabetes by controlling the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:502-515. [PMID: 37534224 PMCID: PMC10391612 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rising prevalence of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM), new prevention and treatment strategies are needed. The aim was to examine the effect of astaxanthin (AST) on the major regulatory metabolism pathway SIRT-MAPK and fatty acid (FA) profile of plasma in patients with T2DM. This clinical trial included 68 T2DM patients randomly assigned to receive 10 mg/day of oral AST (n = 34) or placebo (n = 33) for 12 weeks. The expression level of SIRT1, AMPK activity, and the level of fatty acids in the serum were examined. The results showed that AST could modify the serum levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly that of Arachidonic acid, from 11.31±0.35 to 8.52±0.72 %. Also, AST increased the expression and activity levels of SIRT1 and AMPK, respectively. Pearson analysis also revealed a significant association between AMPK activity and Linoleic acid serum (LA) levels (~ -0.604, p~0.013). AST can modify the FA profile of plasma by inducing metabolizing cells to uptake them. Also, it can activate the SIRT-AMPK pathway related to metabolism regulation. See also Figure 1(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Taghiyar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourrajab
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Aarabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Grupe K, Scherneck S. Mouse Models of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Its Subtypes: Recent Insights and Pitfalls. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065982. [PMID: 36983056 PMCID: PMC10058162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is currently the most common complication of pregnancy and is defined as a glucose intolerance disorder with recognition during pregnancy. GDM is considered a uniform group of patients in conventional guidelines. In recent years, evidence of the disease's heterogeneity has led to a growing understanding of the value of dividing patients into different subpopulations. Furthermore, in view of the increasing incidence of hyperglycemia outside pregnancy, it is likely that many cases diagnosed as GDM are in fact patients with undiagnosed pre-pregnancy impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Experimental models contribute significantly to the understanding of the pathogenesis of GDM and numerous animal models have been described in the literature. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing mouse models of GDM, in particular those that have been obtained by genetic manipulation. However, these commonly used models have certain limitations in the study of the pathogenesis of GDM and cannot fully describe the heterogeneous spectrum of this polygenic disease. The polygenic New Zealand obese (NZO) mouse is introduced as a recently emerged model of a subpopulation of GDM. Although this strain lacks conventional GDM, it exhibits prediabetes and an IGT both preconceptionally and during gestation. In addition, it should be emphasized that the choice of an appropriate control strain is of great importance in metabolic studies. The commonly used control strain C57BL/6N, which exhibits IGT during gestation, is discussed in this review as a potential model of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Grupe
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Scherneck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Luan D, Dadpey B, Zaid J, Bridge-Comer PE, DeLuca JH, Xia W, Castle J, Reilly SM. Adipocyte-Secreted IL-6 Sensitizes Macrophages to IL-4 Signaling. Diabetes 2023; 72:367-374. [PMID: 36449000 PMCID: PMC9935493 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Complex bidirectional cross talk between adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells plays an important role in regulating adipose function, inflammation, and insulin responsiveness. Adipocytes secrete the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 in response to both inflammatory and catabolic stimuli. Previous studies have suggested that IL-6 secretion from adipocytes in obesity may promote adipose tissue inflammation. Here, we investigated catabolic stimulation of adipocyte IL-6 secretion and its impact on adipose tissue immune cells. In obesity, catecholamine resistance reduces cAMP-driven adipocyte IL-6 secretion in response to catabolic signals. By restoring adipocyte catecholamine sensitivity in obese adipocytes, amlexanox stimulates adipocyte-specific IL-6 secretion. We report that in this context, adipocyte-secreted IL-6 activates local macrophage STAT3 to promote Il4ra expression, thereby sensitizing them to IL-4 signaling and promoting an anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern. Supporting a paracrine adipocyte to macrophage mechanism, these effects could be recapitulated using adipocyte conditioned media to pretreat bone marrow-derived macrophages prior to polarization with IL-4. The effects of IL-6 signaling in adipose tissue are complex and context specific. These results suggest that cAMP-driven IL-6 secretion from adipocytes sensitizes adipose tissue macrophages to IL-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Luan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benyamin Dadpey
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jessica Zaid
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pania E. Bridge-Comer
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Julia H. DeLuca
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wenmin Xia
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Castle
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shannon M. Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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11
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Borlaug BA, Jensen MD, Kitzman DW, Lam CSP, Obokata M, Rider OJ. Obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: new insights and pathophysiological targets. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 118:3434-3450. [PMID: 35880317 PMCID: PMC10202444 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represent two intermingling epidemics driving perhaps the greatest unmet health problem in cardiovascular medicine in the 21st century. Many patients with HFpEF are either overweight or obese, and recent data have shown that increased body fat and its attendant metabolic sequelae have widespread, protean effects systemically and on the cardiovascular system leading to symptomatic HFpEF. The paucity of effective therapies in HFpEF underscores the importance of understanding the distinct pathophysiological mechanisms of obese HFpEF to develop novel therapies. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular features of the obese phenotype of HFpEF, how increased adiposity might pathophysiologically contribute to the phenotype, and how these processes might be targeted therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Oliver J Rider
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Ding X, Bian N, Wang J, Chang X, An Y, Wang G, Liu J. Serum Ferritin Levels Are Associated with Adipose Tissue Dysfunction-Related Indices in Obese Adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:636-643. [PMID: 35297006 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload is associated with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known about the role of iron status on adipose tissue. We aimed to investigate the association of iron metabolism markers with adipose tissue dysfunction-related indices in obese individuals. A total of 226 obese adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were recruited into the study. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, iron, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TSAT), and other clinical parameters were measured. Adipose tissue dysfunction was assessed by adipose tissue insulin resistance (adipose-IR), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) index. Serum ferritin levels, adipose-IR, and VAI progressively increased from class I to class III obesity and significantly higher in class III obesity. Correlation analysis suggested that only serum ferritin levels were positively correlated with adipose-IR (r = 0.284, P < 0.001), VAI (r = 0.209, P = 0.002), and LAP (r = 0.324, P < 0.001). Moreover, further logistic regression analysis revealed serum ferritin was significantly associated with elevated adipose-IR, VAI, and LAP. After adjustment for potential confounders, serum ferritin levels remained independently associated with elevated adipose-IR (OR = 1.004, 95% CI 1.000-1.009, P < 0.05) and VAI (OR = 1.005, 95% CI 1.001-1.009, P < 0.05). Serum ferritin was associated with elevated adipose-IR, VAI, and LAP, suggesting that ferritin could be an important early indicator for the risk of developing adipose tissue dysfunction in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Nannan Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiaona Chang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang district, Beijing, 100020, China.
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13
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Ahiawodzi PD, Furtado JD, Mukamal KJ. Dietary Macronutrients and Circulating Nonesterified Fatty Acids: A Secondary Analysis of the OMNI Heart Crossover Trial. J Nutr 2023; 152:2802-2807. [PMID: 36026540 PMCID: PMC9839991 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) play key roles in the pathophysiology of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether macronutrient content differences affect NEFA concentrations in a randomized crossover trial. METHODS Total NEFAs were measured from postintervention specimens of participants in the OMNI Heart trial (Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease). OMNI Heart compared 3 healthful diets to evaluate their effect on systolic blood pressure and serum LDL cholesterol: carbohydrate-rich diet (58% carbohydrate); protein-rich diet (25% protein), about half from plant sources; and a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids (21% unsaturated fat), predominantly monounsaturated. The trial included 164 participants who consumed the 3 diets, each for 6 wk. Data were analyzed from the 156 participants with unthawed serum available from the week 6 visit for all diet periods. We used ANCOVA and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) to compare serum NEFA concentrations across the 3 diet periods. RESULTS The mean ± SD age of study participants was 52.9 ± 10.6 y and mean BMI was 30.3 ± 6.1 kg/m2. Fifty-five percent of participants were women and 55% were African American. Comparisons of adjusted mean serum NEFA concentrations after each diet intervention identified no statistically significant differences (58% carbohydrate: 0.144 ± 0.083 mEq/L; 25% protein: 0.143 ± 0.076 mEq/L; 21% unsaturated fat: 0.143 ± 0.084 mEq/L; ANCOVA, P = 0.99). Likewise, we observed no significant serum NEFA concentration difference by diet in adjusted GEE models. In adjusted models, serum NEFA concentrations were positively associated, as anticipated, with female sex and higher BMI. CONCLUSIONS In this randomized crossover trial, we observed nearly identical serum NEFA concentrations after each of 3 healthful diets, regardless of macronutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Ahiawodzi
- Department of Public Health, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy D Furtado
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Division of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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The Cognitive Improvement and Alleviation of Brain Hypermetabolism Caused by FFAR3 Ablation in Tg2576 Mice Is Persistent under Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113591. [PMID: 36362376 PMCID: PMC9654726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and aging are becoming increasingly prevalent across the globe. It has been established that aging is the major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it is becoming increasingly evident that obesity and the associated insulin resistance are also notably relevant risk factors. The biological plausibility of the link between high adiposity, insulin resistance, and dementia is central for understanding AD etiology, and to form bases for prevention efforts to decrease the disease burden. Several studies have demonstrated a strong association between short chain fatty acid receptor FFAR3 and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, it has been recently established that FFAR3 mRNA levels are increased in early stages of the AD pathology, indicating that FFAR3 could play a key role in AD onset and progression. Indeed, in the present study we demonstrate that the ablation of the Ffar3 gene in Tg2576 mice prevents the development of cognitive deficiencies in advanced stages of the disease. Notably, this cognitive improvement is also maintained upon a severe metabolic challenge such as the exposure to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Moreover, FFAR3 deletion restores the brain hypermetabolism displayed by Tg2576 mice. Collectively, these data postulate FFAR3 as a potential novel target for AD.
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15
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Alsenousy AHA, El-Tahan RA, Ghazal NA, Piñol R, Millán A, Ali LMA, Kamel MA. The Anti-Obesity Potential of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats: Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Adipose Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102134. [PMID: 36297569 PMCID: PMC9607364 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a pandemic disease that is rapidly growing into a serious health problem and has economic impact on healthcare systems. This bleak image has elicited creative responses, and nanotechnology is a promising approach in obesity treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on a high-fat-diet rat model of obesity and compared their effect to a traditional anti-obesity drug (orlistat). METHODS The obese rats were treated daily with orlistat and/or SPIONs once per week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. Then, the animals were sacrificed to obtain white adipose tissues (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) for assessment of the expression of thermogenic genes and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN). RESULTS For the first time, we reported promising ameliorating effects of SPIONs treatments against weight gain, hyperglycemia, adiponectin, leptin, and dyslipidemia in obese rats. At the molecular level, surprisingly, SPIONs treatments markedly corrected the disturbed expression and protein content of inflammatory markers and parameters controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and functions in BAT and WAT. CONCLUSIONS SPIONs have a powerful anti-obesity effect by acting as an inducer of WAT browning and activator of BAT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha H. A. Alsenousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Rasha A. El-Tahan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Nesma A. Ghazal
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Rafael Piñol
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Millán
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
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16
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Rydén M, Andersson DP, Kotopouli MI, Stenberg E, Näslund E, Thorell A, Sørensen TIA, Arner P. Lipolysis defect in people with obesity who undergo metabolic surgery. J Intern Med 2022; 292:667-678. [PMID: 35670497 PMCID: PMC9540545 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional studies demonstrate that catecholamine stimulation of fat cell lipolysis is blunted in obesity. We investigated whether this defect persists after substantial weight loss has been induced by metabolic surgery, and whether it is related to the outcome. DESIGN/METHODS Patients with obesity not able to successfully reduce body weight by conventional means (n = 126) were investigated before and 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB). They were compared with propensity-score matched subjects selected from a control group (n = 1017), and with the entire group after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), fat cell volume and other clinical parameters. Catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis (glycerol release) was investigated in isolated fat cells using noradrenaline (natural hormone) or isoprenaline (synthetic beta-adrenoceptor agonist). RESULTS Following RYGB, BMI was reduced from 39.9 (37.5-43.5) (median and interquartile range) to 29.5 (26.7-31.9) kg/m2 (p < 0.0001). The post-RYGB patients had about 50% lower lipolysis rates compared with the matched and total series of controls (p < 0.0005). Nordrenaline activation of lipolysis at baseline was associated with the RYGB effect; those with high lipolysis activation (upper tertile) lost 30%-45% more in body weight, BMI or fat mass than those with low (bottom tertile) initial lipolysis activation (p < 0.0007). CONCLUSION Patients with obesity requiring metabolic surgery have impaired ability of catecholamines to stimulate lipolysis, which remains despite long-term normalization of body weight by RYGB. Furthermore, preoperative variations in the ability of catecholamines to activate lipolysis may predict the long-term reduction in body weight and fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria I Kotopouli
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Stenberg
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyds Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Macrophages Upregulate Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Model of Obesity-Associated Breast Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182844. [PMID: 36139419 PMCID: PMC9496942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and obesity are two heterogeneous conditions with a tremendous impact on health. BC is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, and the prevalence of obesity in women worldwide reaches pandemic proportions. Obesity is a significant risk factor for both incidence and worse prognosis in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the association between excess adiposity and increased risk/therapy resistance/poorer outcome of ER+, but not ER−negative (ER−), BC are not fully understood. Tumor-promoting action of obesity, predominantly in ER + BC patients, is often attributed to the augmented production of estrogen in ‘obese’ adipose tissue. However, in addition to the estrogen production, expression levels of ER represent a key determinant in hormone-driven breast tumorigenesis and therapy response. Here, utilizing in vitro and in vivo models of BC, we show that macrophages, whose adverse activation by obesogenic substances is fueled by heparanase (extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme), are capable of upregulating ER expression in tumor cells, in the setting of obesity-associated BC. These findings underscore a previously unknown mechanism through which interplay between cellular/extracellular elements of obesity-associated BC microenvironment influences estrogen sensitivity—a critical component in hormone-related cancer progression and resistance to therapy.
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18
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Sorimachi H, Omote K, Omar M, Popovic D, Verbrugge FH, Reddy YNV, Lin G, Obokata M, Miles JM, Jensen MD, Borlaug BA. Sex and central obesity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1359-1370. [PMID: 35599453 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), particularly in women, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of central adiposity in patients with HFpEF and explore potential sex differences. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 124 women and 105 men with HFpEF underwent invasive haemodynamic exercise testing and rest echocardiography. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. Exercise-normalized pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) responses were evaluated by the ratio of PCWP to workload (PCWP/W) and after normalizing to body weight (PCWL). The prevalence of central obesity (77%) exceeded that of general obesity (62%) defined by body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 . Compared to patients without central adiposity, patients with HFpEF and central obesity displayed greater prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidaemia, higher right and left heart filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures during exertion, and more severely reduced aerobic capacity. Associations between WC and fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, peak workload, and pulmonary artery pressures were observed in women but not in men with HFpEF. Although increased WC was associated with elevated PCWP in both sexes, the association with PCWP/W was observed in women but not in men. The strength of correlation between PCWP/W and WC was more robust in women with HFpEF as compared to men (Meng's test p = 0.0008), and a significant sex interaction was observed in the relationship between PCWL and WC (p for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Central obesity is even more common than general obesity in HFpEF, and there appear to be important sexual dimorphisms in its relationships with metabolic abnormalities and haemodynamic perturbations, with greater impact in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Sorimachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kazunori Omote
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Massar Omar
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dejana Popovic
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Frederik H Verbrugge
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospital Brussels, Jette, Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Yogesh N V Reddy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masaru Obokata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John M Miles
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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19
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Chen IC, Awasthi D, Hsu CL, Song M, Chae CS, Dannenberg AJ, Cubillos-Ruiz JR. High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Alters Dendritic Cell Homeostasis by Enhancing Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:69-76. [PMID: 35697385 PMCID: PMC9247030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cancer risk and weak responses to vaccination and sepsis treatment. Although dendritic cells (DCs) are fundamental for the initiation and maintenance of competent immune responses against pathogens and tumors, how obesity alters the normal physiology of these myeloid cells remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report that obesity caused by prolonged high-fat diet feeding disrupts the metabolic and functional status of mouse splenic DCs (SpDCs). High-fat diet-induced obesity drastically altered the global transcriptional profile of SpDCs, causing severe changes in the expression of gene programs implicated in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. SpDCs isolated from obese mice demonstrated enhanced mitochondrial respiration provoked by increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which drove the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species that impaired Ag presentation to T cells. Accordingly, treatment with the FAO inhibitor etomoxir, or antioxidants such as vitamin E or N-acetyl-l-cysteine, restored the Ag-presenting capacity of SpDCs isolated from obese mice. Our findings reveal a major detrimental effect of obesity in DC physiology and suggest that controlling mitochondrial FAO or reactive oxygen species overproduction may help improve DC function in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Deepika Awasthi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; and
| | - Chang-Suk Chae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY;
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University. New York, NY
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20
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The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071088. [PMID: 35887592 PMCID: PMC9320035 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) commonly present with component risk factors for cardiometabolic risk and combined risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS). These primary risk factors include obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia/insulin resistance, and hypertension. Commonly referred to as “silent killers”, cardiometabolic risk and CMS increase the threat of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death after SCI. This narrative review will examine current data and the etiopathogenesis of cardiometabolic risk, CMS, and cardiovascular disease associated with SCI, focusing on pivotal research on cardiometabolic sequelae from the last five years. The review will also provide current diagnosis and surveillance criteria for cardiometabolic disorders after SCI, a novel obesity classification system based on percent total body fat, and lifestyle management strategies to improve cardiometabolic health.
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21
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Inhibition of palmitic acid induced adipogenesis by natural polyphenols in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:396-407. [PMID: 35678984 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dietary free fatty acids induce preadipocyte differentiation in the presence of a hormonal cocktail in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Plant polyphenols are curb adipocyte differentiation and protect from metabolic stress. In the present study, we examined the effects of the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid (PA) in presence of flavonoids, chrysin (CR) and hesperidin (HD) and phenolic acid, syringic acid (SYA) and sinapic acid (SIA). Adipocytes were incubated for 10 d with 100 μmol of PA along with 10-100 µmol CR/HD and 100-1000 µmol SYA/SIA. PA induced clonal expansion of preadipocytes, differentiation and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cells following 10 d of differentiation. Adipocytes treated with PA exhibited an increase of 300% in clonal population, 110% lipid and 172% reactive oxygen species accumulation. But treatment with CR, HD, SYA and SIA in the presence of PA concentration-dependent effect was observed. Concentrations of CR/HD and SYA/SIA inhibited PA-induced mRNA expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, FAS and NOX4. Moreover, CR, HD, SYA and SIA did not exhibit toxicity in Drosophila DNA. In summary, these results suggest that dietary fatty acids act directly on adipocytes and addition of CR, HD, SYA and SIA resulted in reduction of PA-induced negative effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. HIGHLIGHTS: • Palmitic acid, the common dietary free fatty acid, is known to induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. • Treatment of differentiating adipocytes with flavonoids and phenolic acids reduced palmitic acid-induced clonal expansion of preadipocytes. • Phytocompounds reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride production as well as ROS accumulation. • Thus, the phytocompounds showed effective anti-adipogenic activity even in palmitic acid challenged environment in adipocytes.
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22
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Khalafi M, Azali Alamdari K, Symonds ME, Rohani H, Sakhaei MH. A comparison of the impact of exercise training with dietary intervention versus dietary intervention alone on insulin resistance and glucose regulation in individual with overweight or obesity: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9349-9363. [PMID: 35442133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes for which exercise training (Ex) and dietary interventions (DI) are effective interventions that can improve IR. We therefore performed a systematic meta-analysis to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on IR and glucose homeostasis. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane Library were conducted up to May 2021. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effect of Ex + DI compared with DI on fasting glucose and insulin, IR and body weight. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed using random or fixed effect models. RESULTS Fifty studies involving 2864 participants with overweight or obesity were included in the meta-analysis. Ex + DI caused a larger decrease in fasting glucose (p = 0.001, 62 trials) and IR (p = 0.01, 29 trials) when compared with DI alone. There was no significant evidence, however, for a greater effect of Ex + DI on fasting insulin (p = 0.07, 48 trials) and body weight (p = 0.12, 58 trials), compared with DI alone. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a combination of Ex and DI may be more effective than DI alone at improving IR and fasting glucose in individuals with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hadi Rohani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
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Henning C, Stübner C, Arabi SH, Reichenwallner J, Hinderberger D, Fiedler R, Girndt M, Di Sanzo S, Ori A, Glomb MA. Glycation Alters the Fatty Acid Binding Capacity of Human Serum Albumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3033-3046. [PMID: 35194998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycation significantly alters the physicochemical and biofunctional properties of proteins in foods and in vivo. In the present study, human serum albumin (HSA) as the major transporter of fatty acids was modified with glyoxal under physiological conditions. Reversibly albumin-bound glyoxal was removed, and advanced glycation end products were quantitated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The total modification of protein-bound lysine and arginine residues reached up to 4.2 and 9.6%, respectively. The impact of these modifications on the transport capacity of long-chain fatty acids was characterized by spin-labeled fatty acid probes via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. With increasing degree of glycation, the equivalence of the seven binding sites of native HSA with a dissociation constant of 0.74 ± 0.09 μM was set off with only the three high-affinity sites 2, 4, and 5 remaining (0.46 ± 0.07 μM). The other four sites were shifted to low affinities with significantly higher dissociation constants (1.32 ± 0.35 μM). Tryptic peptide mapping enabled us to relate these findings to molecular changes at specific binding sites. Modification hotspots identified were lysine 351, 286, 159 and arginine 144, 485, 117. Further investigation of plasma protein samples of uremic patients vs healthy controls gave first insights into the in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Henning
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Christine Stübner
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Seyed Hamidreza Arabi
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jörg Reichenwallner
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Roman Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Simone Di Sanzo
- Leibniz Institute on Aging─Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ori
- Leibniz Institute on Aging─Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus A Glomb
- Institute of Chemistry, Food Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Abdollahi A, Dowden BN, Buhman KK, Zembroski AS, Henderson GC. Albumin knockout mice exhibit reduced plasma free fatty acid concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15161. [PMID: 35238481 PMCID: PMC8892599 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating albumin is expected to play a significant role in the trafficking of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) between tissues, such as FFA transfer from adipose tissue to the liver. However, it was not yet known how disrupting FFA binding to albumin in circulation would alter lipid metabolism and any resulting impacts upon control of glycemia. To improve understanding of metabolic control, we aimed to determine whether lack of serum albumin would decrease plasma FFA, hepatic lipid storage, whole body substrate oxidation, and glucose metabolism. Male and female homozygous albumin knockout mice and C57BL/6J wild type controls, each on a standard diet containing a moderate fat content, were studied at 6-8 weeks of age. Indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance testing, insulin tolerance testing, exercise performance, plasma proteome, and tissue analyses were performed. In both sexes of albumin knockout mice compared to the wild type mice, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed for plasma FFA concentration, hepatic triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol content, blood glucose during the glucose tolerance test, and blood glucose during the insulin tolerance test. Albumin deficiency did not reduce whole body fat oxidation over a 24-h period and did not alter exercise performance in an incremental treadmill test. The system-level phenotypic changes in lipid and glucose metabolism were accompanied by reduced hepatic perilipin-2 expression (p < 0.05), as well as increased expression of adiponectin (p < 0.05) and glucose transporter-4 (p < 0.05) in adipose tissue. The results indicate an important role of albumin and plasma FFA concentration in lipid metabolism and glucoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Brianna N. Dowden
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kimberly K. Buhman
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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25
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Effects of Green Apple (Golden Delicious) and Its Three Major Flavonols Consumption on Obesity, Lipids, and Oxidative Stress in Obese Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041243. [PMID: 35209038 PMCID: PMC8877779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming increasingly common all over the world and global strategies are accordingly being developed to prevent it. In order to support the strategies, the effects of green apple (Golden Delicious) and the consumption of its three major flavonols (quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-D-galactoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside) on body weight; the weight of liver, kidney, and spleen; some lipid parameters in serum; and total lipid ratios of liver and kidney and oxidative stress parameters of obese rats were studied. This study was conducted on two experimental groups: one of which was given an apple, and the other was given flavonols, in addition to their high-energy diet; along with a sham and a control rat group, for 4 weeks. According to results, there was no difference in body and organ weights between groups. The liver and kidney weights increased in obese rats, but there was no difference between the total lipid ratios in these organs. The addition of green apple and selected flavonols to the high-energy diet of rats was not sufficient to prevent the increase in body and organ weights, but it supported the reduction in some lipid fractions and in oxidative stress parameters of obese rats. Moreover, this study supported the argument that obesity causes most of the lipid fractions increase in serum and induces oxidative stress.
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26
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Sasaki N, Maeda R, Ozono R, Nakano Y, Higashi Y. Association of obesity with serum free fatty acid levels in individuals at different stages of prediabetes. Clin Obes 2022; 12:e12496. [PMID: 34821047 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the associations of prediabetes categories and obesity with serum free fatty acid (FFA) levels and adipose tissue insulin resistance. This study included 5006 male participants (1779, 1025, 629, 874, and 699 with normal fasting glucose/normal glucose tolerance, isolated impaired fasting glucose [IFG], isolated impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], IFG plus IGT, and diabetes, respectively). Serum FFA levels were assessed before and 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose ingestion, and the total area under the FFA curve (AUCFFA ) was calculated. Adipose insulin resistance index (adipo-IR) was assessed based on fasting FFA and insulin concentrations. Isolated IFG was associated with high fasting FFA levels (OR, 1.35; p < 0.001) and high adipo-IR (OR, 1.82; p < 0.001) only in the nonobesity group. Isolated IGT, IFG plus IGT, and diabetes were associated with high fasting FFA levels, regardless of obesity. Obesity was significantly associated with AUCFFA , and the duration of obesity-related impairment in lipolysis inhibition after glucose ingestion was prolonged in IFG plus IGT and diabetes. These results suggest that IFG and obesity may overlap in their effects on FFA metabolism whereas IGT has significant effects on FFA independent of obesity. Obesity impact on lipolysis may be involved in worsening glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Sasaki
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Health Management and Promotion Center, Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Casualty Council, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ozono
- Department of General Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Tumor Metabolism Is Affected by Obesity in Preclinical Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030562. [PMID: 35158830 PMCID: PMC8833372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity promotes both development and progression of breast cancer. As a disease, obesity is followed by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. The impact of obesity, accumulation of fat depots, and related markers on the metabolism of tumors still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to characterize the putative differences in the metabolism of tumors from obese and lean mice. The findings reported here could help tailor personalized treatments targeting tumor metabolism in obese cancer patients by identifying the metabolic preferences of these tumors. Abstract Obesity is characterized by an excessive fat mass accumulation associated with multiple disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, altered adipokine levels, and hyperlipidemia. Despite clear associations between tumor progression and obesity, the effects of these disorders on tumor metabolism remain largely unknown. Thus, we studied the metabolic differences between tumors of obese and lean mice in murine models of triple-negative breast cancer (E0771 and PY8819). For this purpose, a real-time hyperpolarized 1-13C-pyruvate-to-lactate conversion was studied before and after glucose administration in fasting mice. This work was completed by U-13C glucose tracing experiments using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry (MS). Ex vivo analyses included immunostainings of major lipid, glucose, and monocarboxylic acids transporters. On the one hand, we discovered that tumors of obese mice yield higher lactate/pyruvate ratios after glucose administration. On the other hand, we found that the same tumors produce higher levels of lactate and alanine from glucose than tumors from lean mice, while no differences on the expression of key transporters associated with glycolysis (i.e., GLUT1, MCT1, MCT4) have been observed. In conclusion, our data suggests that breast tumor metabolism is regulated by the host’s physiological status, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Valentine JM, Ahmadian M, Keinan O, Abu-Odeh M, Zhao P, Zhou X, Keller MP, Gao H, Yu RT, Liddle C, Downes M, Zhang J, Lusis AJ, Attie AD, Evans RM, Rydén M, Saltiel AR. β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation leads to adipocyte catecholamine resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153357. [PMID: 34847077 PMCID: PMC8759781 DOI: 10.1172/jci153357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of energy homeostasis in obesity involves multihormone resistance. Although leptin and insulin resistance have been well characterized, catecholamine resistance remains largely unexplored. Murine β3-adrenergic receptor expression in adipocytes is orders of magnitude higher compared with that of other isoforms. While resistant to classical desensitization pathways, its mRNA (Adrb3) and protein expression are dramatically downregulated after ligand exposure (homologous desensitization). β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation also occurs after high-fat diet feeding, concurrent with catecholamine resistance and elevated inflammation. This downregulation is recapitulated in vitro by TNF-α treatment (heterologous desensitization). Both homologous and heterologous desensitization of Adrb3 were triggered by induction of the pseudokinase TRIB1 downstream of the EPAC/RAP2A/PI-PLC pathway. TRIB1 in turn degraded the primary transcriptional activator of Adrb3, CEBPα. EPAC/RAP inhibition enhanced catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and energy expenditure in obese mice. Moreover, adipose tissue expression of genes in this pathway correlated with body weight extremes in a cohort of genetically diverse mice and with BMI in 2 independent cohorts of humans. These data implicate a signaling axis that may explain reduced hormone-stimulated lipolysis in obesity and resistance to therapeutic interventions with β3-adrenergic receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark P. Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruth T. Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Sydney School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alan D. Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald M. Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Pharmacology, Bioengineering, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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Frasca D, Romero M, Garcia D, Diaz A, Blomberg BB. Obesity Accelerates Age-Associated Defects in Human B Cells Through a Metabolic Reprogramming Induced by the Fatty Acid Palmitate. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 2:828697. [PMID: 35822047 PMCID: PMC9261304 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.828697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the secretion of autoimmune antibodies in plasma samples and in culture supernatants of blood-derived B cells from four groups of individuals: young lean (YL), elderly lean (EL), young obese (YO) and elderly obese (EO). We found secretion comparable in YO and EL individuals, suggesting that obesity accelerates age-associated defects in circulating B cells. To define at least one possible molecular pathway involved, we used an in vitro model in which B cells from YL and EL individuals have been stimulated with the Fatty Acid (FA) palmitate, the most common saturated FA in the human body. The rationale to use palmitate is that there is a chronic increase in circulating levels of palmitate, due to increased spontaneous lipolysis occurring during aging and obesity, and this may induce autoimmune B cells. Results herein show that in vitro incubation of B cells from YL and EL individuals with the FA palmitate induces mRNA expression of T-bet, the transcription factor for autoimmune antibodies, as well as secretion of autoimmune IgG antibodies, with B cells from YL individuals looking similar to B cells from EL individuals, confirming our initial hypothesis. The generation of autoimmune B cells in the presence of the FA palmitate was found to be associated with a metabolic reprogramming of B cells from both YL and EL individuals. These results altogether show the critical role of the FA palmitate in inducing human B cell immunosenescence and show for the first time the importance of metabolic pathways in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniela Frasca,
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Denisse Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bonnie B. Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Role of Distinct Fat Depots in Metabolic Regulation and Pathological Implications. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 186:135-176. [PMID: 35915363 DOI: 10.1007/112_2022_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
People suffering from obesity and associated metabolic disorders including diabetes are increasing exponentially around the world. Adipose tissue (AT) distribution and alteration in their biochemical properties play a major role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that AT heterogeneity and depot-specific physiological changes are vital in the development of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues like muscle and liver. Classically, AT depots are classified into white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT); WAT is the site of fatty acid storage, while BAT is a dedicated organ of metabolic heat production. The discovery of beige adipocyte clusters in WAT depots indicates AT heterogeneity has a more central role than hither to ascribed. Therefore, we have discussed in detail the current state of understanding on cellular and molecular origin of different AT depots and their relevance toward physiological metabolic homeostasis. A major focus is to highlight the correlation between altered WAT distribution in the body and metabolic pathogenesis in animal models and humans. We have also underscored the disparity in the molecular (including signaling) changes in various WAT tissues during diabetic pathogenesis. Exercise-mediated beneficial alteration in WAT physiology/distribution that protects against metabolic disorders is evolving. Here we have discussed the depot-specific biochemical adjustments induced by different forms of exercise. A detailed understanding of the molecular details of inter-organ crosstalk via substrate utilization/storage and signaling through chemokines provide strategies to target selected WAT depots to pharmacologically mimic the benefits of exercise countering metabolic diseases including diabetes.
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Kim SY, Song YS, Kim SK, Cho YW, Kim KS. Postprandial Free Fatty Acids at Mid-Pregnancy Increase the Risk of Large-for-Gestational-Age Newborns in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:140-148. [PMID: 34365777 PMCID: PMC8831808 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between free fatty acid (FFA) level at mid-pregnancy and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS We enrolled 710 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM from February 2009 to October 2016. GDM was diagnosed by a 'two-step' approach with Carpenter and Coustan criteria. We measured plasma lipid profiles including fasting and 2-hour postprandial FFA (2h-FFA) levels at mid-pregnancy. LGA was defined if birthweights of newborns were above the 90th percentile for their gestational age. RESULTS Mean age of pregnant women in this study was 33.1 years. Mean pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was 22.4 kg/m2. The prevalence of LGA was 8.3% (n=59). Levels of 2h-FFA were higher in women who delivered LGA newborns than in those who delivered non-LGA newborns (416.7 μEq/L vs. 352.5 μEq/L, P=0.006). However, fasting FFA was not significantly different between the two groups. The prevalence of delivering LGA newborns was increased with increasing tertile of 2h-FFA (T1, 4.3%; T2, 9.8%; T3, 10.7%; P for trend <0.05). After adjustment for maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, and fasting plasma glucose, the highest tertile of 2h-FFA was 2.38 times (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 5.13) more likely to have LGA newborns than the lowest tertile. However, there was no significant difference between groups according to fasting FFA tertiles. CONCLUSION In women with GDM, a high 2h-FFA level (but not fasting FFA) at mid-pregnancy is associated with an increasing risk of delivering LGA newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Shin Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Corresponding author: Kyung-Soo Kim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7738-2284 Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13496, Korea E-mail:
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Fang C, Wang L, Qiao J, Chang L, He Q, Zhang X, Liu M. Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β and TNF-α production in macrophages by palmitate via modulating TLR4 downstream signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108456. [PMID: 34923420 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic patients are susceptible to infectious diseases. Bacterial invasion activates immune cells such as macrophages through interaction between LPS and TLR4, and induces the expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β and TNF-α, which play key roles in the elimination of infections. Unregulated overproduction or underproduction of these cytokines has been reported as a major factor in the development of septic shock, immune deficiency, and autoimmunity. Recent studies found that metabolic abnormalities of diabetes, such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, played a major role in modulating the immune response. In this study, we studied the effects of palmitic acid (PA) pretreatment on LPS-induced IL-1β and TNF-α production and LPS-TLR4 signaling in macrophages. Compared with control, PA pretreatment significantly increased LPS-induced TNF-α production and secretion in macrophages. In contrast, LPS-induced IL-1β production and secretion was significantly suppressed by PA pretreatment. PA pretreatment did not affect the expression levels of TLR4 or Myd88, or the endocytosis of TLR4 in macrophages. However, PA pretreatment significantly suppressed the phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2, whereas increased the phosphorylation levels of p38 and JNK. The activation of IKK which was upstream of NF-κB and ERK1/2 was attenuated, while the activation of TAK1 which was upstream of JNK and p38 was augmented by PA pretreatment. Inhibitors of NF-κB, MEK1/2, and p38 significantly decreased IL-1β expression, while JNK and p38 pathway inhibitors significantly inhibited TNF-α expression. The differential regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1β production by PA was associated with cellular metabolism of PA, because inhibiting metabolism of PA with etomoxir or pretreatment with Br-PA which cannot be metabolized reversed these effects. We also showed that PA treatment increased acetylated IKK level which might contribute to the suppressed activation of IKK. The present study showed that LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β was regulated by different TLR4 downstream pathways in macrophages. PA differentially affected LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β in macrophages through differentially modulating these pathways. Further experiments will be needed to determine how these phenomena lead to the impaired immune response in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyun Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingting Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Chang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Arya S, Gourley AJ, Penedo JC, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Fatty acids may influence insulin dynamics through modulation of albumin-Zn 2+ interactions. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100172. [PMID: 34725844 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin is stored within the pancreas in an inactive Zn2+ -bound hexameric form prior to release. Similarly, clinical insulins contain Zn2+ and form multimeric complexes. Upon release from the pancreas or upon injection, insulin only becomes active once Zn2+ disengages from the complex. In plasma and other extracellular fluids, the majority of Zn2+ is bound to human serum albumin (HSA), which plays a vital role in controlling insulin pharmacodynamics by enabling removal of Zn2+ . The Zn2+ -binding properties of HSA are attenuated by non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) also transported by HSA. Elevated NEFA concentrations are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Here we present the hypothesis that higher NEFA levels in obese and/or diabetic individuals may contribute to insulin resistance and affect therapeutic insulin dose-response profiles, through modulation of HSA/Zn2+ dynamics. We envisage this novel concept to have important implications for personalized treatments and management of diabetes-related conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Arya
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Adam J Gourley
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - J Carlos Penedo
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
| | | | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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Liu JC, Liu SH, Fu G, Qiu XR, Jiang RD, Huang SY, Zhu YL, Li WZ. Blood Immune Cell Composition Associated with Obesity and Drug Repositioning Revealed by Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Conjoint Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:714643. [PMID: 34712134 PMCID: PMC8546369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was designed to analyze the composition of immune cells in obesity and identify novel and potent drugs for obesity management by epigenetic and transcriptomic conjoint analysis. DNA methylation data set (GSE166611) and mRNA expression microarray (GSE18897) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 72 objects (35 obese samples and 37 controls) were included in the study. Immune cell composition analysis, drug repositioning, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed using CIBERSORT, connectivity map (CMap), and GSEA tools. Besides, we performed a single-cell RNA-seq of the immune cells from whole blood samples obtained from one obese patient and one healthy control. mRNA levels of drug target genes were analyzed by qPCR assay in blood samples from six patients and six healthy controls. Immune cell composition analysis found that CD8 + T cells and NK cells were significantly lower in the obese group. 11 drugs/compounds are considered to possess obesity-control potential, such as atorvastatin. Moreover, the expression of drug targets (STAT3, MCL1, PMAIP1, SOD2, FOX O 3, FOS, FKBP5) in obese patients were higher than those in controls. In conclusion, immune cells are potential therapeutic targets for obesity. Our results also contribute to accelerate research on drug development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Chen Liu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Liu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Qiu
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Run-Dong Jiang
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Huang
- Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomics, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Li Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Sánchez YL, Yepes-Calderón M, Valbuena L, Milán AF, Trillos-Almanza MC, Granados S, Peña M, Estrada-Castrillón M, Aristizábal JC, Narvez-Sanchez R, Gallo-Villegas J, Calderón JC. Musclin Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Body Composition, but Not to Body Mass Index or Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Adults. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1055-1068. [PMID: 34674511 PMCID: PMC8566119 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied whether musclin function in humans is related to glycemic control, body composition, and cardiorespiratory capacity. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in sedentary adults with or without metabolic syndrome (MS). Serum musclin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance (IR) was evaluated by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle composition by measuring carnosine in the thigh, a surrogate of fiber types, through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through direct ergospirometry. RESULTS The control (n=29) and MS (n=61) groups were comparable in age (51.5±6.5 years old vs. 50.7±6.1 years old), sex (72.4% vs. 70.5% women), total lean mass (58.5%±7.4% vs. 57.3%±6.8%), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) (31.0±5.8 mL O2./kg.min vs. 29.2±6.3 mL O2/kg.min). Individuals with MS had higher body mass index (BMI) (30.6±4.0 kg/m2 vs. 27.4± 3.6 kg/m2), HOMA-IR (3.5 [95% confidence interval, CI, 2.9 to 4.6] vs. 1.7 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0]), and musclin (206.7 pg/mL [95% CI, 122.7 to 387.8] vs. 111.1 pg/mL [95% CI, 63.2 to 218.5]) values than controls (P˂0.05). Musclin showed a significant relationship with HOMA-IR (β=0.23; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.33; P˂0.01), but not with VO2peak, in multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, lean mass, and physical activity. Musclin was significantly associated with insulin, glycemia, visceral fat, and regional muscle mass, but not with BMI, VCO2peak, maximum heart rate, maximum time of work, or carnosine. CONCLUSION In humans, musclin positively correlates with insulinemia, IR, and a body composition profile with high visceral adiposity and lean mass, but low body fat percentage. Musclin is not related to BMI or cardiorespiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliana L. Sánchez
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Manuela Yepes-Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Luis Valbuena
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
- Indeportes Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Andrés F. Milán
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - María C. Trillos-Almanza
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Sergio Granados
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Miguel Peña
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | | | - Juan C. Aristizábal
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Raúl Narvez-Sanchez
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Jaime Gallo-Villegas
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
- Sports Medicine Postgraduate Program, and GRINMADE Research Group, SICOR Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
| | - Juan C. Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin,
Colombia
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Ontawong A, Pasachan T, Trisuwan K, Soodvilai S, Duangjai A, Pongchaidecha A, Amornlerdpison D, Srimaroeng C. Coffea arabica pulp aqueous extract attenuates oxidative stress and hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Effect of Resistance Exercise on the Lipolysis Pathway in Obese Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090874. [PMID: 34575649 PMCID: PMC8471631 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise may stimulate lipolytic activity within adipose tissue. Furthermore, resistance exercise may contribute to the more efficient reduction in adipose tissue mass and prevent the accumulation thereof in obese women. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of regular resistance exercise for 12 weeks on the lipolysis pathway in women with obesity. Twenty-three pre- and postmenopausal women with body fat percentages of 30% or more were divided into the premenopausal group (n = 9) and the postmenopausal group (n = 14). All subjects participated in resistance exercise training for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and physical fitness tests were performed on all participants. Protein analyses were performed on extracted subcutaneous fatty tissue, and changes in the relevant protein levels in the samples were analyzed by Western blotting. All serum samples were submitted for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of adipocyte factors. After 12 weeks, the adipose triglyceride lipase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and perilipin1 protein levels were significantly lower in the postmenopausal group than in the premenopausal group. The hormone-sensitive lipase protein levels were significantly higher in the postmenopausal group than in the premenopausal group. In addition, leptin concentrations were significantly decreased after resistance exercise in the postmenopausal group. Adiponectin concentrations were significantly increased after resistance exercise in both groups. These findings indicate that regular resistance exercise is effective in reducing the weight and body fat of obese premenopausal women, and in the secretion of adiponectin. On the other hand, postmenopausal women were found to have redeced weight and body fat, and were found to be positive for the secretion of adipokine factors. In addition, positive changes in lipolysis pathway factors in adipose tissue promote lipid degradation and reduce fat mass. Thus, regular resistance exercise shows positive changes in the lipolysis pathway more effectively in weight and body fat reduction in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women.
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Henderson GC. Plasma Free Fatty Acid Concentration as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Metabolic Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082590. [PMID: 34444750 PMCID: PMC8402049 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration is elevated in obesity, insulin resistance (IR), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and related comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, experimentally manipulating plasma FFA in the laboratory setting modulates metabolic markers of these disease processes. In this article, evidence is presented indicating that plasma FFA is a disease risk factor. Elevations of plasma FFA can promote ectopic lipid deposition, IR, as well as vascular and cardiac dysfunction. Typically, elevated plasma FFA results from accelerated adipose tissue lipolysis, caused by a high adipose tissue mass, adrenal hormones, or other physiological stressors. Reducing an individual’s postabsorptive and postprandial plasma FFA concentration is expected to improve health. Lifestyle change could provide a significant opportunity for plasma FFA reduction. Various factors can impact plasma FFA concentration, such as chronic restriction of dietary energy intake and weight loss, as well as exercise, sleep quality and quantity, and cigarette smoking. In this review, consideration is given to multiple factors which lead to plasma FFA elevation and subsequent disruption of metabolic health. From considering a variety of medical conditions and lifestyle factors, it becomes clear that plasma FFA concentration is a modifiable risk factor for metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bini J, Norcross M, Cheung M, Duffy A. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Bariatric Surgery Research: a Review. Obes Surg 2021; 31:4592-4606. [PMID: 34304378 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, initially understood as restricting or bypassing the amount of food that reaches the stomach to reduce food intake and/or increase malabsorption of food to promote weight loss, is now recognized to also affect incretin signaling in the gut and promote improvements in system-wide metabolism. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique whereby patients are injected with picomolar concentrations of radioactive molecules, below the threshold of having physiological effects, to measure spatial distributions of blood flow, metabolism, receptor, and enzyme pharmacology. Recent advances in both whole-body PET imaging and radioligand development will allow for novel research that may help clarify the roles of peripheral and central receptor/enzyme systems in treating obesity with bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Maija Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Duffy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Henkel J, Klauder J, Statz M, Wohlenberg AS, Kuipers S, Vahrenbrink M, Püschel GP. Enhanced Palmitate-Induced Interleukin-8 Formation in Human Macrophages by Insulin or Prostaglandin E 2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050449. [PMID: 33919366 PMCID: PMC8143371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages in pathologically expanded dysfunctional white adipose tissue are exposed to a mix of potential modulators of inflammatory response, including fatty acids released from insulin-resistant adipocytes, increased levels of insulin produced to compensate insulin resistance, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) released from activated macrophages. The current study addressed the question of how palmitate might interact with insulin or PGE2 to induce the formation of the chemotactic pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). Human THP-1 cells were differentiated into macrophages. In these macrophages, palmitate induced IL-8 formation. Insulin enhanced the induction of IL-8 formation by palmitate as well as the palmitate-dependent stimulation of PGE2 synthesis. PGE2 in turn elicited IL-8 formation on its own and enhanced the induction of IL-8 release by palmitate, most likely by activating the EP4 receptor. Since IL-8 causes insulin resistance and fosters inflammation, the increase in palmitate-induced IL-8 formation that is caused by hyperinsulinemia and locally produced PGE2 in chronically inflamed adipose tissue might favor disease progression in a vicious feed-forward cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Henkel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-33200-885285
| | - Julia Klauder
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Meike Statz
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Wohlenberg
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Sonja Kuipers
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Madita Vahrenbrink
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Gerhard Paul Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (J.K.); (M.S.); (A.-S.W.); (S.K.); (M.V.); (G.P.P.)
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Paoli A, Casolo A, Saoncella M, Bertaggia C, Fantin M, Bianco A, Marcolin G, Moro T. Effect of an Endurance and Strength Mixed Circuit Training on Regional Fat Thickness: The Quest for the "Spot Reduction". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3845. [PMID: 33917584 PMCID: PMC8038840 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of adipose tissue in specific body areas is related to many physiological and hormonal variables. Spot reduction (SR) is a training protocol aimed to stimulate lipolysis locally, even though this training protocol has not been extensively studied in recent years. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the effect of a circuit-training SR on subcutaneous adipose tissue in healthy adults. METHODS Fourteen volunteers were randomly assigned to spot reduction (SR) or to a traditional resistance training (RT) protocol. Body composition via bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and subcutaneous adipose tissue via skinfold and ultrasound were measured before and after eight weeks of training. RESULTS SR significantly reduced body mass (p < 0.05) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS circuit-training SR may be an efficient strategy to reduce in a localized manner abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue depot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Matteo Saoncella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Carlo Bertaggia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.P.); (A.C.); (M.S.); (C.B.); (M.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Shi J, Wang Z, Zhang W, Niu Y, Lin N, Li X, Zhang H, Ning G, Fan J, Qin L, Su Q, Yang Z. Neck circumference as an independent predictor for NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:30. [PMID: 33731171 PMCID: PMC7967966 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neck circumference, a proxy for upper-body subcutaneous fat, is a unique and pathogenic fat depot that confers additional metabolic risk. The purpose of present study was to determine whether neck circumference associates with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Methods A cross-sectional survey (n = 2492) and a 3.1-year follow-up investigation (n = 1354) were conducted among Chinese postmenopausal women with normal BMI (18.5 to < 25 kg/m2). Neck circumference was measured horizontally at the lower margin of the laryngeal prominence. Results In the cross-sectional analysis, large neck circumference was associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio 2.28; 95% CI 1.74–2.98; highest tertile versus lowest tertile) after adjustment for confounding factors. Among 1354 subjects without the NAFLD at baseline, 429 (31.7%) incident NAFLD cases occurred at 3.1 years. Neck circumference was positively associated with triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin. Individuals with large baseline neck circumference had a significantly higher risk of NAFLD than those with small neck circumference. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio was 1.42 (95% CI 1.15–1.97; p for trend = 0.004) for the highest versus the lowest tertile of neck circumference, and was 1.22 (95% CI 1.10–1.41; p = 0.006) per 1-standard deviation increment in neck circumference. Conclusions Among postmenopausal women with normal BMI, relatively large neck circumference levels are associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-021-00562-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Pathology, Risk Factors, and Oxidative Damage Related to Type 2 Diabetes-Mediated Alzheimer's Disease and the Rescuing Effects of the Potent Antioxidant Anthocyanin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:4051207. [PMID: 33728019 PMCID: PMC7936905 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathology and neurodegeneration in type 2 diabetes- (T2D-) mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been reported in several studies. Despite the lack of information regarding the basic underlying mechanisms involved in the development of T2D-mediated AD, some common features of the two conditions have been reported, such as brain atrophy, reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance. T2D phenotypes such as glucose dyshomeostasis, insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, and systemic inflammatory cytokines have been shown to be involved in the progression of AD pathology by increasing amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and overall neuroinflammation. Similarly, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the generation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor (RAGE) as a result of chronic hyperglycemia may serve as critical links between diabetes and AD. The natural dietary polyflavonoid anthocyanin enhances insulin sensitivity, attenuates insulin resistance at the level of the target tissues, inhibits free fatty acid oxidation, and abrogates the release of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in obese (prediabetic) individuals, which are responsible for insulin resistance, systemic hyperglycemia, systemic inflammation, brain metabolism dyshomeostasis, amyloid-beta accumulation, and neuroinflammatory responses. In this review, we have shown that obesity may induce T2D-mediated AD and assessed the recent therapeutic advances, especially the use of anthocyanin, against T2D-mediated AD pathology. Taken together, the findings of current studies may help elucidate a new approach for the prevention and treatment of T2D-mediated AD by using the polyflavonoid anthocyanin.
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Zhang K, Pan H, Wang L, Yang H, Zhu H, Gong F. Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance is Closely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Northern Chinese Populations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:1117-1128. [PMID: 33737823 PMCID: PMC7965693 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s291350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity-related metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between adipose tissue insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MS) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we explored the relationship between the adipose tissue insulin resistance index (Adipo-IR) (fasting insulin × free fatty acids) and MS and the predictive power of Adipo-IR for MS in northern Chinese populations. METHODS A total of 312 subjects, 186 subjects with MS, 80 nonmetabolic syndrome (NMS) subjects with central obesity, and 46 normal controls were recruited. The general clinical information, biochemical measurements, and oral glucose tolerance tests were evaluated. Serum adiponectin levels were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Adipo-IR was 2.32-fold higher in NMS subjects and 2.62-fold higher in MS subjects than in normal controls in male subjects; in female subjects, it was 1.75-fold and 3.58-fold higher, respectively (P < 0.05). Female subjects with MS had higher Adipo-IR than male subjects (P < 0.001). Adipo-IR was independently positively correlated with waist circumference, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, and fasting blood glucose and negatively correlated with adiponectin (P < 0.05). Subjects with the highest Adipo-IR tertile had a 2.758-fold higher risk of MS than subjects with the lowest tertile after adjusting for potential confounders (95% confidence interval: 1.552-9.096; P = 0.003). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the predictive power of Adipo-IR for MS was 73.1% and 79.2% in male and female subjects, respectively, with optimal cutoff values of 3.84 and 5.92 mU/L×mmol/L. CONCLUSION Adipo-IR provides a simple method to study adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Adipo-IR is associated with MS and is an important predictor of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, The People Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Huijuan Zhu; Fengying Gong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 1# Shuai Fu Yuan Hu Tong, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-69155100Fax +86-10-69155073 Email ;
| | - Fengying Gong
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Jian C, Xu Y, Shen Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Bao Y. Association Between Neck Circumference and Microalbuminuria in Community Residents. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2407-2414. [PMID: 34093027 PMCID: PMC8169818 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s313202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neck circumference (NC) represents the subcutaneous fat deposition in the neck and is an effective indicator for evaluating metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Microalbuminuria (MAU) is regarded as a potential sign of systemic endothelial dysfunction and microvascular abnormalities. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of NC with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and MAU. METHODS A total of 1882 Shanghai community residents were enrolled (816 men and 1066 women), with age ranging from 40 to 80 years. Anthropometric parameters, including NC, and biochemical indices were measured. MAU was determined if 30 mg/g ≤ UACR < 300 mg/g. An elevated NC was defined as NC ≥ 38.5 cm for men and NC ≥ 34.5 cm for women. RESULTS Individuals with an elevated NC had significantly higher prevalence of MAU and UACR values than those with normal NC in both men and women (all P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that there were significant and positive associations between elevated NC and the increasing risk of MAU after adjusting for lipid profile and glycemic indices (P = 0.007 for men and P = 0.009 for women). After further adjusting for blood pressure, elevated NC caused an 69.3% additional risk of MAU in men (P = 0.037) and the positive correlation in women disappeared (P = 0.131). CONCLUSION There was an independent and positive association between elevated NC and the risk of MAU in men in the Chinese community population. CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY WWWCHICTRORGCN REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900024011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Jian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaojing Ma; Yuqian Bao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-64369181Fax +86-21-64368031 Email ;
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes; Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, 200233, People’s Republic of China
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Arredondo-Amador M, Zambrano C, Kulyté A, Luján J, Hu K, Sánchez de Medina F, Scheer FAJL, Arner P, Ryden M, Martínez-Augustin O, Garaulet M. Circadian Rhythms in Hormone-sensitive Lipase in Human Adipose Tissue: Relationship to Meal Timing and Fasting Duration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5877911. [PMID: 32725188 PMCID: PMC7538104 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fat mobilization in adipose tissue (AT) has a specific timing. However, circadian rhythms in the activity of the major enzyme responsible for fat mobilization, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), have not been demonstrated in humans. OBJECTIVE To analyze in a cross-sectional study whether there is an endogenous circadian rhythm in HSL activity in human AT ex vivo and whether rhythm characteristics are related to food timing or fasting duration. METHODS Abdominal AT biopsies were obtained from 18 severely obese participants (age: 46 ± 11 years; body mass index 42 ± 6 kg/m2) who underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass. Twenty-four-hour rhythms of HSL activity and LIPE (HSL transcript in humans) expression in subcutaneous AT were analyzed together with habitual food timing and night fasting duration. RESULTS HSL activity exhibited a circadian rhythm (P = .023) and reached the maximum value at circadian time 16 (CT) that corresponded to around midnight (relative local clock time. Similarly, LIPE displayed a circadian rhythm with acrophase also at night (P = .0002). Participants with longer night fasting duration >11.20 hours displayed almost double the amplitude (1.91 times) in HSL activity rhythm than those with short duration (P = .013); while habitual early diners (before 21:52 hours) had 1.60 times higher amplitude than late diners (P = .035). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate circadian rhythms in HSL activity and may lead to a better understanding of the intricate relationships between food timing, fasting duration and body fat regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Arredondo-Amador
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Zambrano
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB)-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agné Kulyté
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (H7) Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juán Luján
- General Surgery Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kun Hu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Arner
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (H7) Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ryden
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (H7) Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs, Granada, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos José Mataix, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB)-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Marta Garaulet, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, s/n. 30100, Murcia, Spain; or Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s, Boston, MA, USA. E-mail: ;
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Rampersaud AM, Dunk CE, Lye SJ, Renaud SJ. Palmitic acid induces inflammation in placental trophoblasts and impairs their migration toward smooth muscle cells through plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:850-865. [PMID: 32898274 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical component of early human placental development includes migration of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) into the decidua. EVTs migrate toward and displace vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) surrounding several uterine structures, including spiral arteries. Shallow trophoblast invasion features in several pregnancy complications including preeclampsia. Maternal obesity is a risk factor for placental dysfunction, suggesting that factors within an obese environment may impair early placental development. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid circulating at high levels in obese women, induces an inflammatory response in EVTs that hinders their capacity to migrate toward SMCs. We found that SMCs and SMC-conditioned media stimulated migration and invasion of an EVT-like cell line, HTR8/SVneo. Palmitic acid impaired EVT migration and invasion toward SMCs, and induced expression of several vasoactive and inflammatory mediators in EVTs, including endothelin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and PAI1. PAI1 was increased in plasma of women with early-onset preeclampsia, and PAI1-deficient EVTs were protected from the anti-migratory effects of palmitic acid. Using first trimester placental explants, palmitic acid exposure decreased EVT invasion through Matrigel. Our findings reveal that palmitic acid induces an inflammatory response in EVTs and attenuates their migration through a mechanism involving PAI1. High levels of palmitic acid in pathophysiological situations like obesity may impair early placental development and predispose to placental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Rampersaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline E Dunk
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Lye
- Research Centre for Women's and Infants' Health, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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Isacco L, Ennequin G, Boisseau N. Effect of Fat Mass Localization on Fat Oxidation During Endurance Exercise in Women. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585137. [PMID: 33192597 PMCID: PMC7642265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent of total body fat mass, predominant upper body fat mass distribution is strongly associated with cardio-metabolic comorbidities. However, the mechanisms underlying fat mass localization are not fully understood. Although a large body of evidence indicates sex-specific fat mass distribution, women are still excluded from many physiological studies and their specific features have been investigated only in few studies. Moreover, endurance exercise is an effective strategy for improving fat oxidation, suggesting that regular endurance exercise could contribute to the management of body composition and metabolic health. However, no firm conclusion has been reached on the effect of fat mass localization on fat oxidation during endurance exercise. By analyzing the available literature, this review wants to determine the effect of fat mass localization on fat oxidation rate during endurance exercise in women, and to identify future research directions to advance our knowledge on this topic. Despite a relatively limited level of evidence, the analyzed studies indicate that fat oxidation during endurance exercise is higher in women with lower upper-to-lower-body fat mass ratio than in women with higher upper-to-lower-body fat mass ratio. Interestingly, obesity may blunt the specific effect of upper and lower body fat mass distribution on fat oxidation observed in women with normal weight during endurance exercise. Studying and understanding the physiological responses of women to exercise are essential to develop appropriate physical activity strategies and ultimately to improve the prevention and treatment of cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Isacco
- EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Boisseau
- Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en Conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Lipids in the tumor microenvironment: From cancer progression to treatment. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101055. [PMID: 32791170 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the study of metabolic abnormalities in cancer cells has risen dramatically. Cancer cells can thrive in challenging environments, be it the hypoxic and nutrient-deplete tumor microenvironment or a distant tissue following metastasis. The ways in which cancer cells utilize lipids are often influenced by the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment and adjacent stroma. Adipocytes can be activated by cancer cells to lipolyze their triglyceride stores, delivering secreted fatty acids to cancer cells for uptake through numerous fatty acid transporters. Cancer-associated fibroblasts are also implicated in lipid secretion for cancer cell catabolism and lipid signaling leading to activation of mitogenic and migratory pathways. As these cancer-stromal interactions are exacerbated during tumor progression, fatty acids secreted into the microenvironment can impact infiltrating immune cell function and phenotype. Lipid metabolic abnormalities such as increased fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipid synthesis can provide survival advantages for the tumor to resist chemotherapeutic and radiation treatments and alleviate cellular stresses involved in the metastatic cascade. In this review, we highlight recent literature that demonstrates how lipids can shape each part of the cancer lifecycle and show that there is significant potential for therapeutic intervention surrounding lipid metabolic and signaling pathways.
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Ryan BJ, Schleh MW, Ahn C, Ludzki AC, Gillen JB, Varshney P, Van Pelt DW, Pitchford LM, Chenevert TL, Gioscia-Ryan RA, Howton SM, Rode T, Hummel SL, Burant CF, Little JP, Horowitz JF. Moderate-Intensity Exercise and High-Intensity Interval Training Affect Insulin Sensitivity Similarly in Obese Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5850995. [PMID: 32492705 PMCID: PMC7347288 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on insulin sensitivity and other important metabolic adaptations in adults with obesity. METHODS Thirty-one inactive adults with obesity (age: 31 ± 6 years; body mass index: 33 ± 3 kg/m2) completed 12 weeks (4 sessions/week) of either HIIT (10 × 1-minute at 90%HRmax, 1-minute active recovery; n = 16) or MICT (45 minutes at 70%HRmax; n = 15). To assess the direct effects of exercise independent of weight/fat loss, participants were required to maintain body mass. RESULTS Training increased peak oxygen uptake by ~10% in both HIIT and MICT (P < 0.0001), and body weight/fat mass were unchanged. Peripheral insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) was ~20% greater the day after the final exercise session compared to pretraining (P < 0.01), with no difference between HIIT and MICT. When trained participants abstained from exercise for 4 days, insulin sensitivity returned to pretraining levels in both groups. HIIT and MICT also induced similar increases in abundance of many skeletal muscle proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Training-induced alterations in muscle lipid profile were also similar between groups. CONCLUSION Despite large differences in training intensity and exercise time, 12 weeks of HIIT and MICT induce similar acute improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity the day after exercise, and similar longer term metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle in adults with obesity. These findings support the notion that the insulin-sensitizing effects of both HIIT and MICT are mediated by factors stemming from the most recent exercise session(s) rather than adaptations that accrue with training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Ryan
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael W Schleh
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cheehoon Ahn
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison C Ludzki
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jenna B Gillen
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pallavi Varshney
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Douglas W Van Pelt
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lisa M Pitchford
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Rachel A Gioscia-Ryan
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Suzette M Howton
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas Rode
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott L Hummel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Charles F Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey F Horowitz
- Substrate Metabolism Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Jeffrey F. Horowitz, PhD, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 401 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109-2214.
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