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Allam SA, Elnomrosy SM, Mohamed SM. Virulent-MDR-ESBL E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae report from North Sinai calves diarrhea and in vitro antimicrobial by Moringa oleifera. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:259. [PMID: 38877453 PMCID: PMC11179377 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The health of calves has a significant impact on the production of cows and livestock. Some desert plants have pharmacological importance, as they can be used to reduce antibiotic resistance. Our hypothesis is designed to detect Virulent- Multidrug-Resistant and Extended- spectrum Beta- lactamase Enterobacteriaceae (Virulent-MDR-ESBL Enterobacteriaceae and to determine whether Moringa oleifera has antibacterial activity against the detected isolates. A total of 39 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 28 diarrheic samples were collected from calves aged between 20 days and 20 months from 3 different flocks in North Sinai, Sahl-Eltina region, Egypt. E.coli 46% (18/39), O157 13% (5/39), Klebsiella pneumoniae 41% (16/39). MDR members accounted for 87%, while ESBL isolates accounted for 43%. The antibacterial activity is represented by microdilution. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera ranged from 2.5,5,10, and 25mg/ ml among E.coli isolates, and O157 was susceptible to (2.5mg/ ml), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to (5-50mg/ ml). Analysis of the methanol extract revealed that ferulic acid was the dominant phenolic compound with a concentration of 29,832 parts per million (ppm). In silico docking study expected the active site of ferulic acid to act on the tyrosine bacterial enzyme through Pi-alkyl, Pi-anion, Carbon hydrogen bonds, and extra ionic attractive interactions with copper ions which can stabilize ferulic acid inside the targeted pocket Diverse virulent gene profiles were observed in E. coli. The Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) was reported in 83% of the isolated E. coli, while the DNA gyrase (gyrA) was harbored in 100% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Various profiles of antibiotic resistance genes for both E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were distinguished. blaTEM genes were detected in 99% of E. coli and 100% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sequence analysis for E. coli strain DRC-North Sinai-Eg was placed in accession numbers (OP955786) for the Shiga toxin 2 gene (Stx2A), (OP997748) and (OP997749) for the Adhesion to host cell gene (Eae). For the hemolysine gene (hylA), the accession number was (OP946183). Klebsiella pneumoniae strain DRC-North Sinai-Eg was placed in (OP946180) for (gyrA). This study has proven the broad range of Moringa oliefera's antibacterial effects in vitro against the virulent-MDR- ESBL E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from North Sinai calves diarrhea. These are congruent with the disability effect on bacterial tyrosinase enzyme through docking study therefore, we recommend the usage of this desert plant as a prospective feed additive, we endorse this as an antibacterial new insight natural source and for the medication of considered pathogens with zoonotic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar A Allam
- Infectious Disease Unit, Animal and Poultry Health Department, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, 1 Mataria Museum Street, Cairo, 11753, Egypt.
- Technology Incubator for Nano Agricultural Application, Desert Research Center, 1 Mataria Museum Street, Cairo, 11753, Egypt.
| | - Sara M Elnomrosy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samy M Mohamed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research center, Al-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Kalalah AA, Koenig SSK, Feng P, Bosilevac JM, Bono JL, Eppinger M. Pathogenomes of Shiga Toxin Positive and Negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains TT12A and TT12B: Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analysis Using Closed Genomes. Microorganisms 2024; 12:699. [PMID: 38674643 PMCID: PMC11052207 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are zoonotic pathogens that cause food-borne human disease. Among these, the O157:H7 serotype has evolved from an enteropathogenic O55:H7 ancestor through the displacement of the somatic gene cluster and recurrent toxigenic conversion by Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages. However, atypical strains that lack the Shiga toxin, the characteristic virulence hallmark, are circulating in this lineage. For this study, we analyzed the pathogenome and virulence inventories of the stx+ strain, TT12A, isolated from a patient with hemorrhagic colitis, and its respective co-isolated stx- strain, TT12B. Sequencing the genomes to closure proved critical to the cataloguing of subtle strain differentiating sequence and structural polymorphisms at a high-level of phylogenetic accuracy and resolution. Phylogenomic profiling revealed SNP and MLST profiles similar to the near clonal outbreak isolates. Their prophage inventories, however, were notably different. The attenuated atypical non-shigatoxigenic status of TT12B is explained by the absence of both the ΦStx1a- and ΦStx2a-prophages carried by TT12A, and we also recorded further alterations in the non-Stx prophage complement. Phenotypic characterization indicated that culture growth was directly impacted by the strains' distinct lytic phage complement. Altogether, our phylogenomic and phenotypic analyses show that these intimately related isogenic strains are on divergent Stx(+/stx-) evolutionary paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Kalalah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Sara S. K. Koenig
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Peter Feng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Joseph M. Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - James L. Bono
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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Li L, Han K, Mao X, Wang L, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Tan Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Li Y, Peng H, Li X, Hu C, Wang X. Oral phages prophylaxis against mixed Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109923. [PMID: 38061277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium are the main pathogens of diarrhea in weaned piglets. The prevention of bacterial diarrhea in weaned piglets by phage is rarely reported. We conducted this study to evaluate the preventive effect of phages on mixed Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. A novel phage named NJ12 was isolated by using Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 as host bacteria and characterized by electron microscopy, genomic analysis and in vitro bacteriostatic activity. Phage NJ12 and a previously reported phage EP01 were microencapsulated with sodium alginate to make phage cocktail. Microencapsulated phage cocktail and PBS (Phosphate buffer solution) were used to piglets the phage and phage-free group through oral administration before bacterial infection 2 h, respectively. Piglets of the phage and phage-free group were consumed with feed contaminated with 6 mL (108CFU/mL) Escherichia coli O157:H7 GN07 (GXEC-N07) and 6 mL (108CFU/mL) SM022 every day for seven consecutive days. The results showed that piglets in the phage-free group had more severe diarrhea, larger decreased average weight gain and higher levels of neutrophils compared with piglets in phage group. Meanwhile, piglets in the phage-free group had higher load of SM022 and GN07 in jejunal tissue and more severe intestinal damage compared with piglets in group phage in vivo. In addition, oral administration phage can significant decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae but hardly repaired the changes of diversity and composition of gut microbiota caused by the mixed infection of SM022 and GN07. This implies that phage used as a feed additive have a marvelous preventive effect on bacterial diarrhea during weaning of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China.
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Yun YS, Park DY, Oh IH, Shin WR, Ahn G, Ahn JY, Kim YH. Pathogenic Factors and Recent Study on the Rapid Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00985-8. [PMID: 38153662 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the pathogenicity and detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC), shedding light on its various genetic and clinical manifestations. STEC originating from E. coli acquires pathogenicity through mobility and genetic elements. The pathogenicity of STEC is explored in terms of clinical progression, complications, and key toxins such as Shiga toxin (Stx). Stx1 and Stx2 are two distinct Stx types exhibiting different toxicities, with Stx2 often associated with severe diseases. This review also delves into Subtilase cytotoxin, an additional cytotoxin produced by some STEC strains. Pathogenic mechanisms of STEC, such as attaching and effacing intestinal lesions, are discussed, with a focus on roles of genetic factors. Plasmids in STEC can confer unique pathogenicity. Hybridization with other pathogenic E. coli can create more lethal pathogens. This review covers a range of detection methods, ranging from DNA amplification to antigen detection techniques, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches to improve the sensitivity and speed of STEC diagnosis. In conclusion, understanding diverse aspects of STEC pathogenicity and exploring enhanced diagnostic methods are critical to addressing this foodborne pathogen effectively. Pathology of Shiga toxin toxicity. STEC-derived Shiga toxin consists of one A subunit and five B subunits. Pathological symptoms of the disease can progress to HUS within two weeks after the onset of diarrhea. Shiga toxin intoxication is also associated with many complications, such as neurological and cardiac complications. This figure was reconstructed based on data from Bruyand et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Yun
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gna Ahn
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-Ro, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Whelan S, Lucey B, Finn K. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: The Molecular Basis for Challenges to Effective Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2169. [PMID: 37764013 PMCID: PMC10537683 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, especially among women and older adults, leading to a significant global healthcare cost burden. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common cause and accounts for the majority of community-acquired UTIs. Infection by UPEC can cause discomfort, polyuria, and fever. More serious clinical consequences can result in urosepsis, kidney damage, and death. UPEC is a highly adaptive pathogen which presents significant treatment challenges rooted in a complex interplay of molecular factors that allow UPEC to evade host defences, persist within the urinary tract, and resist antibiotic therapy. This review discusses these factors, which include the key genes responsible for adhesion, toxin production, and iron acquisition. Additionally, it addresses antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including chromosomal gene mutations, antibiotic deactivating enzymes, drug efflux, and the role of mobile genetic elements in their dissemination. Furthermore, we provide a forward-looking analysis of emerging alternative therapies, such as phage therapy, nano-formulations, and interventions based on nanomaterials, as well as vaccines and strategies for immunomodulation. This review underscores the continued need for research into the molecular basis of pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance in the treatment of UPEC, as well as the need for clinically guided treatment of UTIs, particularly in light of the rapid spread of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Whelan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Karen Finn
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Atlantic Technological University Galway City, Dublin Road, H91 T8NW Galway, Ireland
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Soffritti I, D’Accolti M, Bini F, Mazziga E, Volta A, Bisi M, Rossi S, Viroli F, Balzani M, Petitta M, Mazzacane S, Caselli E. Characterization of the Pathogenic Potential of the Beach Sand Microbiome and Assessment of Quicklime as a Remediation Tool. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2031. [PMID: 37630591 PMCID: PMC10460030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beach sand may act as a reservoir for potential human pathogens, posing a public health risk. Despite this, the microbiological monitoring of sand microbiome is rarely performed to determine beach quality. In this study, the sand microbial population of a Northern Adriatic Sea beach sand was profiled by microbiological (CFU counts) and molecular methods (WGS, microarray), showing significant presence of potential human pathogens including drug-resistant strains. Consistent with these results, the potential of quicklime as a restoring method was tested in vitro and on-field. Collected data showed that adding 1-3% quicklime (w/w) to sand provided an up to -99% of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, till 45 days post-treatment. In conclusion, data suggest that accurate monitoring of sand microbiome may be essential, besides water, to assess beach quality and safety. Moreover, first evidences of quicklime potential for sand decontamination are provided, suggesting its usage as a possible way to restore the microbiological quality of sand in highly contaminated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria D’Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesca Bini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Mazziga
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Antonella Volta
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Matteo Bisi
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Building and Construction Cluster of the Emilia Romagna Region, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Viroli
- TekneHub, Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcello Balzani
- TekneHub, Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Petitta
- Department of Earth Sciences, University “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sante Mazzacane
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and LTTA, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
- CIAS Research Center, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (A.V.); (M.B.); (S.M.)
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Castro VS, Ngo S, Stanford K. Influence of temperature and pH on induction of Shiga toxin Stx1a in Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1181027. [PMID: 37485504 PMCID: PMC10359099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1181027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing strains represent pathogenic group that is of concern in food production. The present study evaluated forty-eight E. coli isolates (11 with intact stx gene, while remaining isolates presented only stx-fragments) for Shiga toxin production. The four most expressive stx-producers (O26, O103, O145, and O157) were selected to evaluate effects of pH (3.5, 4.5, and 7) and temperature (35, 40, and 50°C). After determining acid stress effects in media on Stx-induction, we mimicked "in natura" conditions using milk, apple, and orange juices. Only isolates that showed the presence of intact stx gene (11/48) produced Shiga toxin. In addition, acid pH had a role in down-regulating the production of Shiga toxin, in both lactic acid and juices. In contrast, non-lethal heating (40°C), when in neutral pH and milk was a favorable environment to induce Shiga toxin. Lastly, two isolates (O26 and O103) showed a higher capacity to produce Shiga toxin and were included in a genomic cluster with other E. coli involved in worldwide foodborne outbreaks. The induction of this toxin when subjected to 40°C may represent a potential risk to the consumer, since the pathogenic effect of oral ingestion of Shiga toxin has already been proved in an animal model.
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Leszczyńska K, Święcicka I, Daniluk T, Lebensztejn D, Chmielewska-Deptuła S, Leszczyńska D, Gawor J, Kliber M. Escherichia albertii as a Potential Enteropathogen in the Light of Epidemiological and Genomic Studies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1384. [PMID: 37510288 PMCID: PMC10379040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii is a new enteropathogen of humans and animals. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pathogenicity of E. albertii strains isolated in northeastern Poland using epidemiological and genomic studies. In 2015-2018, a total of 1154 fecal samples from children and adults, 497 bird droppings, 212 food samples, 92 water samples, and 500 lactose-negative E. coli strains were tested. A total of 42 E. albertii strains were isolated. The PCR method was suitable for their rapid identification. In total, 33.3% of E. albertii isolates were resistant to one antibiotic, and 16.7% to two. Isolates were sensitive to cefepime, imipenem, levofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and did not produce ESBL β-lactamases. High genetic variability of E. albertii has been demonstrated. In the PFGE method, 90.5% of the strains had distinct pulsotypes. In MLST typing, 85.7% of strains were assigned distinct sequence types (STs), of which 64% were novel ST types. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and Paa toxin genes were found in 100% of E. albertii isolates. Genes encoding toxins, IbeA, CdtB type 2, Tsh and Shiga (Stx2f), were found in 26.2%, 9.7%, 1.7%, and 0.4% of E. albertii isolates, respectively. The chromosome size of the tested strains ranged from 4,573,338 to 5,141,010 bp (average 4,784,003 bp), and at least one plasmid was present in all strains. The study contributes to a more accurate assessment of the genetic diversity of E. albertii and the potential threat it poses to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Święcicka
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Bialystok, ul. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Tamara Daniluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Allergology and Pulmonology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Chmielewska-Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Leszczyńska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequecing and Synthesis Facility, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kliber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Enginnering, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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9
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Monteiro R, Chafsey I, Caccia N, Ageorges V, Leroy S, Viala D, Hébraud M, Livrelli V, Pizza M, Pezzicoli A, Desvaux M. Specific Proteomic Identification of Collagen-Binding Proteins in Escherichia coli O157:H7: Characterisation of OmpA as a Potent Vaccine Antigen. Cells 2023; 12:1634. [PMID: 37371104 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a versatile commensal species of the animal gut that can also be a pathogen able to cause intestinal and extraintestinal infections. The plasticity of its genome has led to the evolution of pathogenic strains, which represent a threat to global health. Additionally, E. coli strains are major drivers of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgent need for new treatment and prevention measures. The antigenic and structural heterogeneity of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli colonisation factors has limited their use for the development of effective and cross-protective vaccines. However, the emergence of new strains that express virulence factors deriving from different E. coli diarrhoeagenic pathotypes suggests that a vaccine targeting conserved proteins could be a more effective approach. In this study, we conducted proteomics analysis and functional protein characterisation to identify a group of proteins potentially involved in the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to the extracellular matrix and intestinal epithelial cells. Among them, OmpA has been identified as a highly conserved and immunogenic antigen, playing a significant role in the adhesion phenotype of E. coli O157:H7 and in bacterial aggregation. Furthermore, antibodies raised against recombinant OmpA effectively reduced the adhesion of E. coli O157:H7 to intestinal epithelial cells. The present work highlights the role of OmpA as a potent antigen for the development of a vaccine against intestinal pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Monteiro
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ingrid Chafsey
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nelly Caccia
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Sabine Leroy
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Viala
- INRAE, Metabolism Exploration Platform, Proteomic Component (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRAE, UCA, UMR0454 MEDIS, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRAE, Metabolism Exploration Platform, Proteomic Component (PFEMcp), 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | | | - Mariagrazia Pizza
- GSK, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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10
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Sokolovic M, Šimpraga B, Amšel-Zelenika T, Berendika M, Krstulović F. Prevalence and Characterization of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Animal Feed in Croatia. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1839. [PMID: 36144441 PMCID: PMC9505133 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey on prevalence and number of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) in animal feed was carried out over a period of nine years in the Republic of Croatia. A total of 1688 feed samples were collected from feed factories and poultry farms. Analysis included two standard procedures: sample enrichment and (a) immunomagnetic separation and plating on two selective media; or (b) plating on two selective media. Confirmation of STEC included morphological examination, biochemical tests, serotyping, and polymerase chain reaction. Morphological and biochemical characterization revealed 629 E. coli strains. Further serological screening method revealed 78 STEC and EPEC serotypes, while only 27 strains were confirmed as STEC with PCR. All positive samples (1.6%) originated from poultry farms and contained combination of virulence genes: eaeA, stx1, and/or stx2. Since the presence of stx (especially stx2) and eae are identified as risk factors for development of severe diseases in humans, results of this survey indicate that avian sources of STEC infections might be one of those "undefined sources" of human illnesses. Further research is necessary for evaluation of risks posed by contaminated feed, poultry, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Sokolovic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Borka Šimpraga
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Poultry Centre, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Muchaamba F, Barmettler K, Treier A, Houf K, Stephan R. Microbiology and Epidemiology of Escherichia albertii—An Emerging Elusive Foodborne Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050875. [PMID: 35630320 PMCID: PMC9145129 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia albertii, a close relative of E. coli, is an emerging zoonotic foodborne pathogen associated with watery diarrhea mainly in children and immunocompromised individuals. E. albertii was initially classified as eae-positive Hafnia alvei, however, as more genetic and biochemical information became available it was reassigned to its current novel taxonomy. Its infections are common under conditions of poor hygiene with confirmed transmission via contaminated water and food, mainly poultry-based products. This pathogen has been isolated from various domestic and wild animals, with most isolates being derived from birds, implying that birds among other wild animals might act as its reservoir. Due to the absence of standardized isolation and identification protocols, E. albertii can be misidentified as other Enterobacteriaceae. Exploiting phenotypes such as its inability to ferment rhamnose and xylose and PCR assays targeting E. albertii-specific genes such as the cytolethal distending toxin and the DNA-binding transcriptional activator of cysteine biosynthesis encoding genes can be used to accurately identify this pathogen. Several gaps exist in our knowledge of E. albertii and need to be bridged. A deeper understanding of E. albertii epidemiology and physiology is required to allow the development of effective measures to control its transmission and infections. Overall, current data suggest that E. albertii might play a more significant role in global infectious diarrhea cases than previously assumed and is often overlooked or misidentified. Therefore, simple, and efficient diagnostic tools that cover E. albertii biodiversity are required for effective isolation and identification of this elusive agent of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Muchaamba
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karen Barmettler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Andrea Treier
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.B.); (A.T.); (R.S.)
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12
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Aditya A, Li Y, Biswas D. Antagonistic Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acids of Lactobacillus casei against Foodborne Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Food Prot 2022; 85:712-719. [PMID: 35113991 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Probiotics in fermented foods or commercially available supplements benefit the host by providing metabolites and peptides. The production of these metabolites varies with the available substrates or prebiotics present in the system and their concentration. In this study, 0.5% peanut flour (PF) was used to stimulate the growth and production of metabolites of wild-type Lactobacillus casei (LCwt) and compare with an engineered L. casei (LCCLA) capable of converting a higher amount of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The total extracellular metabolites present in the cell-free cultural supernatant (CFCS) of LCwt (without peanut), LCwt+PF (with peanut), and LCCLA were collected after 24 and 48 h of incubation, and their antagonistic activities against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC EDL933) growth and pathogenesis were evaluated. All collected metabolites exhibited varying efficiency in restraining EHEC EDL933 growth, whereas supplementing a low concentration of CLA to the 48-h CFCS from LCwt showed augmented antagonism toward EHEC EDL933. A downregulation of key virulence genes was observed from metabolites collected at the 48-h time point. These observations indicate that the presence of metabolites in CFCSs-including CLA, which is produced by Lactobacillus and was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-plays a critical role. This study demonstrates the potential applicability of Lactobacillus-originated CLA in the prevention of EHEC EDL933-mediated illnesses. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Aditya
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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13
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Marquezini MG, da Costa LH, Bromberg R. Occurrence of the Seven Most Common Serotypes of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Beef Cuts Produced in Meat Processing Plants in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. J Food Prot 2022; 85:261-265. [PMID: 34706050 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Healthy cattle are considered the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains, so in some places in the world, products derived from beef are the most common source for disease outbreaks caused by these bacteria. Therefore, to guarantee that the beef produced by our slaughterhouses is safe, there is a need for continuous monitoring of these bacteria. In this study, 215 beef cuts were evaluated, including chilled vacuum-packed striploins (151 samples), rib eyes (30 samples), and knuckles (34 samples), from March to June 2018. These meat samples were collected from the slaughter of unconfined cattle, being arbitrarily collected from eight meat processing companies in São Paulo state, Brazil. Each sample was examined for the presence of STEC toxin type (stx1 and/or stx2 genes) and also the attaching and effacing E. coli (eae) gene, determined by a multiplex PCR assay. We show that the major seven STEC strains (O serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) are not detected in any of the analyzed beef cut samples; however, three of them presented the virulence eae gene. Therefore, the absence of STEC strains in the beef samples may be an indication of the low prevalence of this pathogen in the cattle herd on the farm, associated with good hygiene and handling practices adopted by the meat industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gonçalves Marquezini
- Meat Technology Center - CTC, Institute of Food Technology, Avenida Brasil 2880, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique da Costa
- Merck S. A. Brazil, Alameda Xingu 350, 7° andar, CEP 06455-030, Barueri, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Bromberg
- Meat Technology Center - CTC, Institute of Food Technology, Avenida Brasil 2880, CEP 13070-178, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Hotinger JA, Morris ST, May AE. The Case against Antibiotics and for Anti-Virulence Therapeutics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2049. [PMID: 34683370 PMCID: PMC8537500 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotics have been indispensable in the advancement of modern medicine, there are downsides to their use. Growing resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics is leading to an epidemic of infections untreatable by first-line therapies. Resistance is exacerbated by antibiotics used as growth factors in livestock, over-prescribing by doctors, and poor treatment adherence by patients. This generates populations of resistant bacteria that can then spread resistance genes horizontally to other bacterial species, including commensals. Furthermore, even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they harm commensal bacteria leading to increased secondary infection risk. Effective antibiotic treatment can induce bacterial survival tactics, such as toxin release and increasing resistance gene transfer. These problems highlight the need for new approaches to treating bacterial infection. Current solutions include combination therapies, narrow-spectrum therapeutics, and antibiotic stewardship programs. These mediate the issues but do not address their root cause. One emerging solution to these problems is anti-virulence treatment: preventing bacterial pathogenesis instead of using bactericidal agents. In this review, we discuss select examples of potential anti-virulence targets and strategies that could be developed into bacterial infection treatments: the bacterial type III secretion system, quorum sensing, and liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron E. May
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; (J.A.H.); (S.T.M.)
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15
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Ageorges V, Monteiro R, Leroy S, Burgess CM, Pizza M, Chaucheyras-Durand F, Desvaux M. Molecular determinants of surface colonisation in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC): from bacterial adhesion to biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:314-350. [PMID: 32239203 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is primarily known as a commensal colonising the gastrointestinal tract of infants very early in life but some strains being responsible for diarrhoea, which can be especially severe in young children. Intestinal pathogenic E. coli include six pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), namely, the (i) enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ii) enteroaggregative E. coli, (iii) enteropathogenic E. coli, (iv) enterohemorragic E. coli, (v) enteroinvasive E. coli and (vi) diffusely adherent E. coli. Prior to human infection, DEC can be found in natural environments, animal reservoirs, food processing environments and contaminated food matrices. From an ecophysiological point of view, DEC thus deal with very different biotopes and biocoenoses all along the food chain. In this context, this review focuses on the wide range of surface molecular determinants acting as surface colonisation factors (SCFs) in DEC. In the first instance, SCFs can be broadly discriminated into (i) extracellular polysaccharides, (ii) extracellular DNA and (iii) surface proteins. Surface proteins constitute the most diverse group of SCFs broadly discriminated into (i) monomeric SCFs, such as autotransporter (AT) adhesins, inverted ATs, heat-resistant agglutinins or some moonlighting proteins, (ii) oligomeric SCFs, namely, the trimeric ATs and (iii) supramolecular SCFs, including flagella and numerous pili, e.g. the injectisome, type 4 pili, curli chaperone-usher pili or conjugative pili. This review also details the gene regulatory network of these numerous SCFs at the various stages as it occurs from pre-transcriptional to post-translocational levels, which remains to be fully elucidated in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ageorges
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ricardo Monteiro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabine Leroy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | | | - Frédérique Chaucheyras-Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Lallemand Animal Nutrition SAS, F-31702 Blagnac Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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16
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Hotinger JA, Pendergrass HA, May AE. Molecular Targets and Strategies for Inhibition of the Bacterial Type III Secretion System (T3SS); Inhibitors Directly Binding to T3SS Components. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020316. [PMID: 33669653 PMCID: PMC7922566 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a virulence apparatus used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to cause infections. Pathogens utilizing a T3SS are responsible for millions of infections yearly. Since many T3SS knockout strains are incapable of causing systemic infection, the T3SS has emerged as an attractive anti-virulence target for therapeutic design. The T3SS is a multiprotein molecular syringe that enables pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors modify host cell mechanisms in a variety of ways beneficial to the pathogen. Due to the T3SS’s complex nature, there are numerous ways in which it can be targeted. This review will be focused on the direct targeting of components of the T3SS, including the needle, translocon, basal body, sorting platform, and effector proteins. Inhibitors will be considered a direct inhibitor if they have a binding partner that is a T3SS component, regardless of the inhibitory effect being structural or functional.
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17
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Ruano-Gallego D, Fernández LÁ. Identification of Nanobodies Blocking Intimate Adherence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli to Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:253-272. [PMID: 33704757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies (Abs) inhibiting bacterial adhesion to host epithelia are an attractive option to reduce the load of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in the intestine of the patient and also in the bovine reservoir, thereby minimizing the risk of STEC contamination in the food chain. Of particular interest are recombinant single-domain Ab fragments called nanobodies (Nbs) derived from the variable domain of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH). The outer membrane adhesin intimin and the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) are essential for the attachment of STEC to host epithelia. In addition, EspA filaments of the bacterial type III protein secretion system are needed for Tir translocation into the host cell. Given their importance for bacterial adhesion and colonization, we developed Nbs against intimin, Tir and EspA proteins of STEC serotype O157:H7. Here, we report the screening methods used to isolate inhibitory Nbs blocking intimin-Tir protein-protein interaction, actin-pedestal formation, and intimate adhesion of STEC to epithelial cells in vitro. First, we describe how VHH gene repertoires can be produced as Nbs secreted by E. coli using the α-hemolysin (HlyA) protein secretion system. Next, we report the methods for identification of inhibitors of intimin-Tir protein-protein interaction and of STEC intimate adhesion to HeLa cells in culture. These methods can be adapted for the screening of Nbs against different adhesin-receptor complexes to block the adhesion of other pathogens to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Genome-based characterization of Escherichia coli causing bloodstream infection through next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244358. [PMID: 33362261 PMCID: PMC7757869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are one of the commonest bacteria causing bloodstream infection (BSI). The aim of the research was to identify the serotypes, MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Type), virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolated from bloodstream infection hospitalized patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital Jakarta. We used whole genome sequencing methods rather than the conventional one, to characterized the serotypes, MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Type), virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of E. coli. The composition of E. coli sequence types (ST) was as follows: ST131 (n = 5), ST38 (n = 3), ST405 (n = 3), ST69 (n = 3), and other STs (ST1057, ST127, ST167, ST3033, ST349, ST40, ST58, ST6630). Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) and Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) groups were found dominant in our samples. Twenty isolates carried virulence genes for host cells adherence and 15 for genes that encourage E. coli immune evasion by enhancing survival in serum. ESBL-genes were present in 17 E. coli isolates. Other AMR genes also encoded resistance against aminoglycosides, quinolones, chloramphenicol, macrolides and trimethoprim. The phylogeny analysis showed that phylogroup D is dominated and followed by phylogroup B2. The E. coli isolated from 22 patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital Jakarta showed high diversity in serotypes, sequence types, virulence genes, and AMR genes. Based on this finding, routinely screening all bacterial isolates in health care facilities can improve clinical significance. By using Whole Genome Sequencing for laboratory-based surveillance can be a valuable early warning system for emerging pathogens and resistance mechanisms.
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19
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Vachon MS, Khalid M, Tarr GAM, Hedberg C, Brown JA. Farm animal contact is associated with progression to Hemolytic uremic syndrome in patients with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli - Indiana, 2012-2018. One Health 2020; 11:100175. [PMID: 33392374 PMCID: PMC7772627 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a life-threatening complication of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection. The relationship between STEC exposure and severity of clinical outcomes is not well documented. We examined whether direct contact with farm animals increased the likelihood of HUS among Indiana residents diagnosed with STEC. Methods Exposure data for laboratory-confirmed STEC cases among Indiana residents during 2012–2018 were retrieved. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were performed to determine the extent to which a history of direct contact with farm animals was associated with post-diarrheal HUS independent of age and mediated by stx2 gene presence. Results A total of 784 STEC cases were retrieved. Of these, 46 (6%) developed HUS. Complete exposure data were available for 600 (77%) cases. A total of 24 (52%) HUS patients reported direct contact with farm animals, while 114 (21%) STEC patients who did not develop HUS reported this exposure. Among all STEC cases, HUS was associated with direct farm animal contact after adjusting for age (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.81, 6.40). Detection of stx2 genes mediated 12% of the association between farm animal contact and HUS. Conclusions Direct farm animal contact was a risk factor for development of HUS among laboratory-confirmed STEC cases, independent of stx2 presence. Direct farm animal contact should be considered a potential predictor of progression to HUS when patients present for care and the mechanism for its effect on virulence investigated. Independent of stx2 presence, contact with farm animals is a risk factor for the development of HUS. Stx2 gene detection mediated 12.2% of the association between farm animal contact and HUS. Exposure source may impact virulence of STEC and thus the severity of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S Vachon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Myda Khalid
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Kidney Diseases, Riley Hospital for Children 575 Riley Hospital Dr., Indianapolis, IN, USA, 46202
| | - Gillian A M Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Craig Hedberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Jennifer A Brown
- Epidemiology Resource Center, Indiana State Department of Health, 2 N. Meridian St. Indianapolis, IN, USA, 46204
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20
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Nyong EC, Zaia SR, Allué-Guardia A, Rodriguez AL, Irion-Byrd Z, Koenig SSK, Feng P, Bono JL, Eppinger M. Pathogenomes of Atypical Non-shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli NSF/SF O157:H7/NM: Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analysis Using Closed Genomes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:619. [PMID: 32351476 PMCID: PMC7175801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxigenic conversion of Escherichia coli strains by Shiga toxin-converting (Stx) bacteriophages were prominent and recurring events in the stepwise evolution of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 from an enteropathogenic (EPEC) O55:H7 ancestor. Atypical, attenuated isolates have been described for both non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) O157:H7 and SF O157:NM serotypes, which are distinguished by the absence of Stx, the characteristic virulence hallmark of Stx-producing E. coli (STEC). Such atypical isolates either never acquired Stx-phages or may have secondarily lost stx during the course of infection, isolation, or routine subculture; the latter are commonly referred to as LST (Lost Shiga Toxin)-isolates. In this study we analyzed the genomes of 15 NSF O157:H7 and SF O157:NM strains from North America, Europe, and Asia that are characterized by the absence of stx, the virulence hallmark of STEC. The individual genomic basis of the Stx (-) phenotype has remained largely undetermined as the majority of STEC genomes in public genome repositories were generated using short read technology and are in draft stage, posing a major obstacle for the high-resolution whole genome sequence typing (WGST). The application of LRT (long-read technology) sequencing provided us with closed genomes, which proved critical to put the atypical non-shigatoxigenic NSF O157:H7 and SF O157:NM strains into the phylogenomic context of the stepwise evolutionary model. Availability of closed chromosomes for representative Stx (-) NSF O157:H7 and SF O157:NM strains allowed to describe the genomic basis and individual evolutionary trajectories underlying the absence of Stx at high accuracy and resolution. The ability of LRT to recover and accurately assemble plasmids revealed a strong correlation between the strains' featured plasmid genotype and chromosomally inferred clade, which suggests the coevolution of the chromosome and accessory plasmids. The identified ancestral traits in the pSFO157 plasmid of NSF O157:H7 strain LSU-61 provided additional evidence for its intermediate status. Taken together, these observations highlight the utility of LRTs for advancing our understanding of EHEC O157:H7/NM pathogenome evolution. Insights into the genomic and phenotypic plasticity of STEC on a lineage- and genome-wide scale are foundational to improve and inform risk assessment, biosurveillance, and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C. Nyong
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sam R. Zaia
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Armando L. Rodriguez
- Research Computing Support Group, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zaina Irion-Byrd
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sara S. K. Koenig
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - James L. Bono
- United States Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (ARS-USDA), Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Hamner S, Fenster SD, Nance BT, McLain KA, Parrish-Larson KS, Morrow MW, Ford TE. Unexpected Prevalence of eae-Positive Escherichia coli in the Animas River, Durango, Colorado. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010195. [PMID: 31892143 PMCID: PMC6981472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2014, biology students at Fort Lewis College have studied the water quality of the Animas River in Durango, Colorado. Environmental microbiology and molecular biology techniques have been employed to study Escherichia coli isolates from the river and to define characteristics of the bacteria related to public health. E. coli was found in the river, as well as in culverts and tributary creeks that drain into the river within the Durango city limits. Concentrations of E. coli in the river occasionally exceeded the US EPA guideline of 126 CFU per 100 mL for recreational water use. Many of the E. coli isolates were able to be grown at 45 °C, an indication of mammalian origin. Unexpectedly, 8% of the isolates contained the intimin (eae) gene, a virulence gene characteristic of two pathotypes of E. coli, the enterohemorrhagic and enteropathogenic E. coli. Several isolates tested were resistant to multiple antibiotics commonly used in animal and human medicine. Further study is warranted to determine the source of these bacteria entering the Animas River, and to further characterize the possible disease potential of multi-antibiotic resistant and virulence gene-containing isolates found in a semi-rural/urban setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Hamner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.E.F.)
| | - Steven D. Fenster
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (S.D.F.); (B.T.N.); (K.A.M.); (K.S.P.-L.)
| | - Benjamin T. Nance
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (S.D.F.); (B.T.N.); (K.A.M.); (K.S.P.-L.)
| | - Katherine A. McLain
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (S.D.F.); (B.T.N.); (K.A.M.); (K.S.P.-L.)
| | - Kami S. Parrish-Larson
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA; (S.D.F.); (B.T.N.); (K.A.M.); (K.S.P.-L.)
| | - Michael W. Morrow
- Department of Biology, University of Montana Western, Dillon, MT 59725, USA;
| | - Timothy E. Ford
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.E.F.)
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22
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Hotinger JA, May AE. Animal Models of Type III Secretion System-Mediated Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040257. [PMID: 31766664 PMCID: PMC6963218 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a conserved virulence factor used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and has become an important target for anti-virulence drugs. Most T3SS inhibitors to date have been discovered using in vitro screening assays. Pharmacokinetics and other important characteristics of pharmaceuticals cannot be determined with in vitro assays alone. In vivo assays are required to study pathogens in their natural environment and are an important step in the development of new drugs and vaccines. Animal models are also required to understand whether T3SS inhibition will enable the host to clear the infection. This review covers selected animal models (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cattle, primates, chicken, zebrafish, nematode, wax moth, flea, fly, and amoeba), where T3SS activity and infectivity have been studied in relation to specific pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shigella spp., Bordetella spp., Vibrio spp., Chlamydia spp., and Yersinia spp.). These assays may be appropriate for those researching T3SS inhibition.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most prevalent facultative anaerobes of the human gut. E. coli normally exists as a harmless commensal but can also cause disease following the acquisition of genes that enhance its pathogenicity. Adhesion is an important first step in colonization of the host and is mediated by an array of cell surface components. In E. coli, these include a family of adhesins secreted by the type V secretion system. Here, we identified and characterized new proteins from an emerging subclass of the type V secretion system known as the inverse autotransporters (IATs). We found that IAT-encoding genes are present in a wide range of strains and showed that three novel IATs were localized on the E. coli cell surface and mediated biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides new insight into the prevalence, function, and regulation of IATs in E. coli. Proteins secreted by the type V secretion system possess multiple functions, including the capacity to mediate adhesion, aggregation, and biolfilm formation. The type V secretion system can be divided into five subclasses, one of which is the type Ve system. Proteins of the type Ve secretion system are also referred to as inverse autotransporters (IATs). In this study, we performed an in silico analysis of 126 completely sequenced Escherichia coli genomes available in the NCBI database and identified several distinct IAT-encoding gene families whose distribution varied throughout the E. coli phylogeny. The genes included three characterized IATs (intimin, fdeC, and yeeJ) and four uncharacterized IATs (here named iatA, iatB, iatC, and iatD). The four iat genes were cloned from the completely sequenced environmental E. coli strain SMS-3-5 and characterized. Three of these IAT proteins (IatB, IatC, and IatD) were expressed at the cell surface and possessed the capacity to mediate biofilm formation in a recombinant E. coli K-12 strain. Further analysis of the iatB gene, which showed a unique association with extraintestinal E. coli strains, suggested that its regulation is controlled by the LeuO global regulator. Overall, this study provides new data describing the prevalence, sequence variation, domain structure, function, and regulation of IATs found in E. coli. IMPORTANCEEscherichia coli is one of the most prevalent facultative anaerobes of the human gut. E. coli normally exists as a harmless commensal but can also cause disease following the acquisition of genes that enhance its pathogenicity. Adhesion is an important first step in colonization of the host and is mediated by an array of cell surface components. In E. coli, these include a family of adhesins secreted by the type V secretion system. Here, we identified and characterized new proteins from an emerging subclass of the type V secretion system known as the inverse autotransporters (IATs). We found that IAT-encoding genes are present in a wide range of strains and showed that three novel IATs were localized on the E. coli cell surface and mediated biofilm formation. Overall, this study provides new insight into the prevalence, function, and regulation of IATs in E. coli.
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Warr AR, Hubbard TP, Munera D, Blondel CJ, Abel zur Wiesch P, Abel S, Wang X, Davis BM, Waldor MK. Transposon-insertion sequencing screens unveil requirements for EHEC growth and intestinal colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007652. [PMID: 31404118 PMCID: PMC6705877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) is an important food-borne pathogen that colonizes the colon. Transposon-insertion sequencing (TIS) was used to identify genes required for EHEC and E. coli K-12 growth in vitro and for EHEC growth in vivo in the infant rabbit colon. Surprisingly, many conserved loci contribute to EHEC's but not to K-12's growth in vitro. There was a restrictive bottleneck for EHEC colonization of the rabbit colon, which complicated identification of EHEC genes facilitating growth in vivo. Both a refined version of an existing analytic framework as well as PCA-based analysis were used to compensate for the effects of the infection bottleneck. These analyses confirmed that the EHEC LEE-encoded type III secretion apparatus is required for growth in vivo and revealed that only a few effectors are critical for in vivo fitness. Over 200 mutants not previously associated with EHEC survival/growth in vivo also appeared attenuated in vivo, and a subset of these putative in vivo fitness factors were validated. Some were found to contribute to efficient type-three secretion while others, including tatABC, oxyR, envC, acrAB, and cvpA, promote EHEC resistance to host-derived stresses. cvpA is also required for intestinal growth of several other enteric pathogens, and proved to be required for EHEC, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance to the bile salt deoxycholate, highlighting the important role of this previously uncharacterized protein in pathogen survival. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding EHEC growth in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson R. Warr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Troy P. Hubbard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diana Munera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carlos J. Blondel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pia Abel zur Wiesch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sören Abel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brigid M. Davis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HHMI, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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25
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Antimicrobial Effect and Probiotic Potential of Phage Resistant Lactobacillus plantarum and its Interactions with Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens. Foods 2019; 8:foods8060194. [PMID: 31195676 PMCID: PMC6616511 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of phage-resistant probiotic particularly Lactobacillus is an alternative approach to enhance their beneficial effects as in animal feed supplements. In this study, we developed phage-resistant Lactobacillus plantarum (LP+PR) mutant and compared their antimicrobial effects and probiotic potential against zoonotic bacterial pathogens including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes with phage-sensitive L. plantarum (LP) strain. LP+PR strain showed markedly higher growth rate than wild-type LP strain. In co-culture with LP+PR and in the presence of cell-free cultural supernatants (CFCSs) of LP+PR, the growth of S. Typhimurium, EHEC, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). The adhesion ability of LP+PR was slightly higher than the LP on human epithelial INT-407 cells. Most importantly, LP+PR strain significantly inhibited the adhesive and invasive abilities of all four zoonotic pathogens to INT-407 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, real-time qPCR revealed that in the presence of LP+PR strain or its CFCSs, expression of virulence genes of these zoonotic bacterial pathogens were suppressed significantly (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the LP+PR strain is capable of inhibiting major zoonotic bacterial pathogens efficiently and would be a potential candidate for industrial usage in animal production or fermentation.
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26
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Schuetz AN. Emerging agents of gastroenteritis: Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and the diarrheagenic pathotypes of Escherichia coli. Semin Diagn Pathol 2019; 36:187-192. [PMID: 31036328 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the pathogenic roles of certain bacterial agents in gastroenteritis has been growing over the past few decades. With the increasing use of multiplex molecular-based syndromic stool pathogen panels, the roles of Plesiomonas shigelloides and some of the diarrheagenic pathotypes of Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC], enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC], enteroinvasive E. coli [EIEC], and enteroaggregative E. coli [EAEC]) have been better understood. Although not currently targeted on Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared commercial multiplex stool panels, Aeromonas has also emerged as a possible cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. The clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and diagnostic approaches to these pathogens in stool specimens are reviewed. Variability in inclusion of these pathogens on multiplex molecular panels and difficulties in detection by stool culture techniques utilized by clinical microbiology laboratories have contributed to an unclear understanding of the pathogenic role of several of these pathogens. Nonetheless, most evidence points towards a clear pathogenic role for P. shigelloides and ETEC, and possibly EPEC and EIEC. The contribution of Aeromonas spp. and EAEC to bacterial gastroenteritis has not been fully established. Further studies of pathogenicity of these pathogens are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey N Schuetz
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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28
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Oporto B, Ocejo M, Alkorta M, Marimón JM, Montes M, Hurtado A. Zoonotic approach to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: integrated analysis of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in ruminants and humans. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e164. [PMID: 31063106 PMCID: PMC6518511 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014-2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 115 sheep, 104 beef and 82 dairy cattle herds to estimate Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) prevalence, and collected data on human clinical cases of infection. Isolates were characterised (stx1, stx2, eae, ehxA) and serogroups O157 and O111 identified by PCR, and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles were determined by broth microdilution. STEC were more frequently isolated from beef cattle herds (63.5%) and sheep flocks (56.5%) than from dairy cattle herds (30.5%) (P < 0.001). A similar but non-significant trend was observed for O157:H7 STEC. In humans, mean annual incidence rate was 1.7 cases/100 000 inhabitants for O157 STEC and 4.7 for non-O157 STEC, but cases concentrated among younger patients. Distribution of virulence genes in STEC strains from ruminants differed from those from human clinical cases. Thus, stx2 was significantly associated with animal STEC isolates (O157 and non-O157), ehxA to ruminant O157 STEC (P = 0.004) and eae to human non-O157 STEC isolates (P < 0.001). Resistance was detected in 21.9% of human and 5.2% of animal O157 STEC isolates, whereas all non-O157 isolates were fully susceptible. In conclusion, STEC were widespread in ruminants, but only some carried virulence genes associated with severe disease in humans; AMR in ruminants was low but profiles were similar to those found in human isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Oporto
- NEIKER – Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M. Ocejo
- NEIKER – Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M. Alkorta
- Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Paseo Doctor Beguiristain, 109, 20014 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - J. M. Marimón
- Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Paseo Doctor Beguiristain, 109, 20014 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - M. Montes
- Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Paseo Doctor Beguiristain, 109, 20014 Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - A. Hurtado
- NEIKER – Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Animal Health Department, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park 812L, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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29
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B. Sai C, D B. Prevalence of Shiga‐like toxin producingEscherichia colistrain (E. coliO157) in freshly consumed vegetables and its characterization. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Balachandhar D
- TamilNadu Agricultural University Coimbatore TamilNadu India
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30
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After the Fact(or): Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00228-18. [PMID: 29967119 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00228-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To adapt to ever-changing environments, pathogens quickly alter gene expression. This can occur through transcriptional, posttranscriptional, or posttranslational regulation. Historically, transcriptional regulation has been thoroughly studied to understand pathogen niche adaptation, whereas posttranscriptional and posttranslational gene regulation has only relatively recently been appreciated to play a central role in bacterial pathogenesis. Posttranscriptional regulation may involve chaperones, nucleases, and/or noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) and typically controls gene expression by altering the stability and/or translation of the target mRNA. In this review, we highlight the global importance of posttranscriptional regulation to enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) gene expression and discuss specific mechanisms of how EHEC regulates expression of virulence factors critical to host colonization and disease progression. The low infectious dose of this intestinal pathogen suggests that EHEC is particularly well adapted to respond to the host environment.
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31
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Noll LW, Shridhar PB, Ives SE, Cha E, Nagaraja TG, Renter DG. Detection and Quantification of Seven Major Serogroups of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Hides of Cull Dairy, Cull Beef, and Fed Beef Cattle at Slaughter †. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1236-1244. [PMID: 29969294 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dehiding during beef cattle processing can introduce fecal contaminants, including Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), from hides onto carcass surfaces, creating the potential for contaminated beef. Fecal shedding of major STEC serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157; STEC-7) may differ among cattle populations, yet no study has been conducted to isolate STEC-7 on hides of multiple cattle types on the same production days at the same processing plant. Our objective was to estimate and compare prevalence and concentrations of STEC-7 on hides of cull dairy, cull beef, and fed beef cattle from the same date and processing plant. Overall, 1,500 cattle hides were sponge sampled from cull dairy ( n = 500), cull beef ( n = 500) and fed beef cattle ( n = 500) over 10 processing days. To determine prevalence, samples were subjected to an immunomagnetic separation culture method, and presumptive STEC isolates were tested by PCR for serogroup and major virulence genes. A spiral plate method was used to enumerate STEC-7 from hide samples. Data were analyzed with linear mixed models. All STEC-7 serogroups except O121 were detected and quantified on cattle hides in this study population. Slightly more fed beef hides (77 of 500; 15.4%) and cull beef hides (76 of 500; 15.2%) were positive for at least one STEC-7 strain compared with cull dairy hides (57 of 500; 11.4%), but cattle type was not significantly associated ( P = 0.19) with STEC-7 prevalence. Fed beef hides had a significantly higher prevalence ( P < 0.05) of STEC O103, O145, and O157 serogroups than did either of the other cattle types. The highest proportions of quantifiable samples were for STEC O145 (32 of 1,500 samples; 2.1%) and O157 (31 of 1,500 samples; 2.1%) serogroups, with the majority of concentrations at 3 to 5 and 2 to 4 log CFU/100 cm2 of hide, respectively. Results indicate that hide contamination with some major STEC serogroups differs significantly among cattle types at harvest, even within the same day and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance W Noll
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Pragathi B Shridhar
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Samuel E Ives
- 2 Department of Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Science and Engineering, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA
| | - Elva Cha
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.,3 Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - T G Nagaraja
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - David G Renter
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506.,3 Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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32
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Maciel BM, de Mello FTB, Lopes ATS, Boehs G, Albuquerque GR. Application of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous quantification of Escherichia coli virulence genes in oysters. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:2765-2773. [PMID: 30042593 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are involved in foodborne disease outbreaks worldwide, especially the enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7. This study describes two multiplex quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assays for simultaneous identification and quantification of genes related to virulence of DEC; a triplex reaction for detection and quantification of stxA1, stxA2, and eaeA genes, and a duplex reaction for detection and quantification of eaeA and virA genes. The technique was applied in raw oyster samples for direct quantification of DEC, thereby evaluating the applicability of this methodology for microbiological quality assessment of food. Using custom designed primers and specific MGB probes, a triplex qPCR assay was performed to quantify stxA1, stxA2, and eaeA, and a duplex reaction was performed to quantify virA and eaeA genes. The assays showed high sensitivity, with the detection limit varying between 5 and 17 copies of the genes. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the standard curves was 0.99. The coefficient of variation was < 1% indicated high intra- and inter-assay reproducibilities. The application of this methodology in oyster samples from tropical environment provided direct quantitative data that determined the presence of the genes stxA1 (32.1%), eaeA (28.6%), stxA2 (3.6%), and virA (3.6%). This would prove critical for immediate intervention of control strategies, particularly in oysters that are often ingested as raw food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mendes Maciel
- Graduation Program in Animal Science, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, BA Brazil.,2Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna (BR 415), km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | | | | | - Guisla Boehs
- Graduation Program in Animal Science, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, BA Brazil.,2Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna (BR 415), km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA 45662-900 Brazil
| | - George Rêgo Albuquerque
- Graduation Program in Animal Science, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, BA Brazil.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, BA Brazil
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Harrison LM, Gaines DW, Babu US, Balan KV, Reimschuessel R, Do AB, Pereira MR, Bigley EC, Ferguson M, Mehta A, Williams KM. Diet-induced obesity precipitates kidney dysfunction and alters inflammatory mediators in mice treated with Shiga Toxin 2. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:250-258. [PMID: 30016681 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Shiga Toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) continue to be a prominent cause of foodborne outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis worldwide, and can result in life-threatening diseases, including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), in susceptible individuals. Obesity-associated immune dysfunction has been shown to be a risk factor for infectious diseases, although few studies have addressed the role of obesity in foodborne diseases. We hypothesized that obesity may affect the development of HUS through an alteration of immune responses and kidney function. We combined diet-induced obese (DIO) and HUS mouse models to look for differences in disease outcome between DIO and wild-type (WT) male and female C57 B l/6 mice. Following multiple intraperitoneal injections with endotoxin-free saline or sublethal doses of purified Stx2, we examined DIO and WT mice for signs of HUS development. DIO mice receiving Stx2 injections lost more body weight, and had significantly higher (p < 0.001) BUN, serum creatinine, and neutrophil counts compared to WT mice or DIO mice receiving saline injections. Lymphocyte counts were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in Stx2-treated obese mice compared to WT mice or saline-treated DIO mice. In addition to increased Stx2-induced kidney dysfunction, DIO mouse kidneys also had significantly increased expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and KC RNA compared to saline controls (p < 0.05). Serum cytokine levels of IL-6 and KC were also significantly higher in Stx2-treated mice compared to saline controls, but there were no significant differences between the WT and DIO mice. WT and DIO mice treated with Stx2 exhibited significantly higher degrees of kidney tubular dilation and necrosis as well as some signs of tissue repair/regeneration, but did not appear to progress to the full pathology typically associated with human HUS. Although the combined obesity/HUS mouse model did not manifest into HUS symptoms and pathogenesis, these data demonstrate that obesity alters kidney function, inflammatory cells and cytokine production in response to Stx2, and may play a role in HUS severity in a susceptible model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Harrison
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Dennis W Gaines
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Uma S Babu
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Kannan V Balan
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Renate Reimschuessel
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Andrew B Do
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Marion R Pereira
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Elmer C Bigley
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Martine Ferguson
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Akshita Mehta
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA
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Krause M, Barth H, Schmidt H. Toxins of Locus of Enterocyte Effacement-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10060241. [PMID: 29903982 PMCID: PMC6024878 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) typically examine and classify the virulence gene profiles based on genomic analyses. Among the screened strains, a subgroup of STEC which lacks the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) has frequently been identified. This raises the question about the level of pathogenicity of such strains. This review focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the standard screening procedures in virulence profiling and summarizes the current knowledge concerning the function and regulation of toxins encoded by LEE-negative STEC. Although LEE-negative STEC usually come across as food isolates, which rarely cause infections in humans, some serotypes have been implicated in human diseases. In particular, the LEE-negative E. coli O104:H7 German outbreak strain from 2011 and the Australian O113:H21 strain isolated from a HUS patient attracted attention. Moreover, the LEE-negative STEC O113:H21 strain TS18/08 that was isolated from minced meat is remarkable in that it not only encodes multiple toxins, but in fact expresses three different toxins simultaneously. Their characterization contributes to understanding the virulence of the LEE-negative STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Krause
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 28, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Herbert Schmidt
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstrasse 28, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kampmeier S, Berger M, Mellmann A, Karch H, Berger P. The 2011 German Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Outbreak-The Danger Is Still Out There. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 416:117-148. [PMID: 30062592 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are Shiga toxin (Stx) producing bacteria causing a disease characterized by bloody (or non-bloody) diarrhea, which might progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). EHEC O104:H4 caused the largest ever recorded EHEC outbreak in Germany in 2011, which in addition showed the so far highest incidence rate of EHEC-related HUS worldwide. The aggressive outbreak strain carries an unusual combination of virulence traits characteristic to both EHEC-a chromosomally integrated Stx-encoding bacteriophage, and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli-pAA plasmid-encoded aggregative adherence fimbriae mediating its tight adhesion to epithelia cells. There are currently still open questions regarding the 2011 EHEC outbreak, e.g., with respect to the exact molecular mechanisms resulting in the hypervirulence of the strain, the natural reservoir of EHEC O104:H4, and suitable therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, our knowledge on these issues has substantially expanded since 2011. Here, we present an overview of the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and molecular biological data available on the 2011 German EHEC O104:H4 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Helge Karch
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petya Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Khalouie F, Mousavi SL, Nazarian S, Amani J, Pourfarzam P. Immunogenic evaluation of chimeric recombinant protein against ETEC, EHEC and Shigella. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 6:101-112. [PMID: 29071279 PMCID: PMC5640892 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2017.4081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases still remain health problem worldwide and out of many bacteria responsible for, Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia cause the most diarrheas in the world. Shigellacause bacterial dysenteries and shigellosis through invasion where the most effective proteins for pathogenesis is Ipac. Critical virulence protein for ETEC infection is CFA/I with two subunits called cfab and cfae. . Attachment of EHEC is the main step of infection and the protein Intimin plays the key role in this function. Protection against the vast majority of responsible pathogens of diarrheas requires development of the combination vaccine against Shigella, ETEC and EHEC. In the present study, a multisubunitprotein (CII) containing immunologically significant parts of CfaB, IpaC and Intimin was designed. The chimeric gene (CII) was codon optimized and analyzed with different bioinformatic servers, then synthesized and expressed in E. coli. Mice, Guinea pig and, Caco-2 Cell line were used as challenge models for EHEC, shigella and ETEC respectively. The chimeric protein induced significant immune response and therefore could be a suitable vaccine candidate against these three pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Khalouie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Latif Mousavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poune Pourfarzam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Velle KB, Campellone KG. Extracellular motility and cell-to-cell transmission of enterohemorrhagic E. coli is driven by EspFU-mediated actin assembly. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006501. [PMID: 28771584 PMCID: PMC5557606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC) are closely-related pathogens that attach tightly to intestinal epithelial cells, efface microvilli, and promote cytoskeletal rearrangements into protrusions called actin pedestals. To trigger pedestal formation, EPEC employs the tyrosine phosphorylated transmembrane receptor Tir, while EHEC relies on the multivalent scaffolding protein EspFU. The ability to generate these structures correlates with bacterial colonization in several animal models, but the precise function of pedestals in infection remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, we characterized the colonization properties of EPEC and EHEC during infection of polarized epithelial cells. We found that EPEC and EHEC both formed distinct bacterial communities, or "macrocolonies," that encompassed multiple host cells. Tir and EspFU, as well as the host Arp2/3 complex, were all critical for the expansion of macrocolonies over time. Unexpectedly, EspFU accelerated the formation of larger macrocolonies compared to EPEC Tir, as EspFU-mediated actin assembly drove faster bacterial motility to cell junctions, where bacteria formed a secondary pedestal on a neighboring cell and divided, allowing one of the daughters to disengage and infect the second cell. Collectively, these data reveal that EspFU enhances epithelial colonization by increasing actin-based motility and promoting an efficient method of cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B. Velle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moxley RA, Francis DH, Tamura M, Marx DB, Santiago-Mateo K, Zhao M. Efficacy of Urtoxazumab (TMA-15 Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Shiga Toxin 2) Against Post-Diarrheal Neurological Sequelae Caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection in the Neonatal Gnotobiotic Piglet Model. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020049. [PMID: 28134751 PMCID: PMC5331429 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in human patients, with brain damage and dysfunction the main cause of acute death. We evaluated the efficacy of urtoxazumab (TMA-15, Teijin Pharma Limited), a humanized monoclonal antibody against Shiga toxin (Stx) 2 for the prevention of brain damage, dysfunction, and death in a piglet EHEC infection model. Forty-five neonatal gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated orally with 3 × 109 colony-forming units of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 (Stx1+, Stx2+) when 22–24 h old. At 24 h post-inoculation, piglets were intraperitoneally administered placebo or TMA-15 (0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg body weight). Compared to placebo (n = 10), TMA-15 (n = 35) yielded a significantly greater probability of survival, length of survival, and weight gain (p <0.05). The efficacy of TMA-15 against brain lesions and death was 62.9% (p = 0.0004) and 71.4% (p = 0.0004), respectively. These results suggest that TMA-15 may potentially prevent or reduce vascular necrosis and infarction of the brain attributable to Stx2 in human patients acutely infected with EHEC. However, we do not infer that TMA-15 treatment will completely protect human patients infected with EHEC O157:H7 strains that produce both Stx1 and Stx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Mizuho Tamura
- Teijin Pharma Limited, Pharmacology Research Department, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
| | - David B Marx
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Kristina Santiago-Mateo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Box 640 TWP Rd 9-1, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Mojun Zhao
- Valley Pathologists, Inc., 1100 South Main Street, Suite 308, Dayton, OH 45409, USA.
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Purwar S, Roy S, Metgud S. Non-O157:H7 Shiga Toxin Producing Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in Southern India: A Tinderbox for Starting Epidemic. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC11-DC15. [PMID: 27891338 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21462.8714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outbreaks due to non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) resulting in Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome (HUS) have garnered much attention because of associated mortality transcending across continents and also because diarrhoea due to E.coli itself is rare in developed countries. The actual incidence of non-O157:H7 STEC in sporadic acute diarrhoea is not fully elucidated, both in developing as well as in developed countries. Due to larger extent of faecal-oral transmission in developing countries it is prudent to look for non-O157: H7 STEC in such epidemiological settings because of very high potential to spread across larger geographical regions and cause life threatening illness. AIM To determine the extent of acute diarrhoea caused by Shiga toxin producing E. coli and measure their genotypic diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was designed as a cross-sectional study and conducted between 2009-2011 in department of Microbiology at JN Medical College Belgaum (Karnataka) and Regional Medical Research Center, Belgaum (RMRC-ICMR). Stool samples from 300 sporadic cases of acute diarrhoea were processed by microscopy, culture, for the identification of diarrhoeagenic pathogens viz. Vibrio cholera, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. and protozoan parasites. PCR was performed for the detection of eae and stx genes in E. coli isolates. Their relatedness was determined by Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). RESULTS PCR detected stx along with eae in 23.2% culture isolates of E.coli isolated from diarrhoea samples. Only three isolates were identified as STEC by serology as O59, O60 and O69 serotypes. Eleven clones were detected by RAPD fingerprinting in the 46 STEC isolates. CONCLUSION Non-O157:H7 STEC are prevalent in this region and laboratories shall look beyond O157:H7 serotype of E.coli. These isolates have potential of causing outbreaks transcending borders. Hence they shall be reported and efforts be made to identify their sources and prevent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Purwar
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Bhopal, (M.P.), India
| | - Subrana Roy
- Scientist E, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharada Metgud
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Molecular Characterization of Human Atypical Sorbitol-Fermenting Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O157 Reveals High Diversity. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1357-63. [PMID: 26984976 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02897-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside the well-characterized enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7, serogroup O157 comprises sorbitol-fermenting typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC/aEPEC) strains that carry the intimin-encoding gene eae but not Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx). Since little is known about these pathogens, we characterized 30 clinical isolates from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or uncomplicated diarrhea with respect to their flagellin gene (fliC) type and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Moreover, we applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the phylogenetic relationship with other eae-positive EHEC serotypes and the composition of the rfbO157 region. fliC typing resulted in five fliC types (H7, H16, H34, H39, and H45). Isolates of each fliC type shared a unique ST. In comparison to the 42 HUS-associated E. coli (HUSEC) strains, only the stx-negative isolates with fliCH7 shared their ST with EHEC O157:H7/H(-) strains. With the exception of one O157:H(-) fliCH16 isolate, HUS was exclusively associated with fliCH7. WGS corroborated the separation of the fliCH7 isolates, which were closely related to the EHEC O157:H7/H(-) isolates, and the diverse group of isolates exhibiting different fliC types, indicating independent evolution of the different serotypes. This was also supported by the heterogeneity within the rfbO157 region that exhibited extensive recombinations. The genotypic subtypes and distribution of clinical symptoms suggested that the stx-negative O157 strains with fliCH7 were originally EHEC strains that lost stx The remaining isolates form a distinct and diverse group of atypical EPEC isolates that do not possess the full spectrum of virulence genes, underlining the importance of identifying the H antigen for clinical risk assessment.
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The Locus of Enterocyte Effacement and Associated Virulence Factors of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 2:EHEC-0007-2013. [PMID: 26104209 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0007-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains, termed enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), is defined in part by the ability to produce attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal epithelia. Such lesions are characterized by intimate bacterial attachment to the apical surface of enterocytes, cytoskeletal rearrangements beneath adherent bacteria, and destruction of proximal microvilli. A/E lesion formation requires the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which encodes a Type III secretion system that injects bacterial proteins into host cells. The translocated proteins, termed effectors, subvert a plethora of cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen, for example, by recruiting cytoskeletal proteins, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, and interfering with the induction of inflammation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. The LEE and selected effectors play pivotal roles in intestinal persistence and virulence of EHEC, and it is becoming clear that effectors may act in redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic ways during infection. Vaccines that target the function of the Type III secretion system limit colonization of reservoir hosts by EHEC and may thus aid control of zoonotic infections. Here we review the features and functions of the LEE-encoded Type III secretion system and associated effectors of E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains.
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Abstract
The first major outbreaks caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) raised public and medical awareness of the risks associated with acquiring this potentially deadly infection. The widespread presence of these organisms in the environment, the severity of the clinical sequelae, and the lack of treatment options and effective preventive measures demand that we obtain a better understanding of how this group of organisms cause disease. Animal models allow study of the processes and factors that contribute to disease and, as such, form a valuable tool in the repertoire of infectious disease researchers. Yet despite more than 30 years of research, it seems that no single model host reproduces the full spectrum of clinical disease induced by EHEC in humans. In the first part of this review, a synopsis of what is known about EHEC infections is garnered from human outbreaks and biopsy specimens. The main features and limitations of EHEC infection models that are based on the three most commonly used species (pigs, rabbits, and mice) are described within a historical context. Recent advances are highlighted, and a brief overview of models based on other species is given. Finally, the impact of the host on moderating EHEC infection is considered in light of growing evidence for the need to consider the biology and virulence strategies of EHEC in the context of its niche within the intestine.
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Mei GY, Tang J, Carey C, Bach S, Kostrzynska M. The effect of oxidative stress on gene expression of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 215:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Greve JD, Zietlow MS, Miller KM, Ellingson JLE. Occurrence of Coliform and Escherichia coli Contamination and Absence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Romaine Lettuce from Retail Stores in the Upper Midwest. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1729-32. [PMID: 26319727 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 720 whole, romaine lettuce heads were purchased from retail locations in the Upper Midwest and assessed for coliform and Escherichia coli contamination and for the presence of E. coli O157:H7. During a 16-month period (August 2010 through December 2011), coliform and E. coli counts were enumerated on Petrifilm, and the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and the virulence gene eae was evaluated by real-time PCR (qPCR). Over half (400 of 720) of the lettuce samples were processed with an immunomagnetic separation step before the qPCR assay. All retail lettuce samples were negative for E. coli O157:H7 when tested with the R.A.P.I.D. LT qPCR targeting a region of the O-antigen, and only two (0.28%) were positive for the eae gene when tested with LightCycler qPCR. On Petrifilm, coliform counts of most lettuce samples (96.4%) were between <10(1) and 10(3) CFU/g, and E. coli counts for nearly all lettuce samples (98.2%) were <10(1) CFU/g. No seasonal trend in coliform and E. coli counts was observed throughout the examination period nor was a difference in coliform counts observed between packaged and nonpackaged lettuce heads. These results contribute to the limited recorded data and understanding of microbial contamination of whole romaine lettuce heads purchased from retail locations, specifically revealing the absence of E. coli O157:H7 and low levels of contamination with coliforms and other E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine D Greve
- Department of Food Administration, Kwik Trip, Inc., La Crosse, Wisconsin 54602-2107, USA
| | - Mark S Zietlow
- Department of Food Administration, Kwik Trip, Inc., La Crosse, Wisconsin 54602-2107, USA
| | - Kevin M Miller
- Marshfield Food Safety, LLC, 2302 Kwik Trip Way, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54602-2107, USA
| | - Jay L E Ellingson
- Department of Food Administration, Kwik Trip, Inc., La Crosse, Wisconsin 54602-2107, USA.
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Law HT, Chua M, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Guttman JA. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Identification of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Pedestal Constituents. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2520-7. [PMID: 25907766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) co-opt host signaling pathways and recruit numerous host proteins to motile morphological structures, called pedestals, at sites of bacterial attachment. These pedestals are hallmarks of EPEC-based disease, and the identification and characterization of the functions of pedestal proteins continue to steadily increase. To identify additional constituents in an unbiased manner, we developed a strategy where EPEC pedestals were elongated artificially, severed, and then concentrated prior to their analysis by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. We identified >90 unique mammalian proteins over multiple experimental trials from our preparations. Seventeen predicted molecules were significantly higher in abundance (p < 0.05) when compared to both the negative controls and sample means. Validation of two identified proteins (cyclophilin A [nonactin-associated] and transgelin [actin-associated]) by immunolocalization was used to confirm our analysis, and both showed enrichment at EPEC pedestals. The EPEC pedestal concentration technique developed here together with the identification of novel pedestal proteins not only provides a resource for the further characterization of molecular components within these structures but also demonstrates that EPEC pedestals can be used as a model system for the identification of novel functions of proteins not normally thought to be at actin-based structures.
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Investigation and control of an attaching and effacing Escherichia coli outbreak in a colony of captive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 45:875-82. [PMID: 25632676 DOI: 10.1638/2012-0281.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in mortality in a captive flock of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) coincided with the isolation of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli from postmortem samples. Common histologic lesions included hepatitis, enteritis, and in one case attaching and effacing lesions along the intestinal tract. Retrospective review of necropsy records and increased sampling led to the identification of several cases of E. coli with the attaching and effacing (eae) virulence gene. Factors such as environment, nutrition, and concomitant pathogens were thought to contribute to mortality in the flock. Although it is not clear whether E. coli was a primary pathogen during the period of increased mortality, the presence of the eae gene combined with associated histologic lesions supports the conclusion that this organism was a significant contributor to mortality. Manipulation of diet, environment, and the addition of probiotic supplementation resulted in a decline in mortality rate and decreased shedding of E. coli based on negative follow-up cultures of intestines, liver, and feces.
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Abstract
Adhesins are a group of proteins in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) that are involved in the attachment or colonization of this pathogen to abiotic (plastic or steel) and biological surfaces, such as those found in bovine and human intestines. This review provides the most up-to-date information on these essential adhesion factors, summarizing important historical discoveries and analyzing the current and future state of this research. In doing so, the proteins intimin and Tir are discussed in depth, especially regarding their role in the development of attaching and effacing lesions and in EHEC virulence. Further, a series of fimbrial proteins (Lpf1, Lpf2, curli, ECP, F9, ELF, Sfp, HCP, and type 1 fimbriae) are also described, emphasizing their various contributions to adherence and colonization of different surfaces and their potential use as genetic markers in detection and classification of different EHEC serotypes. This review also discusses the role of several autotransporter proteins (EhaA-D, EspP, Saa and Sab, and Cah), as well as other proteins associated with adherence, such as flagella, EibG, Iha, and OmpA. While these proteins have all been studied to varying degrees, all of the adhesins summarized in this chapter have been linked to different stages of the EHEC life cycle, making them good targets for the development of more effective diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. McWilliams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555. USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555. USA
- Department of Pathology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555. USA
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Kaper JB, O'Brien AD. Overview and Historical Perspectives. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0028-2014. [PMID: 25590020 PMCID: PMC4290666 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0028-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we describe the history of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in two phases. In phase one, between 1977 and 2011, we learned that E. coli could produce Shiga toxin and cause both hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and that the prototype STEC-E. coli O157:H7-adheres to and effaces intestinal epithelial cells by a mechanism similar to that of enteropathogenic E. coli. We also recognized that the genes for Stx are typically encoded on a lysogenic phage; that STEC O157:H7 harbors a large pathogenicity island that encodes the elements needed for the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion; and that the most severe cases of human disease are linked to production of Stx type 2a, not Stx type 1a. Phase two began with a large food-borne outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany in 2011. That outbreak was caused by a novel strain consisting of enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 transduced by a Stx2a-converting phage. From this outbreak we learned that any E. coli strain that can adhere tightly to the human bowel (either by a biofilm-like mechanism as in E. coli O104:H4 or by an attaching and effacing mechanism as in E. coli O157:H7) can cause severe diarrheal and systemic illness when it acquires the capacity to produce Stx2a. This overview provides the basis for the review of current information regarding these fascinating and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21122
| | - Alison D O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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High-frequency rugose exopolysaccharide production by Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Haiti. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112853. [PMID: 25390633 PMCID: PMC4229229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In October, 2010, epidemic cholera was reported for the first time in Haiti in over 100 years. Establishment of cholera endemicity in Haiti will be dependent in large part on the continued presence of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 in aquatic reservoirs. The rugose phenotype of V. cholerae, characterized by exopolysaccharide production that confers resistance to environmental stress, is a potential contributor to environmental persistence. Using a microbiologic medium promoting high-frequency conversion of smooth to rugose (S-R) phenotype, 80 (46.5%) of 172 V. cholerae strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Haiti were able to convert to a rugose phenotype. Toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains isolated at the beginning of the epidemic (2010) were significantly less likely to shift to a rugose phenotype than clinical strains isolated in 2012/2013, or environmental strains. Frequency of rugose conversion was influenced by incubation temperature and time. Appearance of the biofilm produced by a Haitian clinical rugose strain (altered biotype El Tor HC16R) differed from that of a typical El Tor rugose strain (N16961R) by confocal microscopy. On whole-genome SNP analysis, there was no phylogenetic clustering of strains showing an ability to shift to a rugose phenotype. Our data confirm the ability of Haitian clinical (and environmental) strains to shift to a protective rugose phenotype, and suggest that factors such as temperature influence the frequency of transition to this phenotype.
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Actin pedestal formation by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli enhances bacterial host cell attachment and concomitant type III translocation. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3713-22. [PMID: 24958711 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01523-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) to intestinal epithelial cells is critical for colonization and is associated with localized actin assembly beneath bound bacteria. The formation of these actin "pedestals" is dependent on the translocation of effectors into mammalian cells via a type III secretion system (T3SS). Tir, an effector required for pedestal formation, localizes in the host cell plasma membrane and promotes attachment of bacteria to mammalian cells by binding to the EHEC outer surface protein Intimin. Actin pedestal formation has been shown to foster intestinal colonization by EHEC in some animal models, but the mechanisms responsible for this remain undefined. Investigation of the role of Tir-mediated actin assembly promoting host cell binding is complicated by other, potentially redundant EHEC-encoded binding pathways, so we utilized cell binding assays that specifically detect binding mediated by Tir-Intimin interaction. We also assessed the role of Tir-mediated actin assembly in two-step assays that temporally segregated initial translocation of Tir from subsequent Tir-Intimin interaction, thereby permitting the distinction of effects on translocation from effects on cell attachment. In these experimental systems, we compromised Tir-mediated actin assembly by chemically inhibiting actin assembly or by infecting mammalian cells with EHEC mutants that translocate Tir but are specifically defective in Tir-mediated pedestal formation. We found that an inability of Tir to promote actin assembly resulted in a significant and striking decrease in bacterial binding mediated by Tir and Intimin. Bacterial mutants defective for pedestal formation translocated type III effectors to mammalian cells with reduced efficiency, but the decrease in translocation could be entirely accounted for by the decrease in host cell attachment.
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