1
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Darvish Z, Kheder RK, Faraj TA, Najmaldin SK, Mollazadeh S, Nosratabadi R, Esmaeili SA. A better understanding of the role of the CTLA-CD80/86 axis in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3895. [PMID: 38050849 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response are disturbed. As a result, the body loses self-tolerance. Since one of the main regulatory mechanisms of the immune response is the CTLA4-CD80/86 axis, this hypothesis suggests that autoimmune diseases potentially share a similar molecular basis of pathogenesis. Hence, investigating the CTLA4-CD80/86 axis may be helpful in finding an appropriate treatment strategy. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the molecular basis of the CTLA4-CD80/86 axis in the regulation of the immune response, and then its role in developing some autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. As well, the main therapeutic strategies affecting the CTLA4-CD80/86 axis have been summarized to highlight the importance of this axis in management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Darvish
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Tola Abdulsattar Faraj
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Soran K Najmaldin
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center٫ North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Lashgari M, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Javadi A, Sahmani M, Khalaji M, Maali A, Foroughi F. Survey of the association between polymorphisms of CTLA-4 exon 1 49 A/G genes with rheumatoid arthritis in Iran. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2022; 43:480-492. [PMID: 35607764 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2022.2076109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), which suppresses T cell proliferation, is a promising candidate for the susceptibility genes to rheumatic arthritis diseases (RA). This study aims to examine the association between the polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) genes with RA in the Qazvin city of Iran population. The polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to genotype the CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) polymorphisms in 105 RA patients and 90 control subjects. Laboratory diagnostic tests were also measured for RA and control groups. Our results did not demonstrate a significant difference in allele and genotype frequencies of the CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) between RA patients and the control group (p < .0001). There was no significant difference in age at onset, CRP, RF value in patients with RA according to the CTLA-4 polymorphisms; just anti-CCP showed a significant difference. Our data declared that polymorphisms of CTLA-4 exon 1(+ 49) genes are not correlated with RA susceptibility and its clinical and paraclinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Lashgari
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sahmani
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Maryam Khalaji
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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3
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Agemura T, Hasegawa T, Yari S, Kikuta J, Ishii M. Arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages (AtoMs) participate in pathological bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Med 2021; 45:22-26. [PMID: 34187325 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2021.1944547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic form of arthritis that causes bone destruction in joints such as the knees and fingers. Over the past two decades, the clinical outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis have improved substantially with the development of biological agents and Janus kinase inhibitors. Osteoclasts are myeloid lineage cells with a unique bone-destroying ability that can lead to joint destruction. On the other hand, osteoclasts play an important role in skeletal homeostasis by supporting bone remodeling together with osteoblasts in the bone marrow under steady-state conditions. However, the same osteoclasts are considered to participate in physiological bone remodeling and joint destruction. We found that pathological osteoclasts have different differentiation pathways and regulatory transcription factors compared to physiological osteoclasts. We also identified arthritis-associated osteoclastogenic macrophages (AtoMs), which are common progenitors of pathological osteoclasts in mice and humans that develop specifically in inflamed synovial tissue. This review presents details of the newly identified AtoMs and the original intravital imaging systems that can visualize synovial tissue and pathological osteoclasts at the pannus-bone interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Agemura
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hasegawa
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinya Yari
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Sahbani K, Shultz LC, Cardozo CP, Bauman WA, Tawfeek HA. Absence of αβ T cells accelerates disuse bone loss in male mice after spinal cord injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1487:43-55. [PMID: 33107070 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether T cells promote bone loss following immobilization after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains undetermined. Therefore, wild-type (WT) and T cell-deficient (Tcrb-/- ) male mice underwent sham or contusion SCI to cause hindlimb paralysis. Femurs were isolated and distal and midshaft regions were evaluated by microcomputed tomography scanning. Bone marrow (BM) levels of bone turnover markers, as well as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), were measured by ELISA. At 2 weeks post-SCI, immobilization resulted in marked reduction in trabecular fractional bone volume (55%), thickness (40%), connectivity, and cortical thickness only in the Tcrb-/- animals (interaction with P < 0.05). BM analysis revealed lower bone formation (procollagen type 1 intact N-terminal propeptide), higher bone resorption (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b), and a higher RANKL/OPG ratio in the Tcrb-/- SCI animals. At 5 weeks post-SCI, while both WT and Tcrb-/- paralyzed animals showed deterioration of all indices of bone structure, they were more severe in Tcrb-/- animals. In summary, unlike other skeletal disorders, loss of αβ T cells compromises, rather than preserves, skeletal integrity under conditions of immobilization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Density/genetics
- Bone Density/immunology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/genetics
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/immunology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Bone Resorption/genetics
- Bone Resorption/immunology
- Bone Resorption/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spinal Cord Injuries/complications
- Spinal Cord Injuries/genetics
- Spinal Cord Injuries/immunology
- Spinal Cord Injuries/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- X-Ray Microtomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sahbani
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation Inc., Bronx, New York
| | - Laura C Shultz
- Veterinary Medical Unit, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation Inc., Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Human Performance, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - William A Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation Inc., Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hesham A Tawfeek
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Bronx Veterans Medical Research Foundation Inc., Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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5
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Teraoka Y, Imamura M, Uchida T, Ohya K, Morio K, Fujino H, Ono A, Nakahara T, Murakami E, Yamauchi M, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Tsuge M, Hiramatsu A, Abe-Chayama H, Nelson Hayes C, Aikata H, Chayama K. Abatacept treatment for patients with severe acute hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus infection-Pilot study. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:400-409. [PMID: 33197288 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Although glucocorticoids have been used for immunosuppression of patients with primary hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced severe hepatitis, the treatment is associated with a high frequency of adverse events. We conducted a pilot study for evaluating the efficacy and safety of abatacept, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4), for acute hepatitis B. Five patients with severe acute hepatitis B (prothrombin activity ≤ 60%) were treated for immunosuppression by abatacept. Four patients received abatacept concurrently with methylprednisolone, and another patient was treated with abatacept alone. Rapid decrease in serum alanine aminotransferase levels, increase in prothrombin activity and improvement of general condition were obtained in four out of five patients. The patient with the most severe hepatitis underwent liver transplantation due to exacerbation of hepatitis in spite of treatment with both abatacept and methylprednisolone. None of the patients developed significant adverse events associated with the use of abatacept. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) became negative in all five patients. The effect of abatacept and methylprednisolone for severe hepatitis B was compared using a mouse model. Rapid reduction in mouse serum HBV DNA and human albumin levels and elevation of serum interferon-gamma and granzyme A levels were observed in HBV-infected human hepatocyte-transplanted immunodeficient mice that were administered human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These hepatocyte injuries were inhibited to a greater extent by abatacept compared to methylprednisolone. Abatacept might be an effective therapy alternative to methylprednisolone to reduce acute massive liver damage for patients with severe acute hepatitis caused by HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Teraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Ohya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Morio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masami Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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6
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Hasegawa T, Kikuta J, Sudo T, Yamashita E, Seno S, Takeuchi T, Ishii M. Development of an intravital imaging system for the synovial tissue reveals the dynamics of CTLA-4 Ig in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13480. [PMID: 32778803 PMCID: PMC7417741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to visualize the inflamed joints using multiphoton microscopy. However, due to the hypervascular and multilayered structure of the inflamed synovium, intravital imaging of the deep synovial tissue has been difficult. Here, we established original intravital imaging systems to visualize synovial tissue and pathological osteoclasts at the pannus–bone interface using multiphoton microscopy. Combined with fluorescence-labeling of CTLA-4 Ig, a biological agent used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, we identified that CTLA-4 Ig was distributed predominantly within the inflamed synovium and bound to CX3CR1+ macrophages and CD140a+ fibroblasts 6 h after injection, but not to mature osteoclasts. Intravital imaging of blood and lymphatic vessels in the inflamed synovium further showed that extravasated CTLA-4 Ig was immediately drained through lymphatic vessels under acute arthritic conditions, but the drainage activity was retarded under chronic conditions. These results indicate that this intravital synovial imaging system can serve as a platform for exploring the dynamics of immune cells, osteoclasts, and biological agents within the synovial microenvironment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Hasegawa
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Sudo
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Erika Yamashita
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science & Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takeuchi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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7
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Cappelli LC, Thomas MA, Bingham CO, Shah AA, Darrah E. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis as a model of autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:106-123. [PMID: 31930524 PMCID: PMC7047521 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of inflammatory arthritis in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is increasingly recognized due to the growing use of these drugs for the treatment of cancer. This represents an important opportunity not only to define the mechanisms responsible for the development of this immune-related adverse event and to ultimately predict or prevent its development, but also to provide a unique window into early events in the development of inflammatory arthritis. Knowledge gained through the study of this patient population, for which the inciting event is known, could shed light into the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. This review will highlight the clinical and immunologic features of these entities to define common elements for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Cappelli
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mekha A. Thomas
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifton O. Bingham
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ami A. Shah
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Zeng S, Xiao Z, Wang Q, Guo Y, He Y, Zhu Q, Zou Y. Strategies to achieve immune tolerance in allogeneic solid organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2020; 58:101250. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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10
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Wehr P, Purvis H, Law S, Thomas R. Dendritic cells, T cells and their interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:12-27. [PMID: 30589082 PMCID: PMC6422662 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key professional antigen-presenting cells which bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing the priming and differentiation of naive to effector CD4+ T cells, the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells and the promotion of B cell antibody responses. DCs also play a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance. DC-T cell interactions underpin the generation of an autoimmune response in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we describe the function of DCs and review evidence for DC and T cell involvement in RA pathogenesis, in particular through the presentation of self-peptide by DCs that triggers differentiation and activation of autoreactive T cells. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of targeting the DC-T cell interaction for antigen-specific immunotherapy of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Wehr
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - H. Purvis
- King's College London, Academic Department of Rheumatology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineLondonUK
| | - S.‐C. Law
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
| | - R. Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbaneAustralia
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11
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Lingel H, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. CTLA-4 (CD152): A versatile receptor for immune-based therapy. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Leibler C, Thiolat A, Elsner RA, El Karoui K, Samson C, Grimbert P. Costimulatory blockade molecules and B-cell-mediated immune response: current knowledge and perspectives. Kidney Int 2019; 95:774-786. [PMID: 30711200 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapeutic agents that target humoral alloimmunity in solid organ transplantation. This includes sensitized patients with preformed donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies and patients who develop de novo donor-specific antibodies, both of which are associated with acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection and allograft loss. In the last decade, both experimental and clinical studies highlighted the major impact of costimulation molecules in the control of immune responses both in the field of transplantation and autoimmune disease. Although these molecules have been initially developed to control the early steps of T-cell activation, recent evidence also supports their influence at several steps of the humoral response. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of costimulatory blockade agents on humoral responses in both autoimmune and allogeneic contexts. We first present the effects of costimulatory molecules on the different steps of alloantibody production. We then summarize mechanisms and clinical results observed using cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4)-Ig molecules both in transplantation and autoimmunity. Finally, we present the potential interest and implications of other costimulatory family members as therapeutic targets, with emphasis on combinatorial approaches, for the optimal control of the alloantigen-specific humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leibler
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Pôle Cancérologie-Immunité-Transplantation-Infectiologie, Paris-Est Creteil, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale, U955, Equipe 21 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allan Thiolat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale, U955, Equipe 21 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Khalil El Karoui
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Pôle Cancérologie-Immunité-Transplantation-Infectiologie, Paris-Est Creteil, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale, U955, Equipe 21 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Chloe Samson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale, U955, Equipe 21 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Grimbert
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Pôle Cancérologie-Immunité-Transplantation-Infectiologie, Paris-Est Creteil, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherch Médicale, U955, Equipe 21 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France.
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13
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Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:77-99. [PMID: 30174217 PMCID: PMC6289740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system ensures optimum T-effector (Teff) immune responses against invading microbes and tumor antigens while preventing inappropriate autoimmune responses against self-antigens with the help of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Thus, Treg and Teff cells help maintain immune homeostasis through mutual regulation. While Tregs can contribute to tumor immune evasion by suppressing anti-tumor Teff response, loss of Treg function can result in Teff responses against self-antigens leading to autoimmune disease. Thus, loss of homeostatic balance between Teff/Treg cells is often associated with both cancer and autoimmunity. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors, collectively known as co-signaling receptors, play an indispensable role in the regulation of Teff and Treg cell expansion and function and thus play critical roles in modulating autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. Over the past three decades, considerable efforts have been made to understand the biology of co-signaling receptors and their role in immune homeostasis. Mutations in co-inhibitory receptors such as CTLA4 and PD1 are associated with Treg dysfunction, and autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. On the other hand, growing tumors evade immune surveillance by exploiting co-inhibitory signaling through expression of CTLA4, PD1 and PDL-1. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) using anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 has drawn considerable attention towards co-signaling receptors in tumor immunology and created renewed interest in studying other co-signaling receptors, which until recently have not been as well studied. In addition to co-inhibitory receptors, co-stimulatory receptors like OX40, GITR and 4-1BB have also been widely implicated in immune homeostasis and T-cell stimulation, and use of agonistic antibodies against OX40, GITR and 4-1BB has been effective in causing tumor regression. Although ICB has seen unprecedented success in cancer treatment, autoimmune adverse events arising from ICB due to loss of Treg homeostasis poses a major obstacle. Herein, we comprehensively review the role of various co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors in Treg biology and immune homeostasis, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, we discuss the autoimmune adverse events arising upon targeting these co-signaling receptors to augment anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Palash Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Associate Dean for Technological Innovation and Training, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Room E-705, (M/C 790), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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14
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Abstract
The immune system is guided by a series of checks and balances, a major component of which is a large array of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways that modulate the host response. Although co-stimulation is essential for boosting and shaping the initial response following signaling through the antigen receptor, inhibitory pathways are also critical for modulating the immune response. Excessive co-stimulation and/or insufficient co-inhibition can lead to a breakdown of self-tolerance and thus to autoimmunity. In this review, we will focus on the role of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in two systemic (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis) and two organ-specific (multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes) emblematic autoimmune diseases. We will also discuss how mechanistic analysis of these pathways has led to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and initiation of clinical trials for autoimmune diseases, as well as outline some of the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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15
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Adams AB, Ford ML, Larsen CP. Costimulation Blockade in Autoimmunity and Transplantation: The CD28 Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2045-50. [PMID: 27591335 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell activation is a complex process that requires multiple cell signaling pathways, including a primary recognition signal and additional costimulatory signals. TCR signaling in the absence of costimulatory signals can lead to an abortive attempt at activation and subsequent anergy. One of the best-characterized costimulatory pathways includes the Ig superfamily members CD28 and CTLA-4 and their ligands CD80 and CD86. The development of the fusion protein CTLA-4-Ig as an experimental and subsequent therapeutic tool is one of the major success stories in modern immunology. Abatacept and belatacept are clinically approved agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and renal transplantation, respectively. Future interventions may include selective CD28 blockade to block the costimulatory potential of CD28 while exploiting the coinhibitory effects of CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Adams
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christian P Larsen
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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16
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Whitfield SJC, Taylor C, Risdall JE, Griffiths GD, Jones JTA, Williamson ED, Rijpkema S, Saraiva L, Vessillier S, Green AC, Carter AJ. Interference of the T Cell and Antigen-Presenting Cell Costimulatory Pathway Using CTLA4-Ig (Abatacept) Prevents Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Pathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3989-3998. [PMID: 28320831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen that binds the receptors in the APC/T cell synapse and causes increased proliferation of T cells and a cytokine storm syndrome in vivo. Exposure to the toxin can be lethal and cause significant pathology in humans. The lack of effective therapies for SEB exposure remains an area of concern, particularly in scenarios of acute mass casualties. We hypothesized that blockade of the T cell costimulatory signal by the CTLA4-Ig synthetic protein (abatacept) could prevent SEB-dependent pathology. In this article, we demonstrate mice treated with a single dose of abatacept 8 h post SEB exposure had reduced pathology compared with control SEB-exposed mice. SEB-exposed mice showed significant reductions in body weight between days 4 and 9, whereas mice exposed to SEB and also treated with abatacept showed no weight loss for the duration of the study, suggesting therapeutic mitigation of SEB-induced morbidity. Histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that SEB mediated lung damage and edema, which were absent after treatment with abatacept. Analysis of plasma and lung tissues from SEB-exposed mice treated with abatacept demonstrated significantly lower levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ (p < 0.0001), which is likely to have resulted in less pathology. In addition, exposure of human and mouse PBMCs to SEB in vitro showed a significant reduction in levels of IL-2 (p < 0.0001) after treatment with abatacept, indicating that T cell proliferation is the main target for intervention. Our findings demonstrate that abatacept is a robust and potentially credible drug to prevent toxic effects from SEB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J C Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Chris Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Risdall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.,Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D Griffiths
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - James T A Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - E Diane Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Saraiva
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; and
| | - A Christopher Green
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alun J Carter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom.,Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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17
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S. Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
| | - Laurence A. Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, and Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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18
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Bircan L, Karakose S, Unverdi H, Bal AZ, Unverdi S, Duranay M. Abatacept as a therapeutic option in the treatment of encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis: an experimental rat model. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49:909-916. [PMID: 28190234 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1535-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Encapsulated peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is usually associated with mortality. Inflammation is a leading factor for developing EPS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of abatacept on peritoneal fibrosis and inflammation using the EPS rat model. METHODS Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group I (control group) was administered isotonic saline (IS) via the intraperitoneal (ip) route during weeks 0-3. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) ip was administered to group II (CG group) during weeks 0-3. Group III (CG + IS group) received CG for the first 21 days and IS solution for the following 3 weeks. Group IV (abatacept group) received CG during weeks 0-3, and subsequently, 50 mcg/day abatacept during weeks 4-6. Peritoneal thickness, fibrosis, and inflammation were examined using light microscopy. Expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Lesser peritoneal thickness and lower inflammation score were observed in the abatacept group than in the CG and CG + IS groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the abatacept group had a lower fibrosis score than the CG + IS group (p < 0.05). MMP-2 and TGF-β1 scores were lower in the abatacept group than in the CG + IS group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results revealed that abatacept had a histopathological beneficial effect on peritoneal fibrosis, inflammation, MMP-2, and TGF-β1 scores, which were induced by CG. Abatacept could be a new therapeutic option for treating EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latife Bircan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Karakose
- Department of Nephrology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 06340, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Unverdi
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Zeynep Bal
- Department of Nephrology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 06340, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selman Unverdi
- Department of Nephrology, Sani Konukoğlu Medicine Faculty, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Murat Duranay
- Department of Nephrology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 06340, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
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19
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Devarapu SK, Lorenz G, Kulkarni OP, Anders HJ, Mulay SR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity and Lupus Nephritis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:43-154. [PMID: 28526137 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves immune responses directed against self, which are a result of defective self/foreign distinction of the immune system, leading to proliferation of self-reactive lymphocytes, and is characterized by systemic, as well as tissue-specific, inflammation. Numerous mechanisms operate to ensure the immune tolerance to self-antigens. However, monogenetic defects or genetic variants that weaken immune tolerance render susceptibility to the loss of immune tolerance, which is further triggered by environmental factors. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of immune tolerance, genetic and environmental factors that influence the immune tolerance, factors that induce autoimmunity such as epigenetic and transcription factors, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, extracellular vesicles, ion channels, and lipid mediators, as well as costimulatory or coinhibitory molecules that contribute to an autoimmune response. Further, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune tissue injury and inflammation during systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Devarapu
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - H-J Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have become a substantial part of many pharmaceutical company portfolios. However, the development process of MAbs for clinical use is quite different than for small-molecule drugs. MAb development programs require careful interdisciplinary evaluations to ensure the pharmacology of both the MAb and the target antigen are well-understood. Selection of appropriate preclinical species must be carefully considered and the potential development of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) during these early studies can limit the value and complicate the performance and possible duration of preclinical studies. In human studies, many of the typical pharmacology studies such as renal or hepatic impairment evaluations may not be needed but the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these agents is complex, often necessitating more comprehensive evaluation of clinical data and more complex bioanalytical assays than might be used for small molecules. This paper outlines concerns and strategies for development of MAbs from the early in vitro assessments needed through preclinical and clinical development. This review focuses on how to develop, submit, and comply with regulatory requirements for MAb therapeutics.
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21
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Grund LZ, Novaski I, Quesniaux VF, Ryffel B, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. Neutrophils releasing IL-17A into NETs are essential to plasma cell differentiation in inflamed tissue dependent on IL-1R. Autoimmunity 2016; 50:86-101. [PMID: 28010135 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1261834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) 17A in chronic inflammation is also produced by innate immune cells as neutrophils. Mice with chronic humoral response induced by venom of Thalassophryne nattereri (VTn) proved to be a good tool for evaluating the impact of IL-17A on the development of long-lived plasma cells in the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Here, we report that VTn induces IL-17A production by neutrophils accumulating in the peritoneal cavity and triggers the extrusion of IL-17A along with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Neutrophil depletion reduced the number of IL17A-producing cells in VTn-immunized mice and blocked the differentiation of long-lived plasma cells. Specific antibody production and survival of long-lived plasma cells was ablated in VTn-immunized mice deficient in CD4, while CD28 signaling had the opposite effect on differentiation of long-lived plasma cells. Further, maturation of long-lived plasma cells in inflamed peritoneal cavity was IL-1R1 and COX-2 dependent. Finally, when both the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway and the IL-17A or IL-1R1 activities were blocked, neutrophils were unable to promote the differentiation of memory B cells into long-lived plasma cells, confirming the essential role of neutrophils and IL-17A along with NETs in an IL-1/IL-1R-dependent manner as the novel helping partner for plasma cell differentiation in chronically inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Zito Grund
- a Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ivan Novaski
- b Cell Cycle Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute , São Paulo , Brazil , and
| | - Valerie F Quesniaux
- c Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (CNRS) , Orléans , France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- c Allergy and Lung Inflammation Unit of the Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics (CNRS) , Orléans , France
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- a Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- a Immunoregulation Unit of the Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute , São Paulo , Brazil
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22
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Oshima S, Fujii Y, Karrer EE, Takamura F, Chapin SJ, Neighbors M, Viswanathan S, Devens BH, Higashi Y, Mizuhara H. Immunosuppressive effect of ASP2408, a novel CD86-selective variant of CTLA4-Ig, in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 40:310-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Dekkers JS, Schoones JW, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, van der Helm-van Mil AH. Possibilities for preventive treatment in rheumatoid arthritis? Lessons from experimental animal models of arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:458-467. [PMID: 27481831 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current research in rheumatoid arthritis focuses on preclinical disease phases as it is hypothesised that early preclinical treatment might prevent progression to full-blown disease. Since performance of studies in prearthritis phases in humans is challenging, animal models offer an opportunity to evaluate preventive treatments. We performed a systematic literature review and summarised treatment effects during different stages of arthritis development in animal models. METHODS Eight medical literature databases were systematically searched. Studies were selected if they reported effects of synthetic or biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in animal models of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis and adjuvant-induced arthritis) on arthritis severity, as measured with arthritis severity scores, paw swelling or paw volume. Quality was assessed using an 11-item checklist. Study characteristics were extracted and effect sizes obtained in high-quality studies were summarised in meta-analyses. Studies were categorised into three groups: prophylactic (prior to generation of autoantibody response), prearthritis (after induction of autoantibody response) and therapeutic intervention (after arthritis development). RESULTS Out of 1415 screened articles, 22 studies (including n=712 animals) were eligible of good quality and included in meta-analyses. Prophylactic (16 experiments, n=312 animals) and prearthritis treatment (9 experiments, n=156 animals) both were associated with a reduction of arthritis severity (p<0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). Stratified analyses for different antirheumatic drugs initiated in the prearthritis phase suggested higher efficacy of methotrexate than of anti-tumour necrosis factor. CONCLUSIONS Data of experimental studies in animal models of arthritis suggest that prophylactic and prearthritis treatment strategies are effective and hint at differences in efficacy between antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dekkers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Schoones
- Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R E Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Induction of autoimmune disease by deletion of CTLA-4 in mice in adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2383-92. [PMID: 27071130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603892113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is essential for immunological (self-) tolerance, but due to the early fatality of CTLA-4 KO mice, its specific function in central and peripheral tolerance and in different systemic diseases remains to be determined. Here, we further examined the role of CTLA-4 by abrogating CTLA-4 expression in adult mice and compared the resulting autoimmunity that follows with that produced by congenital CTLA-4 deficiency. We found that conditional deletion of CTLA-4 in adult mice resulted in spontaneous lymphoproliferation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and histologically evident pneumonitis, gastritis, insulitis, and sialadenitis, accompanied by organ-specific autoantibodies. However, in contrast to congenital deficiency, this was not fatal. CTLA-4 deletion induced preferential expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells. However, T cells from CTLA-4-deficient inducible KO mice were able to adoptively transfer the diseases into T cell-deficient mice. Notably, cell transfer of thymocytes de novo produced myocarditis, otherwise not observed in donor mice depleted in adulthood. Moreover, CTLA-4 deletion in adult mice had opposing impacts on induced autoimmune models. Thus, although CTLA-4-deficient mice had more severe collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), they were protected against peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); however, onset of protein-induced EAE was only delayed. Collectively, this indicates that CTLA-4 deficiency affects both central and peripheral tolerance and Treg cell-mediated suppression.
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25
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Kanbe K, Oh K, Chiba J, Inoue Y, Taguchi M, Yabuki A. Analysis of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in Bone and Cartilage of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Abatacept. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2016; 9:51-6. [PMID: 27103846 PMCID: PMC4836876 DOI: 10.4137/cmamd.s34424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the histological changes related to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in bone and cartilage treated with abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 20 patients of bone and cartilage were assessed: 10 abatacept with methotrexate (MTX)-treated RA patients were compared with 10 MTX-treated RA patients (control). The histology of bone and cartilage was observed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, CD4 (T cell), CD68 (macrophage), receptor activator of nuclear kappa-B ligand, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin, CD29 (β-1 integrin), phospho-p38 MAPK (Tyr180/Tyr182), phospho-p44/42 MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK1/ERK2), and phosphor-c-Jun N-terminal kinase. The expressions of CD29 known as mechanoreceptor and ERK known as mechanotransduction signal protein in MAP kinases in the bone and cartilage of patients treated with abatacept were significantly different from those of control. These findings suggest that increases in CD29 and ERK in MAP kinases may change the metabolism of bone and cartilage in RA patients treated with abatacept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Kanbe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koei Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Chiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Taguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yabuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Patakas A, Ji RR, Weir W, Connolly SE, Benson RA, Nadler SG, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. Abatacept Inhibition of T Cell Priming in Mice by Induction of a Unique Transcriptional Profile That Reduces Their Ability to Activate Antigen-Presenting Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:627-38. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agapitos Patakas
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Rui-Ru Ji
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development; Princeton New Jersey
| | - William Weir
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Sean E. Connolly
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development; Princeton New Jersey
| | - Robert A. Benson
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Steven G. Nadler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development; Princeton New Jersey
| | - James M. Brewer
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
| | - Paul Garside
- University of Glasgow, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences; Glasgow UK
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Mina-Osorio P. Review: basics of drug development in rheumatology. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 67:2581-90. [PMID: 26138901 DOI: 10.1002/art.39253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jansen DTSL, el Bannoudi H, Arens R, Habets KLL, Hameetman M, Huizinga TWJ, Stoop JN, Toes REM. Abatacept decreases disease activity in a absence of CD4(+) T cells in a collagen-induced arthritis model. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:220. [PMID: 26290328 PMCID: PMC4545927 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abatacept is a fusion protein of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein (CTLA)-4 and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). It is believed to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting costimulation of T cells via blocking CD28–B7 interactions as CTLA-4 binds to both B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86). However, the interaction of CD28 with B7 molecules is crucial for activation of naive cells, whereas it is unclear whether the action of already activated CD4+ T cells, which are readily present in established disease, also depends on this interaction. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mode of action of abatacept depends solely on its ability to halt T cell activation in established disease. Methods Arthritis was induced in thymectomized male DBA/1 mice by immunisation with bovine collagen type II. The mice were subsequently depleted for CD4+ T cells. Abatacept or control treatment was started when 80 % of the mice showed signs of arthritis. Arthritis severity was monitored by clinical scoring of the paws, and anti-collagen antibody levels over time were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Treatment with abatacept in the absence of CD4+ T cells resulted in lower disease activity. This was associated with decreasing levels of collagen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies, whereas the antibody levels in control or CD4+ T cell–depleted mice increased over time. Conclusions These results show that abatacept decreased disease activity in the absence of CD4+ T cells, indicating that the mode of action of abatacept in established arthritis does not depend entirely on its effects on CD4+ T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diahann T S L Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanane el Bannoudi
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Kim L L Habets
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marjolijn Hameetman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen N Stoop
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300, RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Mediated Acute Liver Failure and Rescue by Immunoglobulin in Human Hepatocyte Transplant TK-NOG Mice. J Virol 2015; 89:10087-96. [PMID: 26246560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01126-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical in eliminating infection. We developed an animal model in which HBV-infected human hepatocytes are targeted by HBV-specific CTLs. After HBV inoculation in human hepatocyte-transplanted herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase-NOG mice, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were administered, and albumin, HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cytokine levels were analyzed. Histopathological and flow-cytometric analysis of infiltrating human immune cells were performed, and the efficacy of CTL-associated antigen-4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) against liver damage was evaluated. PBMC treatment resulted in massive hepatocyte damage with elevation of ALT, granzyme A, and gamma interferon and decrease in albumin and HBV DNA. The number of liver-infiltrating human lymphocytes and CD8-positive cells was significantly higher in HBV-infected mice. HBV-specific CTLs were detected by core and polymerase peptide-major histocompatibility complex-tetramer, and the population of regulatory T cells was significantly decreased in HBV-infected mice. Serum hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen became negative, and HBs antibody appeared. CTLA4Ig treatment strongly inhibited infiltration of mononuclear cells. CTLA4Ig treatment will be used to treat patients who develop severe acute hepatitis B to prevent liver transplantation or lethality. This animal model is useful for virological and immunological analysis of HBV infection and to develop new therapies for severe acute hepatitis B. IMPORTANCE Without liver transplantation, some HBV-infected patients will die from severe liver damage due to acute overreaction of the immune system. No effective treatment exists, due in part to the lack of a suitable animal model. An animal model is necessary to investigate the mechanism of hepatitis and to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent acute liver failure in HBV infection. We developed an animal model in which HBV-infected human hepatocytes are targeted by human HBV-specific CTLs. In this model, HBV-infected human hepatocytes were transplanted into severely immunodeficient NOG mice in order to reconstruct elements of the human immune system. Using this model, we found that CTL-associated antigen-4 immunoglobulin was able to suppress damage to HBV-infected hepatocytes, suggesting an approach to treatment. This animal model is useful for virological and immunological analysis of HBV infection and to develop new therapies for severe acute hepatitis B.
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Ward FJ, Dahal LN, Khanolkar RC, Shankar SP, Barker RN. Targeting the alternatively spliced soluble isoform of CTLA-4: prospects for immunotherapy? Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1073-84. [PMID: 25428646 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an inhibitory protein that contributes to immune homeostasis and tolerance, a role that has led to its exploitation as a therapeutic in several clinical settings including cancer and autoimmune disease. Development of CTLA-4 therapies focused largely on the full-length receptor isoform but other CTLA-4 isoforms are also expressed, including a secretable form of CTLA-4 (soluble CTLA-4 [sCTLA-4]). The contribution of sCTLA-4 to immune regulation has been less well studied, primarily because it was identified some years after the original description of CTLA-4. Here, we examine how sCTLA-4 might contribute to immune regulation and ask whether it might be a biomarker to inform current CTLA-4 therapies or represent a novel CTLA-4 target for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Ward
- Section of Immunology & Infection, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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31
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Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad SS, Stefan M, Tomer Y. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 64:82-90. [PMID: 26235382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both environmental and genetic triggers factor into the etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Although the exact pathogenesis and causative interaction between environment and genes are unknown, GD and HT share similar immune-mediated mechanisms of disease. They both are characterized by the production of thyroid autoantibodies and by thyroidal lymphocytic infiltration, despite being clinically distinct entities with thyrotoxicosis in GD and hypothyroidism in HT. Family and population studies confirm the strong genetic influence and inheritability in the development of AITD. AITD susceptibility genes can be categorized as either thyroid specific (Tg, TSHR) or immune-modulating (FOXP3, CD25, CD40, CTLA-4, HLA), with HLA-DR3 carrying the highest risk. Of the AITD susceptibility genes, FOXP3 and CD25 play critical roles in the establishment of peripheral tolerance while CD40, CTLA-4, and the HLA genes are pivotal for T lymphocyte activation and antigen presentation. Polymorphisms in these immune-modulating genes, in particular, significantly contribute to the predisposition for GD, HT and, unsurprisingly, other autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the immunoregulatory genes may functionally hinder the proper development of central and peripheral tolerance and alter T cell interactions with antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the immunological synapse. Thus, susceptibility genes for AITD contribute directly to the key mechanism underlying the development of organ-specific autoimmunity, namely the breakdown in self-tolerance. Here we review the major immune-modulating genes that are associated with AITD and their potential functional effects on thyroidal immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheuk Wun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara Salehi Hammerstad
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mihaela Stefan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaron Tomer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Bronx VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Beyersdorf N, Kerkau T, Hünig T. CD28 co-stimulation in T-cell homeostasis: a recent perspective. Immunotargets Ther 2015; 4:111-22. [PMID: 27471717 PMCID: PMC4918251 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s61647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells play a key role within the adaptive immune system mediating cellular immunity and orchestrating the immune response as a whole. Their activation requires not only recognition of antigen/major histocompatibility complexes by the T-cell receptor but in addition co-stimulation via the CD28 molecule through binding to CD80, CD86, or as recently discovered, inducible co-stimulator ligand expressed by antigen-presenting cells. Apart from tight control of the co-stimulatory signal by the T-cell receptor complex, expression of the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) sharing its ligands with CD28 is required to avoid inappropriate or prolonged T-cell activation. CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are crucial inhibitors of autoimmunity, add another level of complexity in that they differ from conventional non-regulatory CD4(+) T-cells by strongly depending on CD28 signaling for their generation and homeostasis. Moreover, CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed by Treg cells where it serves as a key mediator of suppression, while conventional CD4(+) T-cells express CTLA-4 only after activation. Here, we discuss recent insights into the molecular events underlying CD28-mediated co-stimulation, its impact on gene regulation, and the differential role of CD28 expression on Treg cells versus conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. Moreover, we summarize the exciting therapeutic options which have arisen from our current understanding of T-cell co-stimulation. Some of these have already been translated into the clinic, while others are expected to follow soon due to promising preclinical results. In particular, we discuss the failed 2006 trial of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412, and the return of this potent T-cell activator to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis: How informative are they? Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:278-86. [PMID: 25824900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of arthritis are widely used to de-convolute disease pathways and to identify novel drug targets and therapeutic approaches. However, the high attrition rates of drugs in Phase II/III rates means that a relatively small number of drugs reach the market, despite showing efficacy in pre-clinical models. There is also increasing awareness of the ethical issues surrounding the use of animal models of disease and it is timely, therefore, to review the relevance and translatability of animal models of arthritis. In this paper we review the most commonly used animal models in terms of their pathological similarities to human rheumatoid arthritis as well as their response to drug therapy. In general, the ability of animal models to predict efficacy of biologics in man has been good. However, the predictive power of animal models for small molecules has been variable, probably because of differences in the levels of target knockdown achievable in vivo.
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Rim YA, Yi H, Kim Y, Park N, Jung H, Kim J, Jung SM, Park SH, Ju JH. Self in vivo production of a synthetic biological drug CTLA4Ig using a minicircle vector. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6935. [PMID: 25374010 PMCID: PMC5381501 DOI: 10.1038/srep06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin fusion protein (CTLA4Ig, abatacept) is a B7/CD28 costimulation inhibitor that can ward off the immune response by preventing the activation of naïve T cells. This therapeutic agent is administered to patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Its antiarthritic efficacy is satisfactory, but the limitations are the necessity for frequent injection and high cost. Minicircles can robustly express the target molecule and excrete it outside the cell as an indirect method to produce the protein of interest in vivo. We inserted the sequence of abatacept into the minicircle vector, and by successful in vivo injection the host was able to produce the synthetic protein drug. Intravenous infusion of the minicircle induced spontaneous production of CTLA4Ig in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Self-produced CTLA4Ig significantly decreased the symptoms of arthritis. Injection of minicircle CTLA4Ig regulated Foxp3(+) T cells and Th17 cells. Parental and mock vectors did not ameliorate arthritis or modify the T cell population. We have developed a new concept of spontaneous protein drug delivery using a minicircle vector. Self in vivo production of a synthetic protein drug may be useful when biological drugs cannot be injected because of manufacturing or practical problems.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/immunology
- Antirheumatic Agents/metabolism
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- DNA, Circular/administration & dosage
- DNA, Circular/biosynthesis
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/biosynthesis
- Immunoconjugates/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/metabolism
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hyoju Yi
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Youngkyun Kim
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Narae Park
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Juryun Kim
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, South Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul. 137-701, Republic of Korea
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35
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Scheinecker C. Blockade of co-stimulation in chronic inflammatory diseases. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 165:23-7. [PMID: 25271110 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules are key elements in T cell activation. Therapeutic inhibition of costimulatory pathways have been recognized as valid therapeutic strategies in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. This article will describe their mechanisms of action and will summarize the results from clinical trials in the field of rheumatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Scheinecker
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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36
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Ceeraz S, Nowak EC, Noelle RJ. B7 family checkpoint regulators in immune regulation and disease. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:556-63. [PMID: 23954143 PMCID: PMC3821798 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fine-tuning the immune response and maintaining tolerance to self-antigens involves a complex network of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. The recent FDA approval of ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody blocking cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, demonstrates the impact of checkpoint regulators in disease. This is reinforced by ongoing clinical trials targeting not only CTLA-4, but also the programmed death (PD)-1 and B7-H4 pathways in various disease states. Recently, two new B7 family inhibitory ligands, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) and B7-H6 were identified. Here, we review recent understanding of B7 family members and their concerted regulation of the immune response to either self or foreign pathogens. We also discuss clinical developments in targeting these pathways in different disease settings, and introduce VISTA as a putative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ceeraz
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Centre, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Suchard SJ, Davis PM, Kansal S, Stetsko DK, Brosius R, Tamura J, Schneeweis L, Bryson J, Salcedo T, Wang H, Yang Z, Fleener CA, Ignatovich O, Plummer C, Grant S, Nadler SG. A Monovalent Anti-Human CD28 Domain Antibody Antagonist: Preclinical Efficacy and Safety. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4599-610. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Podojil JR, Miller SD. Targeting the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules: successes and challenges. BioDrugs 2013; 27:1-13. [PMID: 23329394 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-012-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As more patient data is cross-referenced with animal models of disease, the primary focus on T(h)1 autoreactive effector cell function in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, has shifted towards the role of T(h)17 autoreactive effector cells and the ability of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) to modulate the pro-inflammatory autoimmune response. Therefore, the currently favored hypothesis is that a delicate balance between T(h)1/17 effector cells and T(reg) cell function is critical in the regulation of inflammatory autoimmune disease. An intensive area of research with regard to the T(h)1/17:T(reg) cell balance is the utilization of blockade and/or ligation of various co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory molecules, respectively, during ongoing disease to skew the immune response toward a more tolerogenic/regulatory state. Currently, FDA-approved therapies for multiple sclerosis patients are all aimed at the suppression of immune cell function. The other favored method of treatment is a modulation or deletion of autoreactive immune cells via short-term blockade of activating co-stimulatory receptors via treatment with fusion proteins such as CTLA4-Ig and CTLA4-FasL. Based on the initial success of CTLA4-Ig, there are additional fusion proteins that are currently under development. Examples of the more recently identified B7/CD28 family members are PD-L1, PD-L2, inducible co-stimulatory molecule-ligand (ICOS-L), B7-H3, and B7-H4, all of which may emerge as potential fusion protein therapeutics, each with unique, yet often overlapping functions. The expression of both stimulatory and inhibitory B7 molecules seems to play an essential role in modulating immune cell function through a variety of mechanisms, which is supported by findings that suggest each B7 molecule has developed its own indispensable niche in the immune system. As more data are generated, the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of the above B7 family-member-derived fusion proteins becomes ever more apparent. Besides defining the biology of these B7/CD28 family members in vivo, additional difficulty in the development of these therapies lies in maintaining the normal immune functions of recognition and reaction to non-self-antigens following viral or bacterial infection in the patient. Further complicating the clinical translation of these therapies, the mechanism of action identified for a particular reagent may depend upon the method of immune-cell activation and the subset of immune cells targeted in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry 6-718, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Bernett MJ, Chu SY, Leung I, Moore GL, Lee SH, Pong E, Chen H, Phung S, Muchhal US, Horton HM, Lazar GA, Desjarlais JR, Szymkowski DE. Immune suppression in cynomolgus monkeys by XPro9523: an improved CTLA4-Ig fusion with enhanced binding to CD80, CD86 and neonatal Fc receptor FcRn. MAbs 2013; 5:384-96. [PMID: 23549103 PMCID: PMC4169032 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The CTLA4-Ig fusion proteins abatacept and belatacept are clinically proven immunosuppressants used for rheumatoid arthritis and renal transplant, respectively. Given that both biologics are typically administered chronically by infusion, a need exists for a next-generation CTLA4-Ig with more convenient dosing. We used structure-based protein engineering to optimize the affinity of existing CTLA4-Ig therapeutics for the ligands CD80 and CD86, and for the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn. From a rationally designed library, we identified four substitutions that enhanced binding to human CD80 and CD86. Coupled with two IgG1 Fc substitutions that enhanced binding to human FcRn, these changes comprise the novel CTLA4-Ig fusion protein, XPro9523. Compared with abatacept, XPro9523 demonstrated 5.9-fold, 23-fold, and 12-fold increased binding to CD80, CD86, and FcRn, respectively; compared with belatacept, CD80, CD86, and FcRn binding increased 1.5-fold, 7.7-fold, and 11-fold, respectively. XPro9523 and belatacept suppressed human T cell proliferation and IL-2 production more potently than abatacept. XPro9523 also suppressed inflammation in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis model. In cynomolgus monkeys, XPro9523 saturated CD80 and CD86 more effectively than abatacept and belatacept, potently inhibited IgM and IgG immunization responses, and demonstrated longer half-life. Pharmacokinetic modeling of its increased potency and persistence suggests that, in humans, XPro9523 may demonstrate superior efficacy and dosing convenience compared with abatacept and belatacept.
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40
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Dhirapong A, Yang GX, Nadler S, Zhang W, Tsuneyama K, Leung P, Knechtle S, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Liu FT, He XS, Gershwin ME. Therapeutic effect of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4/immunoglobulin on a murine model of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57:708-15. [PMID: 22996325 PMCID: PMC3548049 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Collectively, the data in both humans and murine models of human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) suggest that activated T cells, particularly CD8 T cells, play a critical role in biliary cell destruction. Under physiological conditions, T-cell activation involves two critical signals that involve the major histocompatibility complex and a set of costimulatory molecules, which include a receptor on T cells termed cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Germane to the studies reported herein, signaling by CTLA-4 has the potential to modulate costimulation and induce inhibitory signals. In this study, we have taken advantage of our well-defined murine model of PBC, in which mice are immunized with 2-octynoic acid coupled to bovine serum albumin (2OA-BSA), leading to the production of high-titer antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) and portal cellular infiltrates. To investigate the potential of CTLA-4-Ig (immunoglobulin) as an immunotherapeutic agent, we treated mice both before and after induction of autoimmune cholangitis. First, we demonstrate that CTLA-4-Ig treatment, begun 1 day before 2OA-BSA immunization, completely inhibits the manifestations of cholangitis, including AMA production, intrahepatic T-cell infiltrates, and bile duct damage. However, and more critically, treatment with CTLA-4-Ig, initiated after the development of autoimmune cholangitis in previously immunized mice, also resulted in significant therapeutic benefit, including reduced intrahepatic T-cell infiltrates and biliary cell damage, although AMA levels were not altered. CONCLUSION These data suggest that an optimized regimen with CTLA-4-Ig has the potential to serve as an investigative therapeutic tool in patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dhirapong
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Steven Nadler
- Department of Immunology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Patrick Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stuart Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, The Emory Clinic and Hospital, Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Xiao-Song He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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Lee CK. Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Abatacept in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2013.20.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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42
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Wu YL, Liang J, Zhang W, Tanaka Y, Sugiyama H. Immunotherapies: the blockade of inhibitory signals. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1420-30. [PMID: 23197939 PMCID: PMC3509335 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes require signaling by the T cell receptor and by nonclonotypic cosignaling receptors. The costimulatory and inhibitory signals profoundly influence the course of immune responses by amplifying or reducing the transcriptional effects of T cell receptor triggering. The inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4, PD-1, and BTLA have recently drawn much attention as potential targets for immunotherapies. This review focuses on the progress that has been made with the mentioned receptors in the field of immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, malignancies, infectious diseases, and transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/chemistry
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/chemistry
- CTLA-4 Antigen/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transplantation Immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Virus Inspection Department of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Jing Liang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- 4. Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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43
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Jabbari A, Petukhova L, Cabral RM, Clynes R, Christiano AM. Genetic basis of alopecia areata: a roadmap for translational research. Dermatol Clin 2012; 31:109-17. [PMID: 23159180 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a recurrent autoimmune type of hair loss that affects about 5.3 million people in the United States alone. Despite being the most prevalent autoimmune disease, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this complex disease are still poorly understood, and rational treatments are lacking. Further efforts are necessary to clearly pinpoint the causes and molecular pathways leading to this disease and to find evidence-based treatments for AA. The authors focus on the central role of genetics for gaining insight into disease pathogenesis and setting the stage for the rational development of novel effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jabbari
- Department of Dermatology, Russ Berrie Medical Science Pavilion, Columbia University, 1150 Saint Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Martín Mola E, Balsa A, Martínez Taboada V, Sanmartí R, Marenco JL, Navarro Sarabia F, Gómez-Reino J, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Román Ivorra JA, Lojo L, Plasencia C, Carmona L. Abatacept use in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence review and recommendations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:5-17. [PMID: 22766432 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the clinical evidence on abatacept and to formulate recommendations in order to clear up points related to its use in rheumatology. METHOD An expert panel of rheumatologists objectively summarized the evidence on the mechanism of action, practicalities, effectiveness and safety of abatacept, and formulated recommendations following a literature review. The level of evidence and degree of recommendation was established. RESULTS The document presents 21 statements focused on evidence or recommendations on abatacept (14 evidence summaries and 9 recommendations). The level of evidence was 2b or higher according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine scale on 14 occasions. The degree of the recommendation was A in two recommendations, C in one, and D in the rest. It was considered important to make recommendations on aspects with lower levels of evidence. CONCLUSIONS This is a practical document to supplement the summary of product characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Martín Mola
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, España.
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45
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The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: new insights from old clinical data? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8:235-43. [PMID: 22410633 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite their different targets, biologic agents used for blockade of TNF and IL-6, inhibition of T-cell co-stimulation and B-cell depletion all have similar beneficial effects on the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This observation raises questions as to whether the targets of these therapies might all be involved in a common pathogenetic pathway. However, blockade of TNF and IL-6 has a similar inhibitory effect on joint damage progression in patients with either early or late disease. In comparison, B-cell depletion and inhibition of T-cell co-stimulation seem to have a somewhat delayed effect on joint damage (compared with cytokine inhibition), which suggests that these approaches affect upstream pathogenetic events. This article discusses these disparities and presents hypotheses as to whether clinical trial data can be used to determine at which point a biologic agent might interfere with the pathogenetic cascade in RA.
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46
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Ye F, Hou P, Wu X, Ma X, Gao L, Wu L, Xu L, Shi B. The significance of immune-related molecule expression profiles in an animal model of Graves' disease. Autoimmunity 2011; 45:143-52. [PMID: 22017306 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2011.611548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) A-subunit has been reported to be a critical autoantigen in the generation of thyroid-stimulating antibodies, thereby causing Graves' disease (GD). However, immune mechanisms associated with GD animal models induced by TSHR A-subunit are poorly understood until now. METHODS Female BALB/c mice (n = 23) were randomly divided into two groups, and GD presentation was monitored following injection with either 50 μl phosphate-buffered saline containing 10(9) particles of adenovirus expressing the human TSHR A-subunit (Ad-TSHR289) or the Ad-LacZ control. Expressions of CD40, CD40L, CD80, CD86, CD28, CTLA-4, FOXP3 and IL-17A in various tissues were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays. RESULTS Compared with control group, mice of the hyperthyroid group showed significant elevation of expression in the thyroid of CD40 and CD86, expression in the heart of CD28, CD40 and CD40L and expression in the liver of CD28, CD40 and CD86. Conversely, there was significantly diminished expression of CTLA-4 in the thymus of mice in the hyperthyroid group. Expression of all genes examined was not significantly different in the spleens of mice from either of the groups and CD40L and FOXP3 expression was not detected in the thyroids of hyperthyroid mice. CONCLUSIONS The expression profile of multiple immune-related molecules differed in mice in the GD group following Ad-TSHR289 immunization, suggesting that these molecules played a potential role in GD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
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Papagoras C, Drosos AA. Abatacept: a biologic immune modulator for rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1113-29. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.592825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Xue H, Liang F, Liu N, Song X, Yuan F, Luo Y, Zhao X, Long J, Sun Y, Xi Y. Potent antirheumatic activity of a new DNA vaccine targeted to B7-2/CD28 costimulatory signaling pathway in autoimmune arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:65-76. [PMID: 20695769 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a proinflammatory autoimmune disease attributed to failure of both CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (Tr) and CD8(+)CD28(-) suppressor T (Ts) cells to control autoreactive CD4(+)CD28(+) Th1 (Th1) and autoantibody-producing B cells. Here we show a single intramuscular injection of our novel targeted DNA vaccine encoding Pseudomonas exotoxin A and costimulatory molecule B7-2 without autoantigens in a collagen-induced arthritis model simultaneously increased Tr and Ts cells and selectively decreased autoreactive Th1 cells. The vaccine induced a shift from Th1 to Th2 and Th3 cellular and cytokine profiles and a decrease in CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratios. Importantly, the vaccine showed potent antirheumatic activity by clinical and other examinations such as X-ray, histopathology, and anti-type II collagen IgG levels and was comparable to methotrexate, the current "gold standard" treatment. As an effective stimulator of both Tr and Ts cells and a specific suppressor of autoreactive Th1 cells, this vaccine is a promising therapeutic approach for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xue
- Department of Immunology, Beijing 307 Hospital, Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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49
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Specific Btk inhibition suppresses B cell- and myeloid cell-mediated arthritis. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 7:41-50. [PMID: 21113169 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Btk mediates inflammation are poorly understood. Here we describe the discovery of CGI1746, a small-molecule Btk inhibitor chemotype with a new binding mode that stabilizes an inactive nonphosphorylated enzyme conformation. CGI1746 has exquisite selectivity for Btk and inhibits both auto- and transphosphorylation steps necessary for enzyme activation. Using CGI1746, we demonstrate that Btk regulates inflammatory arthritis by two distinct mechanisms. CGI1746 blocks B cell receptor-dependent B cell proliferation and in prophylactic regimens reduces autoantibody levels in collagen-induced arthritis. In macrophages, Btk inhibition abolishes FcγRIII-induced TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 production. Accordingly, in myeloid- and FcγR-dependent autoantibody-induced arthritis, CGI1746 decreases cytokine levels within joints and ameliorates disease. These results provide new understanding of the function of Btk in both B cell- or myeloid cell-driven disease processes and provide a compelling rationale for targeting Btk in rheumatoid arthritis.
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50
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Platt AM, Gibson VB, Patakas A, Benson RA, Nadler SG, Brewer JM, McInnes IB, Garside P. Abatacept limits breach of self-tolerance in a murine model of arthritis via effects on the generation of T follicular helper cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1558-67. [PMID: 20601593 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abatacept modulates CD28-mediated T cell costimulation and is efficacious in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated but will likely reveal critical pathologic pathways in RA. We show that abatacept substantially modulated Ag-specific T and B cell responses in vivo. Ag-specific T cell proliferation was reduced, and the acquisition of an activated phenotype, characterized by upregulation of CD69, OX40, ICOS, and programmed death-1 and downregulation of CD62L, was suppressed. Furthermore, abatacept suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and IL-17. These effects were associated with a failure of Ag-specific T cells to acquire the CXCR5(+)ICOS(+) T follicular helper cell phenotype. This, in turn, led to a failure of these cells to enter B cell follicles, resulting in reduced specific Ab responses, despite normal B cell clonal expansion. To test the pathologic significance of this, we used a novel model of RA associated with breach of self-tolerance to self-Ag and demonstrated that abatacept prevented the emergence of self-reactivity. Thus, CD28-dependent signaling is required for optimal T follicular helper cell maturation and expansion, and its inhibition prevents loss of self-tolerance in a model of articular pathology. Thus, we provide a novel mode of action for abatacept with profound implications for its potential usefulness in early inflammatory arthropathies associated with autoantibody expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Platt
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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