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Shen X, Wang J, Deng B, Zhao Z, Chen S, Kong W, Zhou C, Bae-Jump V. Review of the Potential Role of Ascorbate in the Prevention and Treatment of Gynecological Cancers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:617. [PMID: 38790722 PMCID: PMC11118910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential vitamin for the human body and participates in various physiological processes as an important coenzyme and antioxidant. Furthermore, the role of ascorbate in the prevention and treatment of cancer including gynecological cancer has gained much more interest recently. The bioavailability and certain biological functions of ascorbate are distinct in males versus females due to differences in lean body mass, sex hormones, and lifestyle factors. Despite epidemiological evidence that ascorbate-rich foods and ascorbate plasma concentrations are inversely related to cancer risk, ascorbate has not demonstrated a significant protective effect in patients with gynecological cancers. Adequate ascorbate intake may have the potential to reduce the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and high-risk HPV persistence status. High-dose ascorbate exerts antitumor activity and synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents in preclinical cancer models of gynecological cancer. In this review, we provide evidence for the biological activity of ascorbate in females and discuss the potential role of ascorbate in the prevention and treatment of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Shen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Boer Deng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shuning Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China; (X.S.); (J.W.); (B.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Tempone MH, Borges-Martins VP, César F, Alexandrino-Mattos DP, de Figueiredo CS, Raony Í, dos Santos AA, Duarte-Silva AT, Dias MS, Freitas HR, de Araújo EG, Ribeiro-Resende VT, Cossenza M, P. Silva H, P. de Carvalho R, Ventura ALM, Calaza KC, Silveira MS, Kubrusly RCC, de Melo Reis RA. The Healthy and Diseased Retina Seen through Neuron-Glia Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1120. [PMID: 38256192 PMCID: PMC10817105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The retina is the sensory tissue responsible for the first stages of visual processing, with a conserved anatomy and functional architecture among vertebrates. To date, retinal eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, and others, affect nearly 170 million people worldwide, resulting in vision loss and blindness. To tackle retinal disorders, the developing retina has been explored as a versatile model to study intercellular signaling, as it presents a broad neurochemical repertoire that has been approached in the last decades in terms of signaling and diseases. Retina, dissociated and arranged as typical cultures, as mixed or neuron- and glia-enriched, and/or organized as neurospheres and/or as organoids, are valuable to understand both neuronal and glial compartments, which have contributed to revealing roles and mechanisms between transmitter systems as well as antioxidants, trophic factors, and extracellular matrix proteins. Overall, contributions in understanding neurogenesis, tissue development, differentiation, connectivity, plasticity, and cell death are widely described. A complete access to the genome of several vertebrates, as well as the recent transcriptome at the single cell level at different stages of development, also anticipates future advances in providing cues to target blinding diseases or retinal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus H. Tempone
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Vladimir P. Borges-Martins
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Felipe César
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Dio Pablo Alexandrino-Mattos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Camila S. de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Aline Araujo dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Aline Teixeira Duarte-Silva
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana Santana Dias
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Hércules Rezende Freitas
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (Í.R.); (H.R.F.)
| | - Elisabeth G. de Araújo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation—INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Victor Tulio Ribeiro-Resende
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
| | - Marcelo Cossenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Hilda P. Silva
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.S.D.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Roberto P. de Carvalho
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Ana L. M. Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; (C.S.d.F.); (A.T.D.-S.); (E.G.d.A.); (R.P.d.C.); (A.L.M.V.); (K.C.C.)
| | - Mariana S. Silveira
- Laboratory for Investigation in Neuroregeneration and Development, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil;
| | - Regina C. C. Kubrusly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute and Program of Neurosciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, Brazil; (V.P.B.-M.); (A.A.d.S.); (M.C.); (R.C.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21949-000, Brazil; (M.H.T.); (F.C.); (D.P.A.-M.); (V.T.R.-R.)
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Lykkesfeldt J, Carr AC. Vitamin C - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:10300. [PMID: 38187788 PMCID: PMC10770653 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C has multiple metabolic functions in the body, but the available information on the exact relationship between these functions and the intake necessary to maintain them is very limited. However, most attempts to objectively measure adequacy of vitamin C status, including, for example, replacement of metabolic turnover, chronic disease prevention, urinary excretion, and saturation of immune cells and body compartment, currently point toward 50 µmol/L as a reasonable target plasma concentration. As a strong correlation between body weight and vitamin C status exists, recommended intakes (RIs) for other age groups may be extrapolated from the adult RI based on weight. However, as body weights above 70 kg are becoming increasingly common - also in the Nordic region - an RI of 140 mg/day for individuals weighing 100 kg or more should be considered to compensate for the larger volume of distribution. Finally, smoking continues to be a common contributor to poor vitamin C status; therefore, it is proposed that people who smoke increase their daily vitamin C intake by 40 mg/day to compensate for the increased metabolic turnover induced by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anitra C. Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Kuwabara M, Fukuuchi T, Aoki Y, Mizuta E, Ouchi M, Kurajoh M, Maruhashi T, Tanaka A, Morikawa N, Nishimiya K, Akashi N, Tanaka Y, Otani N, Morita M, Miyata H, Takada T, Tsutani H, Ogino K, Ichida K, Hisatome I, Abe K. Exploring the Multifaceted Nexus of Uric Acid and Health: A Review of Recent Studies on Diverse Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1519. [PMID: 37892201 PMCID: PMC10604821 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of patients with hyperuricemia or gout is increasing worldwide. Hyperuricemia and gout are primarily attributed to genetic factors, along with lifestyle factors like consuming a purine-rich diet, alcohol and/or fructose intake, and physical activity. While numerous studies have reported various comorbidities linked to hyperuricemia or gout, the range of these associations is extensive. This review article focuses on the relationship between uric acid and thirteen specific domains: transporters, genetic factors, diet, lifestyle, gout, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, hypertension, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and malignancies. The present article provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in these areas, compiled by experts from the Young Committee of the Japanese Society of Gout and Uric and Nucleic Acids. The consolidated summary serves to enhance the global comprehension of uric acid-related matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2-Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukuuchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
| | - Yuhei Aoki
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan;
| | - Einosuke Mizuta
- Department of Cardiology, Sanin Rosai Hospital, Yonago 683-8605, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Health Promotion in Nursing and Midwifery, Innovative Nursing for Life Course, Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8672, Chiba, Japan;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 5454-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Saga, Japan;
| | - Nagisa Morikawa
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan;
- Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nishimiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Akashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka 420-0881, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Otani
- Cardiovascular Center, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-1298, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Mihoko Morita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji 910-1193, Fukui, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Tsutani
- National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital, Awara 910-4272, Fukui, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Ogino
- Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Tottori Hospital, Tottori 680-8517, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- National Hospital Organization Yonago Medical Center, Yonago 683-0006, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan;
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Song WX, Yu ZH, Ren XF, Chen JH, Chen X. Role of micronutrients in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:711-731. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i17.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease that includes ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and indeterminate colitis. Patients with IBD are often at risk for malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, due to dietary restrictions and poor intestinal absorption. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, play an important role in the human body's metabolism and maintenance of tissue functions. This article reviews the role of micronutrients in IBD. Micronutrients can affect the occurrence and progression of IBD by regulating immunity, intestinal flora, oxidative stress, intestinal barrier function, and other aspects. Monitoring and timely supplementation of micronutrients are important to delay progression and improve clinical symptoms in IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zi-Han Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Ren
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ji-Hua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Maurya VK, Shakya A, McClements DJ, Srinivasan R, Bashir K, Ramesh T, Lee J, Sathiyamoorthi E. Vitamin C fortification: need and recent trends in encapsulation technologies. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1229243. [PMID: 37743910 PMCID: PMC10517877 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1229243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted role of vitamin C in human health intrudes several biochemical functions that are but not limited to antioxidant activity, homoeostasis, amino acid synthesis, collagen synthesis, osteogenesis, neurotransmitter production and several yet to be explored functions. In absence of an innate biosynthetic pathway, humans are obligated to attain vitamin C from dietary sources to maintain its optimal serum level (28 μmol/L). However, a significant amount of naturally occurring vitamin C may deteriorate due to food processing, storage and distribution before reaching to the human gastrointestinal tract, thus limiting or mitigating its disease combating activity. Literature acknowledges the growing prevalence of vitamin C deficiency across the globe irrespective of geographic, economic and population variations. Several tools have been tested to address vitamin C deficiency, which are primarily diet diversification, biofortification, supplementation and food fortification. These strategies inherit their own advantages and limitations. Opportunely, nanotechnology promises an array of delivery systems providing encapsulation, protection and delivery of susceptible compounds against environmental factors. Lack of clear understanding of the suitability of the delivery system for vitamin C encapsulation and fortification; growing prevalence of its deficiency, it is a need of the hour to develop and design vitamin C fortified food ensuring homogeneous distribution, improved stability and enhanced bioavailability. This article is intended to review the importance of vitamin C in human health, its recommended daily allowance, its dietary sources, factors donating to its stability and degradation. The emphasis also given to review the strategies adopted to address vitamin c deficiency, delivery systems adopted for vitamin C encapsulation and fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Kumar Maurya
- Field Application Specialist, PerkinElmer, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Amita Shakya
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ramachandran Srinivasan
- Centre for Ocean Research (DST-FIST Sponsored Centre), MoES-Earth Science and Technology Cell (Marine Biotechnological Studies), Sathyabama Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Khalid Bashir
- Department of Food Technology, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Mehta N, Pokharna P, Shetty SR. Unwinding the potentials of vitamin C in COVID-19 and other diseases: An updated review. Nutr Health 2023; 29:415-433. [PMID: 36445072 PMCID: PMC9713540 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The discovery of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is related to the ancient history of persistent research on the origins of the haemorrhagic disease scurvy. Vitamin C is an important nutrient that aids in a variety of biological and physiological processes. Scientists have been researching the function of vitamin C in the prevention and ailment of sepsis and pneumonia for decades. This has created a potential platform for applying these results to individuals suffering from severe coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin C's ability to activate and enhance the immune system makes it a promising treatment in the present COVID-19 pandemic. Vitamin C also aids in the activation of vitamin B, the production of certain neurotransmitters, and the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids. Hence, vitamin C is used for the treatment of many diseases. Aim: This review highlights the Vitamin C investigations that are performed by various researchers on patients with COVID 19 infection, the clinical studies and their observations. The authors have additionally updated information on the significance of vitamin C insufficiency, as well as its relevance and involvement in diseases such as cancer, wound healing, iron deficiency anaemia, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss them with the references. Methods: The method used in order to perform literature search was done using SciFinder, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Results: There is a potential role of vitamin C in various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19 and other diseases and the results are highlighted in the review with the help of clinical and preclinical data. Conclusion: More research on vitamin C and the undergoing clinical trials might prove a potential role of vitamin C in protecting the population from current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Pokharna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Saritha R Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
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8
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Yang R, Deng F, Yang Y, Tian Q, Huangfu S, Yang L, Hou J, Yang G, Pang W, Lu J, Liu H, Chen Y, Gao J, Zhang L. Blue light promotes vitamin C-mediated ferroptosis of melanoma through specifically upregulating transporter SVCT2 and generating Fe 2. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122186. [PMID: 37276798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC)-based cancer therapy is a promising therapeutic approach for a variety of cancers due to its profound effects on redox reactions and metabolic pathways. However, high administration dosage of VC for necessary therapeutic efficacy for cancers increases the risk of overt side effects and limits its clinical use. Here, we show cutaneous blue light irradiation can specifically upregulate the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) of the tumor and increase effectively the VC concentration at the tumor sites by an overall low dosage administration. In the mouse melanoma model, blue light stimulates the SVCT2 expression through the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. The increased cellular VC together with Fe2+ generated by blue light simultaneously elevate cellular oxidative stress and trigger the ferroptosis of melanoma. With this revealed mechanism, the synergistic actions of blue light on the VC transporter and Fe2+ generation lead to a ca. 20-fold reduction in the administration dosage of VC with an effective melanoma elimination and prolonged survival. The work defines the killing mechanism of blue light on VC-based cancer therapy and provides a practical approach for promoting VC uptake. This light-assisted VC therapy is not only highly efficient for melanoma but also considerable for a broad clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fangqing Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yingchun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Shuaiqi Huangfu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Luqiu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Guanghao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jueru Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Lianbing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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9
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Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Padayatty SJ, Wang Y, Tu H, Wilkins KJ, Moore DF, Eck P, Schiffmann R, Levine M. Vitamin C Urinary Loss in Fabry Disease: Clinical and Genomic Characteristics of Vitamin C Renal Leak. J Nutr 2023; 153:1994-2003. [PMID: 37229630 PMCID: PMC10375496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations in chronic diseases may result from abnormal urinary excretion of vitamin C: a renal leak. We hypothesized that vitamin C renal leak may be associated with disease-mediated renal dysregulation, resulting in aberrant vitamin C renal reabsorption and increased urinary loss. OBJECTIVES We investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and genomic associations of vitamin C renal leak in Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal disease associated with renal tubular dysfunction and low plasma vitamin C concentrations. METHODS We conducted a non-randomized cross-sectional cohort study of men aged 24-42 y, with Fabry disease (n = 34) and controls without acute or chronic disease (n = 33). To match anticipated plasma vitamin C concentrations, controls were placed on a low-vitamin C diet 3 wk before inpatient admission. To determine the primary outcome of vitamin C renal leak prevalence, subjects were fasted overnight, and matched urine and fasting plasma vitamin C measurements were obtained the following morning. Vitamin C renal leak was defined as presence of urinary vitamin C at plasma concentrations below 38 μM. Exploratory outcomes assessed the association between renal leak and clinical parameters, and genomic associations with renal leak using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the vitamin C transporter SLC23A1. RESULTS Compared with controls, the Fabry cohort had 16-fold higher odds of renal leak (6% vs. 52%; OR: 16; 95% CI: 3.30, 162; P < 0.001). Renal leak was associated with higher protein creatinine ratio (P < 0.01) and lower hemoglobin (P = 0.002), but not estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.54). Renal leak, but not plasma vitamin C, was associated with a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin C transporter SLC23A1 (OR: 15; 95% CI: 1.6, 777; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increased prevalence of renal leak in adult men with Fabry disease may result from dysregulated vitamin C renal physiology and is associated with abnormal clinical outcomes and genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifechukwude Ebenuwa
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Pierre-Christian Violet
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian J Padayatty
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongbin Tu
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, Office of Clinical Research Support, Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David F Moore
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Peter Eck
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Monti DA. A Vitamin C Renal Leak in Fabry Disease: The Rare Informs the Common. J Nutr 2023; 153:1839-1840. [PMID: 36806448 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Monti
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, Marcus Institute of Integrative Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Kietzmann T. Vitamin C: From nutrition to oxygen sensing and epigenetics. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102753. [PMID: 37263060 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is unbeatable - at least when it comes to sales. Of all the vitamin preparations, those containing vitamin C sell best. This is surprising because vitamin C deficiency is extremely rare. Nevertheless, there is still controversy about whether the additional intake of vitamin C supplements is essential for our health. In this context, the possible additional benefit is in most cases merely reduced to the known effect as an antioxidant. However, new findings in recent years on the mechanisms of oxygen-sensing and epigenetic control underpin the multifaceted role of vitamin C in a biological context and have therefore renewed interest in it. In the present article, therefore, known facts are linked to these new key data. In addition, available clinical data on vitamin C use of cancer therapy are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- University of Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Gan L, Zhao Y, Wang P, Zhao C, Li Y, Huang W, Shi L, Cui Y, Qiao H, Wang J, Guo Y. Investigations of Ascorbic Acid Synthesis and Distribution in Broiler Tissues at Different Post-Hatch Days. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051137. [PMID: 37240782 DOI: 10.3390/life13051137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is an indispensable nutrient required to sustain optimal poultry health and performance, which is commonly excluded from the diet of broilers. To investigate the synthesis and distribution of AA during broiler growth and clarify its possible turnover, 144 1 d old healthy Arbor Acres broilers with a body weight of approximately 41 g were randomly assigned to eight groups of 18 broilers each. The kidney, liver, ileum, and spleen of one bird from each group were collected every week until 42 d to detect the synthesis capacity, tissue distribution, and transporter gene expression of AA. The results showed that kidney L-gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) activity responded quadratically (p < 0.001), with maximum activity observed at 7 to 21 d old. Hepatic total AA and dehydroascrobate (DHA) concentration increased linearly (p < 0.001) with age, as did splenic total AA (p < 0.001). In the ileum, mRNA expression of sodium vitamin C transporter 1/2 (SVCT1/2) decreased with the growing age of the broilers (p < 0.05). The expression of SVCT1 in the kidney was not influenced by the growing age of the broilers. The progressive buildup of AA in the liver and spleen of broilers as they age implies an amplified demand for this nutrient. The waning synthesis capacity over time, however, raises concerns regarding the possible inadequacy of AA in the latter growth phase of broilers. The addition of AA to the broilers' diet might have the potential to optimize their performance. However, the effectiveness of such dietary supplementation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Gan
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Animal Science and Feed Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yifeng Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenkai Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yilei Li
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weihao Huang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liuying Shi
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yaoming Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanzhen Qiao
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinrong Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Animal Science and Feed Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Vitamin C transporter SVCT1 serves a physiological role as a urate importer: functional analyses and in vivo investigations. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:489-504. [PMID: 36749388 PMCID: PMC10011331 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid, the end product of purine metabolism in humans, is crucial because of its anti-oxidant activity and a causal relationship with hyperuricemia and gout. Several physiologically important urate transporters regulate this water-soluble metabolite in the human body; however, the existence of latent transporters has been suggested in the literature. We focused on the Escherichia coli urate transporter YgfU, a nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) family member, to address this issue. Only SLC23A proteins are members of the NAT family in humans. Based on the amino acid sequence similarity to YgfU, we hypothesized that SLC23A1, also known as sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1 (SVCT1), might be a urate transporter. First, we identified human SVCT1 and mouse Svct1 as sodium-dependent low-affinity/high-capacity urate transporters using mammalian cell-based transport assays. Next, using the CRISPR-Cas9 system followed by the crossing of mice, we generated Svct1 knockout mice lacking both urate transporter 1 and uricase. In the hyperuricemic mice model, serum urate levels were lower than controls, suggesting that Svct1 disruption could reduce serum urate. Given that Svct1 physiologically functions as a renal vitamin C re-absorber, it could also be involved in urate re-uptake from urine, though additional studies are required to obtain deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms. Our findings regarding the dual-substrate specificity of SVCT1 expand the understanding of urate handling systems and functional evolutionary changes in NAT family proteins.
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14
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Carr AC, Lykkesfeldt J. Factors Affecting the Vitamin C Dose-Concentration Relationship: Implications for Global Vitamin C Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071657. [PMID: 37049497 PMCID: PMC10096887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C status is known to be associated with several demographic and lifestyle factors. These include gender, age, ethnicity, pregnancy/lactation, body weight, smoking status and dietary habits. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 datasets to assess the impact of these factors on vitamin C dose-concentration relationships to establish if there are higher requirements for vitamin C in certain subpopulations, and the possible extent of these additional requirements. The final cohort comprised 2828 non-supplementing adult males and females (aged 18-80+ years) with both vitamin C serum concentrations and dietary intake data available. The data were subsequently stratified by gender, age tertiles (≤36, 37-58, ≥59 years), ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and total Hispanic), socioeconomic tertiles (poverty income ratios: ≤1.35, 1.36-3.0, >3.0), weight tertiles (<72, 72-91, >91 kg), BMI tertiles (<26, 26-32, >32 kg/m2) and smoking status. Sigmoidal (four parameter logistic) curves with asymmetrical 95% confidence intervals were fitted to the dose-concentration data. We found that males required vitamin C intakes ~1.2-fold higher than females to reach 'adequate' serum vitamin C concentrations of 50 µmol/L. Males had both higher body weight and a higher prevalence of smoking than females. Smokers required vitamin C intakes ~2.0-fold higher than non-smokers to reach adequate vitamin C concentrations. Relative to adults in the lighter weight tertile, adults in the heavier weight tertile required ~2.0-fold higher dietary intakes of vitamin C to reach adequate serum concentrations. We did not observe any impact of ethnicity or socioeconomic status on the vitamin C dose-concentration relationship, and although no significant difference between younger and older adults was observed at vitamin C intakes > 75 mg/day, at intakes < 75 mg/day, older adults had an attenuated serum response to vitamin C intake. In conclusion, certain demographic and lifestyle factors, specifically gender, smoking and body weight, have a significant impact on vitamin C requirements. Overall, the data indicate that the general population should consume ~110 mg/day of vitamin C to attain adequate serum concentrations, smokers require ~165 mg/day relative to non-smokers, and heavier people (100+ kg) require ~155 mg/day to reach comparable vitamin C concentrations. These findings have important implications for global vitamin C dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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15
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Wang M, He J, Li S, Cai Q, Zhang K, She J. Structural basis of vitamin C recognition and transport by mammalian SVCT1 transporter. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1361. [PMID: 36914666 PMCID: PMC10011568 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient for human health, and its deficiency has long been known to cause scurvy. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCTs) are responsible for vitamin C uptake and tissue distribution in mammals. Here, we present cryogenic electron microscopy structures of mouse SVCT1 in both the apo and substrate-bound states. Mouse SVCT1 forms a homodimer with each protomer containing a core domain and a gate domain. The tightly packed extracellular interfaces between the core domain and gate domain stabilize the protein in an inward-open conformation for both the apo and substrate-bound structures. Vitamin C binds at the core domain of each subunit, and two potential sodium ions are identified near the binding site. The coordination of sodium ions by vitamin C explains their coupling transport. SVCTs probably deliver substrate through an elevator mechanism in combination with local structural arrangements. Altogether, our results reveal the molecular mechanism by which SVCTs recognize vitamin C and lay a foundation for further mechanistic studies on SVCT substrate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin He
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qianwen Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Ji She
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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16
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Duque P, Vieira CP, Bastos B, Vieira J. The evolution of vitamin C biosynthesis and transport in animals. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:84. [PMID: 35752765 PMCID: PMC9233358 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin C (VC) is an indispensable antioxidant and co-factor for optimal function and development of eukaryotic cells. In animals, VC can be synthesized by the organism, acquired through the diet, or both. In the single VC synthesis pathway described in animals, the penultimate step is catalysed by Regucalcin, and the last step by l-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO). The GULO gene has been implicated in VC synthesis only, while Regucalcin has been shown to have multiple functions in mammals. Results Both GULO and Regucalcin can be found in non-bilaterian, protostome and deuterostome species. Regucalcin, as here shown, is involved in multiple functions such as VC synthesis, calcium homeostasis, and the oxidative stress response in both Deuterostomes and Protostomes, and in insects in receptor-mediated uptake of hexamerin storage proteins from haemolymph. In Insecta and Nematoda, however, there is no GULO gene, and in the latter no Regucalcin gene, but species from these lineages are still able to synthesize VC, implying at least one novel synthesis pathway. In vertebrates, SVCT1, a gene that belongs to a family with up to five members, as here shown, is the only gene involved in the uptake of VC in the gut. This specificity is likely the result of a subfunctionalization event that happened at the base of the Craniata subphylum. SVCT-like genes present in non-Vertebrate animals are likely involved in both VC and nucleobase transport. It is also shown that in lineages where GULO has been lost, SVCT1 is now an essential gene, while in lineages where SVCT1 gene has been lost, GULO is now an essential gene. Conclusions The simultaneous study, for the first time, of GULO, Regucalcin and SVCTs evolution provides a clear picture of VC synthesis/acquisition and reveals very different selective pressures in different animal taxonomic groups. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-02040-7.
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17
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Aumailley L, Bourassa S, Gotti C, Droit A, Lebel M. Vitamin C modulates the levels of several proteins of the mitochondrial complex III and its activity in the mouse liver. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102491. [PMID: 36179436 PMCID: PMC9520280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate is a crucial antioxidant and essential cofactor of biosynthetic and regulatory enzymes. Unlike humans, mice can synthesize ascorbate thanks to the key enzyme gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo). In the present study, we used the Gulo-/- mouse model, which cannot synthesize their own ascorbate to determine the impact of this vitamin on the liver proteome of specific subcellular organelles. We performed label-free Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) global quantitative proteomic profiling to identify and quantify proteins in microsomal enriched liver extracts (MEE) from Gulo-/- mice treated with 0-0.4% (w/v) ascorbate in drinking water until the age of four months. Using a principal component analysis on normalized and imputed data of the label-free protein quantifications, a sex-based difference in MEE proteome profiles was observed for all the different ascorbate treated mice. Suboptimal hepatic ascorbate concentrations affected the levels of more proteins and hence biochemical processes in females than in males. Nevertheless, Pearson correlation analyses revealed that the MS intensities of various proteins involved in complement activation inversely correlated with liver ascorbate concentrations in both Gulo-/- males and females. Moreover, the correlation analyses also indicated that several proteins in the mitochondrial complex III of the electron transport chain positively correlated with liver ascorbate concentrations in both Gulo-/- females and males. Consequently, the mitochondrial complex III activity in Gulo-/- female and male mice treated with suboptimal hepatic concentrations of ascorbate was significantly lower than Gulo-/- mice treated with optimal ascorbate concentration. Finally, the whole liver of ascorbate-deficient Gulo-/- mice exhibited lower ATP levels and increased reactive oxygen species. These findings provide new information on how ascorbate deficiency potentially induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Aumailley
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Clarisse Gotti
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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18
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Ascorbate Is a Primary Antioxidant in Mammals. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196187. [PMID: 36234722 PMCID: PMC9572970 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C in primates) functions as a cofactor for a number of enzymatic reactions represented by prolyl hydroxylases and as an antioxidant due to its ability to donate electrons, which is mostly accomplished through non-enzymatic reaction in mammals. Ascorbate directly reacts with radical species and is converted to ascorbyl radical followed by dehydroascorbate. Ambiguities in physiological relevance of ascorbate observed during in vivo situations could be attributed in part to presence of other redox systems and the pro-oxidant properties of ascorbate. Most mammals are able to synthesize ascorbate from glucose, which is also considered to be an obstacle to verify its action. In addition to animals with natural deficiency in the ascorbate synthesis, such as guinea pigs and ODS rats, three strains of mice with genetic removal of the responsive genes (GULO, RGN, or AKR1A) for the ascorbate synthesis have been established and are being used to investigate the physiological roles of ascorbate. Studies using these mice, along with ascorbate transporter (SVCT)-deficient mice, largely support its ability in protection against oxidative insults. While combined actions of ascorbate in regulating epigenetics and antioxidation appear to effectively prevent cancer development, pharmacological doses of ascorbate and dehydroascorbate may exert tumoricidal activity through redox-dependent mechanisms.
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19
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Cheng W, Zhang L, Sa P, Luo J, Li M. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the effects of maternal selenium deficiency on placental transport, hormone synthesis, and immune response in mice. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022; 14:6674774. [PMID: 36002020 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Selenium deficiency has been considered to increase the risk of gestational complications. Our previous work showed that maternal selenium deficiency suppressed proliferation, induced autophagy dysfunction and apoptosis in the placenta of mice. However, other effects of maternal selenium deficiency on the placenta and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, dietary selenium deficiency in dams significantly suppressed glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the placentae, confirming the oxidative stress in the placenta. By transcriptome sequencing analysis, the DEGs were involved in many biological processes, including ion transport, lipid metabolic process, immune response, transmembrane transport, and others. According to the KEGG analysis, the DEGs were primarily enriched in metabolic pathways, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and others. Among these, the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway enriched the most DEGs. Hsd3b1, an ER enzyme involved in progesterone synthesis, was validated downregulated. Consistently, the progesterone content in the serum of the selenium-deficient group was decreased. Ion transporters and transmembrane transporters, such as Heph, Trf, Slc39a8, Slc23a1, Atp7b, and Kcnc1, were reduced in the selenium-deficient placentae. Immune response-related genes, including Ccl3, Ccl8, Cxcl10, and Cxcl14, were increased in the selenium-deficient placentae, along with an increase in macrophage number. These results suggested that maternal selenium deficiency may impair progesterone biosynthesis, reduce nutrient transporters expression, and promote immune response by increasing the oxidative stress of the placentae. This present study provides a novel insight into the possible cause of placenta disorder during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lantian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiyue Sa
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Ebenuwa I, Violet PC, Padayatty S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun H, Adhikari P, Smith S, Tu H, Niyyati M, Wilkins K, Levine M. Abnormal urinary loss of vitamin C in diabetes: prevalence and clinical characteristics of a vitamin C renal leak. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:274-284. [PMID: 35537862 PMCID: PMC9257470 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is associated with low plasma vitamin C concentrations. OBJECTIVES We investigated the contribution of dysregulated vitamin C renal physiology, its prevalence, and associated clinical characteristics. METHODS An essential prerequisite was determination of normal vitamin C renal threshold, the plasma concentration at which vitamin C first appears in urine. Using data from 17 healthy participants who underwent vitamin C depletion-repletion studies with a vitamin C dose range of 15-1250 mg daily, renal threshold was estimated using physiology-based pharmacokinetics modeling. Applying renal threshold 95% CIs, we estimated the minimal elimination threshold, the plasma concentration below which no vitamin C was expected in urine of healthy people. Renal leak was defined as abnormal presence of vitamin C in urine with plasma concentrations below the minimal elimination threshold. Criteria were tested in a cross-sectional cohort study of individuals with diabetes (82) and nondiabetic controls (80) using matched plasma and urine samples. RESULTS Vitamin C renal thresholds in healthy men and women were [mean (SD)] 48.5 (5.2) µM and 58.3 (7.5) µM, respectively. Compared with nondiabetic controls, participants with diabetes had significantly higher prevalence of vitamin C renal leak (9% compared with 33%; OR: 5.07; 95% CI: 1.97, 14.83; P < 0.001) and 30% lower mean plasma vitamin C concentrations (53.1 µM compared with 40.9 µM, P < 0.001). Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, BMI, micro/macrovascular complications, and protein/creatinine ratio were predictive of vitamin C renal leak. CONCLUSIONS Increased prevalence of vitamin C renal leak in diabetes is associated with reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations. Glycemic control, microvascular complications, obesity, and proteinuria are predictive of renal leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifechukwude Ebenuwa
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pierre-Christian Violet
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Padayatty
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henry Sun
- Suntech Research Institutes, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Preston Adhikari
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sheila Smith
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongbin Tu
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahtab Niyyati
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Wilkins
- Biostatistics Program, Office of Clinical Research Support, Office of the Director, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Levine
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
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21
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Jiang L, Peng X, Zhao B, Zhang L, Xu L, Li X, Nie M, Chen L. Frequent SLC12A3 mutations in Chinese Gitelman syndrome patients: structure and function disorder. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-21-0262.R2. [PMID: 34860177 PMCID: PMC8859957 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES This study was conducted to identify the frequent mutations from reported Chinese Gitelman syndrome (GS) patients, to predict the three-dimensional structure change of human Na-Cl co-transporter (hNCC), and to test the activity of these mutations and some novel mutations in vitro and in vivo. METHODS SLC12A3 gene mutations in Chinese GS patients previously reported in the PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database were summarized. Predicted configurations of wild type (WT) and mutant proteins were achieved using the I-TASSER workplace. Six missense mutations (T60M, L215F, D486N, N534K, Q617R, and R928C) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. 22Na+ uptake experiment was carried out in the Xenopus laevisoocyte expression system. In the study, 35 GS patients and 20 healthy volunteers underwent the thiazide test. RESULTS T60M, T163M, D486N, R913Q, R928C, and R959frameshift were frequent SLC12A3 gene mutations (mutated frequency >3%) in 310 Chinese GS families. The protein's three-dimensional structure was predicted to be altered in all mutations. Compared with WT hNCC, the thiazide-sensitive 22Na+ uptake was significantly diminished for all six mutations: T60M 22 ± 9.2%, R928C 29 ± 12%, L215F 38 ± 14%, N534K 41 ± 15.5%, Q617R 63 ± 22.1%, and D486N 77 ± 20.4%. In thiazide test, the net increase in chloride fractional excretion in 20 healthy controls was significantly higher than GS patients with or without T60M or D486N mutations. CONCLUSIONS Frequent mutations (T60M, D486N, and R928C) and novel mutations (L215F, N534K, and Q617R) lead to protein structure alternation and protein dysfunction verified by 22Na+ uptake experiment in vitro and thiazide test on the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology & Key Laboratory of Nephrology, National Health Commission and Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Renal Division, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lubin Xu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Chen or M Nie: or
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Chen or M Nie: or
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22
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Miyata H, Toyoda Y, Takada T, Hiragi T, Kubota Y, Shigesawa R, Koyama R, Ikegaya Y, Suzuki H. Identification of an exporter that regulates vitamin C supply from blood to the brain. iScience 2022; 25:103642. [PMID: 35106468 PMCID: PMC8786643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VC) distribution in our body requires VC transporters. However, mammalian VC exporters are yet to be identified. Herein, to unravel this long-standing mystery, we focused on the pathways whereby VC moves from blood to the brain, which should require a VC entrance and exit system composed of an importer and a latent exporter. Via cell-based transport analyses of VC efflux and using knockout mice generated via the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we identified GLUT12/SLC2A12 as a physiologically important VC efflux protein expressed in the choroid plexus; Glut12/Slc2a12 knockout halved the cerebral VC levels, markedly increased VC accumulation in the choroid plexus, and reduced the cerebrospinal fluid VC levels. These findings facilitate our understanding of VC regulation and the physiological impact of VC in our body. A long-standing mystery in vitamin C handling in mammalians was uncovered GLUT12 was identified as a physiologically important vitamin C efflux protein—VCEP GLUT12 is expressed in the choroid plexus and acts as a vitamin C exporter Glut12 knockout halved the cerebral vitamin C levels in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yu Toyoda
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Kubota
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Shigesawa
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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23
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Subramanian VS, Teafatiller T, Vidal J, Gunaratne GS, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Kitazawa M, Marchant JS. Calsyntenin-3 interacts with the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 to regulate vitamin C uptake. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1178-1184. [PMID: 34673103 PMCID: PMC9842108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) uptake in neurons occurs via a Na+-dependent carrier-mediated process mediated by the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT2). Relatively little information is available concerning the network of interacting proteins that support human (h)SVCT2 trafficking and cell surface expression in neuronal cells. Here we identified the synaptogenic adhesion protein, calsyntenin-3 (CLSTN3) as an hSVCT2 interacting protein from yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening of a human adult brain cDNA library. This interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, mammalian two-hybrid (M2H), and co-localization in human cell lines. Co-expression of hCLSTN3 with hSVCT2 in SH-SY5Y cells led to a marked increase in AA uptake. Reciprocally, siRNA targeting hCLSTN3 inhibited AA uptake. In the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mouse (m)SVCT2 and mCLSTN3 expression levels in hippocampus were decreased. Similarly, expression levels of hSVCT2 and hCLSTN3 were markedly decreased in hippocampal samples from AD patients. These findings establish CLSTN3 as a novel hSVCT2 interactor in neuronal cells with potential pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veedamali S. Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America,Corresponding author. (V.S. Subramanian)
| | - Trevor Teafatiller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Janielle Vidal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Gihan S. Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Carlos J. Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America
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24
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The Role of Vitamin C in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: A Literature Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121894. [PMID: 34942996 PMCID: PMC8750500 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant associated with the prevention of the common cold and is also a cofactor of hydrolases that participate in the synthesis of collagen and catecholamines, and in the regulation of gene expression. In cancer, vitamin C is associated with prevention, progression, and treatment, due to its general properties or its role as a pro-oxidant at high concentration. This review explores the role of vitamin C in cancer clinical trials and the aspects to consider in future studies, such as plasmatic vitamin C and metabolite excretion recording, and metabolism and transport of vitamin C into cancer cells. The reviewed studies show that vitamin C intake from natural sources can prevent the development of pulmonary and breast cancer, and that vitamin C synergizes with gemcitabine and erlotinib in pancreatic cancer. In vitro assays reveal that vitamin C synergizes with DNA-methyl transferase inhibitors. However, vitamin C was not associated with cancer prevention in a Mendelian randomized study. In conclusion, the role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of cancer is still an ongoing area of research. It is necessary that new phase II and III clinical trials be performed to collect stronger evidence of the therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer.
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25
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Hayashi K, Noguchi-Shinohara M, Sato T, Hosomichi K, Kannon T, Abe C, Domoto C, Yuki-Nozaki S, Mori A, Horimoto M, Yokogawa M, Sakai K, Iwasa K, Komai K, Ishimiya M, Nakamura H, Ishida N, Suga Y, Ishizaki J, Ishigami A, Tajima A, Yamada M. Effects of functional variants of vitamin C transporter genes on apolipoprotein E E4-associated risk of cognitive decline: The Nakajima study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259663. [PMID: 34780525 PMCID: PMC8592483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E E4 (APOE4) is a risk factor for cognitive decline. A high blood vitamin C (VC) level reduces APOE4-associated risk of developing cognitive decline in women. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of functional variants of VC transporter genes expressed in the brain (SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC23A2) on APOE4-associated risk of developing cognitive decline. This case–control study involved 393 Japanese subjects: 252 cognitively normal and 141 cognitively impaired individuals (87 mild cognitive impairment and 54 dementia). Database searches revealed that rs1279683 of SLC23A2, and rs710218 and rs841851 of SLC2A1 are functional variants that are significantly associated with the altered expression of the respective genes and genotyped as three single nucleotide variants (SNVs). When stratified by SNV genotype, we found a significant association between APOE4 and cognitive decline in minor allele carriers of rs1279683 (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, 95% CI, 1.05–3.87, p = 0.035) but not in the homozygote carriers of the major allele. Significant associations between APOE4 and cognitive decline were also observed in participants with major allele homozygotes of rs710218 (OR 2.35, 95% CI, 1.05–5.23, p = 0.037) and rs841851 (OR 3.2, 95% CI, 1.58–6.46, p = 0.0012), but not in minor allele carriers of the respective SNVs. In contrast, the three functional SNVs showed no significant effect on cognitive decline. Our results imply that functional SNVs of VC transporter genes can affect APOE4-associated risk of developing cognitive decline via altered VC levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Moeko Noguchi-Shinohara
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Preemptive Medicine for Dementia, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kannon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chiemi Abe
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Domoto
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sohshi Yuki-Nozaki
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayaka Mori
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mai Horimoto
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masami Yokogawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Division of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakai
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Iwasa
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Kiyonobu Komai
- Department of Neurology, Iou Hospital National Hospital Organization, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimiya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ryukyu University Hospital, Nishihara, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ishida
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical & Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Suga
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical & Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Junko Ishizaki
- Clinical Pharmacy and Healthcare Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical & Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (AT); (MY)
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (AT); (MY)
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26
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Aumailley L, Bourassa S, Gotti C, Droit A, Lebel M. Vitamin C Differentially Impacts the Serum Proteome Profile in Female and Male Mice. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:5036-5053. [PMID: 34643398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A suboptimal blood vitamin C (ascorbate) level increases the risk of several chronic diseases. However, the detection of hypovitaminosis C is not a simple task, as ascorbate is unstable in blood samples. In this study, we examined the serum proteome of mice lacking the gulonolactone oxidase (Gulo) required for the ascorbate biosynthesis. Gulo-/- mice were supplemented with different concentrations of ascorbate in drinking water, and serum was collected to identify proteins correlating with serum ascorbate levels using an unbiased label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry global quantitative proteomic approach. Parallel reaction monitoring was performed to validate the correlations. We uncovered that the serum proteome profiles differ significantly between male and female mice. Also, unlike Gulo-/- males, a four-week ascorbate treatment did not entirely re-establish the serum proteome profile of ascorbate-deficient Gulo-/- females to the optimal profile exhibited by Gulo-/- females that never experienced an ascorbate deficiency. Finally, the serum proteins involved in retinoid metabolism, cholesterol, and lipid transport were similarly affected by ascorbate levels in males and females. In contrast, the proteins regulating serum peptidases and the protein of the acute phase response were different between males and females. These proteins are potential biomarkers correlating with blood ascorbate levels and require further study in standard clinical settings. The complete proteomics data set generated in this study has been deposited to the public repository ProteomeXchange with the data set identifier: PXD027019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Aumailley
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Bourassa
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada
| | - Clarisse Gotti
- Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada.,Proteomics Platform, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Lebel
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 4G2, Canada
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27
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Fujii J. Ascorbate is a multifunctional micronutrient whose synthesis is lacking in primates. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:1-15. [PMID: 34376908 PMCID: PMC8325764 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential micronutrient in primates, and exhibits multiple physiological functions. In addition to antioxidative action, ascorbate provides reducing power to α-ketoglutarate-dependent non-heme iron dioxygenases, such as prolyl hydroxylases. Demethylation of histones and DNA with the aid of ascorbate results in the reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. Ascorbate and its oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, have attracted interest in terms of their roles in cancer therapy. The last step in the biosynthesis of ascorbate is catalyzed by l-gulono-γ-lactone oxidase whose gene Gulo is commonly mutated in all animals that do not synthesize ascorbate. One common explanation for this deficiency is based on the increased availability of ascorbate from foods. In fact, pathways for ascorbate synthesis and the detoxification of xenobiotics by glucuronate conjugation share the metabolic processes up to UDP-glucuronate, which prompts another hypothesis, namely, that ascorbate-incompetent animals might have developed stronger detoxification systems in return for their lack of ability to produce ascorbate, which would allow them to cope with their situation. Here, we overview recent advances in ascorbate research and propose that an enhanced glucuronate conjugation reaction may have applied positive selection pressure on ascorbate-incompetent animals, thus allowing them to dominate the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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28
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Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection Inhibits Intestinal Ascorbic Acid Uptake via Dysregulation of Its Transporter Expression. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2250-2260. [PMID: 32556816 PMCID: PMC7744340 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection causes prolonged, watery diarrhea leading to morbidity and mortality. Although EPEC infection impacts nutrient transporter function and expression in intestinal epithelial cells, the effects of EPEC infection on intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid (AA) have not yet been investigated. AIMS To investigate the effect of EPEC infection on intestinal AA uptake process and expression of both AA transporters. METHODS We used two experimental models: human-derived intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells and mice. 14C-AA uptake assay, Western blot, RT-qPCR, and promoter assay were performed. RESULTS EPEC (WT) as well as ΔespF and ΔespG/G2 mutant-infected Caco-2 cells showed markedly inhibited AA uptake, while other mutants (ΔescN, ΔespA, ΔespB, and ΔespD) did not affect AA uptake. Infection also reduced protein and mRNA expression levels for both hSVCT1 and hSVCT2. EPEC-infected mice showed marked inhibitory effect on AA uptake and decreased protein and mRNA expression levels for both mSVCT1 and mSVCT2 in jejunum and colon. MicroRNA regulators of SVCT1 and SVCT2 (miR103a, miR141, and miR200a) were upregulated significantly upon EPEC infection in both Caco-2 and mouse jejunum and colon. In addition, expression of the accessory protein glyoxalate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), which regulates SVCT1 function, was markedly decreased by EPEC infection in both models. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that EPEC infection causes inhibition in AA uptake through a multifactorial dysregulation of SVCT1 and SVCT2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Tveden-Nyborg P. Vitamin C Deficiency in the Young Brain-Findings from Experimental Animal Models. Nutrients 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34063417 PMCID: PMC8156420 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe and long-term vitamin C deficiency can lead to fatal scurvy, which is fortunately considered rare today. However, a moderate state of vitamin C (vitC) deficiency (hypovitaminosis C)-defined as a plasma concentration below 23 μM-is estimated to affect up to 10% of the population in the Western world, albeit clinical hallmarks in addition to scurvy have not been linked to vitC deficiency. The brain maintains a high vitC content and uniquely high levels during deficiency, supporting vitC's importance in the brain. Actions include both antioxidant and co-factor functions, rendering vitamin C deficiency likely to affect several targets in the brain, and it could be particularly significant during development where a high cellular metabolism and an immature antioxidant system might increase sensitivity. However, investigations of a non-scorbutic state of vitC deficiency and effects on the developing young brain are scarce. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex mechanisms that regulate vitC homeostasis in vivo and in the brain in particular. Functions of vitC in the brain and the potential consequences of deficiency during brain development are highlighted, based primarily on findings from experimental animal models. Perspectives for future investigations of vitC are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Brabson JP, Leesang T, Mohammad S, Cimmino L. Epigenetic Regulation of Genomic Stability by Vitamin C. Front Genet 2021; 12:675780. [PMID: 34017357 PMCID: PMC8129186 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in the maintenance of genomic stability. Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs) are a family of iron (Fe2+) and α-KG -dependent dioxygenases that regulate DNA methylation levels by oxidizing 5-methylcystosine (5mC) to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). These oxidized methylcytosines promote passive demethylation upon DNA replication, or active DNA demethylation, by triggering base excision repair and replacement of 5fC and 5caC with an unmethylated cytosine. Several studies over the last decade have shown that loss of TET function leads to DNA hypermethylation and increased genomic instability. Vitamin C, a cofactor of TET enzymes, increases 5hmC formation and promotes DNA demethylation, suggesting that this essential vitamin, in addition to its antioxidant properties, can also directly influence genomic stability. This review will highlight the functional role of DNA methylation, TET activity and vitamin C, in the crosstalk between DNA methylation and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Brabson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tiffany Leesang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sofia Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luisa Cimmino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Lost-in-Translation of Metabolic Effects of Inorganic Nitrate in Type 2 Diabetes: Is Ascorbic Acid the Answer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4735. [PMID: 33947005 PMCID: PMC8124635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been documented in animal experiments; however, this is not the case for humans. Although it has remained an open question, the redox environment affecting the conversion of NO3- to NO2- and then to NO is suggested as a potential reason for this lost-in-translation. Ascorbic acid (AA) has a critical role in the gastric conversion of NO2- to NO following ingestion of NO3-. In contrast to AA-synthesizing species like rats, the lack of ability to synthesize AA and a lower AA body pool and plasma concentrations may partly explain why humans with T2DM do not benefit from NO3-/NO2- supplementation. Rats also have higher AA concentrations in their stomach tissue and gastric juice that can significantly potentiate gastric NO2--to-NO conversion. Here, we hypothesized that the lack of beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic NO3- in patients with T2DM may be at least in part attributed to species differences in AA metabolism and also abnormal metabolism of AA in patients with T2DM. If this hypothesis is proved to be correct, then patients with T2DM may need supplementation of AA to attain the beneficial metabolic effects of inorganic NO3- therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran; (Z.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717413, Iran; (Z.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran
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High-Dose Vitamin C: Preclinical Evidence for Tailoring Treatment in Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061428. [PMID: 33804775 PMCID: PMC8003833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Vitamin C is an indispensable micronutrient in the human diet due to the multiple functions it carries out in the body. Reports of clinical studies have indicated that, when administered at high dosage by the intravenous route, vitamin C may exert beneficial antitumor effects in patients with advanced stage cancers, including those refractory to previous treatment with chemotherapy. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the different mechanisms of action by which high-dose vitamin C may kill tumor cells. A special focus will be given to those mechanisms that provide the rationale basis for tailoring vitamin C treatment according to specific molecular alterations present in the tumor and for the selection of the most appropriate companion drugs. Abstract High-dose vitamin C has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for patients with advanced tumors who failed previous treatment with chemotherapy. Due to vitamin C complex pharmacokinetics, only intravenous administration allows reaching sufficiently high plasma concentrations required for most of the antitumor effects observed in preclinical studies (>0.250 mM). Moreover, vitamin C entry into cells is tightly regulated by SVCT and GLUT transporters, and is cell type-dependent. Importantly, besides its well-recognized pro-oxidant effects, vitamin C modulates TET enzymes promoting DNA demethylation and acts as cofactor of HIF hydroxylases, whose activity is required for HIF-1α proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, at pharmacological concentrations lower than those required for its pro-oxidant activity (<1 mM), vitamin C in specific genetic contexts may alter the DNA damage response by increasing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. These more recently described vitamin C mechanisms offer new treatment opportunities for tumors with specific molecular defects (e.g., HIF-1α over-expression or TET2, IDH1/2, and WT1 alterations). Moreover, vitamin C action at DNA levels may provide the rationale basis for combination therapies with PARP inhibitors and hypomethylating agents. This review outlines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vitamin C to be taken into account in designing clinical studies that evaluate its potential use as anticancer agent.
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Ascorbic acid analogue 6-Deoxy-6-[ 18F] fluoro-L-ascorbic acid as a tracer for identifying human colorectal cancer with SVCT2 overexpression. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101055. [PMID: 33677235 PMCID: PMC8046958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Deoxy-6-[18F]fluoro-L-ascorbic Acid (18F-DFA) was successfully prepared and biological evaluated. Cancer cells with high expression of SVCT2 have higher AA uptake than cancer cells with low expression of SVCT2. 18F-DFA PET imaging showed cancer cells with high expression of SVCT2 had higher 18F-DFA accumulation after tumorigenesis in mice. The first time (to our knowledge), PET imaging directly verified the high accumulation of AA in adrenal gland.
L-ascorbic acid (AA) was reported to have an anti-cancer effect over 40 years. In recent years, several ongoing clinical trials are exploring the safety and efficacy of intravenous high-dose AA for cancer treatment. The lack of appropriate imaging modality limits the identification of potentially suitable patients for AA treatment. This study focuses on identifying AA-sensitive tumor cells using molecular imaging. 6-Deoxy-6-[18F] fluoro-L-ascorbic Acid (18F-DFA), a structural analog of AA, was synthesized and labeled to visualize the metabolism of AA in vivo. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with high and low expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters 2 (SVCT2) were used for a series of cellular uptake tests. PET imaging was performed on xenograft tumor-bearing mice. More AA uptake was observed in CRC cells with high SVCT2 expression than in cells with low SVCT2 expression. The substrate (unlabeled AA) can competitively inhibit the 18F-DFA tracer uptake by CRC cells. The biodistribution of 18F-DFA in mice showed high radioactivity was seen in organs such as adrenal glands, kidneys, and liver that were known to have high concentrations of AA. Both PET imaging and tissue distribution showed that cancer cells with high SVCT2 expression enhanced the accumulation of 18F-DFA in mice after tumor formation. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify the corresponding results. As a radiotracer, 18F-DFA can provide powerful imaging information to identify tumor with high affinity of AA, and SVCT2 can be a potential biomarker in this process.
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Dahou S, Smahi MCE, Nouari W, Dahmani Z, Benmansour S, Ysmail-Dahlouk L, Miliani M, Yebdri F, Fakir N, Laoufi MY, Chaib-Draa M, Tourabi A, Aribi M. L-Threoascorbic acid treatment promotes S. aureus-infected primary human endothelial cells survival and function, as well as intracellular bacterial killing, and immunomodulates the release of IL-1β and soluble ICAM-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107476. [PMID: 33676147 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AscH2) has been shown to enhance immunity. Here, we studied its immunomodulatory effect on human endothelial cells (ECs) during S. aureus infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ex vivo effects of AscH2 were performed on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) infected or not with S. aureus. RESULTS AscH2 treatment induced a marked downregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production and a moderate upregulation of arginase activity in S. aureus-infected HUVECs (respectively, p < 0.05 and p > 0.05). Although the upregulated release levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecular 1 (sICAM-1/sCD54) and sE-selectin (sCD62E) molecules were not significantly different between treated and untreated S. aureus-infected HUVECs, AscH2 treatment induced reversing effect on sICAM-1 release when comparing to uninfected control HUVECs. Moreover, AscH2 treatment appears to have a significant effect on preventing HUVEC necrosis induced by S. aureus infection (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AscH2 treatment induced a significant upregulation of cell protective redox biomarker in S. aureus-infected, as shown by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05), but not by catalase activity (p > 0.05). Additionally, S. aureus infection markedly downregulated total bound calcium ions (bCa2+) levels as compared to control HUVECs, whereas, AscH2 treatment induced a slight upregulation of bCa2+ levels in infected HUVECs as compared to infected and untreated HUVECs (p > 0.05). On the other hand, AscH2 treatment downregulated increased total cellular cholesterol content (tccCHOL) levels in HUVECs induced by S. aureus infection (p < 0.05). In addition, AscH2 treatment markedly reversed S. aureus effect on upregulation of intracellular glucose (iGLU) levels within infected HUVECs (p < 0.05). Moreover, AscH2 treatment significantly downregulated S. aureus growth (p < 0.05), and significantly upregulated bacterial internalization and intracellular killing by HUVECs (p < 0.05), as well as their cell cycle activation (p < 0.01). Finally, AscH2 treatment has a slight effect on the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), but induced a marked downregulation of that of IL-1β in S. aureus-infected HUVECs (respectively, p > 0.05, and p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our outcomes demonstrated that, during S. aureus infection, AscH2 treatment promotes human ECs survival and function, as well as prevents inflammatory response exacerbation, while inducing bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dahou
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Chems-Eddine Smahi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Neonatal Department of Specialized Maternal and Child Hospital of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Wafa Nouari
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zoheir Dahmani
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Souheila Benmansour
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Neonatal Department of Specialized Maternal and Child Hospital of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Lamia Ysmail-Dahlouk
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Maroua Miliani
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fadela Yebdri
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Nassima Fakir
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Yassine Laoufi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria; Neonatal Department of Specialized Maternal and Child Hospital of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mouad Chaib-Draa
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Amina Tourabi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria.
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Teafatiller T, Heskett CW, Agrawal A, Marchant JS, Baulch JE, Acharya MM, Subramanian VS. Upregulation of Vitamin C Transporter Functional Expression in 5xFAD Mouse Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020617. [PMID: 33672967 PMCID: PMC7918291 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of obtaining ascorbic acid (AA) via intestinal absorption and blood circulation is carrier-mediated utilizing the AA transporters SVCT1 and SVCT2, which are expressed in the intestine and brain (SVCT2 in abundance). AA concentration is decreased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but information regarding the status of intestinal AA uptake in the AD is still lacking. We aimed here to understand how AA homeostasis is modulated in a transgenic mouse model (5xFAD) of AD. AA levels in serum from 5xFAD mice were markedly lower than controls. Expression of oxidative stress response genes (glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)) were significantly increased in AD mice jejunum, and this increase was mitigated by AA supplementation. Uptake of AA in the jejunum was upregulated. This increased AA transport was caused by a marked increase in SVCT1 and SVCT2 protein, mRNA, and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) expression. A significant increase in the expression of HNF1α and specific protein 1 (Sp1), which drive SLC23A1 and SLC23A2 promoter activity, respectively, was observed. Expression of hSVCT interacting proteins GRHPR and CLSTN3 were also increased. SVCT2 protein and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice was not altered. Together, these investigations reveal adaptive up-regulation of intestinal AA uptake in the 5xFAD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Teafatiller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.T.); (C.W.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Christopher W. Heskett
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.T.); (C.W.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.T.); (C.W.H.); (A.A.)
| | - Jonathan S. Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (J.E.B.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (J.E.B.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Veedamali S. Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (T.T.); (C.W.H.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-949-824-3084
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Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020615. [PMID: 33668681 PMCID: PMC7918462 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has been known as an antioxidant for most people. However, its physiological role is much larger and encompasses very different processes ranging from facilitation of iron absorption through involvement in hormones and carnitine synthesis for important roles in epigenetic processes. Contrarily, high doses act as a pro-oxidant than an anti-oxidant. This may also be the reason why plasma levels are meticulously regulated on the level of absorption and excretion in the kidney. Interestingly, most cells contain vitamin C in millimolar concentrations, which is much higher than its plasma concentrations, and compared to other vitamins. The role of vitamin C is well demonstrated by miscellaneous symptoms of its absence—scurvy. The only clinically well-documented indication for vitamin C is scurvy. The effects of vitamin C administration on cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infections are rather minor or even debatable in the general population. Vitamin C is relatively safe, but caution should be given to the administration of high doses, which can cause overt side effects in some susceptible patients (e.g., oxalate renal stones). Lastly, analytical methods for its determination with advantages and pitfalls are also discussed in this review.
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Patterson T, Isales CM, Fulzele S. Low level of Vitamin C and dysregulation of Vitamin C transporter might be involved in the severity of COVID-19 Infection. Aging Dis 2021; 12:14-26. [PMID: 33532123 PMCID: PMC7801272 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading around the world at an exponential pace, leading to millions of individuals developing the associated disease called COVID-19. Due to the novel nature and the lack of immunity within humans, there has been a collective global effort to find effective treatments against the virus. This has led the scientific community to repurpose Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs with known safety profiles. Of the many possible drugs, vitamin C has been on the shortlist of possible interventions due to its beneficial role as an immune booster and inherent antioxidant properties. Within this manuscript, a detailed discussion regarding the intracellular function and inherent properties of vitamin C is conducted. It also provides a comprehensive review of published research pertaining to the differences in expression of the vitamin C transporter under several pathophysiologic conditions. Finally, we review recently published research investigating the efficacy of vitamin C administration in treating viral infection and life-threatening conditions. Overall, this manuscript aims to present existing information regarding the extent to which vitamin C can be an effective treatment for COVID-19 and possible explanations as to why it may work in some individuals but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cell biology and anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Center for Healthy Aging, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cell biology and anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Han Z, Zhang Z, Guan Y, Chen B, Yu M, Zhang L, Fang J, Gao Y, Guo Z. New insights into Vitamin C function: Vitamin C induces JAK2 activation through its receptor-like transporter SVCT2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:379-398. [PMID: 33484802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VitC) is a requisite nutrient for humans and other primates. Extensive research continuously illustrates the applications of VitC in promoting cell reprogramming, fine-tuning embryonic stem cell function, and fighting diseases. Given its chemical reduction property, VitC predominantly acts as an antioxidant to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and as a cofactor for certain dioxygenases involved in epigenetic regulation. Here, we propose that VitC is also a bio-signaling molecule based on the finding that sodium-dependent VitC transporter (SVCT) 2 is a novel receptor-like transporter of VitC that possesses dual activities in mediating VitC uptake and Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 2 signaling pathway. Through interaction, SVCT2 induces JAK2 phosphorylation while transporting VitC into cells. Activated JAK2 phosphorylates the C-terminus of SVCT2, resulting in the recruitment and activation of STAT2. As a highlight, our results suggest that the activation of JAK2 synergistically promotes regulation of VitC in ROS scavenging and epigenetic modifications through phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, ten-eleven translocation enzyme 3, and histone H3 Tyr41. Furthermore, VitC-activated JAK2 exhibits bidirectional effects in regulating cell pluripotency and differentiation. Our results thus reveal that the SVCT2-mediated JAK2 activation facilitates VitC functions in a previously unknown manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yian Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Bingxue Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mengying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jingshuai Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zekun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Tatehana H, Saigyo-Tanishita E, Miura-Okawa M, Norikura T, Kon A, Izawa H. Apple juice enhances ascorbic acid absorption and accumulation in ODS rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tatehana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare
| | - Emi Saigyo-Tanishita
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare
| | - Mikoto Miura-Okawa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare
| | - Toshio Norikura
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare
| | - Atsushi Kon
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Aomori University of Health and Welfare
| | - Hiromi Izawa
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health Sciences
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Vitamin C Transporters and Their Implications in Carcinogenesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123869. [PMID: 33352824 PMCID: PMC7765979 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is implicated in various bodily functions due to its unique properties in redox homeostasis. Moreover, vitamin C also plays a great role in restoring the activity of 2-oxoglutarate and Fe2+ dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDD), which are involved in active DNA demethylation (TET proteins), the demethylation of histones, and hypoxia processes. Therefore, vitamin C may be engaged in the regulation of gene expression or in a hypoxic state. Hence, vitamin C has acquired great interest for its plausible effects on cancer treatment. Since its conceptualization, the role of vitamin C in cancer therapy has been a controversial and disputed issue. Vitamin C is transferred to the cells with sodium dependent transporters (SVCTs) and glucose transporters (GLUT). However, it is unknown whether the impaired function of these transporters may lead to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Notably, previous studies have identified SVCTs’ polymorphisms or their altered expression in some types of cancer. This review discusses the potential effects of vitamin C and the impaired SVCT function in cancers. The variations in vitamin C transporter genes may regulate the active transport of vitamin C, and therefore have an impact on cancer risk, but further studies are needed to thoroughly elucidate their involvement in cancer biology.
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Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121227. [PMID: 33287462 PMCID: PMC7761826 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential beneficial effects of the antioxidant properties of vitamin C have been investigated in a number of pathological conditions. In this review, we assess both clinical and preclinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin C in cardiac and vascular disorders, including coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseases. Pitfalls and controversies in investigations on vitamin C and cardiovascular disorders are also discussed.
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Berretta M, Quagliariello V, Maurea N, Di Francia R, Sharifi S, Facchini G, Rinaldi L, Piezzo M, Manuela C, Nunnari G, Montopoli M. Multiple Effects of Ascorbic Acid against Chronic Diseases: Updated Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121182. [PMID: 33256059 PMCID: PMC7761324 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe disease commonly manifests as a systemic inflammatory process. Inflammation is associated withthe enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and with a marked reduction in the plasma concentrations of protective antioxidant molecules. This imbalance gives rise to oxidative stress, which is greater in patients with more severe conditions such as sepsis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and burns. In these patients, oxidative stress can trigger cell, tissue, and organ damage, thus increasing morbidity and mortality. Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a key nutrient thatserves as an antioxidant and a cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions. However, humans, unlike most mammals, are unable to synthesize it. Consequently, ASC must be obtained through dietary sources, especially fresh fruit and vegetables. The value of administering exogenous micronutrients, to reestablish antioxidant concentrations in patients with severe disease, has been recognized for decades. Despite the suggestion that ASC supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and prevent several chronic conditions, few large, randomized clinical trials have tested it in patients with severe illness. This article reviews the recent literature on the pharmacological profile of ASC and the role of its supplementation in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics (IAPharmagen), 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Saman Sharifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, “S. Maria delle Grazie” Hospital—ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80126 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Michela Piezzo
- Division of Breast Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ceccarelli Manuela
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
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Carr AC, Rowe S. Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1963. [PMID: 32630245 PMCID: PMC7400679 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent review of global vitamin C status has indicated a high prevalence of deficiency, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in specific subgroups within high-income countries. Here, we provide a narrative review of potential factors influencing vitamin C status globally. The in vivo status of vitamin C is primarily affected by dietary intake and supplement use, with those who supplement having a higher mean status and a lower prevalence of deficiency. Dietary intake can be influenced by cultural aspects such as traditional cooking practices and staple foods, with many staple foods, such as grains, contributing negligible vitamin C to the diet. Environmental factors can also affect vitamin C intake and status; these include geographic region, season, and climate, as well as pollution, the latter partly due to enhanced oxidative stress. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and race are known to affect vitamin C status, as do socioeconomic factors such as deprivation, education and social class, and institutionalization. Various health aspects can affect vitamin C status; these include body weight, pregnancy and lactation, genetic variants, smoking, and disease states, including severe infections as well as various noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some of these factors have changed over time; therefore, we also explore if vitamin C status has shown temporal changes. Overall, there are numerous factors that can affect vitamin C status to different extents in various regions of the world. Many of these factors are not taken into consideration during the setting of global dietary intake recommendations for vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C. Carr
- Nutrition in Medicine Research Group, Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | - Sam Rowe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L35QA, UK;
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Lykkesfeldt J. On the effect of vitamin C intake on human health: How to (mis)interprete the clinical evidence. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101532. [PMID: 32535545 PMCID: PMC7296342 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the potential beneficial effect of vitamin C on human health-beyond that of preventing scurvy-has been subject of much controversy. Hundreds of articles have appeared either in support of increased vitamin C intake through diet or supplements or rejecting the hypothesis that increased intake of vitamin C or supplementation may influence morbidity and mortality. The chemistry and pharmacology of vitamin C is complex and has unfortunately rarely been taken into account when designing clinical studies testing its effect on human health. However, ignoring its chemical lability, dose-dependent absorption and elimination kinetics, distribution via active transport, or complex dose-concentration-response relationships inevitably leads to poor study designs, inadequate inclusion and exclusion criteria and misinterpretation of results. The present review outlines the differences in vitamin C pharmacokinetics compared to normal low molecular weight drugs, focusses on potential pitfalls in study design and data interpretation, and re-examines major clinical studies of vitamin C in light of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Forman K, Martínez F, Cifuentes M, Fernández M, Bertinat R, Torres P, Salazar K, Godoy A, Nualart F. Dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of vitamin C, improves renal histology and function in old mice. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9773-9784. [PMID: 32437012 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are crucial factors that increase with age. In the progression of multiple age-related diseases, antioxidants and bioactive compounds have been recognized as useful antiaging agents. Oxidized or reduced vitamin C exerts different actions on tissues and has different metabolism and uptake. In this study, we analyzed the antiaging effect of vitamin C, both oxidized and reduced forms, in renal aging using laser microdissection, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses. In the kidneys of old SAM mice (10 months of age), a model of accelerated senescence, vitamin C, especially in the oxidized form (dehydroascorbic acid [DHA]) improves renal histology and function. Serum creatinine levels and microalbuminuria also decrease after treatment with a decline in azotemia. In addition, sodium-vitamin C cotransporter isoform 1 levels, which were increased during aging, are normalized. In contrast, the pattern of glucose transporter 1 expression is not affected by aging or vitamin C treatment. We conclude that oxidized and reduced vitamin C are potent antiaging therapies and that DHA reverses the kidney damage observed in senescence-accelerated prone mouse 8 to a greater degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Forman
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Pharmacy School, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Malaga, Spain
| | - Marcos Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy School, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Romina Bertinat
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Pablo Torres
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy School, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Katterine Salazar
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Alejandro Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastían, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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Erythrocyte Ascorbate Is a Potential Indicator of Steady-State Plasma Ascorbate Concentrations in Healthy Non-Fasting Individuals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020418. [PMID: 32041092 PMCID: PMC7071312 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma vitamin C concentrations fluctuate in response to recent dietary intake; therefore levels are typically determined in the fasting state. Erythrocyte ascorbate concentrations have been shown to be similar to plasma levels, but little is known about the kinetics of ascorbate accumulation in these cells. In this study, we investigated ascorbate uptake into erythrocytes after dietary supplementation with vitamin C and compared it to changes in plasma ascorbate concentrations. Seven individuals with baseline fasting plasma vitamin C concentrations ≥ 50 µmol/L were depleted of vitamin C-containing foods and drinks for one week, and then supplemented with 250 mg vitamin C/day in addition to resuming their normal diet. Fasting or steady-state plasma ascorbate concentrations declined to almost half of their baseline concentration over the week of vitamin C depletion, and then returned to saturation within two days of beginning supplementation. Erythrocyte ascorbate concentrations exhibited a very similar profile to plasma levels, with values ~76% of plasma, and a strong linear correlation (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Using a pharmacokinetic study design in six individuals with baseline fasting plasma vitamin C concentrations ≥50 µmol/L, we also showed that, unlike plasma, which peaked between 2 and 4 h following ingestion of 200 mg of vitamin C, erythrocyte ascorbate concentrations did not change in the six hours after supplementation. The data from these two intervention studies indicate that erythrocyte ascorbate concentration provides a stable measure of steady-state plasma ascorbate status and could be used to monitor ascorbate status in healthy non-fasting individuals.
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Fiorani M, Guidarelli A, Cantoni O. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: the effects of mitochondrial ascorbic acid vs untargeted and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:1055-1062. [PMID: 31976796 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1721604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PREMISE Mitochondria represent critical sites for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which dependent on concentration is responsible for the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes. PURPOSE Antioxidants in mitochondria regulate the redox balance, prevent mitochondrial damage and dysfunction and maintain a physiological ROS-dependent signaling. The aim of the present review is to provide critical elements for addressing this issue in the context of various pharmacological approaches using antioxidants targeted or non-targeted to mitochondria. Furthermore, this review focuses on the mitochondrial antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid (AA), providing clues on the complexities associated with the cellular uptake and subcellular distribution of the vitamin. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidants that are not specifically targeted to mitochondria fail to accumulate in significant amounts in critical sites of mitochondrial ROS production and may eventually interfere with the ensuing physiological signaling. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are more effective, but are expected to interfere with the mitochondrial ROS-dependent physiologic signaling. AA promotes multiple beneficial effects in mitochondria. The complex regulation of vitamin C uptake in these organelles likely contributes to its versatile antioxidant response, thereby providing a central role to the vitamin for adequate control of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with increased mitochondrial ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fiorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Orazio Cantoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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48
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Mattila M, Erlund I, Lee HS, Niinistö S, Uusitalo U, Andrén Aronsson C, Hummel S, Parikh H, Rich SS, Hagopian W, Toppari J, Lernmark Å, Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Krischer JP, Norris JM, Virtanen SM. Plasma ascorbic acid and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 2020; 63:278-286. [PMID: 31728565 PMCID: PMC6946743 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We studied the association of plasma ascorbic acid with the risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes and examined whether SNPs in vitamin C transport genes modify these associations. Furthermore, we aimed to determine whether the SNPs themselves are associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. METHODS We used a risk set sampled nested case-control design within an ongoing international multicentre observational study: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). The TEDDY study followed children with increased genetic risk from birth to endpoints of islet autoantibodies (350 cases, 974 controls) and type 1 diabetes (102 cases, 282 controls) in six clinical centres. Control participants were matched for family history of type 1 diabetes, clinical centre and sex. Plasma ascorbic acid concentration was measured at ages 6 and 12 months and then annually up to age 6 years. SNPs in vitamin C transport genes were genotyped using the ImmunoChip custom microarray. Comparisons were adjusted for HLA genotypes and for background population stratification. RESULTS Childhood plasma ascorbic acid (mean ± SD 10.76 ± 3.54 mg/l in controls) was inversely associated with islet autoimmunity risk (adjusted OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.92, 0.99] per +1 mg/l), particularly islet autoimmunity, starting with insulin autoantibodies (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.88, 0.99]), but not with type 1 diabetes risk (OR 0.93 [95% Cl 0.86, 1.02]). The SLC2A2 rs5400 SNP was associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes (OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.12, 2.80]), independent of plasma ascorbic acid (OR 0.92 [95% CI 0.84, 1.00]). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Higher plasma ascorbic acid levels may protect against islet autoimmunity in children genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings. DATA AVAILABILITY The datasets generated and analysed during the current study will be made available in the NIDDK Central Repository at https://www.niddkrepository.org/studies/teddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mattila
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris Erlund
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Government Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hye-Seung Lee
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Uusitalo
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Sandra Hummel
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Helmhtoltz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hemang Parikh
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Helmhtoltz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences/Health Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
- Science Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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49
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The Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102412. [PMID: 31601028 PMCID: PMC6835439 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C (vitC) is indeed complex. Regulated primarily by a family of saturable sodium dependent vitC transporters (SVCTs), the absorption and elimination are highly dose-dependent. Moreover, the tissue specific expression levels and subtypes of these SVCTs result in a compartmentalized distribution pattern with a diverse range of organ concentrations of vitC at homeostasis ranging from about 0.2 mM in the muscle and heart, and up to 10 mM in the brain and adrenal gland. The homeostasis of vitC is influenced by several factors, including genetic polymorphisms and environmental and lifestyle factors such as smoking and diet, as well as diseases. Going from physiological to pharmacological doses, vitC pharmacokinetics change from zero to first order, rendering the precise calculation of dosing regimens in, for example, cancer and sepsis treatment possible. Unfortunately, the complex pharmacokinetics of vitC has often been overlooked in the design of intervention studies, giving rise to misinterpretations and erroneous conclusions. The present review outlines the diverse aspects of vitC pharmacokinetics and examines how they affect vitC homeostasis under a variety of conditions.
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50
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Bleilevens C, Doorschodt BM, Fechter T, Grzanna T, Theißen A, Liehn EA, Breuer T, Tolba RH, Rossaint R, Stoppe C, Boor P, Hill A, Fabry G. Influence of Vitamin C on Antioxidant Capacity of In Vitro Perfused Porcine Kidneys. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081774. [PMID: 31374900 PMCID: PMC6722948 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic and localized ischemia and reperfusion injury remain clinically relevant issues after organ transplantation and contribute to organ dysfunctions, among which acute kidney injury is one of the most common. An in vitro test-circuit for normothermic perfusion of porcine kidneys after warm ischemia was used to investigate the antioxidant properties of vitamin C during reperfusion. Vitamin C is known to enhance microcirculation, reduce endothelial permeability, prevent apoptosis, and reduce inflammatory reactions. Based on current evidence about the pleiotropic effects of vitamin C, we hypothesize that the antioxidant properties of vitamin C might provide organ-protection and improve the kidney graft function in this model of ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS 10 porcine kidneys from 5 Landrace pigs were perfused in vitro for 6 h. For each experiment, both kidneys of one animal were perfused simultaneously with a 1:1 mixture of autologous blood and modified Ringer's solution at 38 °C and 75 mmHg continuous perfusion pressure. One kidney was treated with a 500 mg bolus injection of vitamin C into the perfusate, followed by continuous infusion of 60 mg/h vitamin C. In the control test circuit, an equal volume of Ringer's solution was administered as a placebo. Perfusate samples were withdrawn at distinct points in time during 6 h of perfusion for blood gas analyses as well as measurement of serum chemistry, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. Hemodynamic parameters and urine excretion were monitored continuously. Histological samples were analyzed to detect tubular- and glomerular-injury. RESULTS vitamin C administration to the perfusate significantly reduced oxidative stress (49.8 ± 16.2 vs. 118.6 ± 23.1 mV; p = 0.002) after 6 h perfusion, and increased the antioxidant capacity, leading to red blood cell protection and increased hemoglobin concentrations (5.1 ± 0.2 vs. 3.9 ± 0.6 g/dL; p = 0.02) in contrast to placebo treatment. Kidney function was not different between the groups (creatinine clearance vit C: 2.5 ± 2.1 vs. placebo: 0.5 ± 0.2 mL/min/100 g; p = 0.9). Hypernatremia (187.8 ± 4.7 vs. 176.4 ± 5.7 mmol/L; p = 0.03), and a lower, but not significant decreased fractional sodium excretion (7.9 ± 2 vs. 27.7 ± 15.3%; p = 0.2) were observed in the vitamin C group. Histological analysis did not show differences in tubular- and glomerular injury between the groups. CONCLUSION Vitamin C treatment increased the antioxidant capacity of in vitro perfused kidney grafts, reduced oxidative stress, preserved red blood cells as oxygen carrier in the perfusate, but did not improve clinically relevant parameters like kidney function or attenuate kidney damage. Nevertheless, due to its antioxidative properties vitamin C might be a beneficial supplement to clinical kidney graft perfusion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bleilevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Benedict M Doorschodt
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tamara Fechter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Grzanna
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Theißen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa A Liehn
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Human Genetic Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, RO-200000 Craiova, Romania
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science & Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology & Division of Nephrology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aileen Hill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gregor Fabry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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