hNaa10p contributes to tumorigenesis by facilitating DNMT1-mediated tumor suppressor gene silencing

Molecular Mechanisms of ARD1 in Tumors

INTRODUCTION

Arrest-deficient protein 1 (ARD1) is an acetyltransferase that acetylates the N-terminal amino acids and internal lysine residues of proteins. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes. The significance of ARD1 in tumor development has become increasingly evident in recent years.

METHODS

This review analyzes the regulatory role of ARD1 in tumor progression by examining its involvement in processes such as cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and autophagy. Additionally, we discuss the expression patterns and molecular mechanisms of ARD1 in different types of cancer.

RESULTS

Elevated levels of ARD1 have been reported in several cancer types. Its increased expression is associated with various tumor characteristics, suggesting it may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker. Furthermore, ARD1 could be targeted for the development of novel cancer therapies.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the role of ARD1 in tumor biology provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for cancer treatment. This review highlights the advances in ARD1-related research and suggests that it may be a promising avenue for improving cancer prognosis and treatment strategies.

The Cardiovascular Manifestations and Management Recommendations for Ogden Syndrome

The NatA complex is composed of the NAA10, NAA15, and HYPK subunits. It is primarily responsible for N-terminal acetylation, a critical post-translational modification in eukaryotes. Pathogenic variants within NAA10 cause Ogden Syndrome (OS), which is characterized by varying degrees of intellectual disability, hypotonia, developmental delay, and cardiac abnormalities. Although the cardiac manifestations of the disease have been described extensively in case reports, there has not been a study focusing on the cardiac manifestations and their recommended clinical cardiac management. In this study, we describe the cardiac manifestations of OS in a cohort of 85 probands. We found increased incidence of structural and electrophysiologic abnormalities, with particularly high prevalence of QT interval prolongation. Sub-analysis showed that male probands and those with variants within the NAA15-binding domain had more severe phenotypes than females or those with variants outside of the NAA15-binding domain. Our results suggest that an OS diagnosis should be accompanied by full cardiac workup with emphasis on echocardiogram for structural defects and EKG/Holter monitoring for electrophysiologic abnormalities. Additionally, we strongly recommend that the use of QT-prolonging drugs be followed up with routine electrophysiological monitoring or consultation with a pediatric cardiologist. We hope this study guides clinicians and caregivers treating patients with OS and moves the field toward a standardized diagnostic workup for patients with this condition.

Illuminating the impact of N-terminal acetylation: from protein to physiology

N-terminal acetylation is a highly abundant protein modification in eukaryotic cells. This modification is catalysed by N-terminal acetyltransferases acting co- or post-translationally. Here, we review the eukaryotic N-terminal acetylation machinery: the enzymes involved and their substrate specificities. We also provide an overview of the impact of N-terminal acetylation, including its effects on protein folding, subcellular targeting, protein complex formation, and protein turnover. In particular, there may be competition between N-terminal acetyltransferases and other enzymes in defining protein fate. At the organismal level, N-terminal acetylation is highly influential, and its impairment was recently linked to cardiac dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases.

A repository of Ogden syndrome patient derived iPSC lines and isogenic pairs by X-chromosome screening and genome-editing

Amino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting 80% of cytosolic proteins in humans. The human essential gene, NAA10, encodes the enzyme NAA10, as the catalytic subunit for the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex, including the accessory protein, NAA15. The first human disease directly involving NAA10 was discovered in 2011, and it was named Ogden syndrome (OS), after the location of the first affected family residing in Ogden, Utah, USA. Since that time, other variants have been found in NAA10 and NAA15. Here we describe the generation of 31 iPSC lines, with 16 from females and 15 from males. This cohort includes CRISPR-mediated correction to the wild-type genotype in 4 male lines, along with editing one female line to generate homozygous wild-type or mutant clones. Following the monoclonalizaiton and screening for X-chromosome activation status in female lines, 3 additional pairs of female lines, in which either the wild type allele is on the active X chromosome (Xa) or the pathogenic variant allele is on Xa, have been generated. Subsets of this cohort have been successfully used to make cardiomyocytes and neural progenitor cells (NPCs). These cell lines are made available to the community via the NYSCF Repository.

NAC guides a ribosomal multienzyme complex for nascent protein processing

Approximately 40% of the mammalian proteome undergoes N-terminal methionine excision and acetylation, mediated sequentially by methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) and N-acetyltransferase A (NatA), respectively1. Both modifications are strictly cotranslational and essential in higher eukaryotic organisms1. The interaction, activity and regulation of these enzymes on translating ribosomes are poorly understood. Here we perform biochemical, structural and in vivo studies to demonstrate that the nascent polypeptide-associated complex2,3 (NAC) orchestrates the action of these enzymes. NAC assembles a multienzyme complex with MetAP1 and NatA early during translation and pre-positions the active sites of both enzymes for timely sequential processing of the nascent protein. NAC further releases the inhibitory interactions from the NatA regulatory protein huntingtin yeast two-hybrid protein K4,5 (HYPK) to activate NatA on the ribosome, enforcing cotranslational N-terminal acetylation. Our results provide a mechanistic model for the cotranslational processing of proteins in eukaryotic cells.

NAA10 gene expression is associated with mesenchymal transition, dedifferentiation, and progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic role of NAA10 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We performed a gene expression and survival analysis based on the human cancer genome atlas database of ccRCC patients (TCGA-KIRC).

RESULTS

The patients in the TCGA-KIRC (n = 537) were divided into two subgroups: NAA10-low and NAA10-high expression groups. NAA10-high ccRCC exhibited higher T stages (p = 0.002), a higher frequency of distant metastasis (p = 0.018), more advanced AJCC stages (p < 0.001), a lower overall survival time (p = 0.036), and a lower survival rate (p < 0.001). NAA10-high ccRCC was associated with increased activity of non-specific oncogenic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation (p < 0.001) and cell cycle progression [G2 to M phase transition (p = 0.045) and E2F targets (p < 0.001)]. Additionally, the NAA10-high tumors showed reduced apoptosis via TRIAL pathways (p < 0.001) and increased levels of activity that promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (p = 0.026) or undifferentiation (p = 0.01). In ccRCC, NAA10 expression was found to be a negative prognostic factor in both non-metastatic (p < 0.001) and metastatic tumors (p = 0.032).

CONCLUSIONS

In ccRCC, NAA10 expression was shown to be a negative prognostic factor related to tumor progression rather than tumor initiation, and high NAA10 expression promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and undifferentiation.

The role of N-acetyltransferases in cancers

Cancer is a major global health problem that disrupts the balance of normal cellular growth and behavior. Mounting evidence has shown that epigenetic modification, specifically N-terminal acetylation, play a crucial role in the regulation of cell growth and function. Acetylation is a co- or post-translational modification to regulate important cellular progresses such as cell proliferation, cell cycle progress, and energy metabolism. Recently, N-acetyltransferases (NATs), enzymes responsible for acetylation, regulate signal transduction pathway in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. In this review, we clarify the regulatory role of NATs in cancer progression, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, cell apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the mechanism of NATs on cancer remains to be further studied, and few drugs have been developed. This provides us with a new idea that targeting acetylation, especially NAT-mediated acetylation, may be an attractive way for inhibiting cancer progression.

N-acetyltransferase and inflammation: Bridging an unexplored niche

Protein N-terminal (Nt) acetylation is an essential post-translational process catalysed by N-acetyltransferases or N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). Over the past several decades, several types of NATs (NatA- NatH) have been identified along with their substrates, explaining their significance in eukaryotes. It affects protein stability, protein degradation, protein translocation, and protein-protein interaction. NATs have recently drawn attention as they are associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases. In particular, NAT-induced epigenetic modifications play an important role in the control of mitochondrial function, which may lead to inflammatory diseases. NatC knockdown causes a marked reduction in mitochondrial membrane proteins, impairing their functions, and NatA affects mitophagy via reduced phosphorylation and transcription of the autophagy receptor. However, the NAT-mediated mitochondrial epigenetic mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process remain unexplored. The current review will impart an overview of the biological functions and aberrations of various NAT, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disorders.

Multiple impacts of Naa10p on cancer progression: Molecular functions and clinical prospects

Nα-acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) is known as the catalytic subunit of N-terminal acetyltransferases A (NatA) complex, associating with Naa15p to acetylate N-termini of the human proteome. Recent investigations have unveiled additional functions for Naa10p, encompassing lysine ε-acetylation and acetyltransferase-independent activities. Its pleiotropic roles have been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. Emerging evidence has implicated Naa10p in cancer progression, demonstrating dual attributes as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor contingent on the cancer type and acetyltransferase activity context. In this comprehensive review, we present a pan-cancer analysis aimed at elucidating the intricacies underlying Naa10p dysregulation in cancer. Our findings propose the potential involvement of c-Myc as a modulatory factor influencing Naa10p expression. Moreover, we provide a consolidated summary of recent advancements in understanding the intricate molecular underpinnings through which Naa10p contributes to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, we delve into the multifaceted nature of Naa10p's roles in regulating cancer behaviors, potentially attributed to its interactions with a repertoire of partner proteins. Through an exhaustive exploration of Naa10p's functions, spanning its acetylation activity and acetyltransferase-independent functionalities, this review offers novel insights with implications for targeted therapeutic strategies involving this pivotal protein in the realm of cancer therapeutics.

NATs at a glance

Most proteins receive an acetyl group at the N terminus while in their nascency as the result of modification by co-translationally acting N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The N-terminal acetyl group can influence several aspects of protein functionality. From studies of NAT-lacking cells, it is evident that several cellular processes are affected by this modification. More recently, an increasing number of genetic cases have demonstrated that N-terminal acetylation has crucial roles in human physiology and pathology. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the human NAT enzymes and their properties, substrate coverage, cellular roles and connections to human disease.

NAA10 Hypomethylation is associated with particulate matter exposure and worse prognosis for patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a major health hazard worldwide and is a key factor in lung cancer, which remains the most common type of malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. DNA methylation is a critical mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of PM, however, the molecular link between PM exposure and lung cancer remains to be elucidated. N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is involved in the cell cycle, migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation. In order to investigate the role of NAA10 in PM-induced pathogenesis processes leading to lung cancer, we determined the expression and methylation of NAA10 in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells treated with PM10, PM10-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and PM2.5 and evaluated the prognostic value of the NAA10 methylation status in lung cancer patients. Exposure to all PM types significantly increased the expression of NAA10 mRNA and decreased the methylation of the NAA10 promoter in NHBE cells compared with the mock-treated control. NAA10 hypomethylation was observed in 9.3% (13/140) of lung cancer tissue samples and correlated with NAA10 transcriptional upregulation. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that NAA10 hypomethylation was associated with decreased survival of patients with lung cancer. Therefore, these results suggest that PM-induced hypomethylation of the NAA10 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and may be used as a potential prognostic biomarker for lung cancer progression. Further studies with large numbers of patients are warranted to confirm our findings.

Crosstalk between epigenetics and tumor promoting androgen signaling in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major health burdens among all cancer types in men globally. Early diagnosis and efficacious treatment options are highly warranted as far as the incidence of PCa is concerned. Androgen-dependent transcriptional activation of androgen receptor (AR) is central to the prostate tumorigenesis and therefore hormonal ablation therapy remains the first line of treatment for PCa in the clinics. However, the molecular signaling engaged in AR-dependent PCa initiation and progression is infrequent and diverse. Moreover, apart from the genomic changes, non-genomic changes such as epigenetic modifications have also been suggested as critical regulator of PCa development. Among the non-genomic mechanisms, various epigenetic changes such as histones modifications, chromatin methylation and noncoding RNAs regulations etc. play decisive role in the prostate tumorigenesis. Given that epigenetic modifications are reversible using pharmacological modifiers, various promising therapeutic approaches have been designed for the better management of PCa. In this chapter, we discuss the epigenetic control of tumor promoting AR signaling that underlies the mechanism of prostate tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, we have discussed the approaches and opportunities to develop novel epigenetic modifications based therapeutic strategies for targeting PCa including castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

ARD1 stabilizes NRF2 through direct interaction and promotes colon cancer progression

AIMS

Aberrant overactivation/overexpression of NRF2 is implicated as a driving event in tumor progression, which has been attributed to its mutation or inactivation of the inhibitory protein, KEAP1. However, alternative mechanisms responsible for sustained activation of NRF2 are less understood.

MAIN METHODS

Human colon cancer cell lines and tissues obtained from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were used. To examine the expression levels of ARD1 and NRF2, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses were performed. To investigate the potential relevance of NRF2 and ARD1 to human CRC, NRF2 and ARD1 were individually silenced in human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) by transfection with their specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). To determine the functional role of ARD1 in NRF2 regulation, in situ proximate ligation, co-immunoprecipitation, nano-LC-ESI MS/MS, and in vitro acetylation assays were performed.

KEY FINDINGS

ARD1 knockdown in human colon cancer cell lines significantly reduced the protein levels of NRF2 without affecting its mRNA expression; however, silencing of NRF2 did not alter ARD1 protein expression. In addition, these two proteins were co-localized and physically interacted with each other both in human colon cancer cells (HCT-116) and human colon tumor tissues. Mechanistically, ARD1 overexpression increased the acetylation levels of NRF2. Moreover, an in vitro acetylation assay and mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that ARD1 could directly acetylate NRF2. Ectopic expression of mutant forms of ARD1 with defective acetyltransferase activity reduced the stability of NRF2.

SIGNIFICANCE

In conclusion, ARD1 may potentiate the oncogenic function of NRF2 in human colon cancer by stabilizing this transcription factor.

Naa10p promotes cell invasiveness of esophageal cancer by coordinating the c-Myc and PAI1 regulatory axis

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein, Naa10p, is involved in various cellular functions impacting tumor progression. Due to its capacity to acetylate a large spectrum of proteins, both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of Naa10p have been documented. Here, we report an oncogenic role of Naa10p in promoting metastasis of esophageal cancer. NAA10 is more highly expressed in esophageal cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Higher NAA10 expression also correlates with poorer survival of esophageal cancer patients. We found that NAA10 expression was transcriptionally regulated by the critical oncogene c-Myc in esophageal cancer. Furthermore, activation of the c-Myc-Naa10p axis resulted in upregulated cell invasiveness of esophageal cancer. This increased cell invasiveness was also elucidated to depend on the enzymatic activity of Naa10p. Moreover, Naa10p cooperated with Naa15p to interact with the protease inhibitor, PAI1, and prevent its secretion. This inhibition of PAI1 secretion may derive from the N-terminal acetylation effect of the Naa10p/Naa15p complex. Our results establish the significance of Naa10p in driving metastasis in esophageal cancer by coordinating the c-Myc-PAI1 axis, with implications for its potential use as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for esophageal cancer.

From Nucleus to Membrane: A Subcellular Map of the N-Acetylation Machinery in Plants

N-terminal acetylation (NTA) is an ancient protein modification conserved throughout all domains of life. N-terminally acetylated proteins are present in the cytosol, the nucleus, the plastids, mitochondria and the plasma membrane of plants. The frequency of NTA differs greatly between these subcellular compartments. While up to 80% of cytosolic and 20-30% of plastidic proteins are subject to NTA, NTA of mitochondrial proteins is rare. NTA alters key characteristics of proteins such as their three-dimensional structure, binding properties and lifetime. Since the majority of proteins is acetylated by five ribosome-bound N-terminal acetyltransferases (Nats) in yeast and humans, NTA was long perceived as an exclusively co-translational process in eukaryotes. The recent characterization of post-translationally acting plant Nats, which localize to the plasma membrane and the plastids, has challenged this view. Moreover, findings in humans, yeast, green algae and higher plants uncover differences in the cytosolic Nat machinery of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. These distinctive features of the plant Nat machinery might constitute adaptations to the sessile lifestyle of plants. This review sheds light on the unique role of plant N-acetyltransferases in development and stress responses as well as their evolution-driven adaptation to function in different cellular compartments.

Epigenetic signature of N-terminal acetyltransferases: a probable mediator of immune and neuropathogenesis in HIV infection

HIV is a major global public threat burdening society, yet the exact mechanism of HIV pathogenesis needs to be elucidated. In the era of epigenetic therapy, N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) changes induced by viral infection might play a critical role in virus-host interactions in HIV infection. The mitochondrial epigenetic mechanism, predominantly Nt acetylation, holds HIV immunopathogenesis and is vastly unexplored. The challenge is to single out the specific pathological role of NAT changes in HIV-associated neurodegeneration. Therefore, this nano review aims to shine light on Nt acetylation in HIV pathogenesis, which we believe can lead to effective future therapeutic strategies against HIV-associated neurodegeneration.

N-α-Acetyltransferase 10 inhibits invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma via regulating Pirh2-p53 signalling pathway

N‐α‐Acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) was reported to be involved in tumour invasion and metastasis in several of tumours. However, the role and mechanism of NAA10‐mediated invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains undetermined. Herein, our study showed that NAA10 inhibits cell migration and invasion in vitro and attenuates the xenograft tumorigenesis in nude mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that there is a physical interaction between NAA10 and RelA/p65 in OSCC cells, thereby preventing RelA/p65‐mediated transcriptional activation of Pirh2. Consequently, inhibition of Pirh2 increased p53 level and suppressed the expression of p53 downstream targets, matrix metalloprotein‐2 (MMP‐2) and MMP‐9. Therefore, NAA10 may function as a tumour metastasis suppressor in the progression of OSCC by targeting Pirh2‐p53 axis and might be a prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for OSCC.

Biochemical analysis of novel NAA10 variants suggests distinct pathogenic mechanisms involving impaired protein N-terminal acetylation

NAA10 is the catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase complex, NatA, which is responsible for N-terminal acetylation of nearly half the human proteome. Since 2011, at least 21 different NAA10 missense variants have been reported as pathogenic in humans. The clinical features associated with this X-linked condition vary, but commonly described features include developmental delay, intellectual disability, cardiac anomalies, brain abnormalities, facial dysmorphism and/or visual impairment. Here, we present eight individuals from five families with five different de novo or inherited NAA10 variants. In order to determine their pathogenicity, we have performed biochemical characterisation of the four novel variants c.16G>C p.(A6P), c.235C>T p.(R79C), c.386A>C p.(Q129P) and c.469G>A p.(E157K). Additionally, we clinically describe one new case with a previously identified pathogenic variant, c.384T>G p.(F128L). Our study provides important insight into how different NAA10 missense variants impact distinct biochemical functions of NAA10 involving the ability of NAA10 to perform N-terminal acetylation. These investigations may partially explain the phenotypic variability in affected individuals and emphasise the complexity of the cellular pathways downstream of NAA10.

Misregulation of the expression and activity of DNA methyltransferases in cancer

In mammals, DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3's (A, B and L) deposit and maintain DNA methylation in dividing and nondividing cells. Although these enzymes have an unremarkable DNA sequence specificity (CpG), their regional specificity is regulated by interactions with various protein factors, chromatin modifiers, and post-translational modifications of histones. Changes in the DNMT expression or interacting partners affect DNA methylation patterns. Consequently, the acquired gene expression may increase the proliferative potential of cells, often concomitant with loss of cell identity as found in cancer. Aberrant DNA methylation, including hypermethylation and hypomethylation at various genomic regions, therefore, is a hallmark of most cancers. Additionally, somatic mutations in DNMTs that affect catalytic activity were mapped in Acute Myeloid Leukemia cancer cells. Despite being very effective in some cancers, the clinically approved DNMT inhibitors lack specificity, which could result in a wide range of deleterious effects. Elucidating distinct molecular mechanisms of DNMTs will facilitate the discovery of alternative cancer therapeutic targets. This review is focused on: (i) the structure and characteristics of DNMTs, (ii) the prevalence of mutations and abnormal expression of DNMTs in cancer, (iii) factors that mediate their abnormal expression and (iv) the effect of anomalous DNMT-complexes in cancer.

Hydroxylation of the Acetyltransferase NAA10 Trp38 Is Not an Enzyme-Switch in Human Cells

NAA10 is a major N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) that catalyzes the cotranslational N-terminal (Nt-) acetylation of 40% of the human proteome. Several reports of lysine acetyltransferase (KAT) activity by NAA10 exist, but others have not been able to find any NAA10-derived KAT activity, the latter of which is supported by structural studies. The KAT activity of NAA10 towards hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was recently found to depend on the hydroxylation at Trp38 of NAA10 by factor inhibiting HIF-1α (FIH). In contrast, we could not detect hydroxylation of Trp38 of NAA10 in several human cell lines and found no evidence that NAA10 interacts with or is regulated by FIH. Our data suggest that NAA10 Trp38 hydroxylation is not a switch in human cells and that it alters its catalytic activity from a NAT to a KAT.

High Maternal Serum Estradiol in First Trimester of Multiple Pregnancy Contributes to Small for Gestational Age via DNMT1-Mediated CDKN1C Upregulation

High maternal serum estradiol (E₂) levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with a high incidence of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA). This study aimed to investigate the effect of first-trimester high maternal serum E₂ levels on fetal growth and the underlying mechanisms in multiple pregnancies. Maternal serum E₂ levels of women at 8 weeks of gestation were measured. The expression levels of imprinted genes and DNMT1 were determined by RT-qPCR, and KvDMR1 methylation in embryo tissue, placenta, and newborn cord blood samples was examined by bisulfite sequencing PCR. The effect of E₂ on CDKN1C expression was investigated in HTR8 cells. The incidence of SGA was significantly higher in multiple pregnancies reduced to singleton than that in primary singleton pregnancies (11.4% vs. 2.9%) (P < 0.01) and multiple pregnancies reduced to twins than primary twins (38.5% vs. 27.3%) (P < 0.01). The maternal serum E₂ level at 8 weeks of gestation increased with the number of fetuses and was negatively correlated with offspring birth weight. CDKN1C and DNMT1 expression was significantly upregulated in embryo tissue, placenta, and cord blood from multiple pregnancies. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between CDKN1C mRNA expression and KvDMR1 methylation levels. In HTR8 cells, DNMT1 mediated the estrogen-induced upregulation of CDKN1C, which might contribute to SGA. To minimize the risks of LBW and SGA, our findings suggest that abnormally high maternal serum E₂ levels should be avoided during the first trimester of multiple pregnancies from assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Clinical Manifestations in a Girl with NAA10-Related Syndrome and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Females

Since 2011, eight males with an X-linked recessive disorder (Ogden syndrome, MIM #300855) associated with the same missense variant p.(Ser37Pro) in the NAA10 gene have been described. After the advent of whole exome sequencing, many NAA10 variants have been reported as causative of syndromic or non-syndromic intellectual disability in both males and females. The NAA10 gene lies in the Xq28 region and encodes the catalytic subunit of the major N-terminal acetyltransferase complex NatA, which acetylates almost half the human proteome. Here, we present a young female carrying a de novo NAA10 [NM_003491:c.247C > T, p.(Arg83Cys)] variant. The 18-year-old girl has severely delayed motor and language development, autistic traits, postnatal growth failure, facial dysmorphisms, interventricular septal defect, neuroimaging anomalies and epilepsy. Our attempt is to expand and compare genotype–phenotype correlation in females with NAA10-related syndrome. A detailed clinical description could have relevant consequences for the clinical management of known and newly identified individuals.

Overlap of NatA and IAP substrates implicates N-terminal acetylation in protein stabilization

SMAC/DIABLO and HTRA2 are mitochondrial proteins whose amino-terminal sequences, known as inhibitor of apoptosis binding motifs (IBMs), bind and activate ubiquitin ligases known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), unleashing a cell's apoptotic potential. IBMs comprise a four-residue, loose consensus sequence, and binding to IAPs requires an unmodified amino terminus. Closely related, IBM-like N termini are present in approximately 5% of human proteins. We show that suppression of the N-alpha-acetyltransferase NatA turns these cryptic IBM-like sequences into very efficient IAP binders in cell lysates and in vitro and ultimately triggers cellular apoptosis. Thus, amino-terminal acetylation of IBM-like motifs in NatA substrates shields them from IAPs. This previously unrecognized relationship suggests that amino-terminal acetylation is generally protective against protein degradation in human cells. It also identifies IAPs as agents of a general quality control mechanism targeting unacetylated rogues in metazoans.

MALAT1 Promotes Tumorigenesis and Increases Cellular Sensitivity to Herceptin in HER2-positive Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

The function of MALAT1, a long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), in HER2- positive breast cancer remains largely unexplored.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the effect of MALAT1 on tumor development in HER2-positive breast cancer.

METHODS

We detected MALAT1 expression in HER2-positive breast cancer cells and tissues, and analyzed the effects of MALAT1 on cell proliferation in HER2-positive breast cancer cells lines (BT-474 and SKBR3). A mouse xenograft model was established for detecting the function of MALAT1 in HER2-positive breast cancer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As a result, MALAT1 was remarkably up-regulated in HER2-positive breast cancer both in cells and tissues. In addition, the silencing of MALAT1 inhibited the proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of MALAT1 by shRNA down-regulated DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b, while up-regulated BRCA1 and PTEN in HER2-positive breast cancer both in cell lines and mouse xenograft models.

CONCLUSION

In short, MALAT1 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for HER2- positive breast cancer therapy.

NAA10 p.(D10G) and NAA10 p.(L11R) Variants Hamper Formation of the NatA N-Terminal Acetyltransferase Complex

The majority of the human proteome is subjected to N-terminal (Nt) acetylation catalysed by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The NatA complex is composed of two core subunits—the catalytic subunit NAA10 and the ribosomal anchor NAA15. Furthermore, NAA10 may also have catalytic and non-catalytic roles independent of NatA. Several inherited and de novo NAA10 variants have been associated with genetic disease in humans. In this study, we present a functional analysis of two de novo NAA10 variants, c.29A>G p.(D10G) and c.32T>G p.(L11R), previously identified in a male and a female, respectively. Both of these neighbouring amino acids are highly conserved in NAA10. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that both variants hamper complex formation with NAA15 and are thus likely to impair NatA-mediated Nt-acetylation in vivo. Despite their common impact on NatA formation, in vitro Nt-acetylation assays showed that the variants had opposing impacts on NAA10 catalytic activity. While NAA10 c.29A>G p.(D10G) exhibits normal intrinsic NatA activity and reduced monomeric NAA10 NAT activity, NAA10 c.32T>G p.(L11R) displays reduced NatA activity and normal NAA10 NAT activity. This study expands the scope of research into the functional consequences of NAA10 variants and underlines the importance of understanding the diverse cellular roles of NAA10 in disease mechanisms.

NAA10 as a New Prognostic Marker for Cancer Progression

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is an acetyltransferase that acetylates both N-terminal amino acid and internal lysine residues of proteins. NAA10 is a crucial player to regulate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Recently, mounting evidence presented the overexpression of NAA10 in various types of cancer, including liver, bone, lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers, and demonstrated a correlation of overexpressed NAA10 with vascular invasion and metastasis, thereby affecting overall survival rates of cancer patients and recurrence of diseases. This evidence all points NAA10 toward a promising biomarker for cancer prognosis. Here we summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological functions of NAA10 in cancer progression and provide the potential usage of NAA10 as a prognostic marker for cancer progression.

Stabilization of ADAM9 by N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein contributes to promoting progression of androgen-independent prostate cancer

N-α-Acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) was reported to be an oncoprotein in androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa; ADPC) through binding and increasing transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor (AR). PCa usually progresses from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent stage, leading to an increase in the metastatic potential and an incurable malignancy. At present, the role of Naa10p in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) remains unclear. In this study, in silico and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that Naa10 transcripts or the Naa10p protein were more highly expressed in primary and metastatic PCa cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and non-metastatic cancer tissues, respectively. Knockdown and overexpression of Naa10p in AIPC cells (DU145 and PC-3M), respectively, led to decreased and increased cell clonogenic and invasive abilities in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in AIPC xenografts. From the protease array screening, we identified a disintegrin and metalloprotease 9 (ADAM9) as a potential target of Naa10p, which was responsible for the Naa10p-induced invasion of AIPC cells. Naa10p can form a complex with ADAM9 to maintain ADAM9 protein stability and promote AIPC's invasive ability which were independent of its acetyltransferase activity. In contrast to the Naa10p-ADAM9 axis, ADAM9 exerted positive feedback regulation on Naa10p to modulate progression of AIPC in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, for the first time, our results reveal a novel cross-talk between Naa10p and ADAM9 in regulating the progression of AIPC. Disruption of Naa10p-ADAM9 interactions may be a potential intervention for AIPC therapy.

Severe syndromic ID and skewed X-inactivation in a girl with NAA10 dysfunction and a novel heterozygous de novo NAA10 p.(His16Pro) variant - a case report

BACKGROUND

NAA10 is the catalytic subunit of the major N-terminal acetyltransferase complex NatA which acetylates almost half the human proteome. Over the past decade, many NAA10 missense variants have been reported as causative of genetic disease in humans. Individuals harboring NAA10 variants often display variable degrees of intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay, and cardiac anomalies. Initially, carrier females appeared to be oligo- or asymptomatic with X-inactivation pattern skewed towards the wild type allele. However, recently it has been shown that NAA10 variants can cause syndromic or non-syndromic intellectual disability in females as well. The impact of specific NAA10 variants and the X-inactivation pattern on the individual phenotype in females remains to be elucidated.

CASE PRESENTATION

Here we present a novel de novo NAA10 (NM_003491.3) c.[47A > C];[=] (p.[His16Pro];[=]) variant identified in a young female. The 10-year-old girl has severely delayed motor and language development, disturbed behavior with hyperactivity and restlessness, moderate dilatation of the ventricular system and extracerebral CSF spaces. Her blood leukocyte X-inactivation pattern was skewed (95/5) towards the maternally inherited X-chromosome. Our functional study indicates that NAA10 p.(H16P) impairs NatA complex formation and NatA catalytic activity, while monomeric NAA10 catalytic activity appears to be intact. Furthermore, cycloheximide experiments show that the NAA10 H16P variant does not affect the cellular stability of NAA10.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that NAA10 p.(His16Pro) causes a severe form of syndromic ID in a girl most likely through impaired NatA-mediated Nt-acetylation of cellular proteins. X-inactivation analyses showed a skewed X-inactivation pattern in DNA from blood of the patient with the maternally inherited allele being preferentially methylated/inactivated.

Protein kinase C-δ interacts with and phosphorylates ARD1

Protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) is a diacylglycerol-dependent, calcium-independent novel PKC isoform that is engaged in various cell signaling pathways, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In this study, we searched for proteins that bind PKCδ using a yeast two-hybrid assay and identified murine arrest-defective 1 (mARD1) as a binding partner. The interaction between PKCδ and mARD1 was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, recombinant PKCδ phosphorylated full-length mARD1 protein. The NetPhos online prediction tool suggested PKCδ phosphorylates Ser⁸⁰ , Ser¹⁰⁸ , and Ser¹¹⁴ residues of mARD1 with the highest probability. Based on these results, we synthesized peptides containing these sites and examined their phosphorylations using recombinant PKCδ. Autoradiography confirmed these sites were efficiently phosphorylated. Consequent mass spectrometry and peptide sequencing in combination with MALDI-TOF MS/MS confirmed that Ser⁸⁰ and Ser¹⁰⁸ were major phosphorylation sites. The alanine mutations of Ser⁸⁰ and Ser¹⁰⁸ abolished the phosphorylation of mARD1 by PKCδ in 293T cells supporting these observations. In addition, kinase assays using various PKC isotypes showed that Ser⁸⁰ of ARD1 was phosphorylated by PKCβI and PKCζ isotypes with the highest selectivity, while Ser¹⁰⁸ and/or Ser¹¹⁴ were phosphorylated by PKCγ with activities comparable to that of the PKCδ isoform. Overall, these results suggest the possibility that PKCδ transduces signals by regulating phosphorylation of ARD1.

DNMT1 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most devastating cancer types with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. PDAC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in both genders. Epigenetic alterations may lead to the suppression of tumor suppressor genes, and DNA methylation is a predominant epigenetic modification. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is required for maintaining patterns of DNA methylation during cellular replication. Accumulating evidence has implicated the oncogenic roles of DNMT1 in various malignancies including PDACs.

CONCLUSIONS

Herein, the expression profiles, oncogenic roles, regulators and inhibitors of DNMT1 in PDACs are presented and discussed. DNMT1 is overexpressed in PDAC cases compared with non-cancerous pancreatic ducts, and its expression gradually increases from pre-neoplastic lesions to PDACs. DNMT1 plays oncogenic roles in suppressing PDAC cell differentiation and in promoting their proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as in induction of the self-renewal capacity of PDAC cancer stem cells. These effects are achieved via promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (e.g., p14, p15, p16, p21 and p27), suppressors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (e.g., E-cadherin) and tumor suppressor miRNAs (e.g., miR-148a, miR-152 and miR-17-92 cluster). Pre-clinical investigations have shown the potency of novel non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitors against PDAC cells. Finally, phase I/II clinical trials of DNMT1 inhibitors (azacitidine, decitabine and guadecitabine) in PDAC patients are currently underway, where these inhibitors have the potential to sensitize PDACs to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

QSAR-driven rational design of novel DNA methyltransferase 1 inhibitors

DNA methylation, an epigenetic modification, is mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), a family of enzymes. Inhibitions of these enzymes are considered a promising strategy for the treatment of several diseases. In this study, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling was employed to understand the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of currently available non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitors (i.e., indole and oxazoline/1,2-oxazole scaffolds). Two QSAR models were successfully constructed using multiple linear regression (MLR) and provided good predictive performance (R²_Tr = 0.850-0.988 and R²_CV = 0.672-0.869). Bond information content index (BIC1) and electronegativity (R6e+) are the most influential descriptors governing the activity of compounds. The constructed QSAR models were further applied for guiding a rational design of novel inhibitors. A novel set of 153 structurally modified compounds were designed in silico according to the important descriptors deduced from the QSAR finding, and their DNMT1 inhibitory activities were predicted. This result demonstrated that 86 newly designed inhibitors were predicted to elicit enhanced DNMT1 inhibitory activity when compared to their parent compounds. Finally, a set of promising compounds as potent DNMT1 inhibitors were highlighted to be further developed. The key SAR findings may also be beneficial for structural optimization to improve properties of the known inhibitors.

Molecular basis for N-terminal acetylation by human NatE and its modulation by HYPK

The human N-terminal acetyltransferase E (NatE) contains NAA10 and NAA50 catalytic, and NAA15 auxiliary subunits and associates with HYPK, a protein with intrinsic NAA10 inhibitory activity. NatE co-translationally acetylates the N-terminus of half the proteome to mediate diverse biological processes, including protein half-life, localization, and interaction. The molecular basis for how NatE and HYPK cooperate is unknown. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of human NatE and NatE/HYPK complexes and associated biochemistry. We reveal that NAA50 and HYPK exhibit negative cooperative binding to NAA15 in vitro and in human cells by inducing NAA15 shifts in opposing directions. NAA50 and HYPK each contribute to NAA10 activity inhibition through structural alteration of the NAA10 substrate-binding site. NAA50 activity is increased through NAA15 tethering, but is inhibited by HYPK through structural alteration of the NatE substrate-binding site. These studies reveal the molecular basis for coordinated N-terminal acetylation by NatE and HYPK.

Stability and Lability of Parental Methylation Imprints in Development and Disease

DNA methylation plays essential roles in mammals. Of particular interest are parental methylation marks that originate from the oocyte or the sperm, and bring about mono-allelic gene expression at defined chromosomal regions. The remarkable somatic stability of these parental imprints in the pre-implantation embryo—where they resist global waves of DNA demethylation—is not fully understood despite the importance of this phenomenon. After implantation, some methylation imprints persist in the placenta only, a tissue in which many genes are imprinted. Again here, the underlying epigenetic mechanisms are not clear. Mouse studies have pinpointed the involvement of transcription factors, covalent histone modifications, and histone variants. These and other features linked to the stability of methylation imprints are instructive as concerns their conservation in humans, in which different congenital disorders are caused by perturbed parental imprints. Here, we discuss DNA and histone methylation imprints, and why unravelling maintenance mechanisms is important for understanding imprinting disorders in humans.

Structure and Mechanism of Acetylation by the N-Terminal Dual Enzyme NatA/Naa50 Complex

NatA co-translationally acetylates the N termini of over 40% of eukaryotic proteins and can associate with another catalytic subunit, Naa50, to form a ternary NatA/Naa50 dual enzyme complex (also called NatE). The molecular basis of association between Naa50 and NatA and the mechanism for how their association affects their catalytic activities in yeast and human are poorly understood. Here, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of yeast NatA/Naa50 as a scaffold to understand coregulation of NatA/Naa50 activity in both yeast and human. We find that Naa50 makes evolutionarily conserved contacts to both the Naa10 and Naa15 subunits of NatA. These interactions promote catalytic crosstalk within the human complex, but do so to a lesser extent in the yeast complex, where Naa50 activity is compromised. These studies have implications for understanding the role of the NatA/Naa50 complex in modulating the majority of the N-terminal acetylome in diverse species.

Inverse correlation between Naa10p and Pirh2 expression and the combined prognostic value in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients

BACKGROUND

This study aims to explore the associations between N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) and p53-induced protein with a RING-H2 domain (Pirh2) expression and clinicopathological characteristics in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect Naa10p and Pirh2 levels containing 118 OSCC specimens, and additional analyses were used to determine correlations between Naa10p and Pirh2 expressions, generate survival curves, and perform univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Further, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were employed to examine Naa10p and Pirh2 expression level in OSCC patients' samples. We further validated the result using RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and mRNA array data from GSE31056 and GSE30784.

RESULTS

Naa10p and Pirh2 are overexpression, and the protein level of Naa10p was negatively correlated with that of Pirh2 in OSCC tissues. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that positive Naa10p expression and negative Pirh2 expression were both independent good prognostic factors for OSCC patients. Furthermore, the Naa10p-positive/Pirh2-negative group has the best prognosis among all OSCC patients. Results from qRT-PCR showed the higher expression level of Naa10 and lower expression level of Pirh2 in tumor tissues than adjacent normal tissues. TCGA database and data from GSE31056 and GSE30784 showed the similar result. The correlation analysis showed that the mRNA level of Naa10 was negatively correlated that of Pirh2.

CONCLUSION

The expression of Naa10p is negatively correlated with that of Pirh2, and positive Naa10p and negative Pirh2 might be independent biomarkers for better OSCC prognoses.

Co-translational, Post-translational, and Non-catalytic Roles of N-Terminal Acetyltransferases

Recent studies of N-terminal acetylation have identified new N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) and expanded the known functions of these enzymes beyond their roles as ribosome-associated co-translational modifiers. For instance, the identification of Golgi- and chloroplast-associated NATs shows that acetylation of N termini also happens post-translationally. In addition, we now appreciate that some NATs are highly specific; for example, a dedicated NAT responsible for post-translational N-terminal acetylation of actin was recently revealed. Other studies have extended NAT function beyond Nt acetylation, including functions as lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and non-catalytic roles. Finally, emerging studies emphasize the physiological relevance of N-terminal acetylation, including roles in calorie-restriction-induced longevity and pathological α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. Combined, the NATs rise as multifunctional proteins, and N-terminal acetylation is gaining recognition as a major cellular regulator.

RNA interference screen identifies NAA10 as a regulator of PXR transcription

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a principal xenobiotic receptor crucial in the detection, detoxification, and clearance of toxic substances from the body. PXR plays a vital role in the metabolism and disposition of drugs, and elevated PXR levels contribute to cancer drug resistance. Therefore, to modulate PXR activity and mitigate drug resistance, it is imperative to fully understand its regulation. To this end, we screened a transcription factor siRNA library in pancreatic cancer cells that express high levels of PXR. Through a comprehensive deconvolution process, we identified N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) as a factor in the transcriptional machinery regulating PXR transcription. Because no one single factor has 100% operational control of PXR transcriptional regulation, our results together with other previous findings suggest that the transcriptional regulation of PXR is complex and that multiple factors contribute to the process including NAA10.

ARD1 contributes to IKKβ-mediated breast cancer tumorigenesis

The expression of IκB kinase β (IKKβ) promotes the growth of breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, IKKβ mediates the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of arrest-defective protein 1 (ARD1). However, the relationship between IKKβ and ARD1 in the occurrence of breast cancer has not been reported. In this study, we found that IKKβ not only acts directly on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity but also indirectly acts on mTOR activity through posttranscriptional modification of ARD1, thereby effectively promoting the growth of breast cancer cells. ARD1 prevents mTOR activity and breast cancer cell growth by stabilizing tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) to induce autophagy. Moreover, acetylation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) also contributes to ARD1-mediated autophagy. Therefore, upstream IKKβ can further promote the occurrence of breast cancer by mediating the function of ARD1.

NAA10-related syndrome

NAA10-related syndrome is an X-linked condition with a broad spectrum of findings ranging from a severe phenotype in males with p.Ser37Pro in NAA10, originally described as Ogden syndrome, to the milder NAA10-related intellectual disability found with different variants in both males and females. Although developmental impairments/intellectual disability may be the presenting feature (and in some cases the only finding), many individuals have additional cardiovascular, growth, and dysmorphic findings that vary in type and severity. Therefore, this set of disorders has substantial phenotypic variability and, as such, should be referred to more broadly as NAA10-related syndrome. NAA10 encodes an enzyme NAA10 that is certainly involved in the amino-terminal acetylation of proteins, alongside other proposed functions for this same protein. The mechanistic basis for how variants in NAA10 lead to the various phenotypes in humans is an active area of investigation, some of which will be reviewed herein.

A detailed overview of a rare X-linked hereditary disorder gives clinicians a resource for making an informed diagnosis based on genetic data and developmental abnormalities. Around 80% of all human proteins are modified on their amino terminus via tagging with an acetyl group, and the NAA10 enzyme plays a major role in this process. Mutations in the gene encoding NAA10 produce severe neurological and cardiovascular effects. Yiyang Wu and Gholson Lyon at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, USA, have reviewed current research to facilitate accurate identification of ‘NAA10-related syndrome’. Since this gene resides on the X chromosome, mutations strongly affect males, although some female carriers also show symptoms. NAA10-related syndrome is exceedingly rare, with only 26 cases reported to date, and the researchers describe both known causative mutations and unrelated disorders that produce similar developmental defects.

Versatility of ARD1/NAA10-mediated protein lysine acetylation

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical alterations that occur in proteins that play critical roles in various cellular functions. Lysine acetylation is an important PTM in eukaryotes, and it is catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs). KATs transfer acetyl-coenzyme A to the internal lysine residue of substrate proteins. Arrest defective 1 (ARD1) is a member of the KAT family. Since the identification of its KAT activity 15 years ago, many studies have revealed that diverse cellular proteins are acetylated by ARD1. ARD1-mediated lysine acetylation is a key switch that regulates the enzymatic activities and biological functions of proteins and influences cell biology from development to pathology. In this review, we summarize protein lysine acetylation mediated by ARD1 and describe the biological meanings of this modification.

Enzymes that modify proteins by adding an acetyl group have profound effects on metabolism and development, as well as disease. This process, known as acetylation, is carried out by KAT proteins, which are present throughout the body. Although acetyl groups are small, acetylation can change a protein’s electrical charge and shape, and even alter its function. Ji Hae Seo at Keimyung University School of Medicine in Daegu, South Korea, and co-workers reviewed the roles of KAT proteins in health and disease. They report that KAT proteins control gene expression, switch metabolic pathways on or off, and regulate development. Malfunction can lead to various disorders, including neurodegeneration and tumor growth. The researchers highlight several KAT proteins, in particular an enzyme that acetylates the amino acid lysine, that are promising targets for treatment of diseases, including cancer.

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) in development: the role of NAA10

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is a subunit of N^α-terminal protein acetyltransferase that plays a role in many biological processes. Among the six N-α-acetyltransferases (NATs) in eukaryotes, the biological significance of the N-terminal acetyl-activity of Naa10 has been the most studied. Recent findings in a few species, including humans, indicate that loss of N-terminal acetylation by NAA10 is associated with developmental defects. However, very little is known about the role of NAA10, and more research is required in relation to the developmental process. This review summarizes recent studies to understand the function of NAA10 in the development of multicellular organisms.

Further investigations are needed into the role of a key enzyme in biological development and its encoding gene. The enzyme N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10), encoded by the NAA10 gene, plays a role in multiple biological processes. While the function of NAA10 has been studied in cancer, less is known about the roles of the gene and the enzyme during development, according to a review by Goo Taeg Oh and co-workers at the Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea. Mutations in NAA10 are found in patients with developmental delay, cardiac problems and skeletal abnormalities, while reduced enzyme activity is associated with developmental defects. Mouse studies suggest a role for NAA10 in neuronal development, bone formation and healthy sperm generation. The impact of variable NAA10 expression in different organs at different developmental stages needs clarification.

ARD1/NAA10 in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathways and clinical implications

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a representative example of a malignancy with a poor prognosis, is characterized by high mortality because it is typically in an advanced stage at diagnosis and leaves very little hepatic functional reserve. Despite advances in medical and surgical techniques, there is no omnipotent tool that can diagnose HCC early and then cure it medically or surgically. Several recent studies have shown that a variety of pathways are involved in the development, growth, and even metastasis of HCC. Among a variety of cytokines or molecules, some investigators have suggested that arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), an acetyltransferase, plays a key role in the development of malignancies. Although ARD1 is thought to be centrally involved in the cell cycle, cell migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, the role of ARD1 and its potential mechanistic involvement in HCC remain unclear. Here, we review the present literature on ARD1. First, we provide an overview of the essential structure, functions, and molecular mechanisms or pathways of ARD1 in HCC. Next, we discuss potential clinical implications and perspectives. We hope that, by providing new insights into ARD1, this review will help to guide the next steps in the development of markers for the early detection and prognosis of HCC.

A protein that is highly expressed in cancer with extensive blood vessel development may provide a potential biomarker for early-stage liver cancer. Liver cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced and is also hard to be cured despite of advances in treatment, meaning patients often die from the disease. No tools for early detection or prognosis prediction exist, and scientists are keen to find useful biomarker molecules. Young-Hwa Chung at the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, and co-workers in South Korea reviewed recent research into one possible cancer-related protein, arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), known to be highly expressed in certain cancers and possibly associated with poor prognosis. While ARD1 appears to regulate pathways critical to cancer progression and promote cancer cell invasiveness, further in-depth investigations are needed to clarify its specific role in liver cancer.

ARD1/NAA10 acetylation in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in prostate development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of this pathway activates AR leading to PCa pathogenesis and progression. AR binds testosterone and other male hormones, which then undergoes post-translational modification for AR nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation. AR activation by post-translational modification is thus imperative for PCa cell growth and survival. Identification and understanding of the pathological and mechanistic roles of AR modifications may increase our understanding of AR activation in PCa and provide new therapeutic options. Recently, AR acetylation has been described as an important step for AR activation. Upregulation of several acetyltransferases has been reported to be associated with PCa progression. Herein, we provide a general understanding of AR acetylation, with a special emphasis on ARD1, and potential therapies that may be exploited against the ARD1–AR axis for PCa treatment.

Blocking the addition of an acetyl group to androgen receptors by Arrest-defect-1 protein (ARD1) might be an effective strategy for halting prostate cancer progression. High levels of ARD1 are found in many types of cancer and previous studies have shown that it contributes to prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation and survival by stimulating androgen receptor activity. Wanguo Liu and colleagues at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA, review current knowledge of the regulation and effects of ARD1 on tumor formation. The ARD1-mediated post-translational modification of androgen receptors causes them to move from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where they activate the expression of genes involved in tumor growth. Compounds that inhibit this modification could offer a new treatment option for patients with prostate cancer.

Spotlight on protein N-terminal acetylation

N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) is a widespread protein modification among eukaryotes and prokaryotes alike. By appending an acetyl group to the N-terminal amino group, the charge, hydrophobicity, and size of the N-terminus is altered in an irreversible manner. This alteration has implications for the lifespan, folding characteristics and binding properties of the acetylated protein. The enzymatic machinery responsible for Nt-acetylation has been largely described, but significant knowledge gaps remain. In this review, we provide an overview of eukaryotic N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) and the impact of Nt-acetylation. We also discuss other functions of known NATs and outline methods for studying Nt-acetylation.

N-α-acetyltransferase 10 protein promotes metastasis by stabilizing matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein in human osteosarcomas

N-α-Acetyltransferase 10 protein (Naa10p) mediates N-terminal acetylation of nascent proteins. Oncogenic or tumor suppressive roles of Naa10p were reported in cancers. Here, we report an oncogenic role of Naa10p in promoting metastasis of osteosarcomas. Higher NAA10 transcripts were observed in metastatic osteosarcoma tissues compared to non-metastatic tissues and were also correlated with a worse prognosis of patients. Knockdown and overexpression of Naa10p in osteosarcoma cells respectively led to decreased and increased cell migratory/invasive abilities. Re-expression of Naa10p, but not an enzymatically inactive mutant, relieved suppression of the invasive ability in vitro and metastasis in vivo imposed by Naa10p-knockdown. According to protease array screening, we identified that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 was responsible for the Naa10p-induced invasive phenotype. Naa10p was directly associated with MMP-2 protein through its acetyltransferase domain and maintained MMP-2 protein stability via NatA complex activity. MMP-2 expression levels were also significantly correlated with Naa10p levels in osteosarcoma tissues. These results reveal a novel function of Naa10p in the regulation of cell invasiveness by preventing MMP-2 protein degradation that is crucial during osteosarcoma metastasis.

Truncating Variants in NAA15 Are Associated with Variable Levels of Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Congenital Anomalies

N-alpha-acetylation is a common co-translational protein modification that is essential for normal cell function in humans. We previously identified the genetic basis of an X-linked infantile lethal Mendelian disorder involving a c.109T>C (p.Ser37Pro) missense variant in NAA10, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. The auxiliary subunit of the NatA complex, NAA15, is the dimeric binding partner for NAA10. Through a genotype-first approach with whole-exome or genome sequencing (WES/WGS) and targeted sequencing analysis, we identified and phenotypically characterized 38 individuals from 33 unrelated families with 25 different de novo or inherited, dominantly acting likely gene disrupting (LGD) variants in NAA15. Clinical features of affected individuals with LGD variants in NAA15 include variable levels of intellectual disability, delayed speech and motor milestones, and autism spectrum disorder. Additionally, mild craniofacial dysmorphology, congenital cardiac anomalies, and seizures are present in some subjects. RNA analysis in cell lines from two individuals showed degradation of the transcripts with LGD variants, probably as a result of nonsense-mediated decay. Functional assays in yeast confirmed a deleterious effect for two of the LGD variants in NAA15. Further supporting a mechanism of haploinsufficiency, individuals with copy-number variant (CNV) deletions involving NAA15 and surrounding genes can present with mild intellectual disability, mild dysmorphic features, motor delays, and decreased growth. We propose that defects in NatA-mediated N-terminal acetylation (NTA) lead to variable levels of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, supporting the importance of the NatA complex in normal human development.

NAA10 dysfunction with normal NatA-complex activity in a girl with non-syndromic ID and a de novo NAA10 p.(V111G) variant - a case report

Background

The NAA10-NAA15 (NatA) protein complex is an N-terminal acetyltransferase responsible for acetylating ~ 40% of eukaryotic proteins. In recent years, NAA10 variants have been found in patients with an X-linked developmental disorder called Ogden syndrome in its most severe form and, in other familial or de novo cases, with variable degrees of syndromic intellectual disability (ID) affecting both sexes.

Case presentation

Here we report and functionally characterize a novel and de novo NAA10 (NM_003491.3) c.332 T > G p.(V111G) missense variant, that was detected by trio-based whole exome sequencing in an 11 year old girl with mild/moderate non-syndromic intellectual disability. She had delayed motor and language development, but normal behavior without autistic traits. Her blood leukocyte X-inactivation pattern was within normal range (80/20). Functional characterization of NAA10-V111G by cycloheximide chase experiments suggests that NAA10-V111G has a reduced stability compared to NAA10-WT, and in vitro acetylation assays revealed a reduced enzymatic activity of monomeric NAA10-V111G but not for NAA10-V111G in complex with NAA15 (NatA enzymatic activity).

Conclusions

We show that NAA10-V111G has a reduced stability and monomeric catalytic activity, while NatA function remains unaltered. This is the first example of isolated NAA10 dysfunction in a case of ID, suggesting that the syndromic cases may also require a degree of compromised NatA function.