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Wei L, Meng J, Xiang D, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Xu L, Chen J, Han Y. The Pan-Cancer Analysis Uncovers the Prognostic and Immunotherapeutic Significance of CD19 as an Immune Marker in Tumor. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:2593-2612. [PMID: 38855424 PMCID: PMC11162214 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s459914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The specific cytotoxic effects of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have led to impressive outcomes in individuals previously treated for B-cell malignancies. However, the specific biological role of CD19(+) target cells, which exert antitumor immunity against some solid tumors, remains to be elucidated. Methods We collected information regarding the level of CD19 mRNA and protein expression from various databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for both tumor and normal samples. To evaluate the patient's prognosis according to CD19 expression, a Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and univariate Cox regression were performed. Furthermore, using the Estimation of Stromal and Immune Cells in Malignant Tumor Tissues Using the Expression Data (ESTIMATE) algorithm, we estimated the ratio of immune cells infiltrating malignant tumor tissues. Afterward, the GSCALite repository was employed to evaluate the vulnerability of tumors expressing CD19 to drugs used in chemotherapy. To validate the results in clinical samples of certain cancer types, immunohistochemistry was then performed. Results Most tumor types exhibited CD19 expression differently, apart from colon adenocarcinoma (COAD). The early diagnostic value of CD19 has been demonstrated in 9 different tumor types, and the overexpression of CD19 has the potential to extend the survival duration of patients. Multiple tumors showed a positive correlation between CD19 expression and tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and ESTIMATE score. Furthermore, a direct association was discovered between the expression of CD19 and the infiltration of immune cells, particularly in cases of breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA). Moreover, CD19 is highly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapy drugs. Conclusion The study reveals the potential of CD19 as both a predictive biomarker and a target for different cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyi Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglong Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, People’s Republic of China
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Barbosa JA, Yang CT, Finatto AN, Cantarelli VS, de Oliveira Costa M. T-independent B-cell effect of agents associated with swine grower-finisher diarrhea. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:991-1001. [PMID: 38044397 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Swine dysentery, spirochetal colitis, and salmonellosis are production-limiting enteric diseases of global importance to the swine industry. Despite decades of efforts, mitigation of these diseases still relies on antibiotic therapy. A common knowledge gap among the 3 agents is the early B-cell response to infection in pigs. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the porcine B-cell response to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira hampsonii (virulent and avirulent strains), Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Salmonella Typhimurium, the agents of the syndromes mentioned above. Immortalized porcine B-cell line derived from a crossbred pig with lymphoma were co-incubated for 8 h with each pathogen, as well as E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a sham-inoculum (n = 3/treatment). B-cell viability following treatments was evaluated using trypan blue, and the expression levels of B-cell activation-related genes was profiled using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Only S. Typhimurium and LPS led to increased B-cell mortality. B. pilosicoli downregulated B-lymphocyte antigen (CD19), spleen associated tyrosine Kinase (syk), tyrosine-protein kinase (lyn), and Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), and elicited no change in immunoglobulin-associated beta (CD79b) and swine leukocyte antigen class II (SLA-DRA) expression levels, when compared to the sham-inoculated group. In contrast, all other treatments significantly upregulated CD79b and stimulated responses in other B-cell downstream genes. These findings suggest that B. pilosicoli does not elicit an immediate T-independent B-cell response, nor does it trigger antigen-presenting mechanisms. All other agents activated at least one trigger within the T-independent pathways, as well as peptide antigen presenting mechanisms. Future research is warranted to verify these findings in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica A Barbosa
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Christine T Yang
- Department of Integrated Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arthur N Finatto
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Vinícius S Cantarelli
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Oliveira Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Aminov S, Giricz O, Melnekoff DT, Sica RA, Polishchuk V, Papazoglu C, Yates B, Wang HW, Sahu S, Wang Y, Gordon-Mitchell S, Leshchenko VV, Schinke C, Pradhan K, Aluri S, Sohn M, Barta SK, Agarwal B, Goldfinger M, Mantzaris I, Shastri A, Matsui W, Steidl U, Brody JD, Shah NN, Parekh S, Verma A. Immunotherapy-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells exhibit reduced CD19 and CD22 expression and BTK pathway dependency. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175199. [PMID: 38376944 PMCID: PMC11014656 DOI: 10.1172/jci175199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
While therapies targeting CD19 by antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), and T cell engagers have improved the response rates in B cell malignancies, the emergence of resistant cell populations with low CD19 expression can lead to relapsed disease. We developed an in vitro model of adaptive resistance facilitated by chronic exposure of leukemia cells to a CD19 immunotoxin. Single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) showed an increase in transcriptionally distinct CD19lo populations among resistant cells. Mass cytometry demonstrated that CD22 was also decreased in these CD19lo-resistant cells. An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-Seq) showed decreased chromatin accessibility at promoters of both CD19 and CD22 in the resistant cell populations. Combined loss of both CD19 and CD22 antigens was validated in samples from pediatric and young adult patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) that relapsed after CD19 CAR-T-targeted therapy. Functionally, resistant cells were characterized by slower growth and lower basal levels of MEK activation. CD19lo resistant cells exhibited preserved B cell receptor signaling and were more sensitive to both Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and MEK inhibition. These data demonstrate that resistance to CD19 immunotherapies can result in decreased expression of both CD19 and CD22 and can result in dependency on BTK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Aminov
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Orsi Giricz
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David T. Melnekoff
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - R. Alejandro Sica
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Veronika Polishchuk
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cristian Papazoglu
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Bonnie Yates
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research and
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Srabani Sahu
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shanisha Gordon-Mitchell
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Violetta V. Leshchenko
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carolina Schinke
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kith Pradhan
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Srinivas Aluri
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Moah Sohn
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stefan K. Barta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Mendel Goldfinger
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ioannis Mantzaris
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aditi Shastri
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William Matsui
- Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joshua D. Brody
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nirali N. Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research and
| | - Samir Parekh
- Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Oncology, Blood Cancer Institute, Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Chehade NEH, Elantably D, Ghoneim S, Raja F, Hunter K, Tse W. A rare type of primary CD19-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as an infraorbital mass in the maxillary sinus. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2023; 12:100265. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cpccr.2023.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
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5
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Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres Diz M, Xu F, Zankharia U, Zhang Y, Soldan S, Zheng S, Falkenstein CD, Loftus JP, Yang SY, Asnani M, King Sainos P, Pillai V, Chong E, Li MM, Tasian SK, Barash Y, Lieberman PM, Ruella M, Schuster SJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Blood 2023; 142:1724-1739. [PMID: 37683180 PMCID: PMC10667349 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises the response to immunotherapy in B-cell malignancies. Here, we showed that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several messenger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions. Four variants (V1-4) were detected using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform contained upstream open reading frames and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, whereas V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T-cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on 4 postmosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in 2 of them, the downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by a V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Manuel Torres Diz
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Urvi Zankharia
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yunlin Zhang
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samantha Soldan
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Joseph P. Loftus
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scarlett Y. Yang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mukta Asnani
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Vinodh Pillai
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emeline Chong
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marilyn M. Li
- Division of Genomic Diagnostic, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematopathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephen J. Schuster
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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6
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Ang Z, Paruzzo L, Hayer KE, Schmidt C, Torres Diz M, Xu F, Zankharia U, Zhang Y, Soldan S, Zheng S, Falkenstein CD, Loftus JP, Yang SY, Asnani M, King Sainos P, Pillai V, Chong E, Li MM, Tasian SK, Barash Y, Lieberman PM, Ruella M, Schuster SJ, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.19.529123. [PMID: 37645778 PMCID: PMC10461923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.19.529123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant skipping of coding exons in CD19 and CD22 compromises responses to immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies. Here, we show that the MS4A1 gene encoding human CD20 also produces several mRNA isoforms with distinct 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTR). Four variants (V1-4) were detectable by RNA-seq in distinct stages of normal B-cell differentiation and B-lymphoid malignancies, with V1 and V3 being the most abundant by far. During B-cell activation and Epstein-Barr virus infection, redirection of splicing from V1 to V3 coincided with increased CD20 positivity. Similarly, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma only V3, but not V1, correlated with CD20 protein levels, suggesting that V1 might be translation-deficient. Indeed, the longer V1 isoform was found to contain upstream open reading frames (uORFs) and a stem-loop structure, which cooperatively inhibited polysome recruitment. By modulating CD20 isoforms with splice-switching Morpholino oligomers, we enhanced CD20 expression and anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity in a panel of B-cell lines. Furthermore, reconstitution of CD20-knockout cells with V3 mRNA led to the recovery of CD20 positivity, while V1-reconstituted cells had undetectable levels of CD20 protein. Surprisingly, in vitro CD20-directed CAR T cells were able to kill both V3- and V1-expressing cells, but the bispecific T cell engager mosunetuzumab was only effective against V3-expressing cells. To determine whether CD20 splicing is involved in immunotherapy resistance, we performed RNA-seq on four post-mosunetuzumab follicular lymphoma relapses and discovered that in two of them downregulation of CD20 was accompanied by the V3-to-V1 shift. Thus, splicing-mediated mechanisms of epitope loss extend to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Key Points In normal & malignant human B cells, CD20 mRNA is alternatively spliced into four 5'-UTR isoforms, some of which are translation-deficient.The balance between translation-deficient and -competent isoforms modulates CD20 protein levels & responses to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Explanation of Novelty We discovered that in normal and malignant B-cells, CD20 mRNA is alternatively spliced to generate four distinct 5'-UTRs, including the longer translation-deficient V1 variant. Cells predominantly expressing V1 were still sensitive to CD20-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T-cells. However, they were resistant to the bispecific anti-CD3/CD20 antibody mosunetuzumab, and the shift to V1 were observed in CD20-negative post-mosunetuzumab relapses of follicular lymphoma.
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Abdulhaq H, Hwang A, Mahmood O. Targeted Treatment of Adults with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): Tafasitamab in Context. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:617-629. [PMID: 37492075 PMCID: PMC10364833 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s372783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of Relapsed/Refractory (R/R) Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma have been historically poor. The recent development of several novel therapies including CD19 directed agents has improved the prognosis of this disease significantly. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has drastically changed the treatment of R/R DLBCL, but it is still associated with significant barriers and limited access. Tafasitamab (an anti-CD19 engineered monoclonal antibody), in addition to lenalidomide, has shown significant efficacy with exceptionally durable responses in patients with R/R DLBCL who are ineligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Tafasitamab-lenalidomide and certain other therapies (ie, antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies) are important treatment options for patients who are ineligible for CAR-T due to co-morbidities or lack of access, and patients with rapid progression of disease who are unable to wait for manufacturing of CAR-T. This review will thus discuss currently approved and recently studied targeted treatment options for patients with R/R DLBCL with an emphasis on CAR-T alternative options, particularly Tafasitamab-lenalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifaa Abdulhaq
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Hwang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Omar Mahmood
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, Fresno, CA, USA
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Liu S, Tao X, Deng B, Li Y, Xu Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Porcine Intestine during Weaning Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5343. [PMID: 36982414 PMCID: PMC10049174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, and they are considered to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. However, the role and expression of lncRNAs in intestinal damage during weaning stress remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the expression profiles of jejunal tissue from weaning piglets at 4 and 7 d after weaning (groups W4 and W7, respectively) and from suckling piglets on the same days (groups S4 and S7, respectively). Genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs was also performed using RNA sequencing technology. A total of 1809 annotated lncRNAs and 1612 novel lncRNAs were obtained from the jejunum of piglets. In W4 vs. S4, a total of 331 lncRNAs showed significant differential expression, and a total of 163 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) was identified in W7 vs. S7. Biological analysis indicated that DElncRNAs were involved in intestinal diseases, inflammation, and immune functions, and were mainly enriched in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, inflammatory bowel disease, T cell receptor signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway and intestinal immune network for IgA production. Moreover, we found that lnc_000884 and target gene KLF5 were significantly upregulated in the intestine of weaning piglets. The overexpression of lnc_000884 also significantly promoted the proliferation and depressed apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells. This result suggested that lnc_000884 may contribute to repairing intestinal damage. Our study identified the characterization and expression profile of lncRNAs in the small intestine of weaning piglets and provided new insights into the molecular regulation of intestinal damage during weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Desheng Middle Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Quinn Z, Leiby B, Sonpavde G, Choudhury AD, Sweeney C, Einstein D, Szmulewitz R, Sartor O, Knudsen K, Yang ESH, Kelly WK. Phase I Study of Niraparib in Combination with Radium-223 for the Treatment of Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:50-59. [PMID: 36321991 PMCID: PMC9812873 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the safety of niraparib, a PARP inhibitor, in combination with Radium-223 for the treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in men without known BRCA mutations. PATIENTS AND METHODS Men with progressive mCPRC following ≥1 line of androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy and bone metastases but no documented BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 alterations or bulky visceral disease were included. Niraparib dose was escalated in combination with standard dosing of Radium-223 using a time-to-event continual reassessment method. The highest dose level with a DLT probability <20% was defined as MTD. Secondary endpoints included PSA change and progression-free survival. Exploratory analyses included assessing DNA mutations found in ctDNA as well as gene expression changes assessed in whole blood samples. RESULTS Thirty patients were treated with niraparib and radium-223: 13 patients received 100 mg, 12 received 200 mg, and 5 patients received 300 mg of niraparib. There were six DLT events: two (13%) for neutropenia, two (13%) for thrombocytopenia, whereas fatigue and nausea each occurred once (3%). Anemia (2/13%) and neutropenia (2/13%) were the most common grade 3 adverse events. For patients with prior chemotherapy exposure, the MTD was 100 mg, whereas the MTD for chemotherapy naïve patients was 200 mg. Whole blood gene expression of PAX5 and CD19 was higher in responders and ARG-1, IL2R, and FLT3 expression was higher in nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Combining niraparib with Radium-223 in patients with mCRPC was safe; however, further studies incorporating biomarkers will better elucidate the role of combinations of PARP inhibitors with DNA damaging and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Quinn
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA
| | - Benjamin Leiby
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Atish D Choudhury
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | - Christopher Sweeney
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA
| | | | | | - Oliver Sartor
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Karen Knudsen
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA
| | - Eddy Shih-Hsin Yang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Wm. Kevin Kelly
- Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia PA
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Vlachová M, Gregorová J, Vychytilová-Faltejsková P, Gabło NA, Radová L, Pospíšilová L, Almáši M, Štork M, Knechtová Z, Minařík J, Popková T, Jelínek T, Hájek R, Pour L, Říhová L, Ševčíková S. Involvement of Small Non-Coding RNA and Cell Antigens in Pathogenesis of Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314765. [PMID: 36499093 PMCID: PMC9741227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMD) is an aggressive disease; malignant plasma cells lose their dependence in the bone marrow microenvironment and migrate into tissues. EMD is a negative prognostic factor of survival. Using flow cytometry and next-generation sequencing, we aimed to identify antigens and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in EMD pathogenesis. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significant differences in the level of clonal plasma cells between MM and EMD patients, while the expression of CD markers was comparable between these two groups. Further, miR-26a-5p and miR-30e-5p were found to be significantly down-regulated in EMD compared to MM. Based on the expression of miR-26a-5p, we were able to distinguish these two groups of patients with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the involvement of deregulated miRNAs in cell cycle regulation, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and signaling pathways associated with infections or neurological disorders was observed using GO and KEGG pathways enrichment analysis. Subsequently, a correlation between the expression of analyzed miRNAs and the levels of CD molecules was observed. Finally, clinicopathological characteristics as well as CD antigens associated with the prognosis of MM and EMD patients were identified. Altogether, we identified several molecules possibly involved in the transformation of MM into EMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vlachová
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Gregorová
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vychytilová-Faltejsková
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Anna Gabło
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Radová
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pospíšilová
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Almáši
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Štork
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Knechtová
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Minařík
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Popková
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, and Faculty of Medicine, University Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jelínek
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, and Faculty of Medicine, University Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, and Faculty of Medicine, University Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Pour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Říhová
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Ševčíková
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-549-493-380
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11
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Marsman C, Verstegen NJM, Streutker M, Jorritsma T, Boon L, ten Brinke A, van Ham SM. Termination of CD40L co-stimulation promotes human B cell differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1662-1675. [PMID: 36073009 PMCID: PMC9825913 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human naïve B cells are notoriously difficult to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in vitro while maintaining sufficient cell numbers to evaluate the differentiation process. B cells require T follicular helper (TFH ) cell-derived signals like CD40L and IL-21 during germinal center (GC) responses to undergo differentiation into ASCs. Cognate interactions between B and TFH cells are transient; after TFH contact, B cells cycle between GC light and dark zones where TFH contact is present and absent, respectively. Here, we elucidated that the efficacy of naïve B cells in ACS differentiation is dramatically enhanced by the release of CD40L stimulation. Multiparameter phospho-flow and transcription factor (TF)-flow cytometry revealed that termination of CD40L stimulation downmodulates NF-κB and STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, the termination of CD40 signaling downmodulates C-MYC, while promoting ASC TFs BLIMP1 and XBP-1s. Reduced levels of C-MYC in the differentiating B cells are later associated with crucial downmodulation of the B cell signature TF PAX5 specifically upon the termination of CD40 signaling, resulting in the differentiation of BLIMP1 high expressing cells into ASCs. The data presented here are the first steps to provide further insights how the transient nature of CD40 signaling is in fact needed for efficient human naïve B cell differentiation to ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Marsman
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Niels JM Verstegen
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marij Streutker
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Anja ten Brinke
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - S. Marieke van Ham
- Sanquin ResearchDepartment of ImmunopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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12
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The antibody-drug conjugate loncastuximab tesirine for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2022; 140:303-308. [PMID: 35580172 PMCID: PMC9335500 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogenous subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Relapsed/refractory disease represents remains an unmet medical need, despite the introduction of novel cellular and targeted therapies. Loncastuximab tesirine is a cluster of differentiation19-targeting antibody-drug conjugate approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsed DLBCL after 2 lines of systemic therapy based on a trial showing a 48.3% overall response rate. The spectrum of its clinical applications is expanding and is now being tested in other B-cell malignancies.
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13
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Lebel E, Nachmias B, Pick M, Gross Even-Zohar N, Gatt ME. Understanding the Bioactivity and Prognostic Implication of Commonly Used Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11071809. [PMID: 35407416 PMCID: PMC9000075 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression. Here, we review selected surface antigens that are commonly used in the flow cytometry analysis of MM for identification of plasma cells (PC) and the discrimination between normal and malignant PC as well as prognostication. These include the markers: CD38, CD138, CD45, CD19, CD117, CD56, CD81, CD27, and CD28. Furthermore, we will discuss the novel marker CD24 and its involvement in MM. The bioactivity of each antigen is reviewed, as well as its expression on normal vs. malignant PC, prognostic implications, and therapeutic utility. Understanding the role of these specific surface antigens, as well as complex co-expressions of combinations of antigens, may allow for a more personalized prognostic monitoring and treatment of MM patients.
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14
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Combinatorial antigen targeting strategies for acute leukemia: application in myeloid malignancy. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:282-290. [PMID: 34955406 PMCID: PMC8950815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Efforts to safely and effectively treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by targeting a single leukemia-associated antigen with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have met with limited success, due in part to heterogeneous expression of myeloid antigens. The authors hypothesized that T cells expressing CARs directed toward two different AML-associated antigens would eradicate tumors and prevent relapse. METHODS For co-transduction with the authors' previously optimized CLL-1 CAR currently in clinical study (NCT04219163), the authors generated two CARs targeting either CD123 or CD33. The authors then tested the anti-tumor activity of T cells expressing each of the three CARs either alone or after co-transduction. The authors analyzed CAR T-cell phenotype, expansion and transduction efficacy and assessed function by in vitro and in vivo activity against AML cell lines expressing high (MOLM-13: CD123 high, CD33 high, CLL-1 intermediate), intermediate (HL-60: CD123 low, CD33 intermediate, CLL-1 intermediate/high) or low (KG-1a: CD123 low, CD33 low, CLL-1 low) levels of the target antigens. RESULTS The in vitro benefit of dual expression was most evident when the target cell line expressed low antigen levels (KG-1a). Mechanistically, dual expression was associated with higher pCD3z levels in T cells compared with single CAR T cells on exposure to KG-1a (P < 0.0001). In vivo, combinatorial targeting with CD123 or CD33 and CLL-1 CAR T cells improved tumor control and animal survival for all lines (KG-1a, MOLM-13 and HL-60); no antigen escape was detected in residual tumors. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings demonstrate that combinatorial targeting of CD33 or CD123 and CLL-1 with CAR T cells can control growth of heterogeneous AML tumors.
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15
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Zheng S, Gillespie E, Naqvi AS, Hayer KE, Ang Z, Torres-Diz M, Quesnel-Vallières M, Hottman DA, Bagashev A, Chukinas J, Schmidt C, Asnani M, Shraim R, Taylor DM, Rheingold SR, O'Brien MM, Singh N, Lynch KW, Ruella M, Barash Y, Tasian SK, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Modulation of CD22 Protein Expression in Childhood Leukemia by Pervasive Splicing Aberrations: Implications for CD22-Directed Immunotherapies. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:103-115. [PMID: 35015683 PMCID: PMC9780083 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-21-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of surface epitopes causes postimmunotherapy relapses in B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Here we demonstrate that mRNA encoding CD22 undergoes aberrant splicing in B-ALL. We describe the plasma membrane-bound CD22 Δex5-6 splice isoform, which is resistant to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting the third immunoglobulin-like domain of CD22. We also describe splice variants skipping the AUG-containing exon 2 and failing to produce any identifiable protein, thereby defining an event that is rate limiting for epitope presentation. Indeed, forcing exon 2 skipping with morpholino oligonucleotides reduced CD22 protein expression and conferred resistance to the CD22-directed antibody-drug conjugate inotuzumab ozogamicin in vitro. Furthermore, among inotuzumab-treated pediatric patients with B-ALL, we identified one nonresponder in whose leukemic blasts Δex2 isoforms comprised the majority of CD22 transcripts. In a second patient, a sharp reduction in CD22 protein levels during relapse was driven entirely by increased CD22 exon 2 skipping. Thus, dysregulated CD22 splicing is a major mechanism of epitope downregulation and ensuing resistance to immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE The mechanism(s) underlying downregulation of surface CD22 following CD22-directed immunotherapy remains underexplored. Our biochemical and correlative studies demonstrate that in B-ALL, CD22 expression levels are controlled by inclusion/skipping of CD22 exon 2. Thus, aberrant splicing of CD22 is an important driver/biomarker of de novo and acquired resistance to CD22-directed immunotherapies. See related commentary by Bourcier and Abdel-Wahab, p. 87. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 85.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zheng
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elisabeth Gillespie
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ammar S. Naqvi
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katharina E. Hayer
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiwei Ang
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manuel Torres-Diz
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathieu Quesnel-Vallières
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Hottman
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Asen Bagashev
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Chukinas
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolin Schmidt
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mukta Asnani
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rawan Shraim
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deanne M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan R. Rheingold
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maureen M. O'Brien
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nathan Singh
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen W. Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Ruella
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah K. Tasian
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Gambella M, Carlomagno S, Raiola AM, Giannoni L, Ghiggi C, Setti C, Giordano C, Luchetti S, Serio A, Bo A, Falco M, Della Chiesa M, Angelucci E, Sivori S. CD19-Targeted Immunotherapies for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837457. [PMID: 35280988 PMCID: PMC8911710 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were, for many years, the only available cancer treatments. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies has emerged as promising alternative. These cancer immunotherapies are aimed to support or harness the patient's immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Preclinical and clinical studies, based on the use of T cells and more recently NK cells genetically modified with chimeric antigen receptors retargeting the adoptive cell therapy towards tumor cells, have already shown remarkable results. In this review, we outline the latest highlights and progress in immunotherapies for the treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) patients, focusing on CD19-targeted immunotherapies. We also discuss current clinical trials and opportunities of using immunotherapies to treat DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gambella
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Raiola
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Livia Giannoni
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ghiggi
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Setti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Luchetti
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Serio
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bo
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Integrated Department of Services and Laboratories, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Angelucci
- Ematologia e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Perrone S, Lopedote P, Levis M, Di Rocco A, Smith SD. Management of relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma in patients ineligible for CAR-T cell therapy. Expert Rev Hematol 2022; 15:215-232. [PMID: 35184664 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2044778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL). However, patients who are excluded or have no access to CAR-T represent a challenge for clinicians and have generally a dismal outcome. The landscape for this category of patients is constantly evolving: new agents have been approved in the last 2-3 years, alone or in combination, and novel treatment modalities are under investigations. AREAS COVERED Thereafter, we reviewed the currently available therapeutic strategies: conventional chemotherapy, Antibody-drug conjugate ADC (mainly polatuzumab and loncastuxumab), bispecific antibodies (CD19/CD3 and focus on novel CD20/CD3 Abs), immunomodulatory drugs (covering tafasitamab and lenalidomide, checkpoint inhibitors mainly in PMBL), small molecules (selinexor, BTK and PI3K inhibitors), and the role of radiotherapy. EXPERT OPINION Navigating this scenario, will uncover new challenges, including identifying an ideal sequence for these therapies, the most effective combinations, and search for consistent predictive factors to help selecting the appropriate population of LBCL patients. At present, supporting clinical research for CAR-T ineligible patients, a new and challenging group, must remain a major focus that is complementary to advances in CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Perrone
- Hematology, Polo Universitario Pontino, S.M. Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Paolo Lopedote
- Internal Medicine, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, U.S
| | - Mario Levis
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alice Di Rocco
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen Douglas Smith
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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18
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Harrington CT, Sotillo E, Dang CV, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Tilting MYC toward cancer cell death. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:982-994. [PMID: 34481764 PMCID: PMC8541926 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MYC oncoprotein promotes cell proliferation and serves as the key driver in many human cancers; therefore, considerable effort has been expended to develop reliable pharmacological methods to suppress its expression or function. Despite impressive progress, MYC-targeting drugs have not reached the clinic. Recent advances suggest that within a limited expression range unique to each tumor, MYC oncoprotein can have a paradoxical, proapoptotic function. Here we introduce a counterintuitive idea that modestly and transiently elevating MYC levels could aid chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and thus benefit the patients as much, if not more than MYC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Harrington
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Goparaju K, Caimi PF. Loncastuximab tesirine for treatment of relapsed or refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1373-1381. [PMID: 34505550 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1973998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately, a third of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have refractory or relapsed disease after initial treatment. Despite recent regulatory approval of several new agents, including CAR-T cell therapy, polatuzumab vedotin and tafasitamab, there is still a need for additional therapies that expand the therapeutic alternatives and improve outcomes for patients with DLBCL that progresses after first line therapy. AREAS COVERED Studies of recently approved agents for relapsed DLBCL are reviewed. The relevance of CD19 as an immunotherapeutic target. The pharmacologic composition of loncastuximab tesirine and its cytotoxic payload, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer. Phase I and phase 2 data for loncastuximab tesirine in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, showing the safety profile of this drug and the emerging efficacy results in DLBCL. EXPERT OPINION Loncastuximab tesirine is an antiCD19 antibody drug conjugate with a novel cytotoxic payload. Early studies showed this drug is tolerable, with a safety profile that is different from other antibody drug conjugates approved for lymphoid malignancies. Efficacy data shows activity in different non-Hodgkin lymphoma entities, and a phase 2 study has been completed in DLBCL showing durable responses, including in high-risk subgroups. Loncastuximab tesirine will be an important addition to the treatment alternatives for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Goparaju
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paolo F Caimi
- Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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20
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Düll J, Topp M, Salles G. The use of tafasitamab in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:20406207211027458. [PMID: 34285786 PMCID: PMC8264734 DOI: 10.1177/20406207211027458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who relapse or are refractory after first-line therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) frequently have poor prognoses, especially when they are not candidates for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). Tafasitamab is a humanized monoclonal anti-CD19 antibody that has recently been approved by the FDA in combination with lenalidomide for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL in patients who are not eligible for ASCT. Tafasitamab has an Fc region which has been modified to have an increased affinity for Fcγ receptors, to potentiate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis. Here, we review the development, mode of action and clinical data for tafasitamab in combination with lenalidomide in R/R DLBCL, and discuss the various ways in which this novel antibody could be utilized in the treatment sequence to improve clinical outcomes for patients with DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Düll
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Max Topp
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinik Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gilles Salles
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Perturbation-based gene regulatory network inference to unravel oncogenic mechanisms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14149. [PMID: 32843692 PMCID: PMC7447758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene regulatory network (GRN) of human cells encodes mechanisms to ensure proper functioning. However, if this GRN is dysregulated, the cell may enter into a disease state such as cancer. Understanding the GRN as a system can therefore help identify novel mechanisms underlying disease, which can lead to new therapies. To deduce regulatory interactions relevant to cancer, we applied a recent computational inference framework to data from perturbation experiments in squamous carcinoma cell line A431. GRNs were inferred using several methods, and the false discovery rate was controlled by the NestBoot framework. We developed a novel approach to assess the predictiveness of inferred GRNs against validation data, despite the lack of a gold standard. The best GRN was significantly more predictive than the null model, both in cross-validated benchmarks and for an independent dataset of the same genes under a different perturbation design. The inferred GRN captures many known regulatory interactions central to cancer-relevant processes in addition to predicting many novel interactions, some of which were experimentally validated, thus providing mechanistic insights that are useful for future cancer research.
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22
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Kailayangiri S, Altvater B, Wiebel M, Jamitzky S, Rossig C. Overcoming Heterogeneity of Antigen Expression for Effective CAR T Cell Targeting of Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1075. [PMID: 32357417 PMCID: PMC7281243 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene-modified T cells (CAR T cells) can eradicate B cell malignancies via recognition of surface-expressed B lineage antigens. Antigen escape remains a major mechanism of relapse and is a key barrier for expanding the use of CAR T cells towards solid cancers with their more diverse surface antigen repertoires. In this review we discuss strategies by which cancers become amenable to effective CAR T cell therapy despite heterogeneous phenotypes. Pharmaceutical approaches have been reported that selectively upregulate individual target antigens on the cancer cell surface to sensitize antigen-negative subclones for recognition by CARs. In addition, advanced T cell engineering strategies now enable CAR T cells to interact with more than a single antigen simultaneously. Still, the choice of adequate targets reliably and selectively expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells but not normal cells, ideally by driving tumor growth, is limited, and even dual or triple antigen targeting is unlikely to cure most solid tumors. Innovative receptor designs and combination strategies now aim to recruit bystander cells and alternative cytolytic mechanisms that broaden the activity of CAR-engineered T cells beyond CAR antigen-dependent tumor cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children´s Hospital Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Che Y, Fu L. Aberrant expression and regulatory network of splicing factor-SRSF3 in tumors. J Cancer 2020; 11:3502-3511. [PMID: 32284746 PMCID: PMC7150454 DOI: 10.7150/jca.42645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing facilitates the splicing of precursor RNA into different isoforms. Alternatively spliced transcripts often exhibit antagonistic functions or differential temporal or spatial expression patterns. There is increasing evidence that alternative splicing, especially by the serine-arginine rich (SR) protein family, leads to abnormal expression patterns and is closely related to the development of cancer. SRSF3, also known as SRp20, is a splicing factor. Through alternative splicing, it plays important roles in regulating various biological functions, such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, under pathological and physiological conditions. Deregulation of SRSF3 is an essential feature of cancers. SRSF3 is also considered a candidate therapeutic target. Therefore, the involvement of abnormal splicing in tumorigenesis and the regulation of splicing factors deserve further analysis and discussion. Here, we summarize the function of SRSF3-regulated alternative transcripts in cancer cell biology at different stages of tumor development and the regulation of SRSF3 in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Che
- Institute of Chronic Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Institute of Chronic Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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24
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Sircar A, Chowdhury SM, Hart A, Bell WC, Singh S, Sehgal L, Epperla N. Impact and Intricacies of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in B-cell Lymphomas: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E904. [PMID: 32019190 PMCID: PMC7043222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma, a group of widely prevalent hematological malignancies of lymphocyte origin, has become the focus of significant clinical research due to their high propensity for refractory/relapsed (R/R) disease, leading to poor prognostic outcomes. The complex molecular circuitry in lymphomas, especially in the aggressive phenotypes, has made it difficult to find a therapeutic option that can salvage R/R disease. Furthermore, the association of lymphomas with the Bone Marrow (BM) microenvironment has been found to portend worse outcomes in terms of heightened chances of relapse and acquired resistance to chemotherapy. This review assesses the current therapy options in three distinct types of lymphomas: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. It also explores the role of the BM tumor microenvironment as a secure 'niche' for lymphoma cells to grow, proliferate and survive. It further evaluates potential mechanisms through which the tumor cells can establish molecular connections with the BM cells to provide pro-tumor benefits, and discusses putative therapeutic strategies for disrupting the BM-lymphoma cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lalit Sehgal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.S.); (S.M.C.); (A.H.); (W.C.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.S.); (S.M.C.); (A.H.); (W.C.B.); (S.S.)
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25
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Wang Y, Liu J, Burrows PD, Wang JY. B Cell Development and Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:1-22. [PMID: 32323265 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of B cells in 1965 (Cooper et al. 1965), three has been tremendous progress in our understanding of B cell development, maturation and function. A number of B cell subpopulations, including B-1, B-2 and regulatory B cells, have been identified. B-1 cells mainly originate from the fetal liver and contain B-1a and B-1b subsets. B-2 cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and can be further classified into follicular B (FOB) and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) function to suppress immune responses, primarily by production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. B cell tolerance is established at several checkpoints, during B cell development in the BM (central tolerance) as well as during B cell maturation and activation in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). This chapter will focus on the regulation of important processes during the development and maturation of B-1 and B-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Zhang Q, Wang HY, Liu X, Nunez-Cruz S, Jillab M, Melnikov O, Nath K, Glickson J, Wasik MA. Cutting Edge: ROR1/CD19 Receptor Complex Promotes Growth of Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells Independently of the B Cell Receptor-BTK Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2043-2048. [PMID: 31534006 PMCID: PMC10013414 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), a kinase downstream of BCR, display remarkable activity in a subset of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients, but the drug resistance remains a considerable challenge. In this study, we demonstrate that aberrant expression of ROR1 (receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1), seen in a large subset of MCL, results in BCR/BTK-independent signaling and growth of MCL cells. ROR1 forms a functional complex with CD19 to persistently activate the key cell signaling pathways PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK in the BCR/BTK-independent manner. This study demonstrates that ROR1/CD19 complex effectively substitutes for BCR-BTK signaling to promote activation and growth of MCL cells. Therefore, ROR1 expression and activation may represent a novel mechanism of resistance to inhibition of BCR/BTK signaling in MCL. Our results provide a rationale to screen MCL patients for ROR1 expression and to consider new therapies targeting ROR1 and/or CD19 or their downstream signaling pathways for MCL-expressing ROR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - Hong Y Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Kavindra Nath
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Jerry Glickson
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; .,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111.,Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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27
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Harrington CT, Sotillo E, Robert A, Hayer KE, Bogusz AM, Psathas J, Yu D, Taylor D, Dang CV, Klein PS, Hogarty MD, Geoerger B, El-Deiry WS, Wiels J, Thomas-Tikhonenko A. Transient stabilization, rather than inhibition, of MYC amplifies extrinsic apoptosis and therapeutic responses in refractory B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2019; 33:2429-2441. [PMID: 30914792 PMCID: PMC6884148 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of initiating oncogenes is the mainstay of precision medicine. Considerable efforts have been expended toward silencing MYC, which drives many human cancers including Burkitt lymphomas (BL). Yet, the effects of MYC silencing on standard-of-care therapies are poorly understood. Here we found that inhibition of MYC transcription renders B-lymphoblastoid cells refractory to chemotherapeutic agents. This suggested that in the context of chemotherapy, stabilization of Myc protein could be more beneficial than its inactivation. We tested this hypothesis by pharmacologically inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), which normally targets Myc for proteasomal degradation. We discovered that chemorefractory BL cell lines responded better to doxorubicin and other anti-cancer drugs when Myc was transiently stabilized. In vivo, GSK3 inhibitors (GSK3i) enhanced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in BL patient-derived xenografts (BL-PDX), as well as in murine MYC-driven lymphoma allografts. This enhancement was accompanied by and required deregulation of several key genes acting in the extrinsic, death-receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway. Consistent with this mechanism of action, GSK3i also facilitated lymphoma cell killing by a death ligand TRAIL and by a death receptor agonist mapatumumab. Thus, GSK3i synergizes with both standard chemotherapeutics and direct engagers of death receptors and could improve outcomes in patients with refractory lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen T Harrington
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, 265 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aude Robert
- CNRS UMR 8126, Univ Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Katharina E Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Agata M Bogusz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James Psathas
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Duonan Yu
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Noncoding RNA Center, Yangzhou University, 225001, Yangzhou, China
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peter S Klein
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- CNRS UMR 8203, Univ Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Univ Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Joëlle Wiels
- CNRS UMR 8126, Univ Paris-Sud - Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrei Thomas-Tikhonenko
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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28
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Vanhee S, Åkerstrand H, Kristiansen TA, Datta S, Montano G, Vergani S, Lang S, Ungerbäck J, Doyle A, Olsson K, Beneventi G, Jensen CT, Bellodi C, Soneji S, Sigvardsson M, Gyllenbäck EJ, Yuan J. Lin28b controls a neonatal to adult switch in B cell positive selection. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:4/39/eaax4453. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of B-1 cells to become positively selected into the mature B cell pool, despite being weakly self-reactive, has puzzled the field since its initial discovery. Here, we explore changes in B cell positive selection as a function of developmental time by exploiting a link between CD5 surface levels and the natural occurrence of self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) in BCR wild-type mice. We show that the heterochronic RNA binding protein Lin28b potentiates a neonatal mode of B cell selection characterized by enhanced overall positive selection in general and the developmental progression of CD5+immature B cells in particular. Lin28b achieves this by amplifying the CD19/PI3K/c-Myc positive feedback loop, and ectopic Lin28b expression restores both positive selection and mature B cell numbers in CD19−/−adult mice. Thus, the temporally restricted expression ofLin28brelaxes the rules for B cell selection during ontogeny by modulating tonic signaling. We propose that this neonatal mode of B cell selection represents a cell-intrinsic cue to accelerate the de novo establishment of the adaptive immune system and incorporate a layer of natural antibody-mediated immunity throughout life.
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29
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Feins S, Kong W, Williams EF, Milone MC, Fraietta JA. An introduction to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:S3-S9. [PMID: 30680780 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a major advancement in personalized cancer treatment. In this strategy, a patient's own T cells are genetically engineered to express a synthetic receptor that binds a tumor antigen. CAR T cells are then expanded for clinical use and infused back into the patient's body to attack and destroy chemotherapy-resistant cancer. Dramatic clinical responses and high rates of complete remission have been observed in the setting of CAR T-cell therapy of B-cell malignancies. This resulted in two recent FDA approvals of CAR T cells directed against the CD19 protein for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Thus, CAR T cells are arguably one of the first successful examples of synthetic biology and personalized cellular cancer therapy to become commercially available. In this review, we introduce the concept of using CAR T cells to break immunological tolerance to tumors, highlight several challenges in the field, discuss the utility of biomarkers in the context of predicting clinical responses, and offer prospects for developing next-generation CAR T cell-based approaches that will improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Feins
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Weimin Kong
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Erik F. Williams
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer ImmunotherapyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of MicrobiologyPerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Center for Cellular ImmunotherapiesUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Abramson Cancer CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Parker Institute for Cancer ImmunotherapyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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30
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Casola S, Perucho L, Tripodo C, Sindaco P, Ponzoni M, Facchetti F. The B‐cell receptor in control of tumor B‐cell fitness: Biology and clinical relevance. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:198-213. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) Milan Italy
| | - Laura Perucho
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) Milan Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology UnitDepartment of Health SciencesUniversity of Palermo Palermo Italy
- Tumor and Microenvironment Histopathology UnitThe FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM) Milan Italy
| | - Paola Sindaco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.)Hematology SectionUniversity of Bari Bari Italy
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies UnitsAteneo Vita‐Salute San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational MedicineSection of PathologyUniversity of Brescia Brescia Italy
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31
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Liu B, Yan L, Zhou M. Target selection of CAR T cell therapy in accordance with the TME for solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:228-241. [PMID: 30906625 PMCID: PMC6405971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR T) cell therapy has made great progress in hematological malignancies and resulted in two newly FDA-approved drugs specific for CD19, Kymriah and Yescarta. To some extent, this success is attributable to the appropriately selected antigen, CD19, a cell surface protein that is uniformly and strongly expressed on malignant B cells. This result indicates that a proper CAR target is of great importance to the success of this technique. Another key factor contributing to the success of hematological malignancies can be ascribed to the nonphysical tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME in solid tumors is complicated and has a specific niche favorable for tumor progression with physical barriers, multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression, and a variety of biochemical factors, thus resulting in limited efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in clinical trials with cancer patients. Therefore, the inhospitable solid TME becomes a major hurdle in translating the success of CAR T cell therapy in hematological malignancies to solid tumors. Here, we provide our perspective on how to improve the success of CAR T therapy in solid tumors by focusing on the aspects of target selection and the related TME in CAR T cell design, especially stressing the interplay between them. With four kinds of antigenic CAR targets as examples in this review, we anticipate that the overall consideration of both factors will further expand CAR T cell therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bainan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lingli Yan
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan Province, China
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32
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Delage L, Manzoni D, Quinquenet C, Fontaine J, Maarek A, Chabane K, Mosnier I, Hayette S, Callet-Bauchu E, Grange B, Plesa A, Sujobert P. Molecular analysis of a CD19-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2018; 104:e114-e116. [PMID: 30545922 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.203521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lorric Delage
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 UMR CNRS 5286, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon
| | - Delphine Manzoni
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | | | - Juliette Fontaine
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'anatomopathologie, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alizée Maarek
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'anatomopathologie, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Kaddour Chabane
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Isabelle Mosnier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Sandrine Hayette
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Evelyne Callet-Bauchu
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 UMR CNRS 5286, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Beatrice Grange
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 UMR CNRS 5286, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Adriana Plesa
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
| | - Pierre Sujobert
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052 UMR CNRS 5286, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Lyon .,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, Service d'hé-matologie biologique, Pierre-Bénite
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33
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Wang BD, Lee NH. Aberrant RNA Splicing in Cancer and Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E458. [PMID: 30463359 PMCID: PMC6266310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 95% of the 20,000 to 25,000 transcribed human genes undergo alternative RNA splicing, which increases the diversity of the proteome. Isoforms derived from the same gene can have distinct and, in some cases, opposing functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant RNA splicing is a common and driving event in cancer development and progression. Moreover, aberrant splicing events conferring drug/therapy resistance in cancer is far more common than previously envisioned. In this review, aberrant splicing events in cancer-associated genes, namely BCL2L1, FAS, HRAS, CD44, Cyclin D1, CASP2, TMPRSS2-ERG, FGFR2, VEGF, AR and KLF6, will be discussed. Also highlighted are the functional consequences of aberrant splice variants (BCR-Abl35INS, BIM-γ, IK6, p61 BRAF V600E, CD19-∆2, AR-V7 and PIK3CD-S) in promoting resistance to cancer targeted therapy or immunotherapy. To overcome drug resistance, we discuss opportunities for developing novel strategies to specifically target the aberrant splice variants or splicing machinery that generates the splice variants. Therapeutic approaches include the development of splice variant-specific siRNAs, splice switching antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecule inhibitors targeting splicing factors, splicing factor kinases or the aberrant oncogenic protein isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Dar Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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CD19 Alterations Emerging after CD19-Directed Immunotherapy Cause Retention of the Misfolded Protein in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00383-18. [PMID: 30104252 PMCID: PMC6189457 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00383-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described a mechanism of acquired resistance of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART) immunotherapy. It was based on in-frame insertions in or skipping of CD19 exon 2. To distinguish between epitope loss and defects in surface localization, we used retroviral transduction and genome editing to generate cell lines expressing CD19 exon 2 variants (CD19ex2vs) bearing vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSVg) tags. These lines were negative by live-cell flow cytometry with an anti-VSVg antibody and resistant to killing by VSVg-directed antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), suggestive of a defect in surface localization. Indeed, pulse-chase and α-mannosidase inhibitor assays showed that all CD19ex2vs acquired endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific high-mannose-type sugars but not complex-type glycans synthesized in the Golgi apparatus. When fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP), CD19ex2vs (including a mutant lacking the relevant disulfide bond) showed colocalization with ER markers, implying protein misfolding. Mass spectrometric profiling of CD19-interacting proteins demonstrated that CD19ex2vs fail to bind to the key tetraspanin CD81 and instead interact with ER-resident chaperones, such as calnexin, and ER transporters involved in antigen presentation. Thus, even the intact domains of CD19ex2vs cannot be easily targeted with ADCs or current CD19 CARTs but could serve as sources of peptides for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted presentation and T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated killing.
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35
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Driving cars to the clinic for solid tumors. Gene Ther 2018; 25:165-175. [PMID: 29880908 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FDA approval of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART cells) is the culmination of several decades of technology development and interrogation of the properties of these gene therapies. CART cells exist as personalized "living drugs" and have demonstrated astounding anti-tumor efficacy in patients with leukemia and lymphoma. However, the future promise of CART efficacy for solid tumors, the greatest unmet burden, is met with a number of challenges that must be surmounted for effective immune responses. In this review, we discuss the next-generation developments of CARs to target solid tumors, including fine-tuned and combinational-targeting receptors. We consider the structural intricacies of the CAR molecules that influence optimal signaling and CART survival, and review pre-clinical cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic combinational therapy approaches.
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36
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Pan-SRC kinase inhibition blocks B-cell receptor oncogenic signaling in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2018; 131:2345-2356. [PMID: 29567799 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-809210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), activation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) promotes multiple oncogenic signals, which are essential for tumor proliferation. Inhibition of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a BCR downstream target, is therapeutically effective only in a subgroup of patients with DLBCL. Here, we used lymphoma cells isolated from patients with DLBCL to measure the effects of targeted therapies on BCR signaling and to anticipate response. In lymphomas resistant to BTK inhibition, we show that blocking BTK activity enhanced tumor dependencies from alternative oncogenic signals downstream of the BCR, converging on MYC upregulation. To completely ablate the activity of the BCR, we genetically and pharmacologically repressed the activity of the SRC kinases LYN, FYN, and BLK, which are responsible for the propagation of the BCR signal. Inhibition of these kinases strongly reduced tumor growth in xenografts and cell lines derived from patients with DLBCL independent of their molecular subtype, advancing the possibility to be relevant therapeutic targets in broad and diverse groups of DLBCL patients.
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37
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Adzavon YM, Zhao P, Zhang X, Liu M, Lv B, Yang L, Zhang X, Xie F, Zhang M, Ma J, Ma X. Genes and pathways associated with the occurrence of malignancy in benign lymphoepithelial lesions. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2177-2186. [PMID: 29207199 PMCID: PMC5783467 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence concerning the occurrence of malignant lymphoma among people suffering from Mikulicz disease, also termed benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL) and immunoglobulin G4-associated disease. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the malignant transformation remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression profile between BLEL and malignant lymphoepithelial lesion (MLEL) conditions using tissue microarray analysis, to identify genes and pathways which may be associated with the risk of malignant transformation. Comparing gene expression profiles between BLEL tissues (n=13) and MLEL (n=14), a total of 1,002 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified including 364 downregulated and 638 upregulated DEGs in BLEL. The downregulated DEGs in BLEL were frequently associated with immune-based functions, immune cell differentiation, proliferation and survival, and metabolic functions, whereas the upregulated DEGs were primarily associated with organ, gland and tissue developmental processes. The B cell receptor signaling pathway, the transcription factor p65 signaling pathway, low affinity immunoglobulin γ Fc region receptor II-mediated phagocytosis, the high affinity immunoglobulin ε receptor subunit γ signaling pathway and Epstein-Barr virus infection, and pathways in cancer, were the pathways associated with the downregulated DEGs. The upregulated DEGs were associated with three pathways, including glutathione metabolism, salivary secretion and mineral absorption pathways. These results suggested that the identified signaling pathways and their associated genes may be crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying malignant transformation from BLEL, and they may be considered to be markers for predicting malignancy among the BLEL group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Mawulikplimi Adzavon
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Baobei Lv
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Linqi Yang
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Xujuan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xie
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Vision Science Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- College of Life Science and Bio‑engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China
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38
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Ferrando AA, López-Otín C. Clonal evolution in leukemia. Nat Med 2017; 23:1135-1145. [PMID: 28985206 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human leukemias are liquid malignancies characterized by diffuse infiltration of the bone marrow by transformed hematopoietic progenitors. The accessibility of tumor cells obtained from peripheral blood or through bone marrow aspirates, together with recent advances in cancer genomics and single-cell molecular analysis, have facilitated the study of clonal populations and their genetic and epigenetic evolution over time with unprecedented detail. The results of these analyses challenge the classic view of leukemia as a clonal homogeneous diffuse tumor and introduce a more complex and dynamic scenario. In this review, we present current concepts on the role of clonal evolution in lymphoid and myeloid leukemia as a driver of tumor initiation, disease progression and relapse. We also discuss the implications of these concepts in our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in leukemia transformation and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo A Ferrando
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
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Podocalyxin promotes proliferation and survival in mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99722-99739. [PMID: 29245936 PMCID: PMC5725127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PCLP1) is a CD34-related sialomucin expressed by some normal cells and a variety of malignant tumors, including leukemia, and associated with the most aggressive cancers and poor clinical outcome. PCLP1 increases breast tumor growth, migration and invasion; however, its role in hematologic malignancies still remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and function of PCLP1 in mature B-cell lymphoma cells. We found that overexpression of PCLP1 significantly increases proliferation, cell-to-cell interaction, clonogenicity, and migration of B-cell lymphoma cells. Furthermore, PCLP1 overexpression results in higher resistance to death induced by dexamethasone, reactive oxygen species and type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab. Strikingly, enforced expression of PCLP1 enhances lipid droplet formation as well as pentose phosphate pathway and glutamine dependence, indicative of metabolic reprogramming necessary to support the abnormal proliferation rate of tumor cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed augmented levels of PCLP1 in malignant cells from some patients with mature B-cell lymphoma compared to their normal B-cell counterparts. In summary, our results demonstrate that PCLP1 contributes to proliferation and survival of mature B-cell lymphoma cells, suggesting that PCLP1 may promote lymphomagenesis and represents a therapeutic target for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas.
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MYC Protein-positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Features an Activated B-Cell Receptor Signal Pathway. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:541-549. [PMID: 28291124 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Components of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway represent promising therapeutic targets in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and other B-cell malignancies. MYC, a transcriptional factor and oncoprotein, is overexpressed in a fraction of DLBCL and indicates poor prognosis and aggressive clinical course when treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP). However, BCR signaling status in MYC-positive DLBCL cases and the potential efficacy of BCR signal inhibitors in treating this aggressive disease are unknown. To further elucidate the BCR signaling pathway in MYC-positive DLBCL, we analyzed the levels of BCR-associated genes according to MYC gene status, detected phosphorylated protein with primary DLBCL samples, and estimated the patient survival with MYC expression. In addition, we manipulated MYC gene expression and tested its effects on BCR signaling in vitro. We found that CD19, SYK, and BLK were highly expressed in DLBCL with MYC gene overexpression. MYC-positive DLBCL had higher levels of pSYK and pBLK, but only pSYK level correlated with patient survival. The in vitro studies demonstrated that overexpression of the MYC gene augmented BCR signaling, whereas MYC gene knockdown attenuated BCR signaling. Thus, MYC protein-positive DLBCL features highly activated BCR signaling and may represent a potential candidate for BCR inhibitor therapy.
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Li M, Liu ZS, Liu XL, Hui Q, Lu SY, Qu LL, Li YS, Zhou Y, Ren HL, Hu P. Clinical targeting recombinant immunotoxins for cancer therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3645-3665. [PMID: 28790855 PMCID: PMC5530862 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s134584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are proteins that contain a toxin fused to an antibody or small molecules and are constructed by the genetic engineering technique. RITs can bind to and be internalized by cells and kill cancerous or non-cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. A wide variety of RITs have been tested against different cancers in cell culture, xenograft models, and human patients during the past several decades. RITs have shown activity in therapy of several kinds of cancers, but different levels of side effects, mainly related to vascular leak syndrome, were also observed in the treated patients. High immunogenicity of RITs limited their long-term or repeat applications in clinical cases. Recent advances in the design of immunotoxins, such as humanization of antibody fragment, PEGylation, and modification of human B- and T-cell epitopes, are overcoming the above mentioned problems, which predict the use of these immunotoxins as a potential therapeutic method to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Zeng-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Xi-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Lin-Lin Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun
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Terwilliger T, Abdul-Hay M. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2017 update. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e577. [PMID: 28665419 PMCID: PMC5520400 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the second most common acute leukemia in adults, with an incidence of over 6500 cases per year in the United States alone. The hallmark of ALL is chromosomal abnormalities and genetic alterations involved in differentiation and proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells. In adults, 75% of cases develop from precursors of the B-cell lineage, with the remainder of cases consisting of malignant T-cell precursors. Traditionally, risk stratification has been based on clinical factors such age, white blood cell count and response to chemotherapy; however, the identification of recurrent genetic alterations has helped refine individual prognosis and guide management. Despite advances in management, the backbone of therapy remains multi-agent chemotherapy with vincristine, corticosteroids and an anthracycline with allogeneic stem cell transplantation for eligible candidates. Elderly patients are often unable to tolerate such regimens and carry a particularly poor prognosis. Here, we review the major recent advances in the treatment of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terwilliger
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - M Abdul-Hay
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Hematology, New York University Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
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43
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Schneider D, Xiong Y, Wu D, Nӧlle V, Schmitz S, Haso W, Kaiser A, Dropulic B, Orentas RJ. A tandem CD19/CD20 CAR lentiviral vector drives on-target and off-target antigen modulation in leukemia cell lines. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:42. [PMID: 28515942 PMCID: PMC5433150 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical success with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- based immunotherapy for leukemia has been accompanied by the associated finding that antigen-escape variants of the disease are responsible for relapse. To target hematologic malignancies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets two antigens with a single vector, and thus potentially lessen the chance of leukemic escape mutations, a tandem-CAR approach was investigated. Methods Antigen binding domains from the FMC63 (anti-CD19) and Leu16 (anti-CD20) antibodies were linked in differing configurations to transmembrane and T cell signaling domains to create tandem-CARs. Expression on the surface of primary human T cells was induced by transduction with a single lentiviral vector (LV) encoding the tandem-CAR. Tandem-CARs were compared to single antigen targeting CARs in vitro and in vivo, and to an admixture of transduced cells expressing each CAR in vivo in immunodeficient (NSG) disease-bearing mice. Results Tandem constructs efficient killed the Raji leukemia cell line both in vitro and in vivo. Tandem CARs generated less cytokine than the CD20 CAR, but similar to CD19 CARs, on their own. In co-culture experiments at low effector to target ratios with both single- and tandem- CAR-T cells, a rapid down-modulation of full-length CD19 expression was seen on leukemia targets. There also was a partial down-modulation of CD22, and to a lesser degree, of CD20. Our data also highlight the extreme sensitivity of the NALM-6 cell line to general lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. While single and tandem constructs were effective in vivo in a standard setting, in a high-disease burden setting, the tandem CAR proved both effective and less toxic than an admixture of transduced T cell populations expressing single CARs. Conclusion Tandem CARs are equally effective in standard disease models to single antigen specificity CARs, and may be both more effective and less toxic in a higher disease burden setting. This may be due to optimized cell killing with more moderate cytokine production. The rapid co-modulation of CD19, CD20, and CD22 may account for the ability to rapidly evolve escape mutants by selecting for leukemic clones that not require these target antigens for continued expansion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0246-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schneider
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Darong Wu
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Volker Nӧlle
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Waleed Haso
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Boro Dropulic
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Lentigen Technology, Inc., 910 Clopper Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
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Dinh TN, Onea AS, Jazirehi AR. Combination of celecoxib (Celebrex ®) and CD19 CAR-redirected CTL immunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 6:27-42. [PMID: 28804691 PMCID: PMC5545683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Celecoxib (Celebrex®) received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1998 for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and in recent years, its use has been extended to various types of malignancies, such as breast, colon, and urinary cancers. To maintain the survival of malignant B cells, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) is highly dependent on inflammatory microenvironment, and is inhibited by celecoxib. Celecoxib hinders tumor growth interacting with various apoptotic genes, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family, phosphor-inositide-3 kinase/serine-threonine-specific protein kinase (PI3K/Akt), and inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family. CD19-redirected chimeric antigen-receptor (CD19 CAR) T cell therapy has shown promise in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Considering its regulatory effect on apoptotic gene products in various tumor types, Celecoxib is a promising drug to be used in combination with CD19 CAR T cell therapy to optimize immunotherapy of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Nm Dinh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)CA 90095, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Alexandra S Onea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)CA 90095, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ali R Jazirehi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)CA 90095, Los Angeles, USA
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Leslie LA, Skarbnik AP, Bejot C, Stives S, Feldman TA, Goy AH. Targeting indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:299-313. [PMID: 28277849 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1303374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to recent advancements in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies, there has been an explosion of innovative agents in development. The purpose of this review is to efficiently summarize novel therapies with activity in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) targeting surface antigens, signaling pathways, and the tumor microenvironment. Areas covered: A literature search was performed to identify preclinical data and clinical trials focused on the use of targeted therapies in iNHL subtypes including follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Classes reviewed include monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, immunomodulatory agents, B-cell receptor pathway inhibitors, Bcl-2 inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, chromatin and epigenetic modulating agents, and CAR T-cells. Expert commentary: Opinions regarding strategies to address the prioritization of novel agents entering clinical development, the determination of rational combination therapy, the development of novel endpoints to expedite clinical development, and the movement towards novel consolidative approaches with immuno- and cellular therapy in an attempt to provide curative treatment options are provided. Also, the economic impact of indefinite therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Leslie
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
| | - Alan P Skarbnik
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
| | - Coleen Bejot
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
| | - Susan Stives
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
| | - Tatyana A Feldman
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
| | - Andre H Goy
- a Lymphoma Division , John Theurer Cancer Center , Hackensack , NJ , USA
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Li X, Ding Y, Zi M, Sun L, Zhang W, Chen S, Xu Y. CD19, from bench to bedside. Immunol Lett 2017; 183:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Peptide antibodies, with their high specificities and affinities, are invaluable reagents for peptide and protein recognition in biological specimens. Depending on the application and the assay, in which the peptide antibody is to used, several factors influence successful antibody production, including peptide selection and antibody screening. Peptide antibodies have been used in clinical laboratory diagnostics with great success for decades, primarily because they can be produced to multiple targets, recognizing native wildtype proteins, denatured proteins, and newly generated epitopes. Especially mutation-specific peptide antibodies have become important as diagnostic tools in the detection of various cancers. In addition to their use as diagnostic tools in malignant and premalignant conditions, peptide antibodies are applied in all other areas of clinical laboratory diagnostics, including endocrinology, hematology, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and amyloidoses.
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Gu Z, Xia J, Xu H, Frech I, Tricot G, Zhan F. NEK2 Promotes Aerobic Glycolysis in Multiple Myeloma Through Regulating Splicing of Pyruvate Kinase. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:17. [PMID: 28086949 PMCID: PMC5237262 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic glycolysis, a hallmark of cancer, is characterized by increased metabolism of glucose and production of lactate in normaxia. Recently, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been identified as a key player for regulating aerobic glycolysis and promoting tumor cell proliferation and survival. METHODS Tandem affinity purification followed up by mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were used to study the interaction between NIMA (never in mitosis gene A)-related kinase 2 (NEK2) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNP) A1/2. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) was performed to identify NEK2 binding to PKM pre-mRNA sequence. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR was performed to analyze a transcriptional regulation of NEK2 by c-Myc. Western blot and real-time PCR were executed to analyze the regulation of PKM2 by NEK2. RESULTS NEK2 regulates the alternative splicing of PKM immature RNA in multiple myeloma cells by interacting with hnRNPA1/2. RIP shows that NEK2 binds to the intronic sequence flanking exon 9 of PKM pre-mRNA. Knockdown of NEK2 decreases the ratio of PKM2/PKM1 and also other aerobic glycolysis genes including GLUT4, HK2, ENO1, LDHA, and MCT4. Myeloma patients with high expression of NEK2 and PKM2 have lower event-free survival and overall survival. Our data indicate that NEK2 is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc in myeloma cells. Ectopic expression of NEK2 partially rescues growth inhibition and cell death induced by silenced c-Myc. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that NEK2 promotes aerobic glycolysis through regulating splicing of PKM and increasing the PKM2/PKM1 ratio in myeloma cells which contributes to its oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ivana Frech
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, 585 Newton Rd, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Weiland J, Pal D, Case M, Irving J, Ponthan F, Koschmieder S, Heidenreich O, von Stackelberg A, Eckert C, Vormoor J, Elder A. BCP-ALL blasts are not dependent on CD19 expression for leukaemic maintenance. Leukemia 2016; 30:1920-3. [PMID: 27055873 PMCID: PMC4950966 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Weiland
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Pal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Case
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - F Ponthan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - O Heidenreich
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A von Stackelberg
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Eckert
- Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Vormoor
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Elder
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle Cancer Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ruella M, Barrett DM, Kenderian SS, Shestova O, Hofmann TJ, Perazzelli J, Klichinsky M, Aikawa V, Nazimuddin F, Kozlowski M, Scholler J, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Morrissette JJD, Christian DA, Hunter CA, Kalos M, Porter DL, June CH, Grupp SA, Gill S. Dual CD19 and CD123 targeting prevents antigen-loss relapses after CD19-directed immunotherapies. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3814-3826. [PMID: 27571406 DOI: 10.1172/jci87366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent CD19-directed immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CART) and blinatumomab, have drastically changed the outcome of patients with relapsed/refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, CD19-negative relapses have emerged as a major problem that is observed in approximately 30% of treated patients. Developing approaches to preventing and treating antigen-loss escapes would therefore represent a vertical advance in the field. Here, we found that in primary patient samples, the IL-3 receptor α chain CD123 was highly expressed on leukemia-initiating cells and CD19-negative blasts in bulk B-ALL at baseline and at relapse after CART19 administration. Using intravital imaging in an antigen-loss CD19-negative relapse xenograft model, we determined that CART123, but not CART19, recognized leukemic blasts, established protracted synapses, and eradicated CD19-negative leukemia, leading to prolonged survival. Furthermore, combining CART19 and CART123 prevented antigen-loss relapses in xenograft models. Finally, we devised a dual CAR-expressing construct that combined CD19- and CD123-mediated T cell activation and demonstrated that it provides superior in vivo activity against B-ALL compared with single-expressing CART or pooled combination CART. In conclusion, these findings indicate that targeting CD19 and CD123 on leukemic blasts represents an effective strategy for treating and preventing antigen-loss relapses occurring after CD19-directed therapies.
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