1
|
Phang V, Malhotra R, Chen NN, Min KS, Yu VSH, Rosa V, Dubey N. Specimen Shape and Elution Time Affect the Mineralization and Differentiation Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Biodentine. J Funct Biomater 2023; 15:1. [PMID: 38276474 PMCID: PMC10816296 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The liquid extract method is commonly used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of materials. Although ISO has recommended guidelines for test methods, variations in elution period, and shape of samples can influence the biological outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of material form and elution period of Biodentine on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs)' proliferation and mineralization. Biodentine (0.2 g) discs or powder were immersed in culture media (10 mL) for 1, 3 or 7 days (D1, D3 and D7). The eluents were filtered and used to treat DPSC. The calcium release profile and pH were determined. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTS for 3 days, and mineralization and differentiation were assessed by alizarin red S staining (Ca2+/ng of DNA) and qRT-PCR (MEPE, DSPP, DMP-1, RUNX2, COL-I and OCN) for 14 days. Statistical analysis was performed with a one or two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test (pH, calcium release and proliferation) or Mann-Whitney test (α = 0.05). pH and calcium ion release of powdered eluents were significantly higher than disc eluents. Powdered eluent promoted extensive cell death, while the disc form was cytocompatible. All disc eluents significantly increased the gene expression and mineralization after 14 days compared to the untreated control. D7 induced less mineralization and differentiation compared to D1 and D3. Thus, the materials' form and elution time are critical aspects to be considered when evaluating the bioactivity of materials, since this binomial can affect positively and negatively the biological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valene Phang
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore; (V.P.); (R.M.); (V.S.H.Y.)
- National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave., Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Ritika Malhotra
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore; (V.P.); (R.M.); (V.S.H.Y.)
| | - Nah Nah Chen
- National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave., Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Kyung-San Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Victoria Soo Hoon Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore; (V.P.); (R.M.); (V.S.H.Y.)
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore; (V.P.); (R.M.); (V.S.H.Y.)
| | - Nileshkumar Dubey
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore; (V.P.); (R.M.); (V.S.H.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cahyanto A, Rath P, Teo TX, Tong SS, Malhotra R, Cavalcanti BN, Lim LZ, Min KS, Ho D, Lu WF, Rosa V. Designing Calcium Silicate Cements with On-Demand Properties for Precision Endodontics. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1425-1433. [PMID: 37861249 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231198185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate (C3S) cements are available in kits that do not account for patients' specific needs or clinicians' preferences regarding setting time, radiopacity, mechanical, and handling properties. Moreover, slight variations in powder components and liquid content affect cement's properties and bioactivity. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to optimize several cement properties simultaneously via the traditional "one variable at a time" strategy, as inputs often induce trade-offs in properties (e.g., a higher water-to-powder ratio [W/P] increases flowability but decreases mechanical properties). Herein, we used Taguchi's methods and genetic algorithms (GAs) to simultaneously analyze the effect of multiple inputs (e.g., powder composition, radiopacifier concentration, and W/P) on setting time, pH, flowability, diametral tensile strength, and radiopacity, as well as prescribe recipes to produce cements with predicted properties. The properties of cements designed with GAs were experimentally tested, and the results matched the predictions. Finally, we show that the cements increased the genetic expression of odonto/osteogenic genes, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization potential of dental pulp stem cells. Hence, GAs can produce cements with tailor-made properties and differentiation potential for personalized endodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Cahyanto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Dental Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P Rath
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - T X Teo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S S Tong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Malhotra
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - B N Cavalcanti
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Z Lim
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - D Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W F Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - V Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Albuquerque Dias R, Balbinot KM, da Silva Kataoka MS, de Melo Alves Júnior S, de Jesus Viana Pinheiro J. Expression of stem cell markers SALL4, LIN28A, and KLF4 in ameloblastoma. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:92. [PMID: 37559082 PMCID: PMC10413759 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ameloblastoma (AME) is a benign odontogenic tumour of epithelial origin characterised by slow but aggressive growth, infiltration, and recurrence; it is capable of reaching large dimensions and invading adjacent structures. Stem cell research has proven to be significant in the sphere of tumour biology through these cells' possible involvement in the aetiopathogenesis of this tumour. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed on AME, dentigerous cyst (DC), and dental follicle (DF) samples, and indirect immunofluorescence was performed on the AME-hTERT cell line to determine the expression of SALL4, LIN28A, and KLF4. RESULTS Expression of proteins related to cellular pluripotency was higher in AME cells than in DC and DF cells. The analysis revealed that the proteins in question were mainly expressed in the parenchyma of AME tissue samples and were detected in the nuclei of AME-hTERT cells. CONCLUSIONS Stem cells may be related to the origin and progression of AME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela de Albuquerque Dias
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Karolyny Martins Balbinot
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Sérgio de Melo Alves Júnior
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy and Immunohistochemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hanson-Drury S, Patni AP, Lee DL, Alghadeer A, Zhao YT, Ehnes DD, Vo VN, Kim SY, Jithendra D, Phal A, Edman NI, Schlichthaerle T, Baker D, Young JE, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Single Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Human Tooth Type Identity and Guides In Vitro hiPSC Derived Odontoblast Differentiation (iOB). FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2023; 4:10.3389/fdmed.2023.1209503. [PMID: 38259324 PMCID: PMC10802932 DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2023.1209503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of the U.S. adult population suffers from tooth structure loss due to caries. Most of the mineralized tooth structure is composed of dentin, a material produced and mineralized by ectomesenchyme derived cells known as odontoblasts. Clinicians, scientists, and the general public share the desire to regenerate this missing tooth structure. To bioengineer missing dentin, increased understanding of human tooth development is required. Here we interrogate at the single cell level the signaling interactions that guide human odontoblast and ameloblast development and which determine incisor or molar tooth germ type identity. During human odontoblast development, computational analysis predicts that early FGF and BMP activation followed by later HH signaling is crucial. Application of this sci-RNA-seq analysis generates a differentiation protocol to produce mature hiPSC derived odontoblasts in vitro (iOB). Further, we elucidate the critical role of FGF signaling in odontoblast maturation and its biomineralization capacity using the de novo designed FGFR1/2c isoform specific minibinder scaffolded as a C6 oligomer that acts as a pathway agonist. We find that FGFR1c is upregulated in functional odontoblasts and specifically plays a crucial role in driving odontoblast maturity. Using computational tools, we show on a molecular level how human molar development is delayed compared to incisors. We reveal that enamel knot development is guided by FGF and WNT in incisors and BMP and ROBO in the molars, and that incisor and molar ameloblast development is guided by FGF, EGF and BMP signaling, with tooth type specific intensity of signaling interactions. Dental ectomesenchyme derived cells are the primary source of signaling ligands responsible for both enamel knot and ameloblast development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sesha Hanson-Drury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anjali P. Patni
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Deborah L. Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ammar Alghadeer
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Devon Duron Ehnes
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vivian N. Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sydney Y. Kim
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Druthi Jithendra
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Ashish Phal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natasha I. Edman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington,Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas Schlichthaerle
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Towards a New Concept of Regenerative Endodontics Based on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretomes Products. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010004. [PMID: 36671576 PMCID: PMC9854964 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The teeth, made up of hard and soft tissues, represent complex functioning structures of the oral cavity, which are frequently affected by processes that cause structural damage that can lead to their loss. Currently, replacement therapy such as endodontics or implants, restore structural defects but do not perform any biological function, such as restoring blood and nerve supplies. In the search for alternatives to regenerate the dental pulp, two alternative regenerative endodontic procedures (REP) have been proposed: (I) cell-free REP (based in revascularization and homing induction to remaining dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and even stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) and (II) cell-based REP (with exogenous cell transplantation). Regarding the last topic, we show several limitations with these procedures and therefore, we propose a novel regenerative approach in order to revitalize the pulp and thus restore homeostatic functions to the dentin-pulp complex. Due to their multifactorial biological effects, the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived secretome from non-dental sources could be considered as inducers of DPSC and SCAP to completely regenerate the dental pulp. In partial pulp damage, appropriate stimulate DPSC by MSC-derived secretome could contribute to formation and also to restore the vasculature and nerves of the dental pulp.
Collapse
|
6
|
Current Application of iPS Cells in the Dental Tissue Regeneration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123269. [PMID: 36552025 PMCID: PMC9775967 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When teeth and periodontal tissues are severely damaged by severe caries, trauma, and periodontal disease, such cases may be subject to tooth extraction. As tooth loss leads to the deterioration of quality of life, the development of regenerative medicine for tooth and periodontal tissue is desired. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are promising cell resources for dental tissue regeneration because they offer high self-renewal and pluripotency, along with fewer ethical issues than embryonic stem cells. As iPS cells retain the epigenetic memory of donor cells, they have been established from various dental tissues for dental tissue regeneration. This review describes the regeneration of dental tissue using iPS cells. It is important to mimic the process of tooth development in dental tissue regeneration using iPS cells. Although iPS cells had safety issues in clinical applications, they have been overcome in recent years. Dental tissue regeneration using iPS cells has not yet been established, but it is expected in the future.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao P, Liu S, Wang X, Ikeya M. Dental applications of induced pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:162-171. [PMID: 35516907 PMCID: PMC9065891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal tissue regeneration is the ideal tactic for treating periodontitis. Tooth regeneration is the potential strategy to restore the lost teeth. With infinite self-renewal, broad differentiation potential, and less ethical issues than embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are promising cell resource for periodontal and tooth regeneration. This review summarized the optimized technologies of generating iPSC lines and application of iPSC derivatives, which reduce the risk of tumorigenicity. Given that iPSCs may have epigenetic memory from the donor tissue and tend to differentiate into lineages along with the donor cells, iPSCs derived from dental tissues may benefit for personalized dental application. Neural crest cells (NCCs) and mesenchymal stem or stomal cells (MSCs) are lineage-specific progenitor cells derived from iPSCs and can differentiate into multilineage cell types. This review introduced the updated technologies of inducing iPSC-derived NCCs and iPSC-derived MSCs and their application in periodontal and tooth regeneration. Given the complexity of periodontal tissues and teeth, it is crucial to elucidate the integrated mechanisms of all constitutive cells and the spatio-temporal interactions among them to generate structural periodontal tissues and functional teeth. Thus, more sophisticated studies in vitro and in vivo and even preclinical investigations need to be conducted.
Collapse
|
8
|
Soares DG, Rosa V. Regenerating the Dental Pulp-Scaffold Materials and Approaches. Dent Clin North Am 2022; 66:643-657. [PMID: 36216451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel technologies and platforms have allowed significant breakthroughs in dental pulp tissue engineering. The development of injectable scaffolds that can be combined with stem cells, growth factors, or other bioactive compounds has enabled the regeneration of functional dental pulps able to secrete dentin in preclinical and clinical studies. Similarly, cell-homing technologies and scaffold-free strategies aim to modulate dental pulp self-regeneration mediated by resident stem cells and can evade some of the technical challenges related to cell-based tissue engineering strategies. This article will discuss emerging technologies and platforms for the clinical applications of dental pulp tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gabriela Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, São Paulo University - USP, Bauru School of Dentistry, Dr. Octavio Pinheiro Brizola, 9-75, Bauru, Sao Paulo 17012-901, Brazil.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Level 10, Singapore 119085, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kobayashi Y, Nouet J, Baljinnyam E, Siddiqui Z, Fine DH, Fraidenraich D, Kumar VA, Shimizu E. iPSC-derived cranial neural crest-like cells can replicate dental pulp tissue with the aid of angiogenic hydrogel. Bioact Mater 2022; 14:290-301. [PMID: 35310357 PMCID: PMC8897656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dental pulp has irreplaceable roles in maintaining healthy teeth and its regeneration is a primary aim of regenerative endodontics. This study aimed to replicate the characteristics of dental pulp tissue by using cranial neural crest (CNC)-like cells (CNCLCs); these cells were generated by modifying several steps of a previously established method for deriving NC-like cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). CNC is the anterior region of the neural crest in vertebrate embryos, which contains the primordium of dental pulp cells or odontoblasts. The produced CNCLCs showed approximately 2.5–12,000-fold upregulations of major CNC marker genes. Furthermore, the CNCLCs exhibited remarkable odontoblastic differentiation ability, especially when treated with a combination of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) FGF4 and FGF9. The FGFs induced odontoblast marker genes by 1.7–5.0-fold, as compared to bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) treatment. In a mouse subcutaneous implant model, the CNCLCs briefly fated with FGF4 + FGF9 replicated dental pulp tissue characteristics, such as harboring odontoblast-like cells, a dentin-like layer, and vast neovascularization, induced by the angiogenic self-assembling peptide hydrogel (SAPH), SLan. SLan acts as a versatile biocompatible scaffold in the canal space. This study demonstrated a successful collaboration between regenerative medicine and SAPH technology. Cranial neural crest like cells (CNCLCs) were generated by simplifying a previously established method for deriving neural crest-like cells from iPSCs. The produced CNCLCs showed approximately ∼12,000-fold upregulations of major CNC marker genes. The combination of fibroblast growth factors, FGF4 and FGF9, induced the CNCLCs toward odontoblastic differentiation more effectively than BMP4. In a mice subcutaneous implant model, the CNCLCs replicated the characteristics of dental pulp harboring vast neovascularization with the aid of the angiogenic hydrogel, SLan.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosa V, Sriram G, McDonald N, Cavalcanti BN. A critical analysis of research methods and biological experimental models to study pulp regeneration. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:446-455. [PMID: 35218576 PMCID: PMC9311820 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With advances in knowledge and treatment options, pulp regeneration is now a clear objective in clinical dental practice. For this purpose, many methodologies have been developed in attempts to address the putative questions raised both in research and in clinical practice. In the first part of this review, laboratory‐based methods will be presented, analysing the advantages, disadvantages, and benefits of cell culture methodologies and ectopic/semiorthotopic animal studies. This will also demonstrate the need for alignment between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional laboratory techniques to accomplish the range of objectives in terms of cell responses and tissue differentiation. The second part will cover observations relating to orthotopic animal studies, describing the current models used for this purpose and how they contribute to the translation of regenerative techniques to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neville McDonald
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bruno Neves Cavalcanti
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Birjandi AA, Sharpe P. Wnt Signalling in Regenerative Dentistry. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.725468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are complex structures where a soft dental pulp tissue is enriched with nerves, vasculature and connective tissue and encased by the cushioning effect of dentin and the protection of a hard enamel in the crown and cementum in the root. Injuries such as trauma or caries can jeopardise these layers of protection and result in pulp exposure, inflammation and infection. Provision of most suitable materials for tooth repair upon injury has been the motivation of dentistry for many decades. Wnt signalling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, plays key roles during pre- and post-natal development of many organs including the tooth. Mutations in the components of this pathway gives rise to various types of developmental tooth anomalies. Wnt signalling is also fundamental in the response of odontoblasts to injury and repair processes. The complexity of tooth structure has resulted in diverse studies looking at specific compartments or cell types of this organ. This review looks at the current advances in the field of tooth development and regeneration. The objective of the present review is to provide an updated vision on dental biomaterials research, focusing on their biological properties and interactions to act as evidence for their potential use in vital pulp treatment procedures. We discuss the outstanding questions and future directions to make this knowledge more translatable to the clinics.
Collapse
|
12
|
Capparè P, Tetè G, Sberna MT, Panina-Bordignon P. The Emerging Role of Stem Cells in Regenerative Dentistry. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:259-268. [PMID: 32811413 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200818115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Progress of modern dentistry is accelerating at a spectacular speed in the scientific, technological and clinical areas. Practical examples are the advancement in the digital field, which has guaranteed an average level of prosthetic practices for all patients, as well as other scientific developments, including research on stem cell biology. Given their plasticity, defined as the ability to differentiate into specific cell lineages with a capacity of almost unlimited self-renewal and release of trophic/immunomodulatory factors, stem cells have gained significant scientific and commercial interest in the last 15 years. Stem cells that can be isolated from various tissues of the oral cavity have emerged as attractive sources for bone and dental regeneration, mainly due to their ease of accessibility. This review will present the current understanding of emerging conceptual and technological issues of the use of stem cells to treat bone and dental loss defects. In particular, we will focus on the clinical application of stem cells, either directly isolated from oral sources or in vitro reprogrammed from somatic cells (induced pluripotent stem cells). Research aimed at further unraveling stem cell plasticity will allow to identify optimal stem cell sources and characteristics, to develop novel regenerative tools in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Capparè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Tetè
- Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy,Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bae S, Kang B, Lee H, Luu H, Mullins E, Kingsley K. Characterization of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Responses to Functional Biomaterials Including Mineralized Trioxide Aggregates. J Funct Biomater 2021; 12:jfb12010015. [PMID: 33668171 PMCID: PMC8006251 DOI: 10.3390/jfb12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies in stem cell biology have demonstrated that dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) may be highly proliferative and capable of pluripotent differentiation into many different tissue types. Recent advances in stem cell research have outlined methods for directing in vitro or in vivo growth, viability, and proliferation, as well as differentiation of DPSC-although much remains to be discovered. Based upon this information, the primary objective of this study was to understand the functional biomaterials needed to more effectively direct DPSC viability, growth, and proliferation. METHODS Using an approved protocol, previously collected and isolated samples of DPSC from an existing repository were used. Previously established stem cell biomarkers (Sox-2, Oct-4, NANOG) from each isolate were correlated with their proliferation rates or doubling times to categorize them into rapid, intermediate, or slow-dividing multipotent DPSC. Growth factors and other functional dental biomaterials were subsequently tested to evaluate DPSC responses in proliferation, viability, and morphology. RESULTS Differential responses were observed among DPSC isolates to growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP-2), and functional biomaterials such as mineralized trioxide aggregates (MTA). The responsiveness of DPSC isolates did not correlate with any single factor but rather with a combination of proliferation rate and biomarker expression. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that some, but not all, DPSC isolates are capable of a robust and significant in vitro response to differentiation stimuli, although this response is not universal. Although some biomarkers and phenotypes that distinguish and characterize these DPSC isolates may facilitate the ability to predict growth, viability, and differentiation potential, more research is needed to determine the other intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may contribute to and modulate these DPSC responses to these functional biomaterials for biotechnology and bioengineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Bae
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Bueonguk Kang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Hyungbin Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Harrison Luu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Eric Mullins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1700 W. Charleston, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA; (S.B.); (B.K.); (H.L.); (H.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, 1001 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-774-24623; Fax: +1-702-774-2721
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahmed GM, Abouauf EA, AbuBakr N, Elarab AE, Fawzy El-Sayed K. Stem Cell-Based Tissue Engineering for Functional Enamel and Dentin/Pulp Complex: A Potential Alternative to the Restorative Therapies. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
Over the past 100 y, tremendous progress has been made in the fields of dental tissue engineering and regenerative dental medicine, collectively known as translational dentistry. Translational dentistry has benefited from the more mature field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), established on the belief that biocompatible scaffolds, cells, and growth factors could be used to create functional, living replacement tissues and organs. TERM, created and pioneered by an interdisciplinary group of clinicians, biomedical engineers, and basic research scientists, works to create bioengineered replacement tissues that provide at least enough function for patients to survive until donor organs are available and, at best, fully functional replacement organs. Ultimately, the goal of both TERM and regenerative dentistry is to bring new and more effective therapies to the clinic to treat those in need. Very recently, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research invested $24 million over a 3-y period to create dental oral and craniofacial translational resource centers to facilitate the development of more effective therapies to treat edentulism and other dental-related diseases over the next decade. This exciting era in regenerative dentistry, particularly for whole-tooth tissue engineering, builds on many key successes over the past 100 y that have contributed toward our current knowledge and understanding of signaling pathways directing natural tooth and dental tissue development-the foundation for current strategies to engineer functional, living replacement dental tissues and whole teeth. Here we use a historical perspective to present key findings and pivotal advances made in the field of translational dentistry over the past 100 y. We will first describe how this process has evolved over the past 100 y and then hypothesize on what to expect over the next century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Yelick
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Department of Orthodontics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P T Sharpe
- Kings College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Sugii H, Maeda H. Insight into the Role of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070160. [PMID: 32659896 PMCID: PMC7407391 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential, and are considered a promising cell population for cell-based therapy and tissue regeneration. MSCs are isolated from various organs including dental pulp, which originates from cranial neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Recently, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) have been isolated from dental pulp tissue of adult permanent teeth and deciduous teeth, respectively. Because of their MSC-like characteristics such as high growth capacity, multipotency, expression of MSC-related markers, and immunomodulatory effects, they are suggested to be an important cell source for tissue regeneration. Here, we review the features of these cells, their potential to regenerate damaged tissues, and the recently acquired understanding of their potential for clinical application in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yoshida
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-92-642-6432
| | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (A.T.); (D.H.); (H.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baranova J, Büchner D, Götz W, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4031. [PMID: 32512908 PMCID: PMC7312198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Baranova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Vila Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Dominik Büchner
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Werner Götz
- Oral Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital of the University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, NRW, Germany;
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Dental and Nondental Tissue Regeneration: A Review of an Unexploited Potential. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:1941629. [PMID: 32300365 PMCID: PMC7146092 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1941629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies currently represent the state of art for tissue regenerative treatment approaches for various diseases and disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from adult somatic cells, using vectors carrying definite transcription factors, have manifested a breakthrough in regenerative medicine, relying on their pluripotent nature and ease of generation in large amounts from various dental and nondental tissues. In addition to their potential applications in regenerative medicine and dentistry, iPSCs can also be used in disease modeling and drug testing for personalized medicine. The current review discusses various techniques for the production of iPSC-derived osteogenic and odontogenic progenitors, the therapeutic applications of iPSCs, and their regenerative potential in vivo and in vitro. Through the present review, we aim to explore the potential applications of iPSCs in dental and nondental tissue regeneration and to highlight different protocols used for the generation of different tissues and cell lines from iPSCs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tissue Engineering Approaches for Enamel, Dentin, and Pulp Regeneration: An Update. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5734539. [PMID: 32184832 PMCID: PMC7060883 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5734539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells are undifferentiated cells characterized by their exclusive ability for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential. In recent years, researchers and investigations explored the prospect of employing stem/progenitor cell therapy in regenerative medicine, especially stem/progenitor cells originating from the oral tissues. In this context, the regeneration of the lost dental tissues including enamel, dentin, and the dental pulp are pivotal targets for stem/progenitor cell therapy. The present review elaborates on the different sources of stem/progenitor cells and their potential clinical applications to regenerate enamel, dentin, and the dental pulpal tissues.
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhargav A, Min KS, Wen Feng L, Fuh JYH, Rosa V. Taguchi's methods to optimize the properties and bioactivity of 3D printed polycaprolactone/mineral trioxide aggregate scaffold: Theoretical predictions and experimental validation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:629-637. [PMID: 31112004 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) can provide bioactivity to poly-caprolactone (PCL), which is an inert polymer used to print scaffolds. However, testing all combinations of scaffold characteristics (e.g., composition, pore size, and distribution) to optimize properties of scaffolds is time-consuming and costly. The Taguchi's methods can identify characteristics that have major influences on the properties of complex designs, hence decreasing the number of combinations to be tested. The objective was to assess the potential of Taguchi's methods as a predictive tool for the optimization of bioactive scaffold printed using electro-hydro dynamic jetting. A three-level approach assessed the influence of PCL/MTA proportion, pore size, fiber dimension and number of layers in pH, degradation rate, porosity, yield strength, and Young's modulus. Data were analyzed using Tukey's honest significant difference test, analysis of mean and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) test. Cytocompatibility and differentiation potential were assessed for 5 and 30 days using dental pulp stem cells and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (proliferation) or Mann-Whitney (qPCR). The S/N ratio and analysis of mean showed that fiber diameter and composition were the most influential characteristics in all properties. The experimental data confirmed that the addition of MTA to PCL increased the pH and scaffold degradation. Only PCL and PCL with 4% MTA allowed cell proliferation. The latter increased the genetic expression of ALP, COL-1, OCN, and MSX-1. The theoretical predictions were confirmed by the experiments. The Taguchi's identified the inputs that can be disregarded to optimize 3D printed meshed bioactive scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Bhargav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyung-San Min
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Wen Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Ying Hsi Fuh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Increased Expression of Cell Surface SSEA-1 is Closely Associated with Naïve-Like Conversion from Human Deciduous Teeth Dental Pulp Cells-Derived iPS Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071651. [PMID: 30987116 PMCID: PMC6480091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1) is an antigenic epitope (also called CD15 antigen) defined as a Lewis X carbohydrate structure and known to be expressed in murine embryonal carcinoma cells, mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and murine and human germ cells, but not human ESCs/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It is produced by α1,3-fucosyltransferase IX gene (FUT9), and F9 ECCs having a disrupted FUT9 locus by gene targeting are reported to exhibit loss of SSEA-1 expression on their cell surface. Mouse ESCs are pluripotent cells and therefore known as “naïve stem cells (NSCs).” In contrast, human ESCs/iPSCs are thought to be epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) that are slightly more differentiated than NSCs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that treatment of EpiSCs with several reprograming-related drugs can convert EpiSCs to cells similar to NSCs, which led us to speculate that SSEA-1 may have been expressed in these NSC-like EpiSCs. Immunocytochemical staining of these cells with anti-SSEA-1 revealed increased expression of this epitope. RT-PCR analysis also confirmed increased expression of FUT9 transcripts as well as other stemness-related transcripts such as REX-1 (ZFP42). These results suggest that SSEA-1 can be an excellent marker for human NSCs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaneko T, Gu B, Sone PP, Zaw SYM, Murano H, Zaw ZCT, Okiji T. Dental Pulp Tissue Engineering Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells: a Review with a Protocol. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:668-676. [PMID: 29804171 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can be isolated from human and animal sources such as rats. Recently, an in vivo protocol for pulp tissue engineering using implantation of bone marrow MSCs into rat pulpotomized molars was established by our research group. This coronal pulp regeneration model showed almost complete regeneration/healing with dentin bridge formation when the cavity was sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to create a biocompatible seal of the pulp. This method is a powerful tool for elucidating the processes of dental pulp tissue regeneration following implantation of MSCs. In the present review, we discuss the literature in the field of dental pulp tissue engineering using MSCs including dental pulp stem cells and stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. In addition, we present a brief step-by-step protocol of the coronal pulp regeneration model focusing on the implantation of rat bone marrow MSCs, biodegradable scaffolds, and hydrogels in pulpotomized rat molars. The protocol may lay the foundation for studies aiming at defining further histological and molecular mechanism of the rat pulp tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoatsu Kaneko
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Phyo Pyai Sone
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Su Yee Myo Zaw
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Hiroki Murano
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Zar Chi Thein Zaw
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fukushima KA, Marques MM, Tedesco TK, Carvalho GL, Gonçalves F, Caballero-Flores H, Morimoto S, Moreira MS. Screening of hydrogel-based scaffolds for dental pulp regeneration-A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:182-194. [PMID: 30500668 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the most appropriate hydrogel scaffold type (natural, synthetic or hybrid) to be applied with stem cells for dental pulp regeneration. The findings should help clinicians make an informed choice about the appropriate scaffold to be applied for this approach. DESIGN Three electronic databases were searched (Medline, Web of Science and Scopus). The review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA). RESULTS From 4990 potentially relevant studies initially identified, 18 papers fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were considered for this review. Natural scaffolds were applied in most studies. Collagen was the most studied scaffold. In 5 of 10 studies, only growth factors were added to the constructs. Even without growth factors, these scaffolds containing stem cells were able to support the formation of dentin. The synthetic scaffolds were the least studied. Only 4 studies were selected, and in 3 of them, the same scaffold (Puramatrix) was evaluated. Puramatrix by itself was unable to form dental pulp when dental pulp stem cells were not present. Synthetic and hybrid hydrogels were unable to attract stem cells from the host. The presence of growth factors in these constructs seems to be of relevance since dental pulp tissue formation was achieved only when the hybrid scaffold was applied with growth factors. CONCLUSION All types of hydrogel-based scaffolds, when containing mesenchymal stem cells, are able to form connective tissue with different degrees of similarity to dental pulp. However, current data is too heterogeneous to compare and identify the advantages of any specific scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Fukushima
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil
| | - M M Marques
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T K Tedesco
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil
| | - G L Carvalho
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Gonçalves
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil
| | - H Caballero-Flores
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Morimoto
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil
| | - M S Moreira
- Post Graduation Program, School of Dentistry, Ibirapuera University, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Martín-González J, Pérez-Pérez A, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Vilariño-García T, Sánchez-Margalet V, Segura-Egea JJ. Leptin stimulates DMP-1 and DSPP expression in human dental pulp via MAPK 1/3 and PI3K signaling pathways. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 98:126-131. [PMID: 30476887 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate the physiological function of leptin in human dental pulp, and to determine the specific pathways implicated in its effect. METHODS Twenty-seven dental pulp samples were obtained from human third molars. Pulp samples were treated with or without human recombinant leptin. Leptin functional effect was analyzed in terms of regulation of the synthesis levels of DSPP and DMP-1, determined by immunoblot. RESULTS Leptin stimulated DMP-1 and DSPP synthesis in all human dental pulp specimens. The stimulatory effect of leptin on DMP-1 and DSPP synthesis was partially prevented by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK 1/3) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathways, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the functional effect of leptin in human dental pulp stimulating the expression of DMP-1 and DSPP, both proteins implicated in dentinogenesis. Leptin stimulates DSPP expression via PI3K pathway and DMP-1 synthesis via MAPK 1/3 pathway. These results support the role of leptin in pulpal reparative response, opening a new research line that could have translational application to the clinic in vital pulp therapy procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Martín-González
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Avicena s/n, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Vírgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Sevilla, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Daniel Cabanillas-Balsera
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Avicena s/n, 41009, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Vírgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Sevilla, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Victor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, Vírgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Sevilla, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41071, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan José Segura-Egea
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C/ Avicena s/n, 41009, Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|