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Zhao W, Qiao C, Liu J, Zhou M, Lan Q, Liang W, Xiao Y, Yang M, Yang Y, Gong P. Genetic Contributions on Attachment in Emerging Adults: Cumulative Effects of Serotonergic Polymorphisms. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02054-y. [PMID: 39014157 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Attachment in emerging adults is closely intertwined with emotion regulation, stress coping, and social bonding during the transition from childhood to early adulthood. Due to the critical roles of serotonin in these mental functions, this research explored whether the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms are associated with individual differences and contextual variations in attachment dimensions over time in emerging adults. Study 1 utilized a cross-sectional design in college students (N = 1088, mean age = 22.71 ± 2.86 years). The results showed significant correlations between a higher cumulative genetic score and elevated levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Study 2 employed a three-wave longitudinal design in a cohort of freshmen (N = 523, mean age = 19.54 ± 1.86 years at wave 1). The results demonstrated that a higher genetic score was associated with both higher levels and greater variability in attachment dimensions compared to a lower genetic score. These findings suggest that the cumulative genetic effects of serotonergic polymorphisms contribute to individual differences and dynamic processes in attachment dimensions in emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chenjin Qiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jinting Liu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qi Lan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Wenting Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Min Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuting Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Pingyuan Gong
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- College of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Institute of Population and Health, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Xiang G, Teng Z, Yang L, He Y. Longitudinal relationships among sociocultural pressure for body image, self-concept clarity, and emotional well-being in adolescents. J Adolesc 2024; 96:98-111. [PMID: 37787102 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the longitudinal relationships among sociocultural pressure for body image (SPBI), self-concept clarity (SCC), and emotional well-being (EWB) at both the between- and within-person levels. METHODS The participants were 2001 Chinese adolescents (age range 11-24, 42.9% males). Recruitment of participants occurred for 1 year across three waves (i.e., 6 months apart across three cohorts). The baseline and follow-up questionnaire surveys were utilized to assess SPBI, SCC, EWB, and background variables. Longitudinal associations between the above main variables were tested using a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and multilevel regression analysis. RESULTS The CLPM and multilevel-model analysis showed that SCC longitudinally mediated the relationships between SPBI and EWB. Besides, gender and age were considered moderators in the associations among SPBI, SCC, and EWB. CONCLUSIONS SCC could be an underlying mechanism for the longitudinal relationship between SPBI and EWB among Chinese adolescents, which provides a potential intervention target for improving adolescents' well-being from a sociocultural framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xiang
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhaojun Teng
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linchuan Yang
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yanyan He
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Alfasi Y. We only know that we don't know: attachment patterns and psychological coping during the COVID-19 pandemic - the mediation role of intolerance of uncertainty. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 163:806-825. [PMID: 35430955 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2022.2061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic created sudden changes in many areas of daily life and increased uncertainty about the future. Two studies examined the association between attachment patterns and mental well-being during the pandemic, the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty (IOU), and factors related to social relationships and self-perceptions. The results of the first study, conducted at the outbreak of the pandemic, indicated that individuals with high levels of attachment anxiety experienced more negative emotions and fewer positive emotions at that time, and that IOU and perceived social support mediated these associations. The results of the second study, conducted several months into the pandemic, indicated an association between attachment anxiety and avoidance, and perceived stress during the time of the pandemic. Results of Study 2 also indicated that IOU mediated the association between attachment anxiety and stress, and that sense of coherence (SOC) mediated the association between attachment anxiety and avoidance, and stress. These findings underscore the adverse psychological effects of uncertain situations, especially for individuals with a fragile foundation of interpersonal support, thus emphasizing the need for action to reduce uncertainty, especially in times of emergency.
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Schwarzer NH, Dietrich L, Gingelmaier S, Nolte T, Bolz T, Fonagy P. Mentalizing partially mediates the association between attachment insecurity and global stress in preservice teachers. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1204666. [PMID: 37671112 PMCID: PMC10475550 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1204666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Considering the fact that the teaching profession is a highly stressful occupation and that teachers' ineffective coping strategies contribute to higher levels of stress, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether insecure attachment is related to global stress experiences in preservice student teachers. Furthermore, it was examined whether this link is mediated by the preservice teachers' mentalizing-the capacity to perceive and consider one's own and others' behavior based on intentional mental states. Methods Data of this cross-sectional study came from 202 preservice student teachers using self-report instruments (attachment: Expectation in Close Relationships; mentalizing: Reflective Functioning Questionnaire; stress: Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress). The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling. Results Anxious attachment was positively related to stress and impairments in mentalizing. In addition, the link between attachment-related anxiety and stress was partially mediated by mentalizing. Avoidant attachment was not associated with stress or mentalizing. Discussion Results indicate that anxious attachment is associated with higher perceived stress in preservice student teachers. Consequently, attachment-related anxiety may be a risk factor which, in turn, may foster perceptions of higher global stress experiences. Conclusion Additional research needs to focus on exploring the link between attachment insecurity and global stress experiences among preservice student teachers. An examination of preservice student teachers' own attachment experiences proves to be useful, for example in the context of mentalization-based supervision or reflective practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Nolte
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tijs Bolz
- University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Peter Fonagy
- University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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Mediation of self-concept clarity and self-control between negative emotional states and emotional eating in Chinese adolescents. Appetite 2023; 183:106457. [PMID: 36638962 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have consistently lent support for the significant relationship between negative emotional states (e.g., anxiety, stress, and depression) and emotional eating; however, only a handful of studies focused on examining the potential mediator in this association. The present study aimed to contribute to the literature surrounding the link between negative emotional states and emotional eating and to examine the mediating role of self-concept clarity and self-control in this association among a sample of Chinese adolescents (N = 1347, 62.44% girls). Results indicated that adolescents perceived higher levels of negative emotional states were linked to higher emotional eating. Additionally, the structural equation model suggested that symptoms of stress and depression could be associated with emotional eating through self-control. Moreover, the serial mediation effect of self-concept clarity and self-control could account for the association of negative emotional states (e.g., symptoms of anxiety, stress, and depression) and emotional eating. Overall, this study advances our understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which negative emotional states predict emotional eating in adolescence. If future studies reveal converging findings, this knowledge points to the need for programs preventing the development of emotional eating in adolescence through increasing the level of self-control and self-concept clarity.
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Xiang G, Teng Z, Li Q, Chen H. Self-concept Clarity and Subjective Well-Being: Disentangling Within- and Between-Person Associations. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2023; 24:1439-1461. [PMID: 37193058 PMCID: PMC10064969 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that, among adolescents, clarity about one's self-concept is closely related to subjective well-being. However, longitudinal studies are scarce, and whether a clear self-concept is the cause or effect of subjective well-being remains unclear. This study examined the dynamic longitudinal associations between self-concept clarity and subjective well-being at the between- and within-person levels over a one-year time span among adolescents (baseline Mage = 16.01 years; 57.0% girls) from China. The data were collected in three waves (each at a six-month interval), in which adolescents reported their self-concept clarity and well-being (i.e., positive and negative affect and personal satisfaction with life). Both Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPMs) and Cross-Lagged Panel Models (CLPMs) were applied to examine the stability, cross-sectional relationships, and cross-lagged effects between adolescents' self-concept clarity and subjective well-being over time. The CLPMs provided unique support for a reciprocal relations model of self-concept clarity and subjective well-being (including both cognitive and emotional well-being) across three time points, although the results of traditional CLPM might represent an unknown blend of between- and within-person effects. However, the RI-CLPM analyses provided tentative support only for cross-sectional correlations between self-concept clarity and well-being outcomes. Our findings advance the literature by elucidating longitudinal relationships between self-concept clarity and subjective well-being in collectivist cultural contexts using CLPM and RI-CLPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Xiang
- Tian Jiabing College of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002 China
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Zhaojun Teng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road No. 2, Chongqing, 400715 China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715 China
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Construcción y validación de una Escala de Claridad Subjetiva del Autoconcepto en adultos mexicanos. REVISTA DIGITAL INTERNACIONAL DE PSICOLOGÍA Y CIENCIA SOCIAL 2022. [DOI: 10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.e.8.2.2022.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Los propósitos del presente estudio fueron construir una Escala de Claridad Subjetiva del Autoconcepto para adultos, y aportar evidencias de su configuración y red nomológica. Participaron 697 voluntarios de entre 18 y 60 años, residentes de la Ciudad de México y área metropolitana. El instrumento se construyó basándose en dos estudios exploratorios y en un modelo que propone que la claridad del autoconcepto (CA) se compone por la certeza, congruencia y estabilidad de las autodescripciones. Con base en la realización de análisis factoriales exploratorios y de consistencia interna, se obtuvo un instrumento conformado por 18 reactivos, distribuidos en cuatro factores que explican el 49% de la varianza, con una Alfa de Cronbach de .84. y con evidencias de validez convergente al estar relacionado con la autoestima. En conclusión, se aporta un instrumento con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad para medir la CA en México, el cual permitirá conocer el papel de este constructo para el bienestar y salud mental de los adultos.
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Light AE, Chodos E. Don’t give up? It’s a little complicated: Action Crisis Moderates Consequences of goal support. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022; 46:868-883. [PMID: 36160472 PMCID: PMC9486774 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Social support for goals can be beneficial for goal pursuit, but often has unintended negative consequences for the recipient. We propose that action crisis—the state in which an individual is considering disengaging from a goal they are currently pursuing—may result in people experiencing more ambivalent reactions to goal support. Drawing on both experimental and longitudinal methods, we show that action crisis increases negative consequences of goal support, but does not reduce positive consequences of goal support. In Study 1, we experimentally manipulated goal phase (action crisis, deliberative, or implemental) and had participants imagine support or neutral interactions. In Study 2, we measured experiences of action crisis and receipt of goal support in first-year pre-health students over the course of the academic year. Action crisis predicted more negative appraisals of support, but did not impact positive appraisals of support. Similarly, action crisis predicted more negative emotions and depressive symptoms among people who received goal support, but did not impact positive emotions. These results suggest that action crisis increases the extent to which support is received as a “mixed blessing”.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Chodos
- Illinois School of Professional Psychology, National Louis University, Chicago, USA
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Kural AI, Kovács M. The association between attachment orientations and empathy: The mediation effect of self-concept clarity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 229:103695. [PMID: 35930953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although earlier research had demonstrated significant links between attachment and self-concept clarity; attachment and empathy; and self-concept clarity and empathy respectively, there had been no studies examining these associations in conjunction with one another. Therefore, the present studies explored whether individual differences in self-concept clarity would mediate the relationship between attachment orientation (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and empathy (i.e., empathic concern and personal distress). In Study 1, the association between attachment orientation and self-concept clarity was examined among 602 Hungarian university students. In Study 2, the relationship between attachment and empathy was investigated through self-concept clarity among 1000 Hungarian adults. The findings from both samples revealed that attachment avoidance and anxiety were negatively related to self-concept clarity. In Study 2, individuals with greater self-concept clarity showed greater empathic concern and lower personal distress. Attachment avoidance was associated with lower empathic concern, whereas there was no significant association with personal distress. Attachment anxiety was positively related to empathic concern and personal distress. Self-concept clarity partially mediated associations with attachment anxiety and aspects of empathy. These findings suggest the importance of attachment orientations in terms of their influence on the self with regard to interpersonal relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe I Kural
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Monika Kovács
- Institute of Intercultural Psychology and Education, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Li X, Sun P, Li L. Adult attachment and trait anxiety among Chinese college students: A multiple mediation model. Front Public Health 2022; 10:912128. [PMID: 36045738 PMCID: PMC9420983 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.912128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study discusses the relationship between adult attachment and trait anxiety of Chinese college students based on the "internal working models" theory. Six hundred and seventy-two valid data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. The mediating roles of self-esteem, perceived social support, and security in the relationship between adult attachment orientations (anxiety and avoidance) and trait anxiety were investigated using the structural equation model and bootstrap methods. The results showed that: self-esteem and security play mediating roles in the relationship between attachment anxiety and trait anxiety. self-esteem, perceived social support, and security play mediating roles in the relationship between attachment avoidance and trait anxiety. In addition, there were different mediation mechanisms in the correlation between different attachment dimensions and trait anxiety. This study provided empirical data for exploring the formation and maintenance of trait anxiety in college students and had a specific significance for the early prevention and clinical intervention of anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China,*Correspondence: Xu Li
| | - Peizhen Sun
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
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Liang J, Zhen L, Ye X, Zhu M, Gan H, Liu J, Shi L, Gao Y, Qin F. Relationship among self-concept clarity, social support, and psychological resilience in Chinese patients with an enterostomy: A cross-sectional study and structural equation model analysis. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2022; 59:102151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Emery LF, Hughes EK, Gardner WL. Confusion or Clarity? Examining a Possible Tradeoff Between Self-Expansion and Self-Concept Clarity. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211067040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most people are motivated to self-expand, collecting new attributes and experiences in a process that boosts well-being, but people with low self-concept clarity resist it. Perhaps, then, there is a tradeoff between self-expansion and self-concept clarity. Across a 2-week daily dairy, we found no evidence for such a tradeoff—self-expanding was not associated with lower self-concept clarity, either that day, the next day, or the period as a whole. In fact, self-expansion was associated with higher self-concept clarity, but especially for people with lower initial self-concept clarity. Although they were less likely to self-expand on a daily basis, when they did self-expand, they reported higher self-concept clarity and, in turn, greater satisfaction with life. These findings suggest that self-expansion in daily life does not come at the cost of a coherent self-concept and that despite their reluctance, people with lower self-concept clarity may experience associated benefits from self-expanding.
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Under threat: emotional and behavioral responses to occupational identity threat. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2021.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Research on identity threat has predominantly focused on the consequences of threat to some ascribed or involuntary identities, while overlooking individuals' responses to occupational identity threat. Integrating identity theory with identity threat literature, we argue that encountering occupational identity threat promotes negative emotion and feedback-seeking behavior, and negative emotion further mediates the relationship between occupational identity threat and feedback-seeking behavior. Moreover, individuals' performance self-esteem strengthens both the direct effect of occupational identity threat on negative emotion, and the indirect effect of occupational identity threat on feedback-seeking behavior through negative emotion. The results from two experimental studies and one field study provide support for these predictions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
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Emery LF, Gardner WL, Carswell KL, Finkel EJ. Who are "We"? Couple Identity Clarity and Romantic Relationship Commitment. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 47:146-160. [PMID: 32400297 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220921717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research introduces the construct of couple identity clarity-the extent to which an individual, as one of two partners in a romantic relationship, believes that the two of them know who they are as a couple. Cross-sectional (Studies 1-2), experimental (Study 3), and longitudinal (Study 4) studies supported the hypothesis that couple identity clarity is associated with higher commitment. Moreover, higher couple identity clarity, although related to actual agreement between partners on their identity as a couple, predicted commitment above and beyond agreement (Study 2)-as well as predicted reduced likelihood of relationship dissolution over a 9-month period (Study 4). Exploratory analyses revealed that successful conflict resolution may enhance couple identity clarity, in turn predicting commitment (Study 4). These studies highlight the importance of people's understanding of who they are as a couple and how this understanding shapes relationship persistence.
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Light AE, Goldberg MH. Failure to Share Reality and its Consequences for Self-Concept Clarity. SOCIAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2020.38.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kawamoto T. The moderating role of attachment style on the relationship between self-concept clarity and self-esteem. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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