1
|
Gainsburg I, Lee Cunningham J. Compassion Fatigue as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Believing Compassion Is Limited Increases Fatigue and Decreases Compassion. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1206-1219. [PMID: 37737148 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231194537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
People's compassion responses often weaken with repeated exposure to suffering, a phenomenon known as compassion fatigue. Why is it so difficult to continue feeling compassion in response to others' suffering? We propose that people's limited-compassion mindsets-beliefs about compassion as a limited resource and a fatiguing experience-can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy that reinforces compassion fatigue. Across four studies of adults sampled from university students and online participant pools in the United States, we show that there is variability in people's compassion mindsets, that these mindsets can be changed with convincing information, and that limited-compassion mindsets predict lower feelings of compassion, lower-quality social support, and more fatigue. This contributes to our understanding of factors that underlie compassion fatigue and supports the broader idea that people's beliefs about the nature of emotions affect how emotions are experienced. Together, this research contributes to developing a strategy for increasing people's capacity to feel compassion and their social support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hagerman CJ, Ehmann MM, Taylor LC, Forman EM. The role of self-compassion and its individual components in adaptive responses to dietary lapses. Appetite 2023; 190:107009. [PMID: 37619622 PMCID: PMC10543633 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lapses (i.e., instances of dietary non-adherence) are common during weight loss attempts, and compromise success in two ways: increasing caloric intake and demoralizing the participant, sometimes leading them to abandon their weight control goals altogether. Efforts to understand and prevent demoralization have received almost no research attention. Self-compassion has high potential to promote adaptive responses to these setbacks because it reframes "failure" and promotes self-improvement. Past research shows that when participants experience a lapse, those practicing higher self-compassion report higher self-efficacy and intentions to continue dieting. The current study extended this literature to examine whether self-compassion in response to a lapse would predict lower likelihood of a subsequent same-day lapse and greater reports of perceived control over weight management behaviors. We also examined whether the individual facets of self-compassion, including self-kindness (treating oneself the way one would a friend); common humanity (the understanding that everyone has struggles); and mindfulness (non-judgmental awareness of thoughts and feelings) are associated with these outcomes. Participants (N = 140) enrolled in a behavioral weight loss trial completed 6 ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys a day for seven days. Total self-compassion and each facet of self-compassion individually were all associated with less negative affect after a lapse. None of the self-compassion variables predicted the likelihood of participants reporting a lapse again that day. However, higher total self-compassion and higher self-kindness after a lapse were both associated with greater perceived self-control over weight management behaviors in the hours following. Common humanity and mindfulness, respectively, were not associated with reports of perceived control. Results suggest that self-compassion following dieting setbacks may prevent goal disengagement, and that self-kindness is the facet most strongly associated with adaptive responses to these setbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Hagerman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marny M Ehmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Lauren C Taylor
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Evan M Forman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Sciences (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kirby JN, Hoang A, Ramos N. A brief compassion focused therapy intervention can help self-critical parents and their children: A randomised controlled trial. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:608-626. [PMID: 36892093 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents can be highly self-critical of their own parenting, which can negatively impact parenting style and child outcomes. AIMS The aim of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) was to examine the efficacy of a brief 2-hour Compassion Focused Therapy intervention (CFT) for parents to determine if it can reduce self-criticism, improve parenting and improve child social, emotional and behavioural outcomes. MATERIALS & METHODS In total, 102 parents (87 mothers) were randomised to either a CFT intervention (n = 48) or waitlist control group (n = 54). Participants were measured at pre-, 2-week post-intervention and the CFT group again at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS At 2-week post-intervention parents in the CFT group compared to waitlist control had significantly reduced levels of self-criticism, significant reductions in child emotional and peer problems, but no changes in parental style. At 3-month follow-up, these outcomes improved, with self-criticism further decreasing, parental hostility and verbosity decreasing, as well as a range of childhood improvements. CONCLUSION The results from this first RCT evaluation of a brief 2-hour CFT intervention for parents show promise for not only improving how parents relate to themselves with self-criticism and self-reassurance, but also for improving parenting styles and child outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James N Kirby
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - April Hoang
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Norman Ramos
- Compassionate Mind Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kusec A, Methley A, Murphy FC, Peers PV, Carmona E, Manly T. Developing behavioural activation for people with acquired brain injury: a qualitative interpretive description study of barriers and facilitators to activity engagement. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:207. [PMID: 37443147 PMCID: PMC10339630 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired brain injuries (ABI) from stroke, head injury, or resected brain tumours are associated with poor emotional wellbeing and heightened risk of mood disorder. Common sequalae of ABI, such as poor attention and memory, can create barriers to the efficacy of cognitively demanding mood interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Behavioural Activation (BA), where individuals plan and engage in reinforcing activities, is a promising alternative due to lower cognitive demands. However, BA was initially developed in clinical populations without ABI where the primary barriers to activity engagement were low mood and anxious avoidance. Additionally, BA can incorporate a range of techniques (e.g., mood monitoring, activity scheduling, targeting avoidance, contingency management) and psychoeducational topics (e.g., mindfulness, managing uncertainty; social/communication skills). Exploring barriers and facilitators to adopting specific BA components in ABI is an important aim. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected ABI survivors (N = 16) with both low and high depressive symptoms, and family members (N = 7). Questions focused on routine and enjoyable activities, and feedback on 10 different BA techniques and associated psychoeducational topics. Transcripts were analysed using an interpretive description framework. Analysis was informed by field notes, reflexivity diaries, and peer debriefing. RESULTS The final constructed framework, Creating Sustainable Engagement, comprises a two-tier hierarchy. Higher-level themes concerned core perspectives of BA, regardless of BA component discussed. This included identifying optimal time windows for different BA components (Right Tool at the Right Time), that BA components should, at least initially, not be burdensome or fatiguing (Perceived Effort), that emotional readiness to confront activity-mood relationships should be addressed (Emotional Impact), and that planned BA activities be consistent with individual values (Relation to Values). Lower-level themes concerned specific BA components: Of these, activity scheduling, procedures targeting avoidance, managing uncertainty and social/communication skills were generally well-received, while mood monitoring, contingency management, and mindfulness had mixed feedback. CONCLUSIONS BA is a widely scalable intervention that can be adapted for ABI. This study provides a novel framework on implementing a range of BA components in ABI and adds to the limited evidence on which components may be particularly suitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kusec
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Anna Watts Building, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Abigail Methley
- Innovative Clinical Psychology Solutions Ltd, London, W1W 5PF, UK
| | - Fionnuala C Murphy
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Polly V Peers
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Estela Carmona
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Tom Manly
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kirkland K, Jetten J, Wilks M, Kirby J. Promoting prosocial behavior in an unequal world. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1021093. [PMID: 36817385 PMCID: PMC9932976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amid a global pandemic and the climate crisis, there is an increasing need to understand how to promote largescale, coordinated action between different groups. Yet certain factors such as inequality can hinder cooperation. We aimed to establish how to orient groups toward a superordinate goal when they have unequal resources. Participants were divided into two 'countries' and asked to assemble LEGO bricks into food (by building pieces in a certain order) to prevent starvation among 'the people'. One 'country' had few LEGO bricks whereas the other had an abundance, and the only way to maximize food creation was for the groups to work together. We assessed the efficacy of three diverse interventions on superordinate behavior and attitudes: compassion meditation training (Study 1), lower inequality (Study 2), and the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm by a confederate (Study 3). Compassion meditation training and altering the degree of inequality between groups did not have a clear effect on collaborative action. Only the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm enhanced sharing behavior, made participants feel more cooperative and reduced fears of being compassionate toward others. Our findings speak to the importance of leadership in promoting coordinated action to address challenges that face the superordinate group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Kelly Kirkland,
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Self-compassion refers to being supportive toward oneself when experiencing suffering or pain-be it caused by personal mistakes and inadequacies or external life challenges. This review presents my theoretical model of self-compassion as comprised of six different elements: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. It discusses the methodology of self-compassion research and reviews the increasingly large number of empirical studies that indicate self-compassion is a productive way of approaching distressing thoughts and emotions that engenders mental and physical well-being. It also reviews research that dispels common myths about self-compassion (e.g., that it is weak, selfish, self-indulgent or undermines motivation). Interventions designed to increase self-compassion, such as compassion-focused therapy and mindful self-compassion, are discussed. Finally, the review considers problematic issues in the field, such as the differential effects fallacy, and considers limitations and future research directions in the field of self-compassion research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Neff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Engert V, Klimecki OM, Kanske P. Spreading positive change: Societal benefits of meditation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1038051. [PMID: 37124270 PMCID: PMC10130585 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1038051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Research over the past decades has revealed a variety of beneficial effects of meditation training. These beneficial effects span the levels of health and well-being, cognition, emotion, and social behavior. Around the same time, sociologists have shown that traits and outcomes on the individual level have the potential to spread in communities over three or more degrees. This means, for example, that changes can spread from one person to the next, and on to yet another person. Here, we propose that meditation-induced changes may likewise spread through the social networks of meditation practitioners. Such spreading may happen by positively influencing others through prosocial actions, improved cognitive functioning, and increased positive affect. Positive affective states and their underlying physiological correlates may also be shared in the literal sense. We argue that the spreading of positive meditation effects could provide the basis for collective responses to some of the urgent challenges we face in our current time and society and call for future meditation research to examine the phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Engert
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Social Stress and Family Health Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Veronika Engert,
| | - Olga Maria Klimecki
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Kanske
- Social Stress and Family Health Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng X, Jing C, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Why are people ‘Lying Flat’? Personal relative deprivation suppresses self‐improvement motivation. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 62:932-948. [PMID: 36453146 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The 'Lying Flat' mindset refers to people's low intention to self-improvement. We hypothesized that personal relative deprivation (PRD), the negative consequence of social comparisons, is one of the reasons that might harm individuals' self-improvement motivations. In study 1 (N = 313), we found that PRD negatively predicted self-improvement after controlling for various confounding variables. This result is confirmed in study 2a (N = 3399) and 2b (N = 3219) by using a national representative sample. Furthermore, Study 2a found that the effect of PRD on self-improvement was mediated by the system-justifying belief (SJB). In study 3 (N = 160), we experimentally demonstrated that PRD harms self-improvement and persistence via its effect on SJB. The higher PRD people experienced, the less they endorsed the SJB, which thereby reduced self-improvement. Taken together, this research manifested that not only would PRD affect people's social beliefs (e.g. SJB) but also hinder self-improvement motivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Zheng
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
- Department of Psychology Renmin University of China Beijing China
| | - Changyu Jing
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Psychology Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biskas M, Sirois FM, Webb TL. Using social cognition models to understand why people, such as perfectionists, struggle to respond with self-compassion. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 61:1160-1182. [PMID: 35262948 PMCID: PMC9790291 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Responding with self-compassion to lapses in goal pursuit helps people to achieve their goals, yet evidence suggests that some people struggle to respond with self-compassion. The current research proposes that social cognition models such the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Prototype Willingness Model could explain why some people, such as those high in perfectionistic concerns, struggle to respond with self-compassion. We therefore conducted a pre-registered prospective study that measured participants' beliefs about self-compassion, difficulties enacting self-compassionate responding, perfectionistic concerns, and then tested their ability to be self-compassionate in response to a recalled and future lapse. The results showed that participants were less likely to respond with self-compassion to lapses if they held negative beliefs about self-compassion and experienced difficulties enacting self-compassion. Participants high in perfectionistic concerns were more likely to have negative beliefs about self-compassion and experience difficulties enacting self-compassion. Together, these findings provide evidence that social cognition models can be used to understand self-compassionate responding and identify why some people struggle to respond with self-compassion to goal lapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Biskas
- Department of PsychologyThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Thomas L. Webb
- Department of PsychologyThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Keyes J, Yankouskaya A, Panourgia C. Self-compassion, coping strategies and gender differences in psychology, counselling and psychotherapy practitioners during COVID-19: Lessons learnt. COUNSELLING & PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH 2022; 23:CAPR12574. [PMID: 36247723 PMCID: PMC9537790 DOI: 10.1002/capr.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Effective coping strategies can protect against the adverse effects of stress. This study investigated self-compassion's ability to predict approach and avoidance coping in psychology, counselling and psychotherapy practitioners (PCPPs) during COVID-19, and whether this differed between genders. To date, no research has investigated this relationship, despite positive associations being drawn in other populations. Three hundred and nineteen PCPPs completed an online survey including the Brief COPE and Self-Compassion Short Form. Self-compassion significantly predicted greater use of approach coping and reduced use of avoidance coping. The predictive ability of self-compassion was slightly better in female practitioners. Self-judgement arose as a prominent subscale of self-compassion across genders, increasing both approach and avoidance coping. Implications for future research and practice are discussed, concerning barriers to self-compassion and the requirement of therapeutic programmes and psychoeducation as a prerequisite for effective coping strategies in the PCPP population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Keyes
- Department of PsychologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Signore AK, Jung ME, Semenchuk B, Kullman SM, Tefft O, Webber S, Ferguson LJ, Kowalski K, Fortier M, McGavock J, Ahmed R, Orr M, Strachan S. A pilot and feasibility study of a randomized clinical trial testing a self-compassion intervention aimed to increase physical activity behaviour among people with prediabetes. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:111. [PMID: 35624519 PMCID: PMC9135984 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seventy-five per cent of individuals with prediabetes will eventually be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Physical activity is a cornerstone in reducing type 2 diabetes risk but can be a challenging behaviour to adopt for those living with prediabetes. Individuals with prediabetes experience difficult emotions associated with being at risk for a chronic disease, which can undermine self-regulation. Self-compassion enhances self-regulation because it mitigates difficult emotions and promotes adaptive coping. We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a self-compassion informed intervention to increase physical activity for persons with prediabetes. METHODS This explanatory mixed methods study tested the feasibility and acceptability of a two-arm, randomized, single-blind, actively controlled, 6-week online intervention. Using a 1:1 allocation ratio, participants (identified as people with prediabetes, low physical activity, and low self-compassion) were randomized to a self-compassion (Mage = 60.22 years) or control condition (Mage = 56.13 years). All participants received behaviour change education (e.g. SMART goals, action-coping planning) and either other health knowledge (control condition: e.g. sleep, benefits of water) or self-compassion training (intervention condition: practising mindfulness, writing a letter to themselves offering the same support that they would offer to a friend). The primary outcome was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of the trial. To be considered feasible, our outcomes needed to meet or surpass our pre-determined criteria (e.g. time for group formation: 14-20 participants per month). Feasibility was assessed by examining the recruitment rates, retention, adherence, fidelity, and capacity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to determine trial acceptability. As a secondary purpose, we examined the means on key study variables (secondary and exploratory variables; see Table 1) at all planned time points (baseline, intervention-end, 6- and 12-week follow-up) to identify if they are suitable to include in the efficacy trial (see Additional Table 3). RESULTS Eighteen participants were screened and randomized to one of two conditions. Retention, instructor fidelity, safety, capacity, adherence to most of the study aspects, and acceptability by participants and facilitators all met the criteria for feasibility. Recruitment rate, process time, and adherence to home practice were below our criteria, and we offer ways to address these shortcomings for the efficacy trial. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest that it should be feasible to deliver our intervention while highlighting the alterations to components that may be altered when delivering the efficacy trial. We outline our changes which should improve and enhance the feasibility and acceptability of our planned intervention. Funding for this study was from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04402710 . Registered on 09 April 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana K Signore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Mary E Jung
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brittany Semenchuk
- Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Sasha M Kullman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Olivia Tefft
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Sandra Webber
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Leah J Ferguson
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Kent Kowalski
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada
| | - Michelle Fortier
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jon McGavock
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P5, Canada
| | - Rashid Ahmed
- College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Marion Orr
- Inner Compass Counselling, Winnipeg, MB, R3G 2X6, Canada
| | - Shaelyn Strachan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miyagawa Y, Tóth-Király I, Knox MC, Taniguchi J, Niiya Y. Development of the Japanese Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-J). Front Psychol 2022; 12:779318. [PMID: 35095662 PMCID: PMC8795373 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.779318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in the U.S. developed and validated the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS), which measures self-compassionate reactions toward a specific negative event. The current study is aimed at developing the Japanese version of the State Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-J) and extending previous findings in the U.S. by showing measurement invariance across sexes and demonstrating the construct validity of this scale. Across two studies (n = 596 in Study 1, n = 474 in Study 2), the bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling representation of the SSCS-J showed excellent fit in which a single global factor (i.e., self-compassion) and most of the specific factors (six subscales) were well defined. Study 1 further provided evidence for the measurement invariance across sexes. The SSCS-J was related with higher trait self-compassion and lower fear of and negative beliefs about self-compassion. In Study 2, participants who were instructed to be self-compassionate reported higher scores in the SSCS-J relative to those in the control condition. These results attest to the replicability of the factor structure of the SSCS in Japan and provide further evidence for the construct validity of this scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyagawa
- Faculty of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Marissa C. Knox
- Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Yu Niiya
- Department of Global and Interdisciplinary Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|