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Chacón M, Vázquez N, Alonso-Alonso S, Llames S, Pevida M, Alcalde I, Merayo-Lloves J, Meana Á. Evaluating the QileX-RhE skin corrosion test for chemical subcategorization in accordance with OECD TG 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105816. [PMID: 38604524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Skin corrosion testing is integral to evaluating the potential harm posed by chemicals, impacting regulatory decisions on safety, transportation, and labeling. Traditional animal testing methods are giving way to in vitro alternatives, such as reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models, aligning with evolving ethical standards. This study evaluates the QileX-RhE test system's performance for chemical subcategorization within the OECD TG 431 framework. Results demonstrate its ability to differentiate subcategories, accurately predicting 83% of UN GHS Category 1A and 73% of UN GHS Category 1B/1C chemicals with 100% sensitivity in corrosive prediction. Additionally, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the test method's performance by employing nuanced parameters such as positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), post-test odds and likelihood rations, offering valuable insights into the applicability and effectiveness of the QileX-RhE test method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chacón
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - N Vázquez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S Alonso-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - S Llames
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pevida
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - I Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Á Meana
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Doctores Fernández-Vega, 33012 Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Avda. del Hospital Universitario, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Ingeniería Tisular, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Baran MJ, Hof R, Groot A, Eurlings I, Gijsbrechts J, de Jong B, Wulff JE. Safety Evaluation of a Prototypical Diazirine-Based Covalent Crosslinker and Molecular Adhesive. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:146-156. [PMID: 37987615 PMCID: PMC10916352 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231215692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
bis-Diazirine reagents are increasingly being used as polymer crosslinkers, adhesives, and photopatterning agents in the materials sciences literature, but little effort has been made thus far to document their chemical safety profile. Here, we describe the results of a detailed toxicity assessment of a representative bis-diazirine. Safety was evaluated by a series of in vitro assays, which found the product to be non-mutagenic in bacterial tester strains TA98 and TA100, non-corrosive and non-irritating to skin, and requiring no classification for eye irritation or serious damage. While in vitro tests do not capture the integrated whole animal system, and thus cannot completely rule out the possibility of adverse responses, the results of this study suggest a desirable safety profile for bis-diazirine reagents and provide a solid foundation upon which to add in vivo assessment of safety risk and dose-response studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Hof
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Angelique Groot
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Eurlings
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Jet Gijsbrechts
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Britt de Jong
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch BV, ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E. Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Hwang SH, Lee S, Park JY, Jeon JS, Cho YJ, Kim S. Potential of Drug Efficacy Evaluation in Lung and Kidney Cancer Models Using Organ-on-a-Chip Technology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:215. [PMID: 33669950 PMCID: PMC7924856 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OoC) is an exponential technology with the potential to revolutionize disease, toxicology research, and drug discovery. Recent advances in OoC could be utilized for drug screening in disease models to evaluate the efficacy of new therapies and support new tools for the understanding of disease mechanisms. Rigorous validation of this technology is required to determine whether OoC models may represent human-relevant physiology and predict clinical outcomes in target disease models. Achievements in the OoC field could reveal exciting new avenues for drug development and discovery. This review attempts to highlight the benefits of OoC as per our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways in lung and kidney cancer models, and discusses the challenges in evaluating drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hye Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Jee Yoon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | | | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sejoong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (S.-H.H.); (Y.-J.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Shao Y, Schiwy A, Glauch L, Henneberger L, König M, Mühlenbrink M, Xiao H, Thalmann B, Schlichting R, Hollert H, Escher BI. Optimization of a pre-metabolization procedure using rat liver S9 and cell-extracted S9 in the Ames fluctuation test. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141468. [PMID: 32827816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental pollutants pose a toxicological hazard only after metabolic activation. In vitro bioassays using cell lines or bacteria have often no or reduced metabolic activity, which impedes their use in the risk assessment. To improve the predictive capability of in vitro assays, external metabolization systems like the liver S9 fraction are frequently combined with in vitro toxicity assays. While it is typical for S9 fractions that samples and testing systems are combined in the same exposure system, we propose to separate the metabolism step and toxicity measurement. This allows for a modular combination of metabolic activation by enzymes isolated from rat liver (S9) or a biotechnological alternative (ewoS9R) with in vitro bioassays that lack metabolic capacity. Benzo(a)pyrene and 2-aminoanthracene were used as model compounds to optimize the conditions for the S9 metabolic degradation/activation step. The Ames assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was applied to validate the set-up of decoupling the S9 activation/metabolism from the bioassay system. S9 protein concentration of 0.25 mgprotein/mL, a supplement of 0.13 mM NADPH and a pre-incubation time of 100 min are recommended for activation of samples prior to dosing them to in vitro bioassays using the regular dosing protocols of the respective bioassay. EwoS9R performed equally well as Moltox S9, which is a step forward in developing true animal-free in vitro bioassays. After pre-incubation with S9 fraction, chemicals induced bacteria revertants in both the TA98 and the TA100 assay as efficiently as the standard Ames assay. The pre-incubation of chemicals with S9 fraction could serve for a wide range of cellular in vitro assays to efficiently combine activation and toxicity measurement, which may greatly facilitate the application of these assays for chemical hazard assessment and monitoring of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Shazheng street 174, Shapingba, 400044 Chongqing, China.
| | - Andreas Schiwy
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Glauch
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luise Henneberger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie Mühlenbrink
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Beat Thalmann
- EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Rita Schlichting
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoser Str. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; EWOMIS GmbH, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany; Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Centre for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tubingen, Germany
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A ready-to-use integrated in vitro skin corrosion and irritation testing strategy using EpiSkin™ model in China. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kandárová H, Bendova H, Letasiova S, Coleman KP, De Jong WH, Jírova D. Evaluation of the medical devices benchmark materials in the controlled human patch testing and in the RhE in vitro skin irritation protocol. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:433-438. [PMID: 29462660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- MatTek In vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Hana Bendova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Letasiova
- MatTek In vitro Life Science Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Wim H De Jong
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dagmar Jírova
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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Bakshi PS, Selvakumar D, Kadirvelu K, Kumar N. Comparative study on antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of N-selective chitosan derivatives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wills JW, Hondow N, Thomas AD, Chapman KE, Fish D, Maffeis TG, Penny MW, Brown RA, Jenkins GJS, Brown AP, White PA, Doak SH. Genetic toxicity assessment of engineered nanoparticles using a 3D in vitro skin model (EpiDerm™). Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:50. [PMID: 27613375 PMCID: PMC5016964 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid production and incorporation of engineered nanomaterials into consumer products alongside research suggesting nanomaterials can cause cell death and DNA damage (genotoxicity) makes in vitro assays desirable for nanosafety screening. However, conflicting outcomes are often observed when in vitro and in vivo study results are compared, suggesting more physiologically representative in vitro models are required to minimise reliance on animal testing. Method BASF Levasil® silica nanoparticles (16 and 85 nm) were used to adapt the 3D reconstructed skin micronucleus (RSMN) assay for nanomaterials administered topically or into the growth medium. 3D dose-responses were compared to a 2D micronucleus assay using monocultured human B cells (TK6) after standardising dose between 2D / 3D assays by total nanoparticle mass to cell number. Cryogenic vitrification, scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques were applied to characterise in-medium and air-liquid interface exposures. Advanced transmission electron microscopy imaging modes (high angle annular dark field) and X-ray spectrometry were used to define nanoparticle penetration / cellular uptake in the intact 3D models and 2D monocultured cells. Results For all 2D exposures, significant (p < 0.002) increases in genotoxicity were observed (≥100 μg/mL) alongside cell viability decreases (p < 0.015) at doses ≥200 μg/mL (16 nm-SiO2) and ≥100 μg/mL (85 nm-SiO2). In contrast, 2D-equivalent exposures to the 3D models (≤300 μg/mL) caused no significant DNA damage or impact on cell viability. Further increasing dose to the 3D models led to probable air-liquid interface suffocation. Nanoparticle penetration / cell uptake analysis revealed no exposure to the live cells of the 3D model occurred due to the protective nature of the skin model’s 3D cellular microarchitecture (topical exposures) and confounding barrier effects of the collagen cell attachment layer (in-medium exposures). 2D monocultured cells meanwhile showed extensive internalisation of both silica particles causing (geno)toxicity. Conclusions The results establish the importance of tissue microarchitecture in defining nanomaterial exposure, and suggest 3D in vitro models could play a role in bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo outcomes in nanotoxicology. Robust exposure characterisation and uptake assessment methods (as demonstrated) are essential to interpret nano(geno)toxicity studies successfully. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0161-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wills
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adam D Thomas
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Katherine E Chapman
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David Fish
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Thierry G Maffeis
- Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mark W Penny
- Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Richard A Brown
- Multi-Disciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Andy P Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A White
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, K1N 9B4, ON, Canada
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Desprez B, Barroso J, Griesinger C, Kandárová H, Alépée N, Fuchs HW. Two novel prediction models improve predictions of skin corrosive sub-categories by test methods of OECD Test Guideline No. 431. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2055-80. [PMID: 26320836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hayden PJ, Bachelor M, Ayehunie S, Letasiova S, Kaluzhny Y, Klausner M, Kandárová H. Application of MatTekIn VitroReconstructed Human Skin Models for Safety, Efficacy Screening, and Basic Preclinical Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2015.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Letasiova
- MatTek In Vitro Life Sciences Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Helena Kandárová
- MatTek Corporation, Ashland, Massachusetts
- MatTek In Vitro Life Sciences Laboratories, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Casas JW, Lewerenz GM, Rankin EA, Willoughby JA, Blakeman LC, McKim JM, Coleman KP. In vitro human skin irritation test for evaluation of medical device extracts. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2175-83. [PMID: 23999410 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the EpiDerm™ reconstructed human skin model (MatTek Corp.) could be an acceptable alternative to the ISO 10993-required rabbit skin irritation test for assessing medical device biocompatibility. Eleven medical device polymers were tested. Four extracts were prepared per polymer, two each with saline and sesame oil; half were spiked with two R-38 irritants, lactic acid for saline extracts and heptanoic acid for the sesame oil extracts. Tissue viability was assessed by MTT reduction and the proinflammatory response was assessed by IL-1α release. LOAELs of 2% for lactic acid in saline and 0.7% for heptanoic acid in sesame oil were determined. A cell viability reduction of >50% was indicative of skin irritation. Cells exposed to saline extracts spiked with 3.25% lactic acid had significantly reduced mean cell viabilities (12.6-17.2%). Cells exposed to sesame oil extracts spiked with 1.25% heptanoic acid also exhibited reduced mean cell viabilities (25.5%-41.7%). All spiked cells released substantial amounts of IL-1α (253.5-387.4pg/ml) signifying a proinflammatory response. These results indicate that the EpiDerm™ model may be a suitable in vitro replacement for the assessment of the irritation potential of medical device extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Casas
- Medtronic, Inc., 11520 Yellow Pine St. N. W., C202, Minneapolis, MN 55448, USA.
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Westmoreland C, Holmes AM. Assuring consumer safety without animals: Applications for tissue engineering. Organogenesis 2012; 5:67-72. [PMID: 19794902 DOI: 10.4161/org.5.2.9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals in their everyday lives through interactions with the environment and through the use of consumer products. It is a basic requirement that these products are tested to assure they are safe under normal and reasonably foreseeable conditions of use. Within the European Union, the majority of tests used for generating toxicological data rely on animals. However recent changes in legislation (e.g., 7(th) amendment of the Cosmetics Directive and REACH) are driving researchers to develop and adopt non-animal alternative methods with which to assure human safety. Great strides have been made to this effect, but what other opportunities/technologies exist that could expedite this? Tissue engineering has increasing scope to contribute to replacing animals with scientifically robust alternatives in basic research and safety testing, but is this application of the technology being fully exploited? This review highlights how the consumer products industry is applying tissue engineering to ensure chemicals are safe for human use without using animals, and identifies areas for future development and application of the technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Westmoreland
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC); Unilever; Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire UK
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Katoh M, Hamajima F, Ogasawara T, Hata KI. Assessment of the human epidermal model LabCyte EPI-MODEL for In vitro skin corrosion testing according to the OECD test guideline 431. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:411-7. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
The evaluation of eye and skin irritation potential is essential to ensuring the safety of individuals in contact with a wide variety of substances designed for industrial, pharmaceutical or cosmetic use. The Draize rabbit eye and skin irritancy tests have been used for 60 years to attempt to predict the human ocular and dermal irritation of such products. The Draize test has been the standard for ocular and dermal safety assessments for decades. However, several aspects of the test have been criticised. These include: the subjectivity of the method; the overestimation of human responses; and the method's cruelty. The inadequacies of the Draize test have led to several laboratories over the last 20 years making efforts to develop in vitro assays to replace it. Protocols that use different types of cell cultures and other methods have been devised to study eye and skin irritation. Different commercial kits have also been developed to study eye and skin irritation, based on the action of chemicals on these tissues. This article presents a review of the main alternatives developed to replace the use of animals in the study of chemical irritation. Particular attention is paid to the reproducibility of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vinardell
- Department of Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Klausner M, Ayehunie S, Breyfogle BA, Wertz PW, Bacca L, Kubilus J. Organotypic human oral tissue models for toxicological studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:938-49. [PMID: 17383851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of the human oral epithelia have been developed to test the irritation of oral-care products and to provide systems to study the pathology of the oral cavity. The in vitro tissue models, cultured using normal oral epithelial cells and serum free medium, adopt a buccal or gingival phenotype. The buccal tissue (designated ORL-200) is 8-12 cell layers thick and non-cornified; the gingival tissue (designated GIN-100) is 9-13 layers thick and cornified at the apical surface. The tissues express cytokeratins 13 and 14 similar to their corresponding native oral tissues. The MTT viability assay was used to assess inter-lot and intra-lot reproducibility. The MTT average intra-lot coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10% for both tissues and the time required to reduce tissue viability by 50% (ET-50) following application of 1% Triton-X 100 averaged 1.02+/-0.33 h (n=26) and 7.97+/-0.80 h (n=14) for the buccal and gingival tissues, respectively. The utility of the buccal tissue for irritation studies was examined by testing prototype dentifrice formulations and commercially available products including mouthwashes, toothpastes, and oral cleansers. Use of the MTT ET-50 assay and cytokine release clearly differentiated between the formulations and the oral care products. In conclusion, the oral tissue models represent highly reproducible, non-animal means to screen the irritation potential of newly developed oral care products and should be useful to study the innate immunity, biology, and pathology of the oral mucosa.
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Abstract
The increasing demands on toxicology of large-scale risk assessment programmes for chemicals and emerging or expanding areas of chemical use suggest it is timely to review the toxicological toolbox. Like in clinical medicine, where an evidence-based medicine (EBM) is critically reviewing traditional approaches, toxicology has the opportunity to reshape and enlarge its methodology and approaches on the basis of compounded scientific knowledge. Such revision would have to be based on structured reviews of current practice, ie, assessment of test performance characteristics, mechanistic understanding, extended quality assurance, formal validation and the use of integrated testing strategies. This form of revision could optimize the balance between safety, costs and animal welfare, explicitly stating and, where possible, quantifying uncertainties. After a self-critical reassessment of current practices and evaluation of the thus generated information, such an evidence-based toxicology (EBT) promises to make better use of resources and to increase the quality of results, facilitating their interpretation. It shall open up hazard and also risk assessments to new technologies, flexibly accommodating current and future mechanistic understanding. An EBT will be better prepared to answer the continuously growing safety demands of modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoffmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, 21020 Ispra VA, Italy.
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Schreiber S, Mahmoud A, Vuia A, Rübbelke MK, Schmidt E, Schaller M, Kandárová H, Haberland A, Schäfer UF, Bock U, Korting HC, Liebsch M, Schäfer-Korting M. Reconstructed epidermis versus human and animal skin in skin absorption studies. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:813-22. [PMID: 15913948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
European chemical policy in general and the REACH initiative in particular will increase the number of chemical substances submitted to toxicological evaluation by several orders of magnitude compared to the current status. To limit animal exposure the resulting enormous increase in testing, however, asks for validated in vitro test systems. While the OECD favours in vitro testing for cutaneous absorption using viable human and animal skin (Guideline 428) the availability of viable human skin is already limited today. We present a comparison of various in vitro techniques suitable for routine skin absorption studies including commercially available reconstructed human epidermis which may be a reliable alternative to excised human and animal skin. In order to develop a protocol for the subsequent transfer to partner laboratories the experimental set-up was analysed stepwise using the OECD reference compounds caffeine and testosterone. Franz cell type, the donor and receptor media for hydrophilic/lipophilic substances, albumin and tensid addition, and storage conditions of the excised skins were systematically varied. A protocol has been developed which now allows to proceed to the pre-validation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schreiber
- Institut für Pharmazie, Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Spielmann H, Liebsch M. Lessons learned from validation of in vitro toxicity test: from failure to acceptance into regulatory practice. Toxicol In Vitro 2001; 15:585-90. [PMID: 11566595 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As no scientific approach or regulatory guidelines existed for the experimental validation of in vitro toxicity tests, in 1990 a US/European validation workshop agreed in Amden (Switzerland) on a simple definition of the validation process. Several international validation studies failed, although they were conducted according to these recommendations. Taking into account the lessons learned from this experience, a second validation workshop was held by ECVAM in Amden in 1994 to develop a more precisely defined validation concept. Prevalidation and the development of biostatistically defined prediction models were added as essential elements to the validation process. In 1995/1996 the ECVAM validation procedure was officially accepted by EU member countries and at the international level by the US regulatory agencies and the OECD. The improved validation concept was immediately introduced into ongoing validation studies. In 1996 the ECVAM/COLIPA validation study of the in vitro phototoxicity test, which was conducted according to the ECVAM/OECD validation concept, was finished successfully and in 1998 a supporting study on UV-filter chemicals was undertaken. In 1998 the 3T3 NRU PT in vitro phototoxicity test was the first experimentally validated in vitro toxicity test that was recommended for regulatory purposes by ESAC, the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee, and by the DG ENV of the EU Commission. Meanwhile, two in vitro skin corrosivity tests have successfully been validated by ECVAM. Finally, in June 2000 the three experimentally validated tests were accepted by EU member states for regulatory purposes as the first in vitro toxicity tests. In addition, ECVAM has funded a successful validation study of three in vitro embryotoxicity tests, which was conducted in 12 European laboratories and finished in July 2000. The three tests validated in this study were the whole embryo culture (WEC) test applied to rat embryos, the micromass (MM) test employing primary cultures of dissociated mouse limb bud cells and the mouse embryonic stem cell test (EST). Examples will be given of successful validation studies during the past decade with particular reference to in vitro toxicity tests that were evaluated for regulatory purposes either by the US validation centre ICCVAM or ECVAM in the fields of sensitisation, phototoxicity and embryotoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- H Spielmann
- National Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV), Berlin, Germany.
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Robinson MK, McFadden JP, Basketter DA. Validity and ethics of the human 4-h patch test as an alternative method to assess acute skin irritation potential. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 45:1-12. [PMID: 11422260 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.045001001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, the Draize rabbit skin irritation test has reigned supreme as the regulatory method of choice for the identification of skin irritant chemicals. To date no in vitro alternative test has been validated as an adequate replacement. However, one potential option, to test the endpoint of concern (skin irritation) in the species of concern (man) has been overlooked. The advent of predictive in vitro tools for the identification of substances corrosive to the skin has opened up the practical possibility of carrying out safe and ethical studies on small panels of humans. The human 4-h patch test has been developed to meet the needs of identifying chemical skin irritation potential, providing data which is inherently superior to that given by a surrogate model, such as the rabbit. This paper reviews in detail the present state of the human 4-h patch test, highlighting its advantages and noting its utility as the 'gold standard' on which to build future in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Robinson
- The Procter & Gamble Co., Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-707, USA
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