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Sultana S, Rahman MM, Aovi FI, Jahan FI, Hossain MS, Brishti SA, Yamin M, Ahmed M, Rauf A, Sharma R. Food Color Additives in Hazardous Consequences of Human Health: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2023; 23:1380-1393. [PMID: 36650651 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666230117122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Food color additives are used to make food more appetizing. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted nine artificial colorings in foods, drugs, and cosmetics, whereas the European Union (EU) approved five artificial colors (E-104, 122, 124, 131, and 142) for food. However, these synthetic coloring materials raise various health hazards. The present review aimed to summarize the toxic effects of these coloring food additives on the brain, liver, kidney, lungs, urinary bladder, and thyroid gland. In this respect, we aimed to highlight the scientific evidence and the crucial need to assess potential health hazards of all colors used in food on human and nonhuman biota for better scrutiny. Blue 1 causes kidney tumor in mice, and there is evidence of death due to ingestion through a feeding tube. Blue 2 and Citrus Red 2 cause brain and urinary bladder tumors, respectively, whereas other coloring additives may cause different types of cancers and numerous adverse health effects. In light of this, this review focuses on the different possible adverse health effects caused by these food coloring additives, and possible ways to mitigate or avoid the damage they may cause. We hope that the data collected from in vitro or in vivo studies and from clinical investigations related to the possible health hazards of food color additives will be helpful to both researchers and the food industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Islam Aovi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Israt Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, BCSIR Dhaka Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-I-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Yamin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Finlayson KA, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. Review of ecologically relevant in vitro bioassays to supplement current in vivo tests for whole effluent toxicity testing - Part 2: Non-apical endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158094. [PMID: 35987232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing uses whole animal exposures to assess the toxicity of complex mixtures, like wastewater. These assessments typically include four apical endpoints: mortality, growth, development, and reproduction. In the last decade, there has been a shift to alternative methods that align with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animals in research. In vitro bioassays can provide a cost-effective, high-throughput, ethical alternative to in vivo assays. In addition, they can potentially include additional, more sensitive, environmentally relevant endpoints than traditional toxicity tests. However, the ecological relevance of these endpoints must be established before they are adopted into regulatory frameworks. This is Part 2 of a two-part review that aims to identify in vitro bioassays that are linked to ecologically relevant endpoints that could be included in WET testing. Part 2 of this review focuses on non-apical endpoints that should be incorporated into WET testing. In addition to the four apical endpoints addressed in Part 1, this review identified seven additional toxic outcomes: endocrine disruption, xenobiotic metabolism, carcinogenicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. For each, the response at the molecular or cellular level measured in vitro was linked to the response at the organism level through a toxicity pathway. Literature from 2015 to 2020 was used to identify suitable bioassays that could be incorporated into WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Pitchakarn P, Inthachat W, Karinchai J, Temviriyanukul P. Human Hazard Assessment Using Drosophila Wing Spot Test as an Alternative In Vivo Model for Genotoxicity Testing-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9932. [PMID: 34576092 PMCID: PMC8472225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, one of cancer's hallmarks, is induced by genotoxins from endogenous and exogenous sources, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), diet, and environmental pollutants. A sensitive in vivo genotoxicity test is required for the identification of human hazards to reduce the potential health risk. The somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) or wing spot test is a genotoxicity assay involving Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) as a classical, alternative human model. This review describes the principle of the SMART assay in conjunction with its advantages and disadvantages and discusses applications of the assay covering all segments of health-related industries, including food, dietary supplements, drug industries, pesticides, and herbicides, as well as nanoparticles. Chemopreventive strategies are outlined as a global health trend for the anti-genotoxicity of interesting herbal extract compounds determined by SMART assay. The successful application of Drosophila for high-throughput screening of mutagens is also discussed as a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsiri Pitchakarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Jirarat Karinchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
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Blaznik U, Krušič S, Hribar M, Kušar A, Žmitek K, Pravst I. Use of Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) before the Introduction of Regulatory Restrictions Due to Concern for Genotoxicity. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081910. [PMID: 34441686 PMCID: PMC8391306 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2; E171) is a coloring food additive. In May 2021, a scientific opinion was published by the European Food Safety Authority concluding that TiO2 can no longer be considered as a safe food additive. Our aim was to investigate the trends in the use of TiO2 in the food supply. A case study was conducted in Slovenia using two nationally representative cross-sectional datasets of branded foods. Analysis was performed on N = 12,644 foods (6012 and 6632 in 2017 and 2020, respectively) from 15 food subcategories where TiO2 was found as a food additive. A significant decrease was observed in the use of TiO2 (3.6% vs. 1.8%; p < 0.01). TiO2 was most often used in the chewing gum category (36.3%) in 2017, and chocolate and sweets category (45.9%) in 2020. Meanwhile, in 2017, the largest share of TiO2-containing foods was observed in the chewing gum category, namely, 70.3%, and these products presented over 85% of the market share. In 2020, only 24.6% of chewing gums contained TiO2, which accounted for only 3% of the market share. In conclusion, we showed an overall decrease in TiO2 use, even though it has not yet been officially removed from the list of authorized food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Blaznik
- National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Sanja Krušič
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.K.); (K.Ž.)
| | - Maša Hribar
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.K.); (K.Ž.)
| | - Anita Kušar
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.K.); (K.Ž.)
| | - Katja Žmitek
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.K.); (K.Ž.)
- VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva Cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (S.K.); (M.H.); (A.K.); (K.Ž.)
- VIST—Higher School of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva Cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-659-068-871
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Antigenotoxic Effects and Possible Mechanism of Red Yeast ( Sporidiobolus pararoseus) on Aflatoxin B 1-Induced Mutagenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050734. [PMID: 34069188 PMCID: PMC8156261 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus), obtained from glycerol waste in the biodiesel process, has been used as a mycotoxin sorbent in some agricultural products. This study focused on the antigenotoxic effects of red yeast on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced mutagenesis, using a Salmonella mutation assay and a rat liver micronucleus test. Red yeast was sequentially extracted to obtain hexane, acetone, hot water, and residue fractions. Carbohydrates were mainly found in hot water extract (HWE), while proteins were observed in the residue fraction. The amount of lycopene in hexane extract (HE) was higher than the amount of β-carotene in HE. All red yeast extracts were not mutagenic in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 under the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Among the extracts obtained from red yeast, HE presented the strongest antimutagenicity against AFB1-induced mutagenesis in both strains, but HWE did not show any antimutagenicity. The oral administration of red yeast, HE, and HWE for 28 days was further investigated in rats. These extracts did not induce micronucleated hepatocytes. Furthermore, they modulated the activities of some detoxifying enzymes but did not alter the activities of various cytochrome P450 isozymes. Notably, they significantly decreased hepatic micronucleus formation in AFB1-initiated rats. HE altered the activity of hepatic glutathione-S-transferase but did not affect its protein expression. Taken together, the antigenotoxicity of red yeast against AFB1-induced mutagenesis might be partly due to the modulation of some detoxifying enzymes in AFB1 metabolism. β-Carotene and lycopene might be promising antigenotoxic compounds in red yeast.
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Jireš J, Kalášek S, Gibala P, Rudovský J, Douša M, Kubelka T, Hrubý J, Řezanka P. Insight into the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in metformin products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113877. [PMID: 33422831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective analytical method for the quantification of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was developed and applied to a process optimization study of the production of metformin film coated tablets in order to identify the key factors behind the NDMA formation in metformin products. The method uses a linear gradient elution with mobile phases 0.1 % formic acid in water for chromatography and methanol for chromatography and a column Acquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8 μm. The use of the tandem mass spectrometry in a positive ion mode with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization allows for the use of an isotopically labelled internal standard and an external calibration standard. The method was validated according to the guidelines of International Council for Harmonization in terms of limit of detection and quantification, linearity, precision, accuracy and method selectivity. To further justify the effectiveness of the method, a comparison between two laboratories was performed using a linear regression testing. Both methods give comparable results. 469 samples of both metformin active pharmaceutical ingredient and film coated tablets were analysed and the key factors behind NDMA formation were identified. Hypotheses explaining the mechanism were formulated and confronted with measurements and scientific literature. Protective measures to prevent NDMA contamination in metformin products were drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kalášek
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gibala
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rudovský
- Quinta Analytica, s.r.o. Pražská 1486/18c, 102 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Kubelka
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrubý
- Zentiva, k.s. Praha, U Kabelovny 130, 102 37, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Pfuhler S, van Benthem J, Curren R, Doak SH, Dusinska M, Hayashi M, Heflich RH, Kidd D, Kirkland D, Luan Y, Ouedraogo G, Reisinger K, Sofuni T, van Acker F, Yang Y, Corvi R. Use of in vitro 3D tissue models in genotoxicity testing: Strategic fit, validation status and way forward. Report of the working group from the 7 th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT). Mutat Res 2020; 850-851:503135. [PMID: 32247552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Use of three-dimensional (3D) tissue equivalents in toxicology has been increasing over the last decade as novel preclinical test systems and as alternatives to animal testing. In the area of genetic toxicology, progress has been made with establishing robust protocols for skin, airway (lung) and liver tissue equivalents. In light of these advancements, a "Use of 3D Tissues in Genotoxicity Testing" working group (WG) met at the 7th IWGT meeting in Tokyo in November 2017 to discuss progress with these models and how they may fit into a genotoxicity testing strategy. The workshop demonstrated that skin models have reached an advanced state of validation following over 10 years of development, while liver and airway model-based genotoxicity assays show promise but are at an early stage of development. Further effort in liver and airway model-based assays is needed to address the lack of coverage of the three main endpoints of genotoxicity (mutagenicity, clastogenicity and aneugenicity), and information on metabolic competence. The IWGT WG believes that the 3D skin comet and micronucleus assays are now sufficiently validated to undergo an independent peer review of the validation study, followed by development of individual OECD Test Guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pfuhler
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Centre, Mason, OH, USA.
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rodger Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Robert H Heflich
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration/National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Darren Kidd
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | | | - Yang Luan
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | | | | | - Toshio Sofuni
- Formerly National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Hwang SH, Yeom H, Eom SY, Lee YM, Lee M. Genome-wide DNA methylation changes in transformed foci induced by nongenotoxic carcinogens. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:576-587. [PMID: 30848857 DOI: 10.1002/em.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cell transformation assays (CTA) have been proposed as a method to identify possible nongenotoxic carcinogens. However, the current protocols do not provide information on the mechanism of action of the test articles. In this study, we combined an in vitro Bhas 42 CTA and sequencing-based DNA methylation profiling analysis to elucidate the carcinogenic mechanism associated with nongenotoxic carcinogens. Three nongenotoxic carcinogens were evaluated: cadmium chloride, methyl carbamate, and lithocholic acid. Methylation profiles were generated for the two nongenotoxic carcinogens (cadmium chloride and lithocholic acid) that were positive in Bhas 42 CTA. Methyl carbamate did not exhibit any promoter activity. Approximately 9.8% of all differentially methylated regions (DMRs) identified in cadmium chloride-induced transformed foci overlapped with DMRs in lithocholic acid-induced transformed foci. Interestingly, overlapping DMRs showed more hypermethylation than individual DMRs. In addition, the DMRs in CpG island elements common to both nongenotoxic carcinogens showed considerably more bias toward hypermethylated DMRs than those unique to either cadmium chloride or lithocholic acid. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that genes harboring hypermethylated DMRs were significantly enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways including pathways in cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and Wnt signaling. The genes harboring hypomethylated DMRs were significantly related to mRNA surveillance pathway, RNA transport, and autophagy. Taken together, our preliminary results on genome-wide methylation analysis of cell clones from nongenotoxic carcinogen-induced foci could be exploited for CTAs improvement, but further research will be required to standardize and assess the specificity and sensitivity of this combined approach. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Hwang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Yeom
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yun Eom
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheoungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- INU Human Genome Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Chellian R, Pandy V, Mohamed Z. Pharmacology and toxicology of α- and β-Asarone: A review of preclinical evidence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 32:41-58. [PMID: 28732807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asarone is one of the most researched phytochemicals and is mainly present in the Acorus species and Guatteria gaumeri Greenman. In preclinical studies, both α- and β-asarone have been reported to have numerous pharmacological activities and at the same time, many studies have also revealed the toxicity of α- and β-asarone. PURPOSE The purpose of this comprehensive review is to compile and analyze the information related to the pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and toxicological studies reported on α- and β-asarone using preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. Besides, the molecular targets and mechanism(s) involved in the biological activities of α- and β-asarone were discussed. METHODS Databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google scholar were searched and the literature from the year 1960 to January 2017 was retrieved using keywords such as α-asarone, β-asarone, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, pharmacological activities (e.g. depression, anxiety). RESULTS Based on the data obtained from the literature search, the pharmacokinetic studies of α- and β-asarone revealed that their oral bioavailability in rodents is poor with a short plasma half-life. Moreover, the metabolism of α- and β-asarone occurs mainly through cytochrome-P450 pathways. Besides, both α- and/or β-asarone possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidepressant, antianxiety, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's, antiepileptic, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, antithrombotic, anticholestatic and radioprotective activities through its interaction with multiple molecular targets. Importantly, the toxicological studies revealed that both α- and β-asarone can cause hepatomas and might possess mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, further preclinical studies are required to confirm the pharmacological properties of α-asarone against depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, psychosis, drug dependence, pain, inflammation, cholestasis and thrombosis. Besides, the anticancer effect of β-asarone should be further studied in different types of cancers using in vivo models. Moreover, further dose-dependent in vivo studies are required to confirm the toxicity of α- and β-asarone. Overall, this extensive review provides a detailed information on the preclinical pharmacological and toxicological activities of α-and β-asarone and this could be very useful for researchers who wish to conduct further preclinical studies using α- and β-asarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Chellian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Evans SJ, Clift MJD, Singh N, de Oliveira Mallia J, Burgum M, Wills JW, Wilkinson TS, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. Critical review of the current and future challenges associated with advanced in vitro systems towards the study of nanoparticle (secondary) genotoxicity. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:233-241. [PMID: 27815329 PMCID: PMC5180173 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the need to understand the potential biological impact of the plethora of nanoparticles (NPs) being manufactured for a wide range of potential human applications, due to their inevitable human exposure, research activities in the field of NP toxicology has grown exponentially over the last decade. Whilst such increased research efforts have elucidated an increasingly significant knowledge base pertaining to the potential human health hazard posed by NPs, understanding regarding the possibility for NPs to elicit genotoxicity is limited. In vivo models are unable to adequately discriminate between the specific modes of action associated with the onset of genotoxicity. Additionally, in line with the recent European directives, there is an inherent need to move away from invasive animal testing strategies. Thus, in vitro systems are an important tool for expanding our mechanistic insight into NP genotoxicity. Yet uncertainty remains concerning their validity and specificity for this purpose due to the unique challenges presented when correlating NP behaviour in vitro and in vivo This review therefore highlights the current state of the art in advanced in vitro systems and their specific advantages and disadvantages from a NP genotoxicity testing perspective. Key indicators will be given related to how these systems might be used or improved to enhance understanding of NP genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Neenu Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jefferson de Oliveira Mallia
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - John W Wills
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada and
| | - Thomas S Wilkinson
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, MRC CLIMB Centre, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK,
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11
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Hasspieler B, Haffner D, Stelljes M, Adeli K. Toxicological assessment of industrial solvents using human cell bioassays: assessment of short-term cytotoxicity and long-term genotoxicity potential. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 22:301-15. [PMID: 17022437 DOI: 10.1177/0748233706070312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for simple toxicological screening methods to assess the human health risk associated with exposure to environmental toxicants. Such screening tools should allow for risk evaluation in terms of both short-term/acute toxicity and longer-term genetic damage, which may lead to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. We employed a battery of human cell bioassays using the human hepatoma cell-line, HepG2, to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of environmental pollutants. Here, we demonstrate direct application of these human cell bioassays to the toxicological assessment of a number of industrial solvents that are in common use worldwide. HepG2 cells were exposed to various solvents at concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 ppm. The cells were then analysed using specific protocols for four different adverse effects: cell death/acute cytotoxicity using a neutral red uptake assay, altered enzyme function (often an indicator of cell stress) using the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) bioassay, DNA single strand breaks (SSB), and DNA repair induction, which evaluates mutagenic activity. Using the positive controls, linear dose-response curves were achieved for all four bioassays. The high sensitivity of the tests allowed for environmentally meaningful assessments, and precision studies showed excellent reproducibility for all four bioassays. Comparing the results of the four bioassays on each of 16 industrial solvents allowed for ranking of the anticipated relative human toxicity of these solvents, which were comparable with data from standard toxicity tests and human occupational data. Overall, the study clearly supports the application of the HepG2 cell bioassay system for rapid toxicological screening of many candidate toxicants for both short- and long-term toxicity potential.
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Powroźnik B, Słoczyńska K, Canale V, Grychowska K, Zajdel P, Pękala E. Preliminary mutagenicity and genotoxicity evaluation of selected arylsulfonamide derivatives of (aryloxy)alkylamines with potential psychotropic properties. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:263-70. [PMID: 26440375 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the mutagenic and genotoxic liability of biologically active compounds is of great concern for preliminary toxicity testing and drug development. In this study, we focused on the evaluation of the mutagenic and genotoxic effects of selected arylsulfonamide derivatives of aryloxyethyl piperidines and pyrrolidines (1-8), classified as 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with antidepressant and procognitive properties, using in silico and in vitro methods: the Vibrio harveyi assay and the SOS/umu-test (umuC Easy CS test). Finally, the antimutagenic potential of tested compounds was evaluated with the V. harveyi assay. It was demonstrated that none of the examined compounds produced a positive response in in vitro assays and these results were in line with in silico prediction. Additionally, all the tested compounds demonstrated various antimutagenic potential, with compound 1 (5-chloro-N-((1-(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)thiophene-2-sulfonamide) being the most active against NQNO-induced mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Powroźnik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Vittorio Canale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grychowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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de Lapuente J, Lourenço J, Mendo SA, Borràs M, Martins MG, Costa PM, Pacheco M. The Comet Assay and its applications in the field of ecotoxicology: a mature tool that continues to expand its perspectives. Front Genet 2015; 6:180. [PMID: 26089833 PMCID: PMC4454841 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Singh and colleagues, in 1988, launched to the scientific community the alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) protocol, or Comet Assay, its uses and applications has been increasing. The thematic areas of its current employment in the evaluation of genetic toxicity are vast, either in vitro or in vivo, both in the laboratory and in the environment, terrestrial or aquatic. It has been applied to a wide range of experimental models: bacteria, fungi, cells culture, arthropods, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and humans. This document is intended to be a comprehensive review of what has been published to date on the field of ecotoxicology, aiming at the following main aspects: (i) to show the most relevant experimental models used as bioindicators both in the laboratory and in the field. Fishes are clearly the most adopted group, reflecting their popularity as bioindicator models, as well as a primary concern over the aquatic environment health. Amphibians are among the most sensitive organisms to environmental changes, mainly due to an early aquatic-dependent development stage and a highly permeable skin. Moreover, in the terrestrial approach, earthworms, plants or mammalians are excellent organisms to be used as experimental models for genotoxic evaluation of pollutants, complex mix of pollutants and chemicals, in both laboratory and natural environment. (ii) To review the development and modifications of the protocols used and the cell types (or tissues) used. The most recent developments concern the adoption of the enzyme linked assay (digestion with lesion-specific repair endonucleases) and prediction of the ability to repair of oxidative DNA damage, which is becoming a widespread approach, albeit challenging. For practical/technical reasons, blood is the most common choice but tissues/cells like gills, sperm cells, early larval stages, coelomocytes, liver or kidney have been also used. (iii) To highlight correlations with other biomarkers. (iv) To build a constructive criticism and summarize the needs for protocol improvements for future test applications within the field of ecotoxicology. The Comet Assay is still developing and its potential is yet underexploited in experimental models, mesocosmos or natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín de Lapuente
- Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology (UTOX-CERETOX), Barcelona Science ParkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Lourenço
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A. Mendo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miquel Borràs
- Unit of Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology (UTOX-CERETOX), Barcelona Science ParkBarcelona, Spain
| | - Marta G. Martins
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Costa
- Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago. Aveiro, Portugal
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Wiesner J. Challenges of safety evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt B:467-470. [PMID: 25150528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Each application for authorisation of a medicinal product must be accompanied by the particulars and documents referred to in Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Details on the documentation needed for traditional herbal medicinal products (THMP) are given in article 16c of the above mentioned Directive. It is pointed out that a bibliographic review of safety data together with an expert report and additional data, if necessary, are required. The Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) provides in its "Guideline on the use of the CTD format in the preparation of a registration application for traditional herbal medicinal products" (EMA/HMPC/71049/2007 Rev. 1) guidance on how to present the information and the dossier needed for an application. There, in agreement with the Directive 2001/83/EC, a bibliographical review of safety data is required within the "Non-clinical Overview". However, it is assumable that for such products, with a long tradition of usage bibliographical information relating to non-clinical safety are available, even if incomplete or not in accordance with today׳s state of the art. In the "Guideline on non-clinical documentation for herbal medicinal products in applications for marketing authorisation (bibliographical and mixed applications) and in applications for simplified registration" (EMEA/HMPC/32116/2005) it is reflected how to deal with such an incomplete set of data for traditional herbal medicinal products and crucial information are highlighted. This article will focus on the explanation of the requirements needed for the non-clinical safety evaluation of THMPs and some detailed explanations of the performance and interpretation of the mutagenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Wiesner
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, K.-G.-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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Antimutagenic compounds and their possible mechanisms of action. J Appl Genet 2014; 55:273-85. [PMID: 24615570 PMCID: PMC3990861 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenicity refers to the induction of permanent changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, which may result in a heritable change in the characteristics of living systems. Antimutagenic agents are able to counteract the effects of mutagens. This group of agents includes both natural and synthetic compounds. Based on their mechanism of action among antimutagens, several classes of compounds may be distinguished. These are compounds with antioxidant activity; compounds that inhibit the activation of mutagens; blocking agents; as well as compounds characterized with several modes of action. It was reported previously that several antitumor compounds act through the antimutagenic mechanism. Hence, searching for antimutagenic compounds represents a rapidly expanding field of cancer research. It may be observed that, in recent years, many publications were focused on the screening of both natural and synthetic compounds for their beneficial muta/antimutagenicity profile. Thus, the present review attempts to give a brief outline on substances presenting antimutagenic potency and their possible mechanism of action. Additionally, in the present paper, a screening strategy for mutagenicity testing was presented and the characteristics of the most widely used antimutagenicity assays were described.
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Vanparys P, Corvi R, Aardema MJ, Gribaldo L, Hayashi M, Hoffmann S, Schechtman L. Application of in vitro cell transformation assays in regulatory toxicology for pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food products and cosmetics. Mutat Res 2012; 744:111-6. [PMID: 22342612 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two year rodent bioassays play a key role in the assessment of carcinogenic potential of chemicals to humans. The seventh amendment to the European Cosmetics Directive will ban in 2013 the marketing of cosmetic and personal care products that contain ingredients that have been tested in animal models. Thus 2-year rodent bioassays will not be available for cosmetics/personal care products. Furthermore, for large testing programs like REACH, in vivo carcinogenicity testing is impractical. Alternative ways to carcinogenicity assessment are urgently required. In terms of standardization and validation, the most advanced in vitro tests for carcinogenicity are the cell transformation assays (CTAs). Although CTAs do not mimic the whole carcinogenesis process in vivo, they represent a valuable support in identifying transforming potential of chemicals. CTAs have been shown to detect genotoxic as well as non-genotoxic carcinogens and are helpful in the determination of thresholds for genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. The extensive review on CTAs by the OECD (OECD (2007) Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment, No. 31) and the proven within- and between-laboratories reproducibility of the SHE CTAs justifies broader use of these methods to assess carcinogenic potential of chemicals.
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Bouvier d'Yvoire M, Bremer S, Casati S, Ceridono M, Coecke S, Corvi R, Eskes C, Gribaldo L, Griesinger C, Knaut H, Linge JP, Roi A, Zuang V. ECVAM and new technologies for toxicity testing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:154-80. [PMID: 22437818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative empirical (testing) and non-empirical (non-testing) methods to traditional toxicological tests for complex human health effects is a tremendous task. Toxicants may potentially interfere with a vast number of physiological mechanisms thereby causing disturbances on various levels of complexity of human physiology. Only a limited number of mechanisms relevant for toxicity ('pathways' of toxicity) have been identified with certainty so far and, presumably, many more mechanisms by which toxicants cause adverse effects remain to be identified. Recapitulating in empirical model systems (i.e., in vitro test systems) all those relevant physiological mechanisms prone to be disturbed by toxicants and relevant for causing the toxicity effect in question poses an enormous challenge. First, the mechanism(s) of action of toxicants in relation to the most relevant adverse effects of a specific human health endpoint need to be identified. Subsequently, these mechanisms need to be modeled in reductionist test systems that allow assessing whether an unknown substance may operate via a specific (array of) mechanism(s). Ideally, such test systems should be relevant for the species of interest, i.e., based on human cells or modeling mechanisms present in humans. Since much of our understanding about toxicity mechanisms is based on studies using animal model systems (i.e., experimental animals or animal-derived cells), designing test systems that model mechanisms relevant for the human situation may be limited by the lack of relevant information from basic research. New technologies from molecular biology and cell biology, as well as progress in tissue engineering, imaging techniques and automated testing platforms hold the promise to alleviate some of the traditional difficulties associated with improving toxicity testing for complex endpoints. Such new technologies are expected (1) to accelerate the identification of toxicity pathways with human relevance that need to be modeled in test methods for toxicity testing (2) to enable the reconstruction of reductionist test systems modeling at a reduced level of complexity the target system/organ of interest (e.g., through tissue engineering, use of human-derived cell lines and stem cells etc.), (3) to allow the measurement of specific mechanisms relevant for a given health endpoint in such test methods (e.g., through gene and protein expression, changes in metabolites, receptor activation, changes in neural activity etc.), (4) to allow to measure toxicity mechanisms at higher throughput rates through the use of automated testing. In this chapter, we discuss the potential impact of new technologies on the development, optimization and use of empirical testing methods, grouped according to important toxicological endpoints. We highlight, from an ECVAM perspective, the areas of topical toxicity, skin absorption, reproductive and developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity/genotoxicity, sensitization, hematopoeisis and toxicokinetics and discuss strategic developments including ECVAM's database service on alternative methods. Neither the areas of toxicity discussed nor the highlighted new technologies represent comprehensive listings which would be an impossible endeavor in the context of a book chapter. However, we feel that these areas are of utmost importance and we predict that new technologies are likely to contribute significantly to test development in these fields. We summarize which new technologies are expected to contribute to the development of new alternative testing methods over the next few years and point out current and planned ECVAM projects for each of these areas.
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Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment? Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:91-106. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Adler S, Basketter D, Creton S, Pelkonen O, van Benthem J, Zuang V, Andersen KE, Angers-Loustau A, Aptula A, Bal-Price A, Benfenati E, Bernauer U, Bessems J, Bois FY, Boobis A, Brandon E, Bremer S, Broschard T, Casati S, Coecke S, Corvi R, Cronin M, Daston G, Dekant W, Felter S, Grignard E, Gundert-Remy U, Heinonen T, Kimber I, Kleinjans J, Komulainen H, Kreiling R, Kreysa J, Leite SB, Loizou G, Maxwell G, Mazzatorta P, Munn S, Pfuhler S, Phrakonkham P, Piersma A, Poth A, Prieto P, Repetto G, Rogiers V, Schoeters G, Schwarz M, Serafimova R, Tähti H, Testai E, van Delft J, van Loveren H, Vinken M, Worth A, Zaldivar JM. Alternative (non-animal) methods for cosmetics testing: current status and future prospects-2010. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:367-485. [PMID: 21533817 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive prohibits to put animal-tested cosmetics on the market in Europe after 2013. In that context, the European Commission invited stakeholder bodies (industry, non-governmental organisations, EU Member States, and the Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety) to identify scientific experts in five toxicological areas, i.e. toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity, skin sensitisation, and reproductive toxicity for which the Directive foresees that the 2013 deadline could be further extended in case alternative and validated methods would not be available in time. The selected experts were asked to analyse the status and prospects of alternative methods and to provide a scientifically sound estimate of the time necessary to achieve full replacement of animal testing. In summary, the experts confirmed that it will take at least another 7-9 years for the replacement of the current in vivo animal tests used for the safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients for skin sensitisation. However, the experts were also of the opinion that alternative methods may be able to give hazard information, i.e. to differentiate between sensitisers and non-sensitisers, ahead of 2017. This would, however, not provide the complete picture of what is a safe exposure because the relative potency of a sensitiser would not be known. For toxicokinetics, the timeframe was 5-7 years to develop the models still lacking to predict lung absorption and renal/biliary excretion, and even longer to integrate the methods to fully replace the animal toxicokinetic models. For the systemic toxicological endpoints of repeated dose toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity, the time horizon for full replacement could not be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Adler
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternatives to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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How to assess the mutagenic potential of cosmetic products without animal tests? MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 678:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Curren RD, Mun GC, Gibson DP, Aardema MJ. Development of a method for assessing micronucleus induction in a 3D human skin model (EpiDerm™). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 607:192-204. [PMID: 16781186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To meet the requirements of the EU 7th Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, manufacturers of cosmetics products will need to ascertain the safety of ingredients using non-animal methods. Starting in 2009, in vivo genotoxicity tests for cosmetics ingredients will not be allowed. Skin is a target area of interest for many cosmetic products because of its relatively high exposure. Therefore, it would be beneficial to have a non-animal, skin-based genotoxicity assay, especially one that utilized human skin in vitro. In this paper, we describe the development of a reproducible micronucleus assay that uses EpiDerm engineered human skin constructs (MatTek Corp., Ashland, MA). We describe methods for isolating single cells from the 3D skin model and for processing the cells for microscopic analysis of micronuclei (MN). In addition, since little was known about the kinetics of the dividing keratinocytes in the EpiDerm model, we evaluated whether cytochalasin B (Cyt-B) could be used to distinguish the population of dividing cells allowing the development of a micronucleus assay in binucleated cells. We found that the frequency of binucleated cells increased both with time and with increasing concentration of Cyt-B. After a 48-h exposure, 30-50% binucleated cells were reproducibly obtained. Finally, we evaluated micronucleus induction using the model genotoxicants mitomycin C (MMC) and vinblastine sulfate (VB). The background frequency of MN is very low and reproducible in this model, and statistically significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated cells were induced by both MMC and VB. These are initial steps in developing a routine "in vivo-like" assay for chromosomal damage in human tissue. It is hoped that other investigators utilize these methods to further the understanding of this potentially valuable new non-animal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger D Curren
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Suite 220, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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