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Huneke NTM, Cross C, Fagan HA, Molteni L, Phillips N, Garner M, Baldwin DS. Placebo Effects Are Small on Average in the 7.5% CO2 Inhalational Model of Generalized Anxiety. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyae019. [PMID: 38577951 PMCID: PMC11059817 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and socio-economically costly. Novel pharmacological treatments for these disorders are needed because many patients do not respond to current agents or experience unwanted side effects. However, a barrier to treatment development is the variable and large placebo response rate seen in trials of novel anxiolytics. Despite this, the mechanisms that drive placebo responses in anxiety disorders have been little investigated, possibly due to low availability of convenient experimental paradigms. We aimed to develop and test a novel protocol for inducing placebo anxiolysis in the 7.5% CO2 inhalational model of generalized anxiety in healthy volunteers. METHODS Following a baseline 20-minute CO2 challenge, 32 healthy volunteers were administered a placebo intranasal spray labelled as either the anxiolytic "lorazepam" or "saline." Following this, participants surreptitiously underwent a 20-minute inhalation of normal air. Post-conditioning, a second dose of the placebo was administered, after which participants completed another CO2 challenge. RESULTS Participants administered sham "lorazepam" reported significant positive expectations of reduced anxiety (P = .001), but there was no group-level placebo effect on anxiety following CO2 challenge post-conditioning (Ps > .350). Surprisingly, we found many participants exhibited unexpected worsening of anxiety, despite positive expectations. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypothesis, our novel paradigm did not induce a placebo response, on average. It is possible that effects of 7.5% CO2 inhalation on prefrontal cortex function or behavior in line with a Bayesian predictive coding framework attenuated the effect of expectations on subsequent placebo response. Future studies are needed to explore these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T M Huneke
- Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, Southampton, UK
| | - Cosmina Cross
- Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Harry A Fagan
- Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, Southampton, UK
| | - Laura Molteni
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Matthew Garner
- Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
- University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, Southampton, UK
| | - David S Baldwin
- University Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
- University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, Southampton, UK
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2
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Gao X, Wang Z, Guo L, Gu Y, Song L, Wu Z, Li F, Jin Y, Yang Q. Consensus on the pharmacological treatment of acute stress disorder in Chinese pilots: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:664. [PMID: 37684592 PMCID: PMC10492406 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate medication is very important for pilots with acute stress disorder. Improper medication can not only affect the physical and mental health of the pilots but can also endanger flight safety. Hence, we aimed to quickly and effectively relieve symptoms and restore cognitive function by forming a consensus of Chinese experts on the pharmacological treatment of acute stress disorder in pilots using the Delphi method. METHODS Relevant literature was searched to enumerate the current status of pharmacological treatment of acute stress disorder in pilots, followed by two rounds of expert consultation and discussion according to the listed status of the survey using the Delphi method. A descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the basic information, authority coefficients, concentration of opinions, and survey items of the experts to develop a consensus on the pharmacological treatment of acute stress disorder in pilots. RESULTS A total of 16 experts in psychiatry, pharmacology, and aerospace medicine from different provinces and cities across China were invited for consultation. The recovery rate of the two rounds of consultation was 100%, and the expert authority coefficients were 0.897 and 0.906, respectively. Kendall's coefficient of concordance of indicators at all levels was 0.564-0.594 (p < 0.01). Based on the number of votes received, alprazolam tablets (16), eszopiclone tablets (15), and lorazepam tablets (14) were recommended for the treatment of excitatory psychomotor symptoms of acute stress disorder; paroxetine tablets (15) and sertraline tablets (15) were available for psychomotor depressive symptoms; olanzapine tablets (15), olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets (14), and quetiapine fumarate tablets (14) were selected for psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study formed a consensus on rapid and effective pharmacological treatment for different symptoms of acute stress disorder pilots, which provides a reference for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Air Force Hospital of Southern Theater Command, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Li Guo
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing hospital, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanan Gu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhongying Wu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fengzhan Li
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yinchuan Jin
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Qun Yang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Taylor ANW, Low DC, Walsh GS, Holt N. The impact of anxiety on postural control: CO 2 challenge model. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14192. [PMID: 36200605 PMCID: PMC10078562 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and balance and postural control are linked via common neural pathways, such as the parabrachial nucleus network. A laboratory-based model of general anxiety disorder (GAD) using the CO2 challenge, has potential to be used to observe this relationship, potentially mimicking subjective, autonomic, and neuropsychological features of GAD. The current feasibility study used the CO2 challenge to explore postural control changes in healthy adults. It was predicted that during the CO2 condition, participants would show increased postural sway path length and decreased sway stability, compared with a normal air breathing condition. To assess this, heart and breathing rate, quiet standing postural sway path length, sway dynamic stability, and subjective measures of emotion were measured either before and after or during and after the inhalation conditions. Results demonstrated that CO2 inhalation led to both an increase in sway path length and reduced sway stability compared to the air breathing conditions; the effect on sway path lasted after the inhalation of CO2 had ceased. Additionally, replication of HR and subjective measures of emotion were observed when comparing air and CO2 conditions. This provides experimental evidence that CO2 inhalation can affect balance, suggestive of shared mechanisms between anxiety and balance performance, as well as indicating that the CO2 model of GAD is suitable to look at changes in balance performance in healthy adults. Future use of this model to explore factors that can reduce the influence of GAD on balance would be beneficial as would a more detailed exploration of the neural pathways associated with the associated comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel C Low
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Gregory S Walsh
- Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Nigel Holt
- Department of Psychology, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
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4
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Amado P, Zegers J, Yarur HE, Gysling K. Transcriptional Regulation, Signaling Pathways, and Subcellular Localization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:280-287. [PMID: 36167424 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 are differentially distributed in body tissues, and although they respond differentially to stimuli due to their association with different signaling pathways, both receptors have a fundamental role in the response and adaptation to stressful stimuli. Here, we summarize the reported data on different forms of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 regulation as well as on their subcellular localization. Although the presence of R1 has been described at pre- and postsynaptic sites, R2 is mainly associated with postsynaptic densities. Different studies have provided valuable information on how these receptors regulate responses at a central level, elucidating different and sometimes synergistic roles in response to stress, but despite their high sequence identity, both receptors have been described to be differentially regulated both by their ligands and by transcriptional factors. To date, and from the point of view of their promoter sequences, it has not yet been reported how the different consensus sites identified in silico could be modulating the transcriptional regulation and expression of the receptors under different conditions, which strongly limits the full understanding of their differential functions, providing a wide field to increase and expand the study of the regulation and role of CRF receptors in the CRF system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A large number of physiological functions related to the organization of the stress response in different body tissues are associated with the corticotropin-releasing factor system. This system also plays a relevant role in depression and anxiety disorders, as well as being a direct connection between stress and addiction. A better understanding of how the receptors of this system are regulated would help to expand the understanding of how these receptors respond differently to both drugs and stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Amado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Zegers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector E Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Baroreflex sensitivity derived from the Valsalva manoeuvre: A physiological protective factor for anxiety induced by breathing CO 2-enriched air. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 179:101-109. [PMID: 35809687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the capacity of baroreflex sensitivity, derived from the Valsalva manoeuvre (BRS_v), to predict state anxiety induced by a biological stressor (CO2 inhalation). Healthy adults (n = 50) breathed 7.5 % CO2-enriched air for 8 min, preceded and followed by breathing medical air for 5 min. State anxiety was evaluated with a visual analogue scale. Anxiety sensitivity (Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3; ASI-3) and trait anxiety (Trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; STAI_T) served as cognitive-affective predictors. BRS_v was adopted as a physiological predictor. Multiple regression analysis revealed that BRS_v predicted lower anxiety during CO2 exposure, and attenuated the effect of ASI-3 in increasing anxiety. No significant effects were found for STAI_T. This is the first study to identify baroreflex sensitivity as a strong protective physiological factor for anxiety beyond the effect of anxiety sensitivity.
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Tural U, Iosifescu DV. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of carbon dioxide provocation in psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:508-515. [PMID: 33250190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND False suffocation alarm hypothesis has been widely used to explain carbon dioxide hypersensitivity in panic disorder (PD). However, hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide has been observed in other psychiatric disorders. We explored the specificity of carbon dioxide inhalation as a panic provocation test among psychiatric disorders via network meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search on PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycNET was performed to acquire the studies using the carbon dioxide provocation test in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklists. Odds ratios (OR) for a panic attack (PA) induced by the carbon dioxide inhalation tests were extracted from each of the original studies and were pooled using the random-effects model. RESULTS Network meta-analysis on a pool of 2181 participants from 41 studies was used to compare the efficacy of carbon dioxide provocation tests among psychiatric disorders. The network meta-analysis showed that the odds for PA in response to carbon dioxide inhalation are higher in patients with PD, premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMDD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD) than healthy controls (HC). The odds for PA were not significantly different among patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy controls (HC). CONCLUSIONS The vulnerability to the carbon dioxide provocation test is not limited to PD. The specificity of the test for PD is questionable, as individuals suffering from PMDD and SAD are also significantly more responsive to carbon dioxide inhalation compared to HC, OCD, MDD, and GAD. There may be shared underpinning biological mechanisms between PD, PMDD, and SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Gillan CM, Vaghi MM, Hezemans FH, van Ghesel Grothe S, Dafflon J, Brühl AB, Savulich G, Robbins TW. Experimentally induced and real-world anxiety have no demonstrable effect on goal-directed behaviour. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1467-1478. [PMID: 32114998 PMCID: PMC8311820 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goal-directed control guides optimal decision-making and it is an important cognitive faculty that protects against developing habits. Previous studies have found some evidence of goal-directed deficits when healthy individuals are stressed, and in psychiatric conditions characterised by compulsive behaviours and anxiety. Here, we tested if goal-directed control is affected by state anxiety, which might explain the former results. METHODS We carried out a causal test of this hypothesis in two experiments (between-subject N = 88; within-subject N = 50) that used the inhalation of hypercapnic gas (7.5% CO2) to induce an acute state of anxiety in healthy volunteers. In a third experiment (N = 1413), we used a correlational design to test if real-life anxiety-provoking events (panic attacks, stressful events) are associated with impaired goal-directed control. RESULTS In the former two causal experiments, we induced a profoundly anxious state, both physiologically and psychologically, but this did not affect goal-directed performance. In the third, correlational, study, we found no evidence for an association between goal-directed control, panic attacks or stressful life eventsover and above variance accounted for by trait differences in compulsivity. CONCLUSIONS In sum, three complementary experiments found no evidence that anxiety impairs goal-directed control in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Gillan
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- New York University, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - A. B. Brühl
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Multiple-dose clinical pharmacology of the selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist ACT-539313. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 108:110166. [PMID: 33159976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Compounds that selectively target orexin-1 receptors may be beneficial for the treatment of various disorders. The role of selective orexin-1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) in addictive behavior and stress/anxiety-related disturbances has been demonstrated in animals. ACT-539313, an orally active, potent 1-SORA, has been assessed in a clinical single-ascending dose study and exhibited good safety and tolerability. In the two reported studies on ACT-539313, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety, and tolerability were investigated and in a proof-of-mechanism study a CO2 challenge was applied as pharmacological model for induction of anxiety and panic symptoms (sequential inhalation of air, 7.5% CO2, and 35% CO2). METHODS Two double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multiple-dose studies included 58 healthy male and female subjects. In Study 1, multiple-ascending oral doses of 30, 100, and 200 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) ACT-539313 were investigated in 3 dose groups of 8 or 12 subjects (of whom 2 received placebo per dose group). Study 2 was conducted as a randomized two-way crossover design, enrolling 21 male and 9 female subjects who received 200 mg ACT-539313 or matching placebo b.i.d. for 2.5 days followed by a CO2 challenge, with a washout period in between. PK, PD (objective and subjective measures of sedation, alertness, effects on central nervous system (CNS), and anxiety/panic symptoms), safety, and tolerability were assessed. RESULTS At steady state, ACT-539313 was rapidly absorbed with a median time to maximum plasma concentration of 1.8-2.3 h and eliminated with a mean half-life of 3.8-6.5 h. Overall exposure increased dose-proportionally. In Study 1, PD effects confirmed activity of ACT-539313 on the CNS, without consistent or marked effects of sedation, reduced alertness or visuo-motor impairment. In the CO2 challenge, cortisol concentrations were lower during initial air inhalation after treatment with ACT-539313 compared to placebo, while no difference was detected after CO2 inhalation. Trends for lower scores in subjective anxiety assessments were observed for ACT-539313. Besides reports of stress related to the challenge, the most frequently reported adverse events were somnolence and headache. No clinically relevant effects in other safety assessments were observed. CONCLUSIONS Multiple-dose administration of ACT-539313 was safe and well tolerated up to multiple doses of 200 mg b.i.d. The drug's PK properties as well as the pattern of a decrease in stress-related symptoms after the CO2 challenge support further investigations of ACT-539313.
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Gibson BC, Heinrich M, Mullins TS, Yu AB, Hansberger JT, Clark VP. Baseline Differences in Anxiety Affect Attention and tDCS-Mediated Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:541369. [PMID: 33746721 PMCID: PMC7965943 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.541369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable responses to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocols across individuals are widely reported, but the reasons behind this variation are unclear. This includes tDCS protocols meant to improve attention. Attentional control is impacted by top-down and bottom-up processes, and this relationship is affected by state characteristics such as anxiety. According to Attentional Control Theory, anxiety biases attention towards bottom-up and stimulus-driven processing. The goal of this study was to explore the extent to which differences in state anxiety and related measures affect visual attention and category learning, both with and without the influence of tDCS. Using discovery learning, participants were trained to classify pictures of European streets into two categories while receiving 30 min of 2.0 mA anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS over the rVLPFC. The pictures were classifiable according to two separate rules, one stimulus and one hypothesis-driven. The Remote Associates Test (RAT), Profile of Mood States, and Attention Networks Task (ANT) were used to understand the effects of individual differences at baseline on subsequent tDCS-mediated learning. Multinomial logistic regression was fit to predict rule learning based on the baseline measures, with subjects classified according to whether they used the stimulus-driven or hypothesis-driven rule to classify the pictures. The overall model showed a classification accuracy of 74.1%. The type of tDCS stimulation applied, attentional orienting score, and self-reported mood were significant predictors of different categories of rule learning. These results indicate that anxiety can influence the quality of subjects' attention at the onset of the task and that these attentional differences can influence tDCS-mediated category learning during the rapid assessment of visual scenes. These findings have implications for understanding the complex interactions that give rise to the variability in response to tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Melissa Heinrich
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Teagan S. Mullins
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alfred B. Yu
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research, and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Hansberger
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research, and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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10
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Leibold NK, van den Hove DLA, Weidner MT, Buchanan GF, Steinbusch HWM, Lesch KP, Schruers KRJ. Effect of serotonin transporter genotype on carbon dioxide-induced fear-related behavior in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1408-1417. [PMID: 33103571 PMCID: PMC7708670 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120959611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaling 35% carbon dioxide induces an emotional and symptomatic state in humans closely resembling naturally occurring panic attacks, the core symptom of panic disorder. Previous research has suggested a role of the serotonin system in the individual sensitivity to carbon dioxide. In line with this, we previously showed that a variant in the SLC6A4 gene, encoding the serotonin transporter, moderates the fear response to carbon dioxide in humans. To study the etiological basis of carbon dioxide-reactivity and panic attacks in more detail, we recently established a translational mouse model. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate whether decreased expression of the serotonin transporter affects the sensitivity to carbon dioxide. METHODS Based on our previous work, wildtype and serotonin transporter deficient (+/-, -/-) mice were monitored while being exposed to carbon dioxide-enriched air. In wildtype and serotonin transporter +/- mice, also cardio-respiration was assessed. RESULTS For most behavioral measures under air exposure, wildtype and serotonin transporter +/- mice did not differ, while serotonin transporter -/- mice showed more fear-related behavior. Carbon dioxide exposure evoked a marked increase in fear-related behaviors, independent of genotype, with the exception of time serotonin transporter -/- mice spent in the center zone of the modified open field test and freezing in the two-chamber test. On the physiological level, when inhaling carbon dioxide, the respiratory system was strongly activated and heart rate decreased independent of genotype. CONCLUSION Carbon dioxide is a robust fear-inducing stimulus. It evokes inhibitory behavioral responses such as decreased exploration and is associated with a clear respiratory profile independent of serotonin transporter genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Leibold
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA,Nicole K Leibold, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 (Vijverdal), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel LA van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena T Weidner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gordon F Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA,University of Iowa Graduate College, Iowa City, USA
| | - Harry WM Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technoglogy (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Koen RJ Schruers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Salvadore G, Bonaventure P, Shekhar A, Johnson PL, Lord B, Shireman BT, Lebold TP, Nepomuceno D, Dugovic C, Brooks S, Zuiker R, Bleys C, Tatikola K, Remmerie B, Jacobs GE, Schruers K, Moyer J, Nash A, Van Nueten LGM, Drevets WC. Translational evaluation of novel selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist JNJ-61393215 in an experimental model for panic in rodents and humans. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:308. [PMID: 32895369 PMCID: PMC7477545 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area project to anxiety- and panic-associated neural circuitry, and are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli. Preclinical evidence suggests that the orexin system, and particularly the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R), may be involved in the pathophysiology of panic and anxiety. Selective OX1R antagonists thus may constitute a potential new treatment strategy for panic- and anxiety-related disorders. Here, we characterized a novel selective OX1R antagonist, JNJ-61393215, and determined its affinity and potency for human and rat OX1R in vitro. We also evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of JNJ-61393215 in first-in-human single- and multiple-ascending dose studies conducted. Finally, the potential anxiolytic effects of JNJ-61393215 were evaluated both in rats and in healthy men using 35% CO2 inhalation challenge to induce panic symptoms. In the rat CO2 model of panic anxiety, JNJ-61393215 demonstrated dose-dependent attenuation of CO2-induced panic-like behavior without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity, and had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep. In phase-1 human studies, JNJ-61393215 at 90 mg demonstrated significant reduction (P < 0.02) in CO2-induced fear and anxiety symptoms that were comparable to those obtained using alprazolam. The most frequently reported adverse events were somnolence and headache, and all events were mild in severity. These results support the safety, tolerability, and anxiolytic effects of JNJ-61393215, and validate CO2 exposure as a translational cross-species experimental model to evaluate the therapeutic potential of novel anxiolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Salvadore
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | | | - Anantha Shekhar
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Brian Lord
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Terry P. Lebold
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Christine Dugovic
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sander Brooks
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Zuiker
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Bleys
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kanaka Tatikola
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Bart Remmerie
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gabriel E. Jacobs
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Research School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Moyer
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Abigail Nash
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Luc G. M. Van Nueten
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
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12
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Vismara M, Girone N, Cirnigliaro G, Fasciana F, Vanzetto S, Ferrara L, Priori A, D’Addario C, Viganò C, Dell’Osso B. Peripheral Biomarkers in DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders: An Updated Overview. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E564. [PMID: 32824625 PMCID: PMC7464377 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are prevalent and highly disabling mental disorders. In recent years, intensive efforts focused on the search for potential neuroimaging, genetic, and peripheral biomarkers in order to better understand the pathophysiology of these disorders, support their diagnosis, and characterize the treatment response. Of note, peripheral blood biomarkers, as surrogates for the central nervous system, represent a promising instrument to characterize psychiatric disorders, although their role has not been extensively applied to clinical practice. In this report, the state of the art on peripheral biomarkers of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) Anxiety Disorders is presented, in order to examine their role in the pathogenesis of these conditions and their potential application for diagnosis and treatment. Available data on the cerebrospinal fluid and blood-based biomarkers related to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neurotrophic factors, and the inflammation and immune system are reviewed. Despite the wide scientific literature and the promising results in the field, only a few of the proposed peripheral biomarkers have been defined as a specific diagnostic instrument or have been identified as a guide in the treatment response to DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders. Therefore, further investigations are needed to provide new biological insights into the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders, to help in their diagnosis, and to tailor a treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vismara
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Nicolaja Girone
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Giovanna Cirnigliaro
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Federica Fasciana
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Simone Vanzetto
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Luca Ferrara
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caterina Viganò
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (N.G.); (G.C.); (F.F.); (S.V.); (L.F.); (C.V.); (B.D.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- “Centro per lo studio dei meccanismi molecolari alla base delle patologie neuro-psico-geriatriche”, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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13
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Huneke NTM, Broulidakis MJ, Darekar A, Baldwin DS, Garner M. Brain Functional Connectivity Correlates of Response in the 7.5% CO2 Inhalational Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:268-273. [PMID: 32170303 PMCID: PMC7177158 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 7.5% CO2 inhalational model can be used to explore potential treatments for generalized anxiety disorder. However, it is unknown how inter-individual variability in the functional architecture of negative affective valence systems might relate to anxiogenic response in this model. METHODS A total of 13 healthy volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a passive emotional face perception task. We explored task-evoked functional connectivity in the potential threat system through generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis. Within 7 days, these participants underwent prolonged 7.5% CO2 inhalation, and results from the generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis were correlated with CO2 outcome measures. RESULTS Functional connectivity between ventromedial prefrontal cortex and right amygdala positively correlated with heart rate and subjective anxiety, while connectivity between midcingulate cortex and left amygdala negatively correlated with anxiety during CO2 challenge. CONCLUSIONS Response to CO2 challenge correlated with task-evoked functional connectivity in the potential threat system. Further studies should assess whether this translates into clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T M Huneke
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,Correspondence: Nathan T. M. Huneke, MRes, University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, 4–12 Terminus Terrace, Southampton, SO14 3DT, UK ()
| | - M John Broulidakis
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Darekar
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom,University Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Matthew Garner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,AcademicUnit of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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14
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Améndola L, Ratuski A, Weary DM. Variation in the onset of CO 2-induced anxiety in female Sprague Dawley rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19007. [PMID: 31831816 PMCID: PMC6908729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is commonly used to kill laboratory rats. Rats find CO2 aversive and aversion varies between individuals, indicating that rats vary in CO2 sensitivity. Healthy humans experience feelings of anxiety at concentrations similar to those avoided by rats, and these feelings are diminished by the administration of benzodiazepines. Our aim was to assess the effects of the benzodiazepine midazolam on individual thresholds of rat aversion to CO2. Six female Sprague Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to CO2 gradual-fill in approach-avoidance testing. The first three exposures were to a control-treatment followed by three exposures to midazolam (0.375 mg/kg). Within each treatment aversion to CO2 was not affected by exposure number; however, tolerance increased from an average of 10.7% CO2 avoided during control sessions, to 15.5% CO2 avoided when treated with midazolam. These results indicate that rats experience anxiety when exposed to CO2, and that variation in rat CO2 sensitivity is driven by individual differences in the onset of these feelings of anxiety. No rat tolerated CO2 concentrations required to induce loss of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Améndola
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anna Ratuski
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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15
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Tomasi J, Lisoway AJ, Zai CC, Harripaul R, Müller DJ, Zai GCM, McCabe RE, Richter MA, Kennedy JL, Tiwari AK. Towards precision medicine in generalized anxiety disorder: Review of genetics and pharmaco(epi)genetics. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 119:33-47. [PMID: 31563039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a prevalent and chronic mental disorder that elicits widespread functional impairment. Given the high degree of non-response/partial response among patients with GAD to available pharmacological treatments, there is a strong need for novel approaches that can optimize outcomes, and lead to medications that are safer and more effective. Although investigations have identified interesting targets predicting treatment response through pharmacogenetics (PGx), pharmaco-epigenetics, and neuroimaging methods, these studies are often solitary, not replicated, and carry several limitations. This review provides an overview of the current status of GAD genetics and PGx and presents potential strategies to improve treatment response by combining better phenotyping with PGx and improved analytical methods. These strategies carry the dual benefit of delivering data on biomarkers of treatment response as well as pointing to disease mechanisms through the biology of the markers associated with response. Overall, these efforts can serve to identify clinical, genetic, and epigenetic factors that can be incorporated into a pharmaco(epi)genetic test that may ultimately improve treatment response and reduce the socioeconomic burden of GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tomasi
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Lisoway
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clement C Zai
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ricardo Harripaul
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gwyneth C M Zai
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Randi E McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret A Richter
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Frederick W. Thompson Anxiety Disorders Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Molecular Brain Science Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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The effects of acute yoga on anxiety symptoms in response to a carbon dioxide inhalation task in women. Complement Ther Med 2019; 47:102230. [PMID: 31780009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the efficacy of yoga for improving cognitive and physical anxiety symptoms, and its possible respiratory mechanism, in high-anxious women. METHODS Eighteen participants completed 40 min of guided yoga and a light stretching protocol in a randomized, counterbalanced order.The 7.5%CO2-inhalation task was administered before, immediately after and 1 h after the experimental conditions.State anxiety and panic were measured before and after each inhalation task.Tidal volume, ventilation and respiratory rate were measured during every 7.5%CO2-inhalation tasks. RESULTS There was no significant 3-way interaction(p > .05).There was a significant main effect of CO2-inhalation task on panic and respiratory measures(p < .05).When collapsed over inhalation task and condition, there was a small reduction in cognitive anxiety from baseline to immediately post and 1 -h post-condition(p < .05). CONCLUSIONS There appears to be an overall effect of general physical activity for attenuating anxiety cognitions irrespective of the physiological changes, indicating possible dissociation between the cognitive and physical symptoms of anxiety among women with anxiety sensitivity.
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17
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Savulich G, Hezemans FH, van Ghesel Grothe S, Dafflon J, Schulten N, Brühl AB, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Acute anxiety and autonomic arousal induced by CO 2 inhalation impairs prefrontal executive functions in healthy humans. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:296. [PMID: 31719527 PMCID: PMC6851177 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute anxiety impacts cognitive performance. Inhalation of air enriched with carbon dioxide (CO2) in healthy humans provides a novel experimental model of generalised anxiety, but has not previously been used to assess cognition. We used inhalation of 7.5% CO2 to induce acute anxiety and autonomic arousal in healthy volunteers during neuropsychological tasks of cognitive flexibility, emotional processing and spatial working memory in a single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subjects study. In Experiment 1 (n = 44), participants made significantly more extra-dimensional shift errors on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift task under CO2 inhalation compared with 'normal' air. Participants also had slower latencies when responding to positive words and made significantly more omission errors for negative words on the CANTAB Affective Go/No-go task. In Experiment 2 (n = 28), participants made significantly more total errors and had poorer heuristic search strategy on the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory task. In both experiments, CO2 inhalation significantly increased negative affect; state anxiety and fear; symptoms of panic; and systolic blood pressure/heart rate. Overall, CO2 inhalation produced robust anxiogenic effects and impaired fronto-executive functions of cognitive flexibility and working memory. Effects on emotional processing suggested a mood-congruent slowing in processing speed in the absence of a negative attentional bias. State-dependent effects of anxiety on cognitive-emotional interactions in the prefrontal cortex warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank H Hezemans
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jessica Dafflon
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norah Schulten
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annette B Brühl
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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18
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Steiner AR, Flammer SA, Beausoleil NJ, Berg C, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Pinillos RG, Golledge HDW, Marahrens M, Meyer R, Schnitzer T, Toscano MJ, Turner PV, Weary DM, Gent TC. Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E911. [PMID: 31684044 PMCID: PMC6912382 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
: The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for stunning and killing animals is considered to compromise welfare due to air hunger, anxiety, fear, and pain. Despite decades of research, no alternatives have so far been found that provide a safe and reliable way to induce unconsciousness in groups of animals, and also cause less distress than CO2. Here, we revisit the current and historical literature to identify key research questions that may lead to the identification and implementation of more humane alternatives to induce unconsciousness in mice, rats, poultry, and pigs. In addition to the evaluation of novel methods and agents, we identify the need to standardise the terminology and behavioural assays within the field. We further reason that more accurate measurements of consciousness state are needed and serve as a central component in the assessment of suffering. Therefore, we propose a roadmap toward improving animal welfare during end-of-life procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Steiner
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 258c, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Shannon Axiak Flammer
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Section of Anesthesia and Analgesia, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 124, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ngaio J Beausoleil
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Charlotte Berg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 234, SE-53223 Skara, Sweden.
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 258c, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rebeca García Pinillos
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR, UK.
| | - Huw D W Golledge
- Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), The Old School, Brewhouse Hill, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire AL4 8AN, UK.
| | - Michael Marahrens
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Dörnbergstraße 25/27, 29223 Celle, Germany.
| | - Robert Meyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michael J Toscano
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Animal Welfare Division, VPH Institute, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada and Charles River, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA.
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Colombia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Thomas C Gent
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 258c, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Grillon C, Robinson OJ, Cornwell B, Ernst M. Modeling anxiety in healthy humans: a key intermediate bridge between basic and clinical sciences. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1999-2010. [PMID: 31226707 PMCID: PMC6897969 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of anxiety disorders are important for elucidating neurobiological defense mechanisms. However, animal models are limited when it comes to understanding the more complex processes of anxiety that are unique to humans (e.g., worry) and to screen new treatments. In this review, we outline how the Experimental Psychopathology approach, based on experimental models of anxiety in healthy subjects, can mitigate these limitations and complement research in animals. Experimental psychopathology can bridge basic research in animals and clinical studies, as well as guide and constrain hypotheses about the nature of psychopathology, treatment mechanisms, and treatment targets. This review begins with a brief review of the strengths and limitations of animal models before discussing the need for human models of anxiety, which are especially necessary to probe higher-order cognitive processes. This can be accomplished by combining anxiety-induction procedures with tasks that probe clinically relevant processes to identify neurocircuits that are potentially altered by anxiety. The review then discusses the validity of experimental psychopathology and introduces a methodological approach consisting of five steps: (1) select anxiety-relevant cognitive or behavioral operations and associated tasks, (2) identify the underlying neurocircuits supporting these operations in healthy controls, 3) examine the impact of experimental anxiety on the targeted operations in healthy controls, (4) utilize findings from step 3 to generate hypotheses about neurocircuit dysfunction in anxious patients, and 5) evaluate treatment mechanisms and screen novel treatments. This is followed by two concrete illustrations of this approach and suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grillon
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Oliver J Robinson
- University College London, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Brian Cornwell
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hood SD, Broyd A, Robinson H, Lee J, Hudaib AR, Hince DA. Effects of tryptophan depletion on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1615-1623. [PMID: 29095069 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117736916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic antidepressants are first-line medication therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder, however it is not known if synaptic serotonin availability is important for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy. The present study tested the hypothesis that temporary reduction in central serotonin transmission, through acute tryptophan depletion, would result in an increase in anxiety in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. METHODS Eight patients (four males) with obsessive-compulsive disorder who showed sustained clinical improvement with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment underwent acute tryptophan depletion in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design, over two days one week apart. Five hours after consumption of the depleting/sham drink the participants performed a personalized obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom exposure task. Psychological responses were measured using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Visual Analogue Scales. RESULTS Free plasma tryptophan to large neutral amino acid ratio decreased by 93% on the depletion day and decreased by 1% on the sham day, as anticipated. Psychological rating scores as measured by Visual Analogue Scale showed a significant decrease in perceived control and increase in interfering thoughts at the time of provocation on the depletion day but not on the sham day. A measure of convergent validity, namely Visual Analogue Scale Similar to past, was significantly higher at the time of provocation on both the depletion and sham days. Both the depletion and time of provocation scores for Visual Analogue Scale Anxiety, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and blood pressure were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Acute tryptophan depletion caused a significant decrease in perceived control and increase in interfering thoughts at the time of provocation. Acute tryptophan depletion had no effect on the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory or Visual Analogue Scale Anxiety measures, which suggests that the mechanism of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be different to that seen in panic, social anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Successful selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder may involve the ability of serotonin to switch habitual responding to goal-directed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Hood
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Annabel Broyd
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hayley Robinson
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jessica Lee
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Abdul-Rahman Hudaib
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dana A Hince
- Division of Psychiatry, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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21
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Balderston NL, Liu J, Roberson-Nay R, Ernst M, Grillon C. The relationship between dlPFC activity during unpredictable threat and CO 2-induced panic symptoms. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:1266. [PMID: 29213110 PMCID: PMC5802456 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder is characterized by sudden, repeated, and unexpected attacks of intense fear and overwhelming anxiety about when another attack may strike. Patients with panic disorder and healthy individuals with a history of panic attacks show a hypersensitivity to unpredictable threats, suggesting a possible link between panic and sustained anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which induced symptoms of panic relate to fear and anxiety, as well as activity in the neural systems that mediate and regulate these affective states. Psychological and physiological symptoms of panic were assessed during an 8-min 7.5% CO2 challenge task. Psychological, physiological, and neural symptoms of fear and anxiety were measured during two sessions (one psychophysiology and one functional magnetic resonance imaging where subjects experienced several blocks of no threat (N), predictable shock (P), and unpredictable shock (U; NPU threat task). We used a principle component analysis to characterize panic susceptibility (PS), and found that PS significantly predicted dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity to the unpredictable cue during the NPU threat task. When examining the weighted beta coefficients from this analysis, we observed that self-reported fear/anxiety during the CO2 challenge negatively loaded onto dlPFC activity during the NPU task. Consistent with this observation, dlPFC activity during the unpredictable cue was also negatively correlated with anxiety during the NPU sessions. Together, these results suggest that panic symptoms and anxiety are regulated by the same prefrontal cognitive control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Balderston
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dSection on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jeffrey Liu
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dSection on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- 0000 0004 0458 8737grid.224260.0Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Monique Ernst
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dSection on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Christian Grillon
- 0000 0001 2297 5165grid.94365.3dSection on Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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22
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Attwood AS, Easey KE, Dalili MN, Skinner AL, Woods A, Crick L, Ilett E, Penton-Voak IS, Munafò MR. State anxiety and emotional face recognition in healthy volunteers. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160855. [PMID: 28572987 PMCID: PMC5451788 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High trait anxiety has been associated with detriments in emotional face processing. By contrast, relatively little is known about the effects of state anxiety on emotional face processing. We investigated the effects of state anxiety on recognition of emotional expressions (anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear and happiness) experimentally, using the 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) model to induce state anxiety, and in a large observational study. The experimental studies indicated reduced global (rather than emotion-specific) emotion recognition accuracy and increased interpretation bias (a tendency to perceive anger over happiness) when state anxiety was heightened. The observational study confirmed that higher state anxiety is associated with poorer emotion recognition, and indicated that negative effects of trait anxiety are negated when controlling for state anxiety, suggesting a mediating effect of state anxiety. These findings may have implications for anxiety disorders, which are characterized by increased frequency, intensity or duration of state anxious episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S. Attwood
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kayleigh E. Easey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael N. Dalili
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew L. Skinner
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andy Woods
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lana Crick
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ian S. Penton-Voak
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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23
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Baldwin DS, Hou R, Gordon R, Huneke NTM, Garner M. Pharmacotherapy in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Novel Experimental Medicine Models and Emerging Drug Targets. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:307-317. [PMID: 28303465 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmacological and psychological approaches have been found efficacious in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but many treatment-seeking patients will not respond and others will relapse despite continuing with interventions that initially had beneficial effects. Other patients will respond but then stop treatment early because of untoward effects such as sexual dysfunction, drowsiness, and weight gain. There is much scope for the development of novel approaches that could have greater overall effectiveness or acceptability than currently available interventions or that have particular effectiveness in specific clinical subgroups. 'Experimental medicine' studies in healthy volunteers model disease states and represent a proof-of-concept approach for the development of novel therapeutic interventions: they determine whether to proceed to pivotal efficacy studies and so can reduce delays in translating innovations into clinical practice. Investigations in healthy volunteers challenged with the inhalation of air 'enriched' with 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) indicate this technique provides a validated and robust experimental medicine model, mirroring the subjective, autonomic, and cognitive features of GAD. The anxiety response during CO2 challenge probably involves both central noradrenergic neurotransmission and effects on acid-base sensitive receptors and so may stimulate development of novel agents targeted at central chemosensors. Increasing awareness of the potential role of altered cytokine balance in anxiety and the interplay of cytokines with monoaminergic mechanisms may also encourage the investigation of novel agents with modulating effects on immunological profiles. Although seemingly disparate, these two approaches to treatment development may pivot on a shared mechanism in exerting anxiolytic-like effects through pharmacological effects on acid-sensing ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. .,University Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,University Department of Psychiatry, Academic Centre, College Keep, 4-12 Terminus Terrace, Southampton, SO14 3DT, UK.
| | - Ruihua Hou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Robert Gordon
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nathan T M Huneke
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Garner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Academic Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Social, Human and Mathematical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Bandelow B, Baldwin D, Abelli M, Bolea-Alamanac B, Bourin M, Chamberlain SR, Cinosi E, Davies S, Domschke K, Fineberg N, Grünblatt E, Jarema M, Kim YK, Maron E, Masdrakis V, Mikova O, Nutt D, Pallanti S, Pini S, Ströhle A, Thibaut F, Vaghix MM, Won E, Wedekind D, Wichniak A, Woolley J, Zwanzger P, Riederer P. Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:162-214. [PMID: 27419272 PMCID: PMC5341771 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Anxiety Disorders Research Network. RESULTS The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochemistry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neurotrophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neuroimaging and genetics. CONCLUSIONS Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borwin Bandelow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Baldwin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marianna Abelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Blanca Bolea-Alamanac
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michel Bourin
- Neurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eduardo Cinosi
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simon Davies
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Naomi Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marek Jarema
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eduard Maron
- Department of Psychiatry, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Vasileios Masdrakis
- Athens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Olya Mikova
- Foundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David Nutt
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stefano Pallanti
- UC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stefano Pini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité – University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, University Hospital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Matilde M. Vaghix
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Eunsoo Won
- Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adam Wichniak
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jade Woolley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- kbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Abstract
In the present chapter, we review the literature focusing on oxytocin (OT)-centered research in anxiety spectrum conditions, comprising separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and anxiety-related endophenotypes (e.g., trust behavior, behavioral inhibition, neuroticism, and state/trait anxiety). OT receptor gene (OXTR) polymorphisms have been implicated in gene-environment interactions with attachment style and childhood maltreatment and to influence clinical outcomes, including SAD intensity and limbic responsiveness. Epigenetic OXTR DNA methylation patterns have emerged as a link between categorical, dimensional, neuroendocrinological, and neuroimaging SAD correlates, highlighting them as potential peripheral surrogates of the central oxytocinergic tone. A pathophysiological framework of OT integrating the dynamic nature of epigenetic biomarkers and the summarized genetic and peripheral evidence is proposed. Finally, we emphasize opportunities and challenges of OT as a key network node of social interaction and fear learning in social contexts. In conjunction with multi-level investigations incorporating a dimensional understanding of social affiliation and avoidance in anxiety spectrum disorders, these concepts will help to promote research for diagnostic, state, and treatment response biomarkers of the OT system, advancing towards indicated preventive interventions and personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Gottschalk
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, Freiburg im Breisgau, 79104, Germany.
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26
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Button KS, Karwatowska L, Kounali D, Munafò MR, Attwood AS. Acute anxiety and social inference: An experimental manipulation with 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1036-46. [PMID: 27380750 PMCID: PMC5036074 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116653105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive self-bias is thought to be protective for mental health. We previously found that the degree of positive bias when learning self-referential social evaluation decreases with increasing social anxiety. It is unclear whether this reduction is driven by differences in state or trait anxiety, as both are elevated in social anxiety; therefore, we examined the effects on the state of anxiety induced by the 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) on social evaluation learning. METHODS For our study, 48 (24 of female gender) healthy volunteers took two inhalations (medical air and 7.5% CO2, counterbalanced) whilst learning social rules (self-like, self-dislike, other-like and other-dislike) in an instrumental social evaluation learning task. We analysed the outcomes (number of positive responses and errors to criterion) using the random effects Poisson regression. RESULTS Participants made fewer and more positive responses when breathing 7.5% CO2 in the other-like and other-dislike rules, respectively (gas × condition × rule interaction p = 0.03). Individuals made fewer errors learning self-like than self-dislike, and this positive self-bias was unaffected by CO2. Breathing 7.5% CO2 increased errors, but only in the other-referential rules (gas × condition × rule interaction p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Positive self-bias (i.e. fewer errors learning self-like than self-dislike) seemed robust to changes in state anxiety. In contrast, learning other-referential evaluation was impaired as state anxiety increased. This suggested that the previously observed variations in self-bias arise due to trait, rather than state, characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Karwatowska
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daphne Kounali
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela S Attwood
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Medical Research Council, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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27
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A Good Death? Report of the Second Newcastle Meeting on Laboratory Animal Euthanasia. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6090050. [PMID: 27563926 PMCID: PMC5035945 DOI: 10.3390/ani6090050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Millions of laboratory animals are killed each year worldwide. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding what methods of killing are humane for many species and stages of development. This report summarises research findings and discussions from an international meeting of experts and stakeholders, with recommendations to inform good practice for humane killing of mice, rats and zebrafish. It provides additional guidance and perspectives for researchers designing projects that involve euthanasing animals, researchers studying aspects of humane killing, euthanasia device manufacturers, regulators, and institutional ethics or animal care and use committees that wish to review local practice. Abstract Millions of laboratory animals are killed each year worldwide. There is an ethical, and in many countries also a legal, imperative to ensure those deaths cause minimal suffering. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding what methods of killing are humane for many species and stages of development. In 2013, an international group of researchers and stakeholders met at Newcastle University, United Kingdom to discuss the latest research and which methods could currently be considered most humane for the most commonly used laboratory species (mice, rats and zebrafish). They also discussed factors to consider when making decisions about appropriate techniques for particular species and projects, and priorities for further research. This report summarises the research findings and discussions, with recommendations to help inform good practice for humane killing.
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28
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Beadel JR, Mathews A, Teachman BA. Cognitive Bias Modification to Enhance Resilience to a Panic Challenge. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-016-9791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fluharty ME, Attwood AS, Munafò MR. Anxiety sensitivity and trait anxiety are associated with response to 7.5% carbon dioxide challenge. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:182-7. [PMID: 26561530 PMCID: PMC4724859 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115615105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation model is used to provoke acute anxiety, for example to investigate the effects of anxiety on cognitive processes, or the efficacy of novel anxiolytic agents. However, little is known about the relationship of baseline anxiety sensitivity or trait anxiety (i.e., anxiety proneness), with an individual's response to the 7.5% CO2 challenge. We examined data from a number of 7.5% CO2 challenge studies to determine whether anxiety proneness was related to subjective or physiological response. Our findings indicate anxiety proneness is associated with greater subjective and physiological responses. However, anxiety-prone individuals also have a greater subjective response to the placebo (medical air) condition. This suggests that anxiety-prone individuals not only respond more strongly to the 7.5% CO2 challenge, but also to medical air. Implications for the design and conduct of 7.5% CO2 challenge studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg E Fluharty
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angela S Attwood
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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30
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The brain acid–base homeostasis and serotonin: A perspective on the use of carbon dioxide as human and rodent experimental model of panic. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 129:58-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Ainsworth B, Marshall JE, Meron D, Baldwin DS, Chadwick P, Munafò MR, Garner M. Evaluating psychological interventions in a novel experimental human model of anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 63:117-22. [PMID: 25765144 PMCID: PMC4406751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of 7.5% carbon dioxide increases anxiety and autonomic arousal and provides a novel experimental model of anxiety with which to evaluate pharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety. To date several psychotropic drugs including benzodiazepines, SSRIs and SNRIs have been evaluated using the 7.5% CO2 model; however, it has yet to be used to evaluate psychological interventions. We compared the effects of two core psychological components of mindfulness-meditation (open monitoring and focused attention) against general relaxation, on subjective, autonomic and neuropsychological outcomes in the 7.5% CO2 experimental model. 32 healthy screened adults were randomized to complete 10 min of guided open monitoring, focused attention or relaxation, immediately before inhaling 7.5% CO2 for 20 min. During CO2-challenge participants completed an eye-tracking measure of attention control and selective attention. Measures of subjective anxiety, blood pressure and heart rate were taken at baseline and immediately following intervention and CO2-challenge. OM and FA practice reduced subjective feelings of anxiety during 20-min inhalation of 7.5% CO2 compared to relaxation control. OM practice produced a strong anxiolytic effect, whereas the effect of FA was more modest. Anxiolytic OM and FA effects occurred in the absence of group differences in autonomic arousal and eye-movement measures of attention. Our findings are consistent with neuropsychological models of mindfulness-meditation that propose OM and FA activate prefrontal mechanisms that support emotion regulation during periods of anxiety and physiological hyper-arousal. Our findings complement those from pharmacological treatment studies, further supporting the use of CO2 challenge to evaluate future therapeutic interventions for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ainsworth
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK.
| | | | - Daniel Meron
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - David S. Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), The University of Bristol, UK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Garner
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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Attwood AS, Ataya AF, Bailey JE, Lightman SL, Munafò MR. Effects of 7.5% carbon dioxide inhalation on anxiety and mood in cigarette smokers. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:763-72. [PMID: 24763184 PMCID: PMC4986884 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114529378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with elevated risk of anxiety and mood disorder. Using the 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation model of anxiety induction, we examined the effects of smoking status and abstinence from smoking on anxiety responses. Physiological and subjective responses to CO2 and medical air were compared in smokers and non-smokers (Experiment One) and in overnight abstinent and non-abstinent smokers (Experiment Two). CO2 induced greater increases in blood pressure in non-smokers compared with smokers (ps < 0.043), and greater increases in anxiety (p = 0.005) and negative affect (p = 0.054) in non-abstinent compared with abstinent smokers. CO2 increased physiological and subjective indices of anxiety. There were differences across smoking groups indicating that the CO2 inhalation model is a useful tool for examining the relationship between smoking and anxiety. The findings suggested that both acute smoking and acute abstinence may protect against anxious responding. Further investigation is needed in long-term heavy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S. Attwood
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, United Kingdom,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alia F. Ataya
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, United Kingdom,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne E. Bailey
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, United Kingdom,School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
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Poma SZ, Merlo-Pich E, Bettica P, Bani M, Fina P, Ziviani L, Milleri S. Anxiolytic effects of vestipitant in a sub-group of healthy volunteers known to be sensitive to CO2 challenge. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:491-7. [PMID: 24108409 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113507641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological properties of two NK1 antagonists were studied in comparison with a benzodiazepine during a 7% CO2 challenge in a population of healthy volunteers selected for a high sensitivity to the challenge. In total, 19 healthy subjects, pre-screened for their responsiveness to the 7% CO2 test, took part in the randomised, double-blind, cross-over, incomplete block design study. After receiving treatment or placebo, the volunteers were subjected to three 7% CO2 challenges each for a time of 20 min. The treatment consisted of the administration of the following three active drugs: a single dose of benzodiazepine alprazolam (0.75 mg) and a single dose of the NK1 antagonists vestipitant (GW597599) (15 mg) and vofopitant (GR205171) (25 mg). Anxiety during the challenge was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale-Anxiety (VAS-A) and with Panic Symptom List (PSL III-R). Respiratory parameters, heart rate and skin conductance were also recorded. Compared with placebo, vestipitant showed a significant reduction (p<0.05) in anxiety assessed on the VAS-A scale (ΔVAS-A%) while alprazolam significantly (p<0.01) attenuated the PSL III-R total score. Vofopitant did not show any anxiolytic effect. In the comparison analysis between placebo and drugs, none of the respiratory and other physiological parameters showed a statistically significant difference.
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MacDonald K, Feifel D. Oxytocin's role in anxiety: a critical appraisal. Brain Res 2014; 1580:22-56. [PMID: 24468203 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature suggests that the oxytocin (OT) system may play a role in human anxiety states, anxiety-related traits, and moreover, that this system may be a target for the development of novel anxiolytic treatments. However, studies of OT's acute and chronic effects on various aspects of anxiety have produced mixed results. In this forward-looking review, we discuss the myriad phenomena to which the term "anxiety" is applied in the OT literature and the problem this presents developing a coherent picture of OT's role in anxiety. We then survey several different fields of research that support the role of the OT system in human anxiety, including evolutionary perspectives, translational and neuroimaging research, genetic studies, and clinical trials of intranasal OT. As an outgrowth of this data, we propose a "bowtie" model of OT's role at the interface of social attachment and anxiety. We next direct attention to understudied brain regions and neural circuits which may be important to study in OT experiments in humans anxiety disorders. Finally, we conclude by proposing questions and priorities for studying both the clinical potential of OT in anxiety, as well as mechanisms that may underlie this potential. Crucially, these priorities include targeted proof-of-concept clinical trials of IN OT in certain anxiety disorders, including investigations of individual moderators of OT's anxiolytic effects (i.e. sex, genetic factors, and early experience). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin and Social Behav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai MacDonald
- University of San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 140 Arbor Drive, CA 92103, USA.
| | - David Feifel
- University of San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 140 Arbor Drive, CA 92103, USA
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Patel AX, Miller SR, Nathan PJ, Kanakaraj P, Napolitano A, Lawrence P, Koch A, Bullmore ET. Neuroendocrine and sympathetic responses to an orexin receptor antagonist, SB-649868, and alprazolam following insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3817-28. [PMID: 24770625 PMCID: PMC4159598 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The orexin-hypocretin system is important for translating peripheral metabolic signals and central neuronal inputs to a diverse range of behaviors, from feeding, motivation and arousal, to sleep and wakefulness. Orexin signaling is thus an exciting potential therapeutic target for disorders of sleep, feeding, addiction, and stress. OBJECTIVES/METHODS Here, we investigated the low dose pharmacology of orexin receptor antagonist, SB-649868, on neuroendocrine, sympathetic nervous system, and behavioral responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemic stress, in 24 healthy male subjects (aged 18-45 years; BMI 19.0-25.9 kg/m(2)), using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. Alprazolam, a licensed benzodiazepine anxiolytic, was used as a positive comparator, as it has previously been validated using the insulin tolerance test (ITT) model in humans. RESULTS Of the primary endpoints, ITT induced defined increases in pulse rate, plasma cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the placebo condition, but these responses were not significantly impacted by alprazolam or SB-649868 pre-treatment. Of the secondary endpoints, ITT induced a defined increase in plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin in the placebo condition. Alprazolam pre-treatment significantly reduced the GH response to ITT (p < 0.003), the peak electromyography (p < 0.0001) and galvanic skin response (GSR, p = 0.04) to acoustic startle, the resting GSR (p = 0.01), and increased appetite following ITT (p < 0.0005). SB-649868 pre-treatment produced no significant results. CONCLUSION We concluded that the ITT model may be informative for assessing the effects of drugs directly acting on the neuroendocrine or sympathetic nervous systems, but could not be validated for studying low dose orexin antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera X. Patel
- Brain Mapping Unit, Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK
| | - Sam R. Miller
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pradeep J. Nathan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK ,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ponmani Kanakaraj
- Quantitative Sciences India, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Antonella Napolitano
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip Lawrence
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annelize Koch
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Addenbrooke’s Centre for Clinical Investigation, Cambridge, UK
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Krainik A, Villien M, Troprès I, Attyé A, Lamalle L, Bouvier J, Pietras J, Grand S, Le Bas JF, Warnking J. Functional imaging of cerebral perfusion. Diagn Interv Imaging 2013; 94:1259-78. [PMID: 24011870 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The functional imaging of perfusion enables the study of its properties such as the vasoreactivity to circulating gases, the autoregulation and the neurovascular coupling. Downstream from arterial stenosis, this imaging can estimate the vascular reserve and the risk of ischemia in order to adapt the therapeutic strategy. This method reveals the hemodynamic disorders in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease or with arteriovenous malformations revealed by epilepsy. Functional MRI of the vasoreactivity also helps to better interpret the functional MRI activation in practice and in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krainik
- Clinique universitaire de neuroradiologie et IRM, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex, France; Inserm U836, université Joseph-Fourier, site santé, chemin Fortuné-Ferrini, 38706 La Tronche cedex, France; UMS IRMaGe, unité IRM 3T recherche, CHU de Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Abstract
While antidepressants are supposed to exert similar effects on mood and drive via various mechanisms of action, diverging effects are observed regarding side-effects and accordingly on neural correlates of motivation, emotion, reward and salient stimuli processing as a function of the drugs impact on neurotransmission. In the context of erotic stimulation, a unidirectional modulation of attentional functioning despite opposite effects on sexual arousal has been suggested for the selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine and the selective dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake-inhibitor (SDNRI) bupropion. To further elucidate the effects of antidepressant-related alterations of neural attention networks, we investigated 18 healthy males under subchronic administration (7 d) of paroxetine (20 mg), bupropion (150 mg) and placebo within a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over double-blind functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design during an established preceding attention task. Neuropsychological effects beyond the fMRI-paradigm were assessed by measuring alertness and divided attention. Comparing preceding attention periods of salient vs. neutral pictures, we revealed congruent effects of both drugs vs. placebo within the anterior midcingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, anterior insula and the thalamus. Relatively decreased activation in this network was paralleled by slower reaction times in the divided attention task in both verum conditions compared to placebo. Our results suggest similar effects of antidepressant treatments on behavioural and neural attentional functioning by diverging neurochemical pathways. Concurrent alterations of brain regions within a fronto-parietal and cingulo-opercular attention network for top-down control could point to basic neural mechanisms of antidepressant action irrespective of receptor profiles.
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Baldwin DS, Ajel K, Masdrakis VG, Nowak M, Rafiq R. Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: an update. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:883-92. [PMID: 23836974 PMCID: PMC3699256 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s36453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A PREVIOUS REVIEW SUMMARIZED WHAT WAS THEN KNOWN ABOUT THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF PREGABALIN IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD): this review provides an update on its pharmacological properties and presumed mechanism of action, the liability for abuse, and efficacy and tolerability in patients with GAD. Pregabalin has a similar molecular structure to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) but its mechanism of action does not appear to be mediated through effects on GABA. Instead, its anxiolytic effects may arise through high-affinity binding to the alpha-2-delta sub-unit of the P/Q type voltage-gated calcium channel in "over-excited" presynaptic neurons, thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate. The findings of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses together indicate that pregabalin is efficacious in both acute treatment and relapse prevention in GAD, with some evidence of an early onset of effect, and broad efficacy in reducing the severity of psychological and physical symptoms of anxiety. It also has efficacy as an augmenting agent after non-response to antidepressant treatment in GAD. Continuing vigilance is needed in assessing its potential abuse liability but the tolerability profile of pregabalin may confer some advantages over other pharmacological treatments in the short term for treatment in patients with GAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Khalil Ajel
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Vasilios G Masdrakis
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Magda Nowak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rizwan Rafiq
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Mattys SL, Seymour F, Attwood AS, Munafò MR. Effects of acute anxiety induction on speech perception: are anxious listeners distracted listeners? Psychol Sci 2013; 24:1606-8. [PMID: 23761927 DOI: 10.1177/0956797612474323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S L Mattys
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK.
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Macdonald K, Feifel D. Helping oxytocin deliver: considerations in the development of oxytocin-based therapeutics for brain disorders. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:35. [PMID: 23508240 PMCID: PMC3597931 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns regarding a drought in psychopharmacology have risen from many quarters. From one perspective, the wellspring of bedrock medications for anxiety disorders, depression, and schizophrenia was serendipitously discovered over 30 year ago, the swell of pharmaceutical investment in drug discovery has receded, and the pipeline's flow of medications with unique mechanisms of action (i.e., glutamatergic agents, CRF antagonists) has slowed to a trickle. Might oxytocin (OT)-based therapeutics be an oasis? Though a large basic science literature and a slowly increasing number of studies in human diseases support this hope, the bulk of extant OT studies in humans are single-dose studies on normals, and do not directly relate to improvements in human brain-based diseases. Instead, these studies have left us with a field pregnant with therapeutic possibilities, but barren of definitive treatments. In this clinically oriented review, we discuss the extant OT literature with an eye toward helping OT deliver on its promise as a therapeutic agent. To this end, we identify 10 key questions that we believe future OT research should address. From this overview, several conclusions are clear: (1) the OT system represents an extremely promising target for novel CNS drug development; (2) there is a pressing need for rigorous, randomized controlled clinical trials targeting actual patients; and (3) in order to inform the design and execution of these vital trials, we need further translational studies addressing the questions posed in this review. Looking forward, we extend a cautious hope that the next decade of OT research will birth OT-targeted treatments that can truly deliver on this system's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Macdonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA, USA
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Diaper A, Osman-Hicks V, Rich AS, Craig K, Dourish CT, Dawson GR, Nutt DJ, Bailey JE. Evaluation of the effects of venlafaxine and pregabalin on the carbon dioxide inhalation models of Generalised Anxiety Disorder and panic. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:135-45. [PMID: 22516666 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112443742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that subjective and objective symptoms of anxiety induced by 7.5% CO(2) inhalation can be attenuated by anxiolytics such as lorazepam and, to a lesser extent, paroxetine. Venlafaxine and pregabalin, two other licensed treatments for Generalised Anxiety Disorder, were used to further investigate the 7.5% and 35% CO(2) models of anxiety in healthy volunteers. Fifty-four participants were randomised to receive either placebo, venlafaxine or pregabalin. Study treatments were dosed incrementally over a three week period, to reach daily doses of 150 mg venlafaxine and 200mg pregabalin by the CO(2) challenge test day. Participants inhaled air 7.5% CO(2) for 20 minutes (single-blind presentation), and a non-blinded single vital capacity of 35% CO(2). Subjective ratings were recorded before and after each inhalation. Both 7.5% and 35% CO(2) inhalations produced the expected effects of increased ratings of symptoms of panic and anxiety, with increased blood pressure and heart rate. No significant treatment effects were found, although there were trends towards a reduction in feeling tense and nervous by both drugs compared with placebo during the 7.5% CO(2) challenge, and a reduction in alertness generally in the venlafaxine group compared with the pregabalin group. In contrast with the clear anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines reported in several previous CO(2) studies, these findings suggest that the anxiogenic effects of CO(2) challenges are not significantly influenced by these serotonergic and GABAergic anxiolytics. This may be due to a lack of sensitivity of the CO(2) challenges in healthy volunteers to these drug types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Diaper
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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42
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Diaper A, Papadopoulos A, Rich AS, Dawson GR, Dourish CT, Nutt DJ, Bailey JE. The effect of a clinically effective and non-effective dose of lorazepam on 7.5% CO₂-induced anxiety. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:540-8. [PMID: 23027657 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Symptoms of anxiety induced by 7.5% CO₂ inhalation can be attenuated by acute administration of GABA(A) receptor anxiolytics such as lorazepam and alprazolam. This study investigated if these effects are dose-related, by comparing a 0.5 mg dose (considered non-clinically effective) and a 2 mg dose of lorazepam (clinically effective) on 7.5% CO₂ inhalation. Eighteen healthy males (mean age 20.6 years, SD 1.29), judged physically and mentally fit, attended three visits, each one week apart, to take each treatment in a randomised double-blind crossover design. Drugs were given 60 min prior to 20 min air inhalation, followed by 20 min 7.5% CO₂ inhalation. The order of gas presentation was single blind. Subjective ratings using visual analogue scales (VAS) and questionnaires were recorded before and after each inhalation. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR) and expired CO₂ were recorded during each inhalation. Inhalation of 7.5% CO₂ significantly raised BP, HR, RR and expired CO₂. Ratings of feeling like leaving the room were significantly lower on 2 mg compared with 0.5 mg and placebo, and dose-dependent trends were seen in scores for VAS fearful, anxious, stressed, tense, and worried. Results may be indicative of dose-dependent effects of lorazepam in a CO₂ model of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Diaper
- Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, Bristol, UK.
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Garner M, Attwood A, Baldwin DS, Munafò MR. Inhalation of 7.5% carbon dioxide increases alerting and orienting attention network function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:67-73. [PMID: 22453547 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of experimental models that readily translate between animals and humans is required to better integrate and clarify the biological, behavioural and cognitive mechanisms that underlie normal fear and pathological anxiety. Inhalation of low concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) increases anxiety and autonomic arousal in humans, triggers related behaviours in small animals, and increases selective attention to threat in healthy humans. However the effects on broader cognitive (non-emotional) processes that characterize anxiety are not known. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 7.5 % CO(2) inhalation (vs. air) on the efficiency of discrete attention networks implicated in anxiety: alerting (maintaining an alert state), orienting (the selection of information from sensory input) and executive control (resolving cognitive conflict). METHODS Twenty-three healthy human participants completed a computerized Attention Network Test (ANT) during inhalation of 7.5 % CO(2) enriched and normal/medical air. Gas was administered blind to participants with inhalation order counterbalanced across participants. Measures of heart rate, blood pressure and subjective mood/anxiety were obtained at baseline and following each inhalation period. RESULTS CO(2) inhalation increased anxiety, autonomic arousal and the efficiency of alerting and orienting attention network function. Autonomic response to CO(2) correlated with increased orienting; and CO(2)-induced anxiety, autonomic arousal and orienting network function increased with chronic (trait) anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Evidence that CO(2) modulates attention mechanisms involved in the temporal detection and spatial location of salient stimuli converges with evidence that CO(2) triggers fear behaviour in animals via direct innervation of a distributed neural network that facilitates environmental hypervigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Garner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Cooper R, Howard CJ, Attwood AS, Stirland R, Rostant V, Renton L, Goodwin C, Munafò MR. Acutely induced anxiety increases negative interpretations of events in a closed-circuit television monitoring task. Cogn Emot 2012; 27:273-82. [PMID: 22780582 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2012.704352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments we measured the effects of 7.5% CO₂ inhalation on the interpretation of video footage recorded on closed circuit television (CCTV). As predicted, inhalation of 7.5% CO₂ was associated with increases in physiological and subjective correlates of anxiety compared with inhalation of medical air (placebo). Importantly, when in the 7.5% CO₂ condition, participants reported the increased presence of suspicious activity compared with placebo (Experiment 1), a finding that was replicated and extended (Experiment 2) with no concomitant increase in the reporting of the presence of positive activity. These findings support previous work on interpretative bias in anxiety but are novel in terms of how the anxiety was elicited, the nature of the interpretative bias, and the ecological validity of the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie Cooper
- School of Life, Sport and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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45
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de Oliveira DCG, Chagas MHN, Garcia LV, Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW. Oxytocin interference in the effects induced by inhalation of 7.5% CO(2) in healthy volunteers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2012; 27:378-85. [PMID: 22711428 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the acute effect of intranasally administered oxytocin (OT) on subjective states, cardiovascular, and endocrine parameters in healthy volunteers who inhaled 7.5% CO(2) . METHODS Forty-five subjects were allocated into three matched groups of subjects who received 24 international units (IU) of OT, 2 mg of lorazepam (LZP), or placebo (PL). The challenge consisted of medical air inhalation for 20 min, 10 min of rest, and CO(2) 7.5% inhalation for 20 min. Subjective effects were evaluated by self-assessment scales; heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and salivary cortisol were also measured. Assessments were performed at four time points: (i) baseline (-15 min); (ii) post-air inhalation (90 min); (iii) post-CO(2) inhalation (120 min), and (iv) post-test (160 min). RESULTS CO(2) inhalation significantly increased the anxiety score in the PL group compared with the post-air measurement but not in the OT or LZP groups. The LZP reduced anxiety after medical air inhalation. Other parameters evaluated were not affected by OT. CONCLUSION OT, as well as LZP, prevented CO(2) -induced anxiety, suggesting that this hormone has anxiolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Chaves Gomes de Oliveira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, and National Institute for Translacional Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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The 35% carbon dioxide test in stress and panic research: Overview of effects and integration of findings. Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pappens M, De Peuter S, Vansteenwegen D, Van den Bergh O, Van Diest I. Psychophysiological responses to CO₂inhalation. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:45-50. [PMID: 22265938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of CO(2)-enriched air has been used as a laboratory model for a number of anxiety disorders, such as general anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Because studies describing psychophysiological responses to this challenge are scarce, the present studies investigated skin conductance level, eyeblink startle, self-reported anxiety and fractional end-tidal carbon dioxide during inhalation of CO(2)-enriched air. In study 1, thirty-five healthy volunteers inhaled 7.5% CO(2) for 2min. In study 2, twenty healthy volunteers inhaled 20% CO(2) for 30s. Control groups (N=20 in each study) inhaled room air during the same time periods. Compared to room air breathing, both CO(2)-mixtures were associated with increases in skin conductance levels, self-reported anxiety and fractional end-tidal CO(2.) Eyeblink startles were inhibited during CO(2) compared to room air breathing in both experiments. Our findings suggest that inhalation of CO(2)-enriched air is associated with a circa-strike defensive response pattern, corroborating its application as an interoceptive, panic-relevant stimulus in fear research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Pappens
- Research Group Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cooper RM, Bailey JE, Diaper A, Stirland R, Renton LE, Benton CP, Penton-Voak IS, Nutt DJ, Munafo MR. Effects of 7.5% CO(2) inhalation on allocation of spatial attention to facial cues of emotional expression. Cogn Emot 2011; 25:626-38. [PMID: 21547765 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased vigilance to threat-related stimuli is thought to be a core cognitive feature of anxiety. We sought to investigate the cognitive impact of experimentally induced anxiety, by means of a 7.5% CO(2) challenge, which acts as an unconditioned anxiogenic stimulus, on attentional bias for positive and negative facial cues of emotional expression in the dot-probe task. In two experiments we found robust physiological and subjective effects of the CO(2) inhalation consistent with the claim that the procedure reliably induces anxiety. Data from the dot-probe task demonstrated an attentional bias to emotional facial expressions compared with neutral faces regardless of valence (happy, angry, and fearful). These attentional effects, however, were entirely inconsistent in terms of their relationship with induced anxiety. We conclude that the previously reported poor reliability of this task is the most parsimonious explanation for our conflicting findings and that future research should develop a more reliable paradigm for measuring attentional bias in this field.
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Bailey JE, Papadopoulos A, Diaper A, Phillips S, Schmidt M, van der Ark P, Dourish CT, Dawson GR, Nutt DJ. Preliminary evidence of anxiolytic effects of the CRF(1) receptor antagonist R317573 in the 7.5% CO(2) proof-of-concept experimental model of human anxiety. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1199-206. [PMID: 21555331 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have validated the use of prolonged inhalation of 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as a human model of anxiety and have shown that drugs from two prototypical classes of anxiolytics, benzodiazepines and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, attenuate CO(2)-induced symptoms (Bailey et al., 2007a). Preclinical evidence suggests that drugs acting at the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system may be useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and other stress-related disorders (Valdez, 2006), hence we have now examined the effects of a CRF(1) receptor antagonist in the 7.5% CO(2) model. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, study in 32 healthy participants we examined the effects of 7 days of treatment with the CRF(1) receptor antagonist, R317573, at a dose that shows a favourable safety profile and is comparable with those effective in preclinical models (40 mg). On day 8, eight of the placebo-treated group received lorazepam (LZP) 2 mg as a positive control. All participants underwent 20 min inhalation of 7.5% CO(2)-enriched air. Subjective reports of peak gas effects were assessed using visual analogue scales and questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 26 years, and 13 were male. The peak effects of CO(2) were expressed as a difference from baseline scores obtained while breathing air alone. Compared with placebo (PLAC), both drug groups showed a decrease in all subjective symptoms, total score on the panic symptom inventory (CRF 11 [2.6], PLAC 16.4 [3.1], LZP 2.9 [3.0]) and a generalized anxiety disorder symptom scale (CRF 2.2 [1.5], PLAC 8.2 [2.2], LZP 1.1 [1.5]). We have shown that a drug that acts to inhibit the CRF(1) receptor shows efficacy in the 7.5% CO(2) model of anxiety in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Bailey
- Severnside Alliance for Translational Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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50
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Bailey JE, Dawson GR, Dourish CT, Nutt DJ. Validating the inhalation of 7.5% CO(2) in healthy volunteers as a human experimental medicine: a model of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1192-8. [PMID: 21994314 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111408455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a complex phenomenon that can represent contextually different experiences to individuals. The experimental modelling in healthy volunteers of clinical anxiety experienced by patients is challenging. Furthermore, defining when and why anxiety (which is adaptive) becomes an anxiety disorder (and hence maladaptive) is the subject of much of the published literature. Observations from animal studies can be helpful in deriving mechanistic models, but gathering evidence from patients and reverse translating this to healthy volunteers and thence back to laboratory models is a more powerful approach and is likely to more closely model the clinical disorder. Thus the development and validation of a robust healthy volunteer model of anxiety may help to bridge the gap between the laboratory and the clinic and provide 'proof of concept' in screening for novel drug treatments. This review considers these concepts and outlines evidence from a validated healthy volunteer model of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) following the inhalation of 7.5% CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Bailey
- Severnside Alliance for Translational Research, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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