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Cui Y, Wang CX, Yang WJ, Zhao LZ, Liu FP, Chen Z, Zou JP, Tao N, Wang XL. Development and performance evaluations of an HER-2 kit. Anal Biochem 2023; 672:115159. [PMID: 37072098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective To develop a kit for detecting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in the human body. Methods The HER-2 kit was evaluated based on an automated magnetic particle chemiluminescence platform. The kit was developed using the double antibody sandwich-complexation method. Results The kit showed a linear range of 0.01-800 ng/mL, with a linear R2 of >0.999. The limit of the blank was 0.0039 ng/mL, and the precision at 1.00 ng/mL was 9.4%. The recovery rate at 10.00 ng/mL was 97.81-101.81%. The negative serum reference range was 0-8.23 ng/mL. Conclusions The kit had a wide linear range, high accuracy, good precision, and high sensitivity, indicating that it has good application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Faculty of Medical Device, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Cai-Xia Wang
- Faculty of Medical Device, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wen-Juan Yang
- Faculty of Medical Device, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Li-Zhe Zhao
- Beijing Jianpingjiuxing Biotech, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Fang-Peng Liu
- Beijing Jianpingjiuxing Biotech, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Beijing Jianpingjiuxing Biotech, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zou
- Beijing Jianpingjiuxing Biotech, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ning Tao
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xia-Lu Wang
- Faculty of Medical Device, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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The role of Ki-67 in Asian triple negative breast cancers: a novel combinatory panel approach. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:709-725. [PMID: 31407032 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation marker Ki-67 is frequently used to assess aggressiveness in the pathological evaluation of cancer, but its role remains uncertain in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We aimed to quantify and localize Ki-67 expression in both epithelial and immune compartments in TNBC and investigate its association with clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes. A total of 406 TNBC cases diagnosed between 2003 and 2015 at Singapore General Hospital were recruited. Using state-of-the-art, 7-colour multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) tissue microarrays (TMAs) were stained to assess the abundance, density and spatial distribution of Ki-67-positive tumour cells and immune cells co-decorated with cytokeratin (CK) and leukocyte common antigen (CD45) respectively. Furthermore, MKI67 mRNA profiles were analysed using NanoString technology. In multivariate analysis adjusted for tumour size, histologic grade, age at diagnosis, and lymph node stage, a high Ki-67 labelling index (LI) > 0.3% was associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 0.727; p = 0.027). High Ki-67-positive immune cell count per TMA was a favourable prognostic marker for both DFS (HR = 0.379; p = 0.00153) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.473; p = 0.0482). The combination of high Ki-67 LI and high MKI67 expression was associated with improved DFS (HR = 0.239; p = 0.00639) and OS (HR = 0.213; p = 0.034). This study is among the first to highlight that Ki-67 is associated with favourable prognosis in an adjuvant setting in TNBC, and the mIF-based evaluation of Ki-67 expression on both tumour and immune cells represents a novel prognostic approach.
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Elsayed M, Alhussini M, Basha A, Awad AT. Analysis of loco-regional and distant recurrences in breast cancer after conservative surgery. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:144. [PMID: 27180041 PMCID: PMC4868020 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of patients treated conservatively for breast cancer will develop loco-regional and distant recurrences. Our aim was to determine how their occurrence may be linked to the evolution of the disease. METHODS We analyzed 238 women treated by conservative breast surgery and breast irradiation in a single institution. We evaluated the prognostic factors associated with loco-regional and distant recurrences and the prognostic value of local and regional recurrences on systemic progression. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 5 year (range 1-10), 16 (6.72%) patients in the breast conservative surgery (BCS) groups had loco-regional recurrence. For distant recurrence, 10 (4.2%) patients had experienced distant recurrence. Lympho-vascular invasion (HR 2.55; 95% CI, 076 to 8.49) and an extensive intraductal component (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 0.69 to 7.15) and nodal status are risk factors for loco-regional recurrence (LRR) after breast conservative therapy (BCT). Tumor size, nodal status, high histologic grade, and breast cancer diagnosed at a young age (≤35 years) are correlated with higher distant recurrence rates after BCT. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for LRR after BCS include lympho-vascular invasion, extensive inraductal component, and high nodal status, where as risk factors for distant recurrence include tumor size, nodal status, high histologic grade, and breast cancer diagnosed at a young age (≤35 years).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Breast Neoplasms/complications
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/complications
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/complications
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Egypt/epidemiology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mastectomy, Segmental/adverse effects
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Elsayed
- General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Alexandria University Students Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Alhussini
- General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Basha
- General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A T Awad
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Maschio LB, Madallozo BB, Capellasso BAM, Jardim BV, Moschetta MG, Jampietro J, Soares FA, Zuccari DAPDC. Immunohistochemical investigation of the angiogenic proteins VEGF, HIF-1α and CD34 in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:148-57. [PMID: 23899963 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expression of prognostic markers in cancer has become important in diagnostic routine and research. A high mitotic rate compromises the individual cell access to oxygen and nutrients, due to reduced blood supply. Cells undertake adaptive measures such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), expressed under the control of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). CD34 is an endothelial marker which can show the presence and distribution of blood vessels. This study evaluated the presence and relative expression of VEGF, HIF-1α and CD34 using immunohistochemistry of 60 breast tumors and double staining, correlating the findings with clinical and pathological variables. High VEGF expression was correlated with low cell proliferation, lymph node-negative, smaller tumor size and patients not receiving hormone therapy. High HIF-1α expression predominated in younger (<50-year) patients, subjected to neo-adjuvant therapy and in p53-negative tumors. Absence of metastasis, radiotherapy or hormone treatment, and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors showed high CD34 immunoreactivity. We suggest that the angiogenic factors VEGF, HIF-1α and CD34 are important in breast cancer progression and their abundance in breast tumors has prognostic and predictive value.
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Panahi M, Saki N, Ashourzadeh S, Rahim F. Expressional correlation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, estrogen/progesterone receptor and protein 53 in breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:3699-703. [PMID: 23886168 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to show the localization of estrogen / progesterone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) and protein 53 (p53) by immunohistochemistry in a series of consecutive breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study covered invasive breast cancers from 299 patients presenting at the Oncogenetic Clinic and Pathology Centers of Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences Hospital in Iran during the time period from 2009 to 2011. The Scarff-Bloom Richardson scoring method was used. RESULTS Of the 299, 27% (80/299) were <40, 33% (100/299) were 41-50, and the remaining 40% (119/299) were>50 years old. The highest incidence of breast cancer in this study population was in the group of more than 50 year age, and the most common histological type of breast cancer was the invasive ductal carcinoma, which accounted for 68% (203/299) of the cases. Out of possible total of 207, 6% (13/207), 41% (85/207), and 53% (109/207) were scored as grade ?, ??, ???, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated a lack of association between labeling for the markers studied and tumor size and age of the patients. We confirmed an association between ER labeling and nuclear grade of breast cancer. The conflicting results obtained compared with the literature be because of differences in the immunohistochemical techniques applied in the various studies and to the scoring systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Panahi
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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A meta-analysis of the relationship between lymphatic microvessel density and clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer. Bull Cancer 2013; 100:1-10. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wang ZK, Yang B, Liu H, Hu Y, Yang JL, Wu LL, Zhou ZH, Jiao SC. Regulatory T cells increase in breast cancer and in stage IV breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:911-6. [PMID: 22116346 PMCID: PMC11029076 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of VEGF and Her-2, levels of T-regulatory (Treg) cells, levels of CD3+ cells, and ratios of Th (CD4+ T cells)/Tr (Treg) cells were compared between stage I, II, III, and IV breast cancer patients (n = 120) prior to chemotherapy and healthy women (n = 30). Cells from peripheral blood were counted by flow cytometry, Her-2 and VEGF expression was detected by pathological examination, and Her-2 was detected by FISH. Breast cancer patients had more Treg cells and a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells than the healthy women. Stage IV breast cancer patients had more Treg cells and a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells than stage I, II, or III breast cancer patients. Patients positive for VEGF had a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells compared with patients negative for VEGF, and those positive for both VEGF and Her-2 also had a lower ratio of Th/Tr cells compared with patients not positive for both VEGF and Her-2. The decreased Th/Tr cells ratio indicates impaired immune function, suggesting that the stage IV breast cancer and the Her-2/VEGF-positive breast cancer patients have lower immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-kuan Wang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Bo Yang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Hui Liu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yi Hu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Jun-lan Yang
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Liang-liang Wu
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Zhen-hong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shun-chang Jiao
- Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
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Rybárová S, Vecanová J, Hodorová I, Mihalik J, Čižmáriková M, Mojžiš J, Solár P, Benický M, Adamkov M, Mirossay L. Association between polymorphisms of XRCC1, p53 and MDR1 genes, the expression of their protein products and prognostic significance in human breast cancer. Med Sci Monit 2012; 17:BR354-63. [PMID: 22129893 PMCID: PMC3628133 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to examine the relationship between XRCC1, p53 and MDR1 protein, along with polymorphisms of their genes and their prognostic values in breast cancer. The following clinical and pathological parameters were evaluated: histopathological type of tumor, grade, stage, Her2/neu expression, ER, PR positivity and involvement of regional lymph nodes. MATERIAL/METHODS Expression of proteins was determined in 39 samples of breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. For statistical analysis, chi-square test (Yates), Fisher's exact test, and correlation test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS The highest protein expression was immunohistochemically found in MDR1 protein, with 54% of samples testing positive. In addition, the evaluation of MDR1 expression revealed higher positive immunoreactivity in lobular (LIC) and other types of tumor in comparison to ductal (DIC) type. The expression of p53 and XRCC1 protein was equal, but lower compared to MDR1, both testing positive in 36% of all tissue samples. Comparison of XRCC1 protein and histopathological type of tumor revealed that DIC and LIC types were mostly XRCC1-negative, while other types, papillary and mucinous were more likely to be XRCC1-positive. Interestingly, when evaluating LIC samples separately, a negative correlation between the Her2/neu and expression of XRCC1 was detected. Apparently, all Her2/neu-positive samples were XRCC1-negative (6/86%). The correlation test indicated a negative correlation between Her2/neu-positive samples and XRCC1-negative specimens (r = 1, p < 0.05). Statistical analysis did not reveal a correlation of p53 expression with clinical and pathological parameters. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found between the tested polymorphisms and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS We did not find statistically significant correlation between tested polymorphisms and their protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rybárová
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Luporsi E, André F, Spyratos F, Martin PM, Jacquemier J, Penault-Llorca F, Tubiana-Mathieu N, Sigal-Zafrani B, Arnould L, Gompel A, Egele C, Poulet B, Clough KB, Crouet H, Fourquet A, Lefranc JP, Mathelin C, Rouyer N, Serin D, Spielmann M, Haugh M, Chenard MP, Brain E, de Cremoux P, Bellocq JP. Ki-67: level of evidence and methodological considerations for its role in the clinical management of breast cancer: analytical and critical review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 132:895-915. [PMID: 22048814 PMCID: PMC3332349 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians can use biomarkers to guide therapeutic decisions in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. One such biomarker is cellular proliferation as evaluated by Ki-67. This biomarker has been extensively studied and is easily assayed by histopathologists but it is not currently accepted as a standard. This review focuses on its prognostic and predictive value, and on methodological considerations for its measurement and the cut-points used for treatment decision. Data describing study design, patients’ characteristics, methods used and results were extracted from papers published between January 1990 and July 2010. In addition, the studies were assessed using the REMARK tool. Ki-67 is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR 1.05–1.72) in multivariate analyses studies using samples from randomized clinical trials with secondary central analysis of the biomarker. The level of evidence (LOE) was judged to be I-B with the recently revised definition of Simon. However, standardization of the techniques and scoring methods are needed for the integration of this biomarker in everyday practice. Ki-67 was not found to be predictive for long-term follow-up after chemotherapy. Nevertheless, high KI-67 was found to be associated with immediate pathological complete response in the neoadjuvant setting, with an LOE of II-B. The REMARK score improved over time (with a range of 6–13/20 vs. 10–18/20, before and after 2005, respectively). KI-67 could be considered as a prognostic biomarker for therapeutic decision. It is assessed with a simple assay that could be standardized. However, international guidelines are needed for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Luporsi
- INSERM, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques-9501, CHU Nancy & Nancy-Université, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Department of Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédérique Spyratos
- Laboratory of Oncogenetics, Institut Curie—Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | | | | | - Frédérique Penault-Llorca
- Department of Pathology, Centre Jean Perrin and EA 4233, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Arnould
- Department of Tumour Biology and Pathology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Gompel
- Unit of Gynaecology, Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMRS 938, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Egele
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Poulet
- Institut de Pathologie de Paris, 49 rue du Ranelagh, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Krishna B. Clough
- Department of Surgery, L’Institut du Sein/Paris Breast Center, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Crouet
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Alain Fourquet
- Department of Oncological Radiotherapy, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lefranc
- Department of Gynaecological and Breast Cancer Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Carole Mathelin
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Daniel Serin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
| | - Marc Spielmann
- Department of Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Margaret Haugh
- MediCom Consult, 39 rue Clément Michut, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Etienne Brain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie—Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Bellocq
- Département de Pathologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Avenue Molière, 67098 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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10
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Han JS, Cao D, Molberg KH, Sarode VR, Rao R, Sutton LM, Peng Y. Hormone receptor status rather than HER2 status is significantly associated with increased Ki-67 and p53 expression in triple-negative breast carcinomas, and high expression of Ki-67 but not p53 is significantly associated with axillary nodal metastasis in triple-negative and high-grade non-triple-negative breast carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:230-7. [PMID: 21228363 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp9dv3evzuatfv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative (TN) breast carcinoma is associated with a higher recurrence rate and shorter survival and lacks the benefit of specific therapy. TN tumors usually express high levels of Ki-67 and p53 that are considered prognostic markers for breast cancer. We compared Ki-67 and p53 expression between TN and high-grade non-TN invasive carcinomas in a total of 214 cases and investigated an association between their expression and axillary nodal metastasis in these tumors. Our findings demonstrate that TN tumors are associated with significantly higher expression of Ki-67 and p53 compared with non-TN tumors, which may contribute to the poorer prognosis in TN tumors. Hormone receptor negativity rather than HER2 negativity is associated with the significantly increased Ki-67 and p53 expression in TN tumors. Furthermore, a high expression level of Ki-67 but not p53 is more likely to be associated with axillary nodal metastasis in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong S. Han
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Kyle H. Molberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Venetia R. Sarode
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Roshni Rao
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Lisa M. Sutton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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Matsubara N, Mukai H, Itoh K, Nagai S. Prognostic Impact of Ki-67 Overexpression in Subgroups Categorized according to St. Gallen with Early Stage Breast Cancer. Oncology 2011; 81:345-52. [DOI: 10.1159/000334920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Mordukhovich I, Rossner P, Terry MB, Santella R, Zhang YJ, Hibshoosh H, Memeo L, Mansukhani M, Long CM, Garbowski G, Agrawal M, Gaudet MM, Steck SE, Sagiv SK, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Conway-Dorsey K, Gammon MD. Associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-related exposures and p53 mutations in breast tumors. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:511-8. [PMID: 20064791 PMCID: PMC2854728 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be associated with breast cancer. However, the carcinogenicity of PAHs on the human breast remains unclear. Certain carcinogens may be associated with specific mutation patterns in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, thereby contributing information about disease etiology. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that associations of PAH-related exposures with breast cancer would differ according to tumor p53 mutation status, effect, type, and number. METHODS We examined this possibility in a population-based case-control study using polytomous logistic regression. As previously reported, 151 p53 mutations among 859 tumors were identified using Surveyor nuclease and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS We found that participants with p53 mutations were less likely to be exposed to PAHs (assessed by smoking status in 859 cases and 1,556 controls, grilled/smoked meat intake in 822 cases and 1,475 controls, and PAH-DNA adducts in peripheral mononuclear cells in 487 cases and 941 controls) than participants without p53 mutations. For example, active and passive smoking was associated with p53 mutation-negative [odds ratio (OR) = 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11-2.15] but not p53 mutation-positive (OR = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.43-1.38) cancer (ratio of the ORs = 0.50, p < 0.05). However, frameshift mutations, mutation number, G:C-->A:T transitions at CpG sites, and insertions/deletions were consistently elevated among exposed subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PAHs may be associated with specific breast tumor p53 mutation subgroups rather than with overall p53 mutations and may also be related to breast cancer through mechanisms other than p53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7435, USA.
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13
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Jung SY, Han W, Lee JW, Ko E, Kim E, Yu JH, Moon HG, Park IA, Oh DY, Im SA, Kim TY, Hwang KT, Kim SW, Noh DY. Ki-67 expression gives additional prognostic information on St. Gallen 2007 and Adjuvant! Online risk categories in early breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1112-21. [PMID: 19219507 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine the significance of Ki-67, one of the tumor cell proliferation markers, as a useful prognostic factor in early breast cancer. METHODS A total of 1080 consecutive patients with stage I or II breast cancer that underwent surgery between 1998 and 2003 were enrolled. Patients were categorized on the basis of the 2007 St. Gallen consensus and Adjuvant! Online. The expression of Ki-67 in the tumor was assayed by immunohistochemistry (cutoff value, 10%). RESULTS Univariate analysis determined that tumor size, lymph node involvement, histologic grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, bcl-2, and Ki-67 (> or =10%) were statistically significant for both overall survival (OS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DFS). Of these factors, lymph node involvement and high Ki-67 expression were identified as independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS on the basis of multivariate analysis. The survivals of intermediate- and high-risk groups according to 2007 St. Gallen consensus were further separated by Ki-67 expression level (5-year DFS rate = 91.9% vs. 86.3% for Ki-67 < 10% and > or = 10%, respectively in intermediate-risk group (P = .01); 5-year DFS rate = 82.5% vs. 61.4% for Ki-67 < 10% and > or = 10%, respectively in high-risk group (P = .01)). The survivals of low- and high-risk groups according to Adjuvant! Online were further separated by Ki-67 expression level (5-year DFS rate = 97.8% vs. 89.5% for Ki-67 < 10% and > or = 10%, respectively in low-risk group (P = .02); 5-year DFS rate = 9.4% vs. 82.6% for Ki-67 < 10% and > or = 10% in high-risk group (P = .005)). CONCLUSIONS Ki-67 is an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS in early breast cancer and can provide additional prognostic information on the risk stratification with the use of the 2007 St. Gallen consensus and Adjuvant! Online.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Jung
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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Zapardiel Gutiérrez I, Herrero Gámiz S, Pérez Carbajo E, Schneider Fontán J. Factores moleculares pronósticos relacionados con el control del ciclo celular en el cáncer de mama. Situación actual. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN GINECOLOGIA Y OBSTETRICIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gine.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Rossner P, Gammon MD, Zhang YJ, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Memeo L, Mansukhani M, Long CM, Garbowski G, Agrawal M, Kalra TS, Gaudet MM, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM. Mutations in p53, p53 protein overexpression and breast cancer survival. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:3847-57. [PMID: 19602056 PMCID: PMC2832100 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumour suppressor gene that encodes p53 protein, a molecule involved in cell cycle regulation and has been inconsistently linked to breast cancer survival. Using archived tumour tissue from a population-based sample of 859 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 1996 and 1997, we determined p53 mutations in exons 5–8 and p53 protein overexpression. We examined the association of p53 mutations with overexpression and selected tumour clinical parameters. We assessed whether either p53 marker was associated with survival through 2002, adjusting for other tumour markers and prognostic factors. The prevalence of protein overexpression in the tumour was 36% (307/859) and of any p53 mutation was 15% (128/859). p53 overexpression was positively associated with the presence of any p53 mutation (odds ratio [OR]= 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.5–3.2), particularly missense mutations (ER = 7.0, 95% CI = 3.6–13.7). Negative oestrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status was positively associated with both p53 protein overexpression (= 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7–4.0) and p53 mutation (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.4–6.5). Any p53 mutation and missense mutations, but not p53 protein overexpression, were associated with breast cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio [HR]= 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0–2.8; HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.6, respectively) and all-cause mortality (HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4; HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2–3.4, respectively); nonsense mutations were associated only with breast cancer-specific mortality (HR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.1–8.1). These associations however did not remain after adjusting for ER/PR status. Thus, in this population-based cohort of women with breast cancer, although p53 protein overexpression and p53 mutations were associated with each other, neither independently impacted breast cancer-specific or all-causing mortality, after considering ER/PR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Vrou Offersen B, Alsner J, Ege Olsen K, Riisbro R, Brünner N, Brandt Sørensen F, Sandahl Sørensen B, Olrik Schlemmer B, Overgaard J. A comparison among HER2, TP53, PAI-1, angiogenesis, and proliferation activity as prognostic variables in tumours from 408 patients diagnosed with early breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:618-32. [PMID: 18465330 DOI: 10.1080/02841860801958295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic potential of HER2, TP53 mutations, PAI-1 protein levels, angiogenesis and proliferation were investigated in tumours from 408 patients with early breast cancer followed >10 years. One hundred and sixty seven patients (41%) died from breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumour sections were stained for HER2, CD34, and MIB-1. HER2 scores were based on staining intensity, 3+ being considered HER2+. Angiogenesis was scored by the Chalkley method. MIB-1 was evaluated using systematic random sampling. PAI-1 was measured by ELISA. TP53 mutations were evaluated by DGGE analysis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS Ninety one patients (22%) were HER2 positive. TP53 was mutated in 101 cases (25%). Median PAI-1, Chalkley and MIB-1 was 0.72 ng/mg protein (range, 0-90 ng/mg protein), 5.00 (range, 2.67-12.00) and 15% (range, 1-83%). MIB-1 was correlated with HER2+, Chalkley counts, TP53 mutations (all p <0.0001), and PAI-1 (p =0.002). In univariate analyses with DSS as endpoint, HER2+ (p <0.0001), mutated TP53 (p <0.0001), high Chalkley (p =0.008), MIB-1 (p =0.002), tumour size (p =0.008), grade (p <0.0001), negative estrogen receptor (p =0.0001), and lymph node status (p <0.0001) were prognostic markers. Among node-negative patients, HER2+ (p =0.0002), mutated TP53 (p =0.001), high PAI-1 levels (p =0.02), and grade (p =0.03) indicated poor DSS. In node-positive patients, HER2+ (p =0.0002), mutated TP53 (p <0.0001), MIB-1 (p =0.01), Chalkley scores (p =0.007), negative estrogen receptor (p <0.0001) and grade (p =0.001) indicated poor prognosis. In multivariate analysis, metastatic nodes (1-3 positive: RR 1.56 95% CI 1.02-2.38; >3 positive: RR 3.70 95% CI 2.54-5.38), HER2+ (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.35-2.70), mutated TP53 (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.21-2.38), PAI-1 (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07) and grade 3 (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.83-3.22) were independent markers of poor outcome. CONCLUSION Compared to PAI-1 protein levels, Chalkley counts and MIB-1, HER2+ and mutations of TP53 were the strongest independent markers of poor prognosis irrespective of nodal status.
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Contractor KB, Kaur K, Rodrigues GS, Kulkarni DM, Singhal H. Male breast cancer: is the scenario changing. World J Surg Oncol 2008; 6:58. [PMID: 18558006 PMCID: PMC2440380 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The overall incidence of male breast cancer is around 1% of all breast cancers and is on the rise. In this review we aim to present various aspects of male breast cancer with particular emphasis on incidence, risk factors, patho-physiology, treatment, prognostic factors, and outcome. Methods Information on all aspects of male breast cancer was gathered from available relevant literature on male breast cancer from the MEDLINE database over the past 32 years from 1975 to 2007. Various reported studies were scrutinized for emerging evidence. Incidence data were also obtained from the IARC, Cancer Mondial database. Conclusion There is a scenario of rising incidence, particularly in urban US, Canada and UK. Even though more data on risk factors is emerging about this disease, more multi-institutional efforts to pool data with large randomized trials to show treatment and survival benefits are needed to support the existing vast emerging knowledge about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyumars B Contractor
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Medicine and Anaesthetics, Imperial College, London, UK.
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18
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Parentes-Vieira JB, Lopes-Costa PV, Pires CG, dos Santos AR, Pereira-Filho JD, da Silva BB. Quantification of angiogenesis in estrogen receptor-positive and negative breast carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL SEMINARS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2007; 4:22. [PMID: 17718911 PMCID: PMC2008197 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7800-4-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis according to CD34 antigen expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and negative breast carcinomas. METHODS This study comprised 64 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma in postmenopausal women divided into two groups: Group A: ER-positive, n = 35; and Group B: ER-negative, n = 29. The anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody was used as a marker for endothelial cells. Microvessel count was carried out in 10 fields per slide using a 40x objective lens (magnification 400x). Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The mean number of vessels stained with the anti-CD34 antibody in the estrogen receptor-positive and negative tumors was 23.51 +/- 1.15 and 40.24 +/- 0.42, respectively. The number of microvessels was significantly greater in the estrogen receptor-negative tumors (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION ER-negative tumors have significantly greater CD34 antigen expression compared to ER-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- JB Parentes-Vieira
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - PV Lopes-Costa
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - CG Pires
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - AR dos Santos
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - JD Pereira-Filho
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - BB da Silva
- Department of Gynecology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
- Avenida Elias João Tajra, 1260, Apt. 600, Bairro Jockey Club, CEP: 64049-300, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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de Azambuja E, Cardoso F, de Castro G, Colozza M, Mano MS, Durbecq V, Sotiriou C, Larsimont D, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, Paesmans M. Ki-67 as prognostic marker in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of published studies involving 12,155 patients. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1504-13. [PMID: 17453008 PMCID: PMC2359936 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ki-67 antigen is used to evaluate the proliferative activity of breast cancer (BC); however, Ki-67's role as a prognostic marker in BC is still undefined. In order to better define the prognostic value of Ki-67/MIB-1, we performed a meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the impact of Ki-67/MIB-1 on disease-free survival (DFS) and/or on overall survival (OS) in early BC. Sixty-eight studies were identified and 46 studies including 12 155 patients were evaluable for our meta-analysis; 38 studies were evaluable for the aggregation of results for DFS, and 35 studies for OS. Patients were considered to present positive tumours for the expression of Ki-67/MIB-1 according to the cut-off points defined by the authors. Ki-67/MIB-1 positivity is associated with higher probability of relapse in all patients (HR=1.93 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.74–2.14); P<0.001), in node-negative patients (HR=2.31 (95% CI: 1.83–2.92); P<0.001) and in node-positive patients (HR=1.59 (95% CI: 1.35–1.87); P<0.001). Furthermore, Ki-67/MIB-1 positivity is associated with worse survival in all patients (HR=1.95 (95% CI: 1.70–2.24; P<0.001)), node-negative patients (HR=2.54 (95% CI: 1.65–3.91); P<0.001) and node-positive patients (HR=2.33 (95% CI: 1.83–2.95); P<0.001). Our meta-analysis suggests that Ki-67/MIB-1 positivity confers a higher risk of relapse and a worse survival in patients with early BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E de Azambuja
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- PhD student in the Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina, Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2400 Ramiro Barcelos, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F Cardoso
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Castro
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Colozza
- SC Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera, Via Brunamonti, 51-06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - M S Mano
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Durbecq
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Sotiriou
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Larsimont
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M J Piccart-Gebhart
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Paesmans
- Data Centre, Jules Bordet Institute, 125 Boulevard de Waterloo, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
- E-mail:
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Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, Lee AHS, Robertson JF, Ellis IO. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2007; 109:25-32. [PMID: 17146782 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) is a high risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of specific therapy that targets these proteins. METHODS In this study, the authors examined a large and well characterized series of invasive breast carcinoma (n = 1944) with a long-term clinical follow-up (median, 56 months) by using tissue microarray. The series were also stained with concurrent immunohistochemical prognostic panels (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), P-cadherin, E-cadherin, and basal (CK5/6, CK14), and p53), to characterize this specific subgroup of breast cancer and to identify prognostic markers that can identify tumors with more aggressive behavior. RESULTS Of informative cases, 16.3% were of the triple-negative phenotype. The majority of these tumors were grade 3, ductal/no-specific-type carcinomas. There were positive associations with larger size, pushing margins, poorer Nottingham Prognostic Index, development of recurrence and distant metastasis, and poorer outcome. In addition, associations were found with loss of expression of androgen receptor and E-cadherin, and positive expression of basal cytokeratins (basal phenotype), P-cadherin, p53, and EGFR. In all tumors, tumor size, lymph node stage, and androgen receptor were the most useful prognostic markers. In the lymph node-positive subgroup, both size and androgen receptor retained their prognostic significance. However, in the lymph node-negative tumors, basal phenotype was the sole prognostic marker identified in this subgroup. Other parameters including age, histological grade, tumor size, vascular invasion or other biomarkers included in the current study were not significant. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that assessment of androgen receptor and basal phenotype, in addition to the established pathologic variables, mainly lymph node status and tumor size, can be used to select high-risk and low-risk patients at the time of primary surgery and can provide valuable information on treatment options in these triple-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Sharma S, Sharma MC, Gupta DK, Sarkar C. Angiogenic patterns and their quantitation in high grade astrocytic tumors. J Neurooncol 2006; 79:19-30. [PMID: 16807783 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study on high grade astrocytic tumors were (i) to establish differences, if any, between grades III & IV tumors among angiogenic parameters, both qualitative and quantitative, and (ii) to correlate angiogenic parameters with proliferation indices, namely T2a and MIB1 labeling indices. DESIGN Twenty nine consecutive cases of WHO grades III (11) and IV (18) astrocytic tumors diagnosed in the year-2004 were studied, using H&E and CD34, MIB1 and T2a immunostaining by streptavidin biotin technique. Angiogenic patterns were studied and parameters quantitated using Image Pro Plus software (four hotspots) on CD34 immunostained sections to determine intratumoral microvessel density (iMVD), microvascular area (MVA), aspect, mean diameter (MD) and fractal dimension (FD). RESULTS Main angiogenic patterns of capillary (18) and glomeruloid (9) types were best developed in glioblastomas. Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were seen between grades III and IV in iMVD, aspect, MD and FD, but not in angiogenic patterns or MVA (P = 0.27). Statistically significant differences (P<0.05) were seen between glioblastomas with glomeruloid vs. capillary types in iMVD and FD, but not in MVA, aspect and mean vessel diameter. T2a values correlated with MIB1 labeling indices (R = 0.965, P<0.001). Intratumoral endothelial MIB1 LI was significantly higher in grade IV as compared to grade III, but did not correlate with angiogenic parameters. No correlation of angiogenic patterns and proliferation indices was noted (R = -0.221, P = 0.26). Limited follow up data showed all recurrent grade IV tumors to be of glomeruloid type. CONCLUSION Increased angiogenesis in grade IV, as compared to grade III, astrocytic tumors is characterized by an increased number/density of vessels: an increase in vessels characterized by disproportionate lengthening and likely associated with the infiltrative properties of the tumors; and an increase in pliable, irregularly shaped or structured vessels. In addition, there is a greater frequency of glomeruloid structures indicating inadequate directional migration of the newly formed vessels. The lack of correlation of these angiogenesis parameters with the MIB1 and T2a proliferation indices reflects the complexity of angiogenesis parameters in high grade gliomas. Further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of the angiogenic parameters in the improved diagnosis (grading) and prognosis of astrocytic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suash Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 110029, New Delhi, India
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Tiezzi DG, De Andrade JM, Cândido dos Reis FJ, Marana HRC, Ribeiro-Silva A, Tiezzi MG, Pereira AP. Apoptosis induced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Pathology 2006; 38:21-7. [PMID: 16484003 DOI: 10.1080/00313020500465315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship between apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and clinical response in breast cancer. METHODS Apoptosis index (AI), mutant p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression were evaluated in 44 breast tumour samples from patients submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Objective response (OR) to primary chemotherapy was observed in 37 patients (84%) and no response (NR) in seven. AI was measured by the rate of apoptotic cells identified using morphological criteria. p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression were evaluated using an immunoperoxidase staining technique. RESULTS The median AI change observed between pre-chemotherapy AI and post-chemotherapy AI was 0.84 in the OR group and 0.01 in the NR group, (rho = 0.4; p = 0.006). There was no change in Bcl-2 protein expression following chemotherapy. In the OR group, p53 protein expression was positive in 41.6% of patients before and in 22.2% after chemotherapy (difference = 16.6%; p = 0.03). No change was detected in the NR group. CONCLUSION A positive correlation was found between the increase in AI and clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guimarães Tiezzi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine of Presidente Prudente--UNOESTE, S/A, Brazil
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Chun YS, Adusumilli PS, Fong Y. Employing tumor hypoxia for oncolytic therapy in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2005; 10:311-8. [PMID: 16826462 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-006-9004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common tumor condition associated with metastases, therapeutic resistance, and poor patient survival. Forty percent of breast cancers are hypoxic, with a median oxygen concentration of 3.9%, and a third of tumors have regions less than 0.3%. Normal breast tissue is reported to have oxygen concentrations greater than 9%. This tumor hypoxia in breast cancer confers resistance to conventional radiation therapy and chemotherapy, as well as making estrogen-receptor-positive tumors less sensitive to hormonal therapy. Novel treatment modalities are needed to target hypoxic tumor cells. Lower tumor oxygen levels compared with surrounding normal tissues may be utilized to target and enhance herpes oncolytic viral therapy in breast cancer. Attenuated oncolytic herpes simplex viruses offer a unique cancer treatment by specifically infecting, replicating within, and lysing tumor cells. They carry genetically engineered mutations to reduce their virulence and attenuate their ability to infect normal tissues. Studies have shown the safety and efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex viruses in treating breast cancer both in humans and in preclinical models. The placement of essential viral genes under the control of a hypoxia-responsive enhancer, which is upregulated selectively in hypoxic tissue, represents a promising strategy to target oncolytic viruses precisely to hypoxic cancer cells. In this review we describe strategies to harness hypoxia as a trigger for oncolytic viral gene expression in breast cancer, thereby increasing the specificity of viral infection, replication, and cytotoxicity to hypoxic areas of tumor. Such a targeted approach will increase efficacy in the therapy of hypoxic tumors while achieving a reduction in total dose of viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shin Chun
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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