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Sahoo M, Pathak M, Patel SK, Saikumar G, Upmanyu V, Thakor JC, Kumar P, Singh R, Singh K, Sahoo NR. Pathomorphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular detection of an atypical porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) due to PCV-2d-2 in naturally affected grower pigs of India. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105738. [PMID: 36038085 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is of great economic significance to porcine industry worldwide. PCV-2 variants and genotypes, alternating world over, are the etiological agent of several clinical syndromes such as porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and others in pigs. This study is reporting an atypical manifestation of PDNS in twelve grower pigs, 3- to - 4.5 months age and either sex, died of the disease, with predominant lesions of nephropathy and no obvious clinical lesions in skin. Necropsy examination of pigs showed lesions of petechial -to- ecchymotic hemorrhages in the kidneys and in the right auricular musculature of the hearts. Microscopic lesions in H & E sections of the kidneys showed acute glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, and vasculitis, but the skin morphology and architecture remained unaltered in contrast to the pathognomonic lesions of PDNS described in the literature. Other syndromic associations of PDNS in these cases included-perimyocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, depleted lymphoid tissues, tonsillitis, enteritis, and meningo-encephalitis. The lesional sites in duplicate paraffin tissue sections of kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, intestine, and brain demonstrated PCV-2 antigen in the cytoplasm of cells as highlighted by the intense immunolabeling on IHC staining. The PCV-2 positive organs reconfirmed by PCR, targeting ORF2 gene, which yielded 481bp size of products. The sequencing results of 481bp products on phylogenetic analysis showed 94% similarity with that of PCV-2 sequences in the database that grouped into PCV2d-2 genotype. The present report confirms, probably for the first time, the atypical PDNS cases due to PCV2d-2 genotype in naturally affected grower pigs of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Saikumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India.
| | - Vikramaditya Upmanyu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India; Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Siksha "O" Anusandhan, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Karampal Singh
- ICAR-CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-DFMD-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Yue W, Liu Y, Meng Y, Ma H, He J. Prevalence of porcine respiratory pathogens in slaughterhouses in Shanxi Province, China. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1339-1346. [PMID: 34021725 PMCID: PMC8294393 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine respiratory diseases remain the biggest challenge in pig‐based food production and are a public health concern. Despite control measures, persistent outbreaks have been reported worldwide. Objective To establish an early detection mechanism for pig farm disease outbreaks based on slaughterhouse risk and environmental assessment. Methods We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of porcine respiratory disease‐causing pathogens including Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHP), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Haemophilus parasuis (HPS). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyse the lungs of 491 pigs from 19 slaughterhouses across 11 cities in Shanxi Province, China. Results PCR detected MHP, PCV2, PPRSV and HPS in 76.99%, 67.00%, 11.82% and 19.55% of the samples, respectively; 10.12% were negative for all four pathogens. Co‐positivity rates for two and three pathogens were identified. The results confirmed significant correlations between PCV2 and MHP (p = .001, p < .05), HPS and PCV2 (p = .01, p < .05) and MHP and PRRSV (p = .01, p < .05). No significant correlation was observed between HPS and MHP (p = .067, p > .05). Positive MHP and PCV2 rates were low in areas with high vegetation coverage. The overall pathogen positivity rate was higher in both lower and higher temperature environments. Conclusions Interactions among pathogens may increase disease severity. Furthermore, environmental assessment and pathogen surveillance within pig slaughterhouses can be an effective approach for early detection and mitigation of new disease threats before broad dissemination occurs among a herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Yihui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Yukai Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Haili Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Junping He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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Marks FS, Almeida LL, Driemeier D, Canal C, Barcellos DESN, Guimarães JA, Reck J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) increases the expression of endothelial adhesion/junction molecules. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:870-875. [PMID: 27522934 PMCID: PMC5052378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus disease, a complex multisystem syndrome in domestic pigs. Despite the significant economic losses caused by porcine circovirus disease, the mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the clinical findings remain largely unclear. As various reports have highlighted the potential key role of vascular lesions in the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus disease, the aim of this work was to investigate effects of PCV2 infection on vascular endothelial cells, focusing on cell viability and expression of adhesion/junction molecules. PCV2 infection reduced endothelial cell viability, while viral infection did not affected the viability of several other classical cell lines. Also, PCV2 infection in endothelial cells displayed a dual/biphasic effect: initially, infection increased ICAM-1 expression, which can favor leukocyte recruitment and emigration to tissues and possibly inducing characteristic porcine circovirus disease inflammatory lesions; then, secondarily, infection caused an increase in zonula occludens 1 tight junction protein (ZO-1) expression, which in turn can result in difficulties for cell traffic across the endothelium and a potential impairment the immune response in peripheral tissues. These virus-induced endothelial changes could directly impact the inflammatory process of porcine circovirus disease and associated vascular/immune system disturbances. Data suggest that, among the wide range of effects induced by PCV2 on the host, endothelial modulation can be a pivotal process which can help to explain PCV2 pathogenesis in some porcine circovirus disease presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura L Almeida
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - David E S N Barcellos
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Centro de Biotecnologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO), Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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Resendes AR, Segalés J. Characterization of vascular lesions in pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:497-504. [PMID: 24963088 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814540542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD). Animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. Variable amounts of PCV2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial cells, tunica media myocytes, and perivascular and/or intralesional inflammatory cell infiltrates. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected within endothelial cells of both lymphatic and blood vessels without lesions in the associated tissues. Necrotizing arteritis was principally present in lymph nodes and kidney and consisted of degeneration, necrosis, and pyknosis of myocytes, often with intracytoplasmic, brightly eosinophilic inclusion bodies that were strongly positive for PCV2 nucleic acid. Segmental or circumferential fibrinoid necrosis was mainly present in vessels of the lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus and was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. Severe lymphangitis associated with strong intralesional PCV2 labeling was frequently detected within the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lamina propria of the ileum. In most tissues, medium and large lymphatics and/or veins often had disruption of the intima and mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration that was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. The present study indicates that vasculitis is a frequent finding in natural cases of PCV2-SD and that PCV2 may have a direct cytopathic effect on tunica media myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries as well as endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Resendes
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Department de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Li L, McGraw S, Zhu K, Leutenegger CM, Marks SL, Kubiski S, Gaffney P, Dela Cruz FN, Wang C, Delwart E, Pesavento PA. Circovirus in tissues of dogs with vasculitis and hemorrhage. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:534-41. [PMID: 23628223 PMCID: PMC3647419 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the complete genome of a novel dog circovirus (DogCV) from the liver of a dog with severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, vasculitis, and granulomatous lymphadenitis. DogCV was detected by PCR in fecal samples from 19/168 (11.3%) dogs with diarrhea and 14/204 (6.9%) healthy dogs and in blood from 19/409 (3.3%) of dogs with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, fever of unknown origin, or past tick bite. Co-infection with other canine pathogens was detected for 13/19 (68%) DogCV-positive dogs with diarrhea. DogCV capsid proteins from different dogs varied by up to 8%. In situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy detected DogCV in the lymph nodes and spleens of 4 dogs with vascular compromise and histiocytic inflammation. The detection of a circovirus in tissues of dogs expands the known tropism of these viruses to a second mammalian host. Our results indicate that circovirus, alone or in co-infection with other pathogens, might contribute to illness and death in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Deng Z, Yuan A, Luo W, Wang N, Gong Q, Yu X, Xue L. Transmission of porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) in Kunming mice. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:234-43. [PMID: 23661391 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) transmission by contact and vertical infection in Kunming mice (an outbred mouse stock deriving from Swiss albino mice with a high ratio of gene heterozygosis), four mice in cage 6 were inoculated with PCV2b and 25 mice without any treatment were placed into cages 1 to 5 (five mice in each cage). Seven days after being infected, the PCV2-binoculated mice were co-mingled with non-inoculated mice from cages 1 to 5 successively at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post infection (dpi), respectively, for 3 days. In addition, eleven pregnant mice were injected with PCV2b. Samples were collected from non-inoculated mice and three newborn mice from each litter for PCV2b detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The PCR results showed that PCV2b transmission rate among mice in cages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 0/5, 2/5, 5/5, 5/5 and 1/5, respectively. PCV2b antigen signals generally appeared in most organs of the non-inoculated mice in which viruses were detected by PCR. PCV2b DNA was also detected in newborn mice of PCV2b-infected litters, and viral antigen signals were observed in their organs as well. PCV2b was transmitted in Kunming mice by contact, and it also caused vertical infection through the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Deng
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - An Yuan
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Wei Luo
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Nai Wang
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Qian Gong
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Xing Yu
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Li Xue
- 1 Hunan Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
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