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Maloney A, Joseph S. Validating the EMCV IRES Secondary Structure with Structure-Function Analysis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:107-115. [PMID: 38081770 PMCID: PMC10896073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (EMCV IRES) is a structured RNA sequence found in the 5' UTR of the genomic RNA of the encephalomyocarditis virus. The EMCV IRES structure facilitates efficient translation initiation without needing a 5' m7G cap or the cap-binding protein eIF4E. The secondary structure of IRES has been the subject of several previous studies, and a number of different structural models have been proposed. Though some domains of the IRES are conserved across the different secondary structure models, domain I of the IRES varies greatly across them. A literature comparison led to the identification of three regions of interest that display structural heterogeneity within past secondary structure models. To test the accuracy of the secondary structure models in these regions, we employed mutational analysis and SHAPE probing. Mutational analysis revealed that two helical regions within the identified regions of interest are important for IRES translation. These helical regions are consistent with only one of the structure predictions in the literature and do not form in EMCV IRES structures predicted using modern secondary structure prediction methods. The importance of these regions is further supported by multiple SHAPE protections when probing was performed after in vitro translation, indicating that these regions are involved in the IRES translation complex. This work validates a published structure and demonstrates the importance of domain I during EMCV IRES translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Maloney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| | - Simpson Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
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2
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Cardeti G, Cersini A, Manna G, De Santis P, Scicluna MT, Albani A, Simula M, Sittinieri S, De Santis L, De Liberato C, Ngakan PO, Wahid I, Carosi M. Detection of viruses from feces of wild endangered Macaca maura: a potential threat to moor macaque survival and for zoonotic infection. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:418. [PMID: 36447236 PMCID: PMC9706849 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health status relative to viral diseases. The objectives of the present study were to investigate on the potential spread of enteric and non-enteric viruses shed in the environment through a wild macaque feces and to understand the possible interrelation in the spread of zoonotic viruses in a poorly studied geographical area, the Sulawesi Island. This study will also contribute providing useful information on potential threats to the health of this endangered species. METHODS The sampling was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, in the south of the Sulawesi Island and non-invasive sampling methods were used to collect fresh stools of the M. maura, one of the seven macaque species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population under study consisted in two wild, neighboring social macaque groups with partially overlapping home ranges; twenty-four samples were collected and examined using negative staining electron microscopy and a panel of PCR protocols for the detection of ten RNA and two DNA viruses. RESULTS Viral particles resembling parvovirus (5 samples), picornavirus (13 samples) and calicivirus (13 samples) were detected by electron microscopy whereas the PCR panel was negative for the 12 viruses investigated, except for one sample positive for a mosquito flavivirus. The results did not correlate with animal sex; furthermore, because all of the animals were clinically healthy, it was not possible to correlate feces consistency with viral presence. CONCLUSIONS As information on viral infections in wild moor macaques remains limited, further studies are yet required to identify the fecal-oral and blood transmitted potentially zoonotic viruses, which may infect the moor macaque and other macaque species endemic to the South Sulawesi Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albani
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy ,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds/Gola Rainforest National Park, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Massimiliano Simula
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sittinieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Putu Oka Ngakan
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Isra Wahid
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Monica Carosi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Saravanan C, Flandre T, Hodo CL, Lewis AD, Mecklenburg L, Romeike A, Turner OC, Yen HY. Research Relevant Conditions and Pathology in Nonhuman Primates. ILAR J 2021; 61:139-166. [PMID: 34129672 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research involving animal models continues to provide important insights into disease pathogenesis and treatment of diseases that impact human health. In particular, nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in translational research due to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and similarities to disease pathogenesis and treatment responses as assessed in clinical trials. Microscopic changes in tissues remain a significant endpoint in studies involving these models. Spontaneous, expected (ie, incidental or background) histopathologic changes are commonly encountered and influenced by species, genetic variations, age, and geographical origin of animals, including exposure to infectious or parasitic agents. Often, the background findings confound study-related changes, because numbers of NHPs used in research are limited by animal welfare and other considerations. Moreover, background findings in NHPs can be exacerbated by experimental conditions such as treatment with xenobiotics (eg, infectious morphological changes related to immunosuppressive therapy). This review and summary of research-relevant conditions and pathology in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, baboons, African green monkeys, common marmosets, tamarins, and squirrel and owl monkeys aims to improve the interpretation and validity of NHP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Saravanan
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Thierry Flandre
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn L Hodo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- Covance Preclinical Services GmbH, Münster 48163, Germany
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4
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Romey A, Lamglait B, Blanchard Y, Touzain F, Quenault H, Relmy A, Zientara S, Blaise-Boisseau S, Bakkali-Kassimi L. Molecular characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus strains isolated from an African elephant and rats in a French zoo. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:313-321. [PMID: 33292091 PMCID: PMC7953090 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720978389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In November 2013, a fatal encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) case in a captive African elephant (Loxodonta africana) occurred at the Réserve Africaine de Sigean, a zoo in the south of France. Here we report the molecular characterization of the EMCV strains isolated from samples collected from the dead elephant and from 3 rats (Rattus rattus) captured in the zoo at the same time. The EMCV infection was confirmed by reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) and genome sequencing. Complete genome sequencing and sequence alignment indicated that the elephant's EMCV strain was 98.1-99.9% identical to the rat EMCV isolates at the nucleotide sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis of the ORF, P1, VP1, and 3D sequences revealed that the elephant and rat strains clustered into lineage A of the EMCV 1 group. To our knowledge, molecular characterization of EMCV in France and Europe has not been reported previously in a captive elephant. The full genome analyses of EMCV isolated from an elephant and rats in the same outbreak emphasizes the role of rodents in EMCV introduction and circulation in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Romey
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Yannick Blanchard
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Fabrice Touzain
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Helene Quenault
- Unit of Viral Genetics and Biosafety, Ploufragan Laboratory, ANSES, Ploufragan, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
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5
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Edwards KL, Edes AN, Brown JL. Stress, Well-Being and Reproductive Success. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1200:91-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Qin S, Underwood D, Driver L, Kistler C, Diallo I, Kirkland PD. Evaluation of a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:554-559. [PMID: 29860932 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a fluorogenic probe-based assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) by comparing a set of published primers and probe to a new set of primers and probe. The published reagents failed to amplify a range of Australian isolates and an Italian reference strain of EMCV. In contrast, an assay based on 2 new sets of primers and probes that were run in a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) worked well, with high amplification efficiency. The analytical sensitivity was ~100-fold higher than virus isolation in cell culture. The intra-assay variation was 0.21-4.90%. No cross-reactivity was observed with a range of other porcine viruses. One hundred and twenty-two clinical specimens were tested simultaneously by RT-rtPCR and virus isolation in cell culture; 72 specimens gave positive results by RT-rtPCR, and 63 of these were also positive by virus isolation. Of 245 archived cell culture isolates of EMCV that were tested in the RT-rtPCR, 242 samples were positive. The new duplex RT-rtPCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of EMCV in clinical specimens and for use in epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Qin
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Darren Underwood
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Luke Driver
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Carol Kistler
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Ibrahim Diallo
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
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7
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Vyshemirskii OI, Agumava AA, Kalaydzyan AA, Leontyuk AV, Kuhn JH, Shchetinin AM, Vishnevskaya TV, Eremyan AA, Alkhovsky SV. Isolation and genetic characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 from a deceased captive hamadryas baboon. Virus Res 2017; 244:164-172. [PMID: 29113825 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, numerous hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) died suddenly in an aviary of a primate institute in Sochi, Russia, in the absence of prior clinical signs. Necropsies were suggestive of encephalomyocarditis virus infection, but RT-PCR assays with commonly used primers were negative. Here we report the histopathological results obtained during necropsies and the isolation and genomic characterization of a divergent strain of encephalomyocarditis virus 1 (EMCV-1) from heart tissue of one of the succumbed hamadryas baboons. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the isolated virus belongs to the newly proposed EMCV-1 lineage G, which clusters alongside lineage C ("Mengo virus"). This study is the first report describing a lineage G strain of EMCV-1 as the etiological agent of a lethal disease outbreak among captive nonhuman primates in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aslan A Agumava
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Akop A Kalaydzyan
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Andrey V Leontyuk
- Scientific Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Sochi-Adler, Russia
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alexey M Shchetinin
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Vishnevskaya
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aykaz A Eremyan
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Alkhovsky
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
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RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ADULT-ONSET CARDIAC DISEASE IN FRANÇOIS' LANGURS (TRACHYPITHECUS FRANCOISI) HOUSED IN U.S. ZOOS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:717-730. [PMID: 27691958 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a common condition in captive primates, and multiple cases in François' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi ) were noted on review of the Species Survival Plan studbook. To determine the prevalence of cardiac disease in this species, surveys were distributed to current and previous holding institutions (n = 23) for the U.S. studbook population (n = 216). After exclusion of stillbirths (n = 48), animals less than 1 yr of age (n = 8), and animals housed internationally (n = 2), a study group (n = 158) was identified for this analysis. Robust data was received for 98.7% (n = 156) of the study group and antemortem and postmortem cardiac abnormalities were reported for 25.3% (n = 40) of these animals. Eight animals were reported as medically managed for clinical cardiac disease, and three of these were alive at the time of survey. Six of 11 animals with radiographic cardiac silhouette enlargement antemortem were noted with cardiomegaly on postmortem examination. Of 102 deceased animals in the study group, four were identified with dilated cardiomyopathy, and varying degrees of myocardial fibrosis was observed in 18 animals. Langurs with cardiac fibrosis were found to be significantly older than langurs without cardiac fibrosis (P = 0.003) and more commonly were male (P = 0.036). Screening tests for cardiac disease, such as thoracic radiographs and echocardiography, are recommended to diagnose affected animals earlier, to monitor progression of disease, and to guide treatment, although they should be interpreted with caution because of apparent insensitivity when compared with pathologic results.
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Kotani O, Naeem A, Suzuki T, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Sato Y, Nakajima N, Hosomi T, Tsukagoshi H, Kozawa K, Hasegawa H, Taguchi F, Shimizu H, Nagata N. Neuropathogenicity of Two Saffold Virus Type 3 Isolates in Mouse Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148184. [PMID: 26828718 PMCID: PMC4734772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Saffold virus (SAFV), a picornavirus, is occasionally detected in children with acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and cerebellitis; however, the neuropathogenicity of SAFV remains undetermined. Methods The virulence of two clinical isolates of SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) obtained from a patient with aseptic meningitis (AM strain) and acute upper respiratory inflammation (UR strain) was analyzed in neonatal and young mice utilizing virological, pathological, and immunological methods. Results The polyproteins of the strains differed in eight amino acids. Both clinical isolates were infective, exhibited neurotropism, and were mildly neurovirulent in neonatal ddY mice. Both strains pathologically infected neural progenitor cells and glial cells, but not large neurons, with the UR strain also infecting epithelial cells. UR infection resulted in longer inflammation in the brain and spinal cord because of demyelination, while the AM strain showed more infectivity in the cerebellum in neonatal ddY mice. Additionally, young BALB/c mice seroconverted following mucosal inoculation with the UR, but not the AM, strain. Conclusions Both SAFV-3 isolates had neurotropism and mild neurovirulence but showed different cell tropisms in both neonatal and young mouse models. This animal model has the potential to recapitulate the potential neuropathogenicity of SAFV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kotani
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asif Naeem
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takushi Hosomi
- The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Zhu S, Guo X, Keyes LR, Yang H, Ge X. Recombinant Encephalomyocarditis Viruses Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against PRRSV and CSFV in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129729. [PMID: 26076449 PMCID: PMC4468123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is capable of infecting a wide range of species and the infection can cause myocarditis and reproductive failure in pigs as well as febrile illness in human beings. In this study, we introduced the entire ORF5 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or the neutralization epitope regions in the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), into the genome of a stably attenuated EMCV strain, T1100I. The resultant viable recombinant viruses, CvBJC3m/I-ΔGP5 and CvBJC3m/I-E2, respectively expressed partial PRRSV envelope protein GP5 or CSFV neutralization epitope A1A2 along with EMCV proteins. These heterologous proteins fused to the N-terminal of the nonstructural leader protein could be recognized by anti-GP5 or anti-E2 antibody. We also tested the immunogenicity of these fusion proteins by immunizing BALB/c mice with the recombinant viruses. The immunized animals elicited neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV and CSFV. Our results suggest that EMCV can be engineered as an expression vector and serve as a tool in the development of novel live vaccines in various animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisa R. Keyes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XG), (HY)
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XG), (HY)
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11
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Mansfield KG, Sasseville VG, Westmoreland SV. Molecular Localization Techniques in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Infectious Diseases. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:110-26. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular localization techniques remain important diagnostic and research tools for the pathologist evaluating nonhuman primate tissues. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry protocols have been developed for many important pathogens of nonhuman primates, including RNA and DNA viruses, prions, and bacterial, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Such techniques will remain critical in defining the impact and relevance of novel agents on animal health and disease. A comparative pathology perspective often provides valuable insight to the best strategy for reagent development and can also facilitate interpretation of molecular localization patterns. Such a perspective is grounded in a firm understanding of microbe-host pathobiology. This review summarizes current molecular localization protocols used in the diagnosis of selected primate infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - S. V. Westmoreland
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
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12
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Yeo DSY, Lian JE, Fernandez CJ, Lin YN, Liaw JCW, Soh ML, Lim EAS, Chan KP, Ng ML, Tan HC, Oh S, Ooi EE, Tan BH. A highly divergent Encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from nonhuman primates in Singapore. Virol J 2013; 10:248. [PMID: 23914943 PMCID: PMC3750836 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 2001 and 2002, fatal myocarditis resulted in the sudden deaths of four, two adult and two juvenile, orang utans out of a cohort of 26 in the Singapore Zoological Gardens. Methods Of the four orang utans that underwent post-mortem examination, virus isolation was performed from the tissue homogenates of the heart and lung obtained from the two juvenile orang utans in Vero cell cultures. The tissue culture fluid was examined using electron microscopy. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-specific primers targeting the gene regions of VP3/VP1 and 3D polymerase (3Dpol) confirmed the virus genus and species. The two EMCV isolates were sequenced and phylogenetic analyses of the virus genes performed. Serological testing on other animal species in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was also conducted. Results Electron microscopy of the two EMCV isolates, designated Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02, revealed spherical viral particles of about 20 to 30 nm, consistent with the size and morphology of members belonging to the family Picornaviridae. In addition, infected-Vero cells showed positive immunoflorescence staining with antiserum to EMCV. Sequencing of the viral genome showed that the two EMCV isolates were 99.9% identical at the nucleotide level, indicating a similar source of origin. When compared with existing EMCV sequences in the VP1 and 3Dpol gene regions, the nucleotide divergence were at a maximum of 38.8% and 23.6% respectively, while the amino acid divergence were at a maximum of 33.9% and 11.3% respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 and 3Dpol genes further grouped the Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates to themselves, away from existing EMCV lineages. This strongly suggested that Sing-M100-02 and Sing-M105-02 isolates are highly divergent variants of EMCV. Apart from the two deceased orang utans, a serological survey conducted among other zoo animals showed that a number of other animal species had neutralizing antibodies to Sing-M105-02 isolate, indicating that the EMCV variant has a relatively wide host range. Conclusions The etiological agent responsible for the fatal myocarditis cases among two of the four orang utans in the Singapore Zoological Gardens was a highly divergent variant of EMCV. This is the first report of an EMCV infection in Singapore and South East Asia.
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Abstract
The encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small non-enveloped single-strand RNA virus, the causative agent of not only myocarditis and encephalitis, but also neurological diseases, reproductive disorders and diabetes in many mammalian species. EMCV pathogenesis appears to be viral strain- and host-specific, and a better understanding of EMCV virulence factors is increasingly required. Indeed, EMCV is often used as a model for diabetes and viral myocarditis, and is also widely used in immunology as a double-stranded RNA stimulus in the study of Toll-like as well as cytosolic receptors. However, EMCV virulence and properties have often been neglected. Moreover, EMCV is able to infect humans albeit with a low morbidity. Progress on xenografts, such as pig heart transplantation in humans, has raised safety concerns that need to be explored. In this review we will highlight the biology of EMCV and all known and potential virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Carocci
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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