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Navas-Suárez PE, Díaz-Delgado J, Matushima ER, Fávero CM, Sánchez Sarmiento AM, Sacristán C, Ewbank AC, Marques Joppert A, Barbanti Duarte JM, dos Santos-Cirqueira C, Cogliati B, Mesquita L, Maiorka PC, Catão-Dias JL. A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198670. [PMID: 29879222 PMCID: PMC5991706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study describes the biological and epidemiological aspects, gross and microscopical findings, and most likely causes of death (CD) in two species of Neotropical deer in Brazil. The animals were collected between 1995 and 2015 and represented 75 marsh deer (MD) and 136 brown brocket deer (BBD). Summarized, pneumonia was diagnosed microscopically in 48 MD and 52 BBD; 76 deer suffered trauma, involving dog attack (14 BBD) and vehicle-collision (14 BBD). Pulmonary edema (50 MD; 55 BBD) and congestion (57 MD; 78 BBD) were the most common findings for both species. Additionally, we diagnosed ruminal and myocardial mycosis in MD and BBD, respectively; ovarian dysgerminoma and pancreatic trematodiasis in BBD; and lesions suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever and orbiviral hemorrhagic disease in both species. The main CD in MD was: respiratory (41/75), alimentary, nutritional, trauma and euthanasia (3/75 each). Correspondingly, in BBD were: trauma (34/131), respiratory (30/131) and euthanasia (9/131). Respiratory disease was often defined by pulmonary edema and pneumonia. We provide evidence that respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, is a critical pathological process in these Neotropical deer species. Although no etiological agents were identified, there is evidence of bacterial and viral involvement. Our results show trauma, mainly anthropogenic, as a common ailment in BBD. We propose to prioritize respiratory disease in future research focused on South American deer health aspects. We believe anthropogenic trauma may be a primary threat for populations of BBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Reiko Matushima
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cintia Maria Fávero
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica Maria Sánchez Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sacristán
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ewbank
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Marques Joppert
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre (DEPAVE-3), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Mauricio Barbanti Duarte
- Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE), Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Cogliati
- Laboratory of Morphological and Molecular Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mesquita
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Laboratory of Animal Models, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology - LAPCOM, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Holmes I, Davis Rabosky AR. Natural history bycatch: a pipeline for identifying metagenomic sequences in RADseq data. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4662. [PMID: 29682427 PMCID: PMC5907781 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced representation genomic datasets are increasingly becoming available from a variety of organisms. These datasets do not target specific genes, and so may contain sequences from parasites and other organisms present in the target tissue sample. In this paper, we demonstrate that (1) RADseq datasets can be used for exploratory analysis of tissue-specific metagenomes, and (2) tissue collections house complete metagenomic communities, which can be investigated and quantified by a variety of techniques. Methods We present an exploratory method for mining metagenomic “bycatch” sequences from a range of host tissue types. We use a combination of the pyRAD assembly pipeline, NCBI’s blastn software, and custom R scripts to isolate metagenomic sequences from RADseq type datasets. Results When we focus on sequences that align with existing references in NCBI’s GenBank, we find that between three and five percent of identifiable double-digest restriction site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequences from host tissue samples are from phyla to contain known blood parasites. In addition to tissue samples, we examine ddRAD sequences from metagenomic DNA extracted snake and lizard hind-gut samples. We find that the sequences recovered from these samples match with expected bacterial and eukaryotic gut microbiome phyla. Discussion Our results suggest that (1) museum tissue banks originally collected for host DNA archiving are also preserving valuable parasite and microbiome communities, (2) that publicly available RADseq datasets may include metagenomic sequences that could be explored, and (3) that restriction site approaches are a useful exploratory technique to identify microbiome lineages that could be missed by primer-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Holmes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison R Davis Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Bernard J, Grunenwald C, Stalis IH, Varney M, Zuba J, Gerhold R. Elaeophora in the meninges of a Malayan sambar (Rusa unicolor equina). J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:735-738. [PMID: 27664097 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716669388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult nematode was grossly identified in the meninges of a Malayan sambar (Rusa unicolor equina), with numerous microfilariae associated with encephalitis and vasculitis on histopathology. The nematode was confirmed to be Elaeophora schneideri by sequencing a portion of the 18S rRNA gene. Our report highlights the potential for aberrant migration of E. schneideri in exotic deer species and the use of advanced testing to specifically identify this metazoan parasite, avoiding misidentification of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bernard
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
| | - Caroline Grunenwald
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
| | - Ilse H Stalis
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
| | - Megan Varney
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
| | - Jeff Zuba
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
| | - Richard Gerhold
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA (Bernard, Stalis, Varney)Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (Gerhold, Grunenwald)Department of Veterinary Services, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA (Zuba)
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Grunenwald CM, Carstensen M, Hildebrand E, Elam J, Laaksonen S, Oksanen A, Gerhold RW. Epidemiology of the lymphatic-dwelling filarioid nematode Rumenfilaria andersoni in free-ranging moose (Alces alces) and other cervids of North America. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:450. [PMID: 27519789 PMCID: PMC4983095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moose (Alces alces) are a culturally and economically valued species in Minnesota, where the northeast population has decreased by 60 % since 2006. The cause of the decline is currently unclear; however, parasites, predation, and climate change have all been implicated. Nematode parasites are important pathogens in North American moose, potentially causing severe disease and mortality. Recent spread of Rumenfilaria andersoni, a filarioid nematode of moose, has been documented in Finnish cervids; however, little is known about the epidemiology of this parasite in North America. METHODS To investigate the prevalence and distribution of R. andersoni, 584 blood samples were collected from live-captured and dead animals and screened microscopically for the presence of microfilariae using a modified Knott's test. Microfilariae were identified based on morphological characteristics. A subset of Knott's-positive animals was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with filarioid-specific primers targeting the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of the rRNA gene cluster. RESULTS Rumenfilaria microfilariae were present in 20.5 % of Minnesota moose (n = 352), with slight fluctuations observed over four years. Minnesota white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) (n = 2) and moose (n = 44) from Alaska, Montana, Washington, Maine, and New Hampshire also harbored R. andersoni, suggesting this parasite occurs widely throughout North American moose herds, and white-tailed deer can serve as a patent host. Sequence analysis of cervid blood (moose, n = 15; white-tailed deer, n = 1) confirmed the identity of R. andersoni and revealed the existence of two distinct clades. Genetic comparisons of R. andersoni isolates from North America and semi-domesticated Finnish reindeer found the two groups to be closely related, supporting previous hypotheses that R. andersoni was recently introduced into Finland by the importation of deer from the United States. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge these observations represent the first report of R. andersoni within the contiguous United States and reveal this nematode as a common parasite of North American moose and white-tailed deer. Although the implications of R. andersoni infection on moose health is unclear, increased awareness of this parasite will help prevent unintentional introduction of R. andersoni into naïve populations via the translocation of wild and captive cervids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Grunenwald
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845 USA
| | - Michelle Carstensen
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4040 USA
| | - Erik Hildebrand
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4040 USA
| | - Jacob Elam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845 USA
| | - Sauli Laaksonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 33, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Richard W. Gerhold
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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Palmieri C, Brunetti M, Della Salda L. Immunohistochemical characterization of Kisselev nodules (ectopic lymphoid follicles) in wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). Res Vet Sci 2006; 83:109-15. [PMID: 17156803 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the histopathological features and cellular distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3), B cells (CD79), follicular dendritic cells (FDC) and macrophages (alpha-1-antitrypsin, lysozyme) in lymphoid aggregates (Kisselev nodules) found in the lung, kidney and liver of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). The distribution of immunoreactive cells, tested for antibodies, was similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes: lymphoid follicles with germinal centers mainly consisting of CD79+ B cells with sparse interfollicular tissue (CD3+ T lymphocytes). This finding and the association of these structures with helminthic infections suggests that local humoral immunity is central to the organism's response to parasitic challenge. The presence of follicular dendritic cells confirms the high degree of organization of these lymphoid-like structures. The role of other pathogenic factors and the induction of chronic inflammatory reaction in these ectopic lymphoid sites is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Palmieri
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo University, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Höfle U, Vicente J, Nagore D, Hurtado A, Peña A, de la Fuente J, Gortazar C. The risks of translocating wildlife. Pathogenic infection with Theileria sp. and Elaeophora elaphi in an imported red deer. Vet Parasitol 2005; 126:387-95. [PMID: 15567043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the translocation of wild animals poses risks of the introduction of pathogens into populations, and regulations and recommendations regarding quarantine and screening protocols for wild animals do exist. Less is known about the infection of imported animals with local endemic pathogens. A red deer stag that had been imported from Germany was found recumbent and died from hemolytic anaemia and a process of exertional myopathy. Infection with Theileria sp. was detected in thin blood smears and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. In addition, massive parasitation by Elaeophora elaphi, a parasite endemic to Iberian red deer, was detected. Sequence comparison between the 18S rRNA gene sequence determined that the Theileria strain involved in this case had a 99.7% identity with a Theileria sp. strain obtained from sika-deer, and 95.3% identity with T. cervi. Using sequence distance analysis, the strain from red deer grouped with isolates from Cervus spp. as opposed to isolates from Odocoileus spp. and bovines. Both detected parasites are of little pathogenicity to local red deer, but were pathogenic for the imported red deer from Northern Europe. This case demonstrates that local endemic pathogens may pose naive translocated animals at risk, and illustrates the need for thorough examination and planification of translocation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Höfle
- National Research Institute on Game Biology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), P.O. Box 535, E-13.080 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Pérez J, García PM, Mozos E, Bautista MJ, Carrasco L. Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with migrating larvae of Ascaris suum in pigs. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124:200-6. [PMID: 11222018 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2000.0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the histopathological features and the cellular distribution of T lymphocytes (CD3), B cells (CD79a), immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM)-bearing plasma cells, macrophages (Mac387 and alpha-1-antitrypsin), MHC class II antigen and S-100 protein in hepatic white spots associated with naturally occurring Ascaris suum parasitism in 35 pigs. Hepatic granulomas were observed in 10 pigs, whereas lymphoid proliferation with a diffuse or lymphonodular pattern was the main histopathological lesion in 14 other pigs, and portal fibrosis in a further 11 animals. In lymphonodular lesions, the distribution of immunoreactive cells with all antibodies tested was closely similar to that found in the cortex of lymph nodes. Thus, lymphoid follicles were composed mainly of CD79a(+)B cells and interfollicular tissue was composed mainly of CD3(+)T lymphocytes. The presence of follicular dendritic and interdigitating cells expressing S-100 protein and MHC class II antigen in lymphonodular lesions suggested that these are highly organized structures developed to enhance antigen presentation to B and T cells, and consequently the local immune response against the parasite. The humoral local response was represented mainly by IgG-secreting plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Campus de Rabinales, University of Córdoba, Ctra. Madrid-Cadiz, Km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Carrasco L, Gómez-Villamandos JC, Fierro Y, Sánchez-Castillejo JM, Bautista MJ, Pérez J. Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with Elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Comp Pathol 1998; 118:207-19. [PMID: 9595352 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was based on the immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions caused by Elaeophora elaphi in 15 red deer. In eight animals filariae were found in branches of the portal vein. "Web-like" endophlebitis (15 cases), lymph nodule-like thrombi associated with filarial debris (12 cases) and fibrinous thrombi (three cases) were also observed in the portal vein. Multifocal granulomatous hepatitis (six cases) and lymph nodule-like tissue (three cases) were found in the liver parenchyma. The distribution of CD3 antigen, IgG-lambda light chains, and S-100 protein in lymphoid tissue in the portal vein thrombi and hepatic parenchyma was similar to that found in the cortex of the lymph nodes. In these lesions, lymphoid follicles with large germinal centres (mainly composed of IgG+ B lymphocytes, with occasional S-100+ follicular dendritic cells) predominated over interfollicular lymphoid tissue (mainly composed of CD3+ T lymphocytes and S-100+ interdigitating cells). This suggested that the local humoral immune response was more important than the cellular response in this parasitic disease. The presence of interdigitating and follicular dendritic cells confirmed the high degree of organization of the abnormal lymphoid tissue and suggested that antigen presentation to T and B lymphocytes and the subsequent proliferation of the latter was particularly efficient in such tissue. The latter may therefore be superior to diffuse granulomatous infiltrate in terms of the production of a local immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Córdoba, Spain
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