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Wang W, Ye J, Guo Z, Ma Y, Yang Q, Zhong W, Du S, Bai J. A novel glycoprotein from earthworm extract PvE-3: Insights of their characteristics for promoting diabetic wound healing and attenuating methylglyoxal-induced cell damage. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124267. [PMID: 37003377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic chronic wound is a worldwide medical burden related to overdosed methylglyoxal (MGO) synthesis, which is the major precursor of glycation of proteins and DNA and is related to the dysfunction of dermal cells thus leading to chronic refractory wounds. Previous studies proved that earthworm extract accelerates diabetic wound healing and possesses cell proliferation and antioxidative effects. However, the effects of earthworm extract on MGO-damaged fibroblasts, the inner mechanisms of MGO-induced cell damage and the functional components in earthworm extract are still poorly understood. Firstly, we evaluated the bioactivities of the earthworm extract PvE-3 on the diabetic wound model and the diabetic related cell damage model. Then the mechanisms were investigated through transcriptomics, flow cytometry and fluorescence probe. The results revealed that PvE-3 promoted diabetic wound healing and protected fibroblast function in cell-damaged conditions. Meanwhile, the high-throughput screening implied the inner mechanisms of diabetic wound healing and PvE-3 cytoprotection effect were involved in the muscle cell function, the cell cycle regulation and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential depolarization. The functional glycoprotein isolated from PvE-3 possessed EGF-like domain which had a strong binding affinity with EGFR. The findings provided references to explore the potential treatments of diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jinhong Ye
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zishuo Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yunnan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qilin Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wanling Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Hussain M, Liaqat I, Ali NM, Arshad N, Hanif U, Sajjad S, Sardar AA, Awan UF, Khan FS, Slahuddin. Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e247016. [PMID: 34495153 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.247016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussain
- GC University, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Liaqat
- GC University, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N M Ali
- GC University, Department of Zoology, Microbiology Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N Arshad
- University of Lahore, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - U Hanif
- GC University, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Sajjad
- Lahore College for Women University, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A A Sardar
- GC University, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - U F Awan
- GC University, Department of Botany, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F S Khan
- University of Sialkot, Department of Biotechnology, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Slahuddin
- University of Gujrat, Department of Zoology, Gujrat, Pakistan
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Deng Z, Gao S, An Y, Huang Y, Liu H, Zhu W, Lu W, He M, Xie W, Yu D, Li Y. Effects of earthworm extract on the lipid profile and fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in guinea pigs. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:292. [PMID: 33708919 PMCID: PMC7944315 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver in people who consume little or no alcohol, is becoming increasingly common around the world, especially in developed countries. Extracts from earthworms have been used as alternative therapies for a variety of diseases but not in NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of earthworm extract (EE) on diet-induced fatty liver disease in guinea pigs. Methods EE was extracted, and the effect of EE on the lipid levels and liver damage in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet (HFD) was assessed. Thirty male guinea pigs at 3 weeks of age were allocated equally to five groups, namely, chow diet, HFD, and HFD with different dosages (0.3, 1.4 and 6.8 µg per kg bodyweight per day) of EE for 4 weeks, and their body weight was monitored throughout the experiment. Liver tissues were examined for gross morphology and histology. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using an autoanalyser. Results HFD induced NAFLD in guinea pigs. HFD-fed guinea pigs that received EE treatment showed milder increases in the serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, as well as in the body weight growth rate, compared to the HFD group without EE supplementation. EE intervention reduced the number of lipid-containing hepatocytes, hepatocellular ballooning and sinusoidal distortion in the liver in HFD-fed animals. ALT in serum was significantly elevated by HFD. No statistically significant difference in ALT levels was found between the chow diet group and the HFD group with EE treatment. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the administration of EE suppressed the induction of serum TC, TG and LDL-C in response to HFD. EE also reduced liver damage in HFD-fed guinea pigs. These findings suggest that EE has alleviating effects on dyslipidaemia and liver damage associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yunfei An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dengjie Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Meyer-Rochow VB. Therapeutic arthropods and other, largely terrestrial, folk-medicinally important invertebrates: a comparative survey and review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2017; 13:9. [PMID: 28173820 PMCID: PMC5296966 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-017-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional healing methods involving hundreds of insect and other invertebrate species are reviewed. Some of the uses are based on the tenet of "similia similibus" (let likes be cured by likes), but not all non-conventional health promoting practices should be dismissed as superstition or wishful thinking, for they have stood the test of time. Two questions are addressed: how can totally different organ systems in a human possibly benefit from extracts, potions, powders, secretions, ashes, etc. of a single species and how can different target organs, e.g. bronchi, lungs, the urinary bladder, kidneys, etc. apparently respond to a range of taxonomically not even closely related species? Even though therapeutically used invertebrates are generally small, they nevertheless possess organs for specific functions, e.g. digestion, gas exchange, reproduction. They have a nervous system, endocrine glands, a heart and muscle tissue and they contain a multitude of different molecules like metabolites, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, secretions, etc. that have come under increased scientific scrutiny for pharmacological properties. Bearing that in mind it seems likely that a single species prepared and used in different ways could have a multitude of uses. But how, for example, can there be remedies for breathing and other problems, involving earthworms, molluscs, termites, beetles, cockroaches, bugs, and dragonflies? Since invertebrates themselves can suffer from infections and cancers, common defence reactions are likely to have evolved in all invertebrates, which is why it would be far more surprising to find that each species had evolved its own unique disease fighting system. To obtain a more comprehensive picture, however, we still need information on folk medicinal uses of insects and other invertebrates from a wider range of regions and ethnic groups, but this task is hampered by western-based medicines becoming increasingly dominant and traditional healers being unable and sometimes even unwilling to transmit their knowledge to the younger generation. However, collecting and uncontrolled uses of therapeutic invertebrates can put undue pressure on certain highly sought after species and this is something that has to be borne in mind as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Benno Meyer-Rochow
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, Oulu University, Oulu, SF-90140, Finland.
- Research Institute of Luminous Organisms, Hachijo, Nakanogo, Hachijojima, Tokyo, 100-1623, Japan.
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Augustine D, Rao RS, Anbu J, Chidambara Murthy KN. In vitro Antiproliferative Effect of Earthworm Coelomic Fluid of Eudrilus Eugeniae, Eisenia Foetida, and Perionyx Excavatus on Squamous Cell Carcinoma-9 Cell Line: A Pilot Study. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:S61-S66. [PMID: 29333045 PMCID: PMC5757329 DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_52_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The earthworm coelomic fluid (ECF) has shown proven antiproliferative effect against breast, liver, gastrointestinal, and brain cancer, but it is least explored in oral cancer. The present in vitro study is an attempt to investigate the antiproliferative activity of ECF on oral cancer cell line squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)-9. Materials and Methods ECF was collected from the species Eudrilus eugeniae (EE), Eisenia foetida (EF), and Perionyx excavatus (PE) stored at -80°C. Percentage inhibition of ECF on squamous cell carcinoma-9 cells in vitro was recorded at 24 h. Protein estimation was done using Bradford protein assay validated by the biuret method. Cytotoxicity was tested at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μg/ml concentrations by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay in SCC-9 cells in vitro. GraphPad Prism 7.0 software was used to calculate the inhibitory concentration (IC50). Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference between samples. Results The test samples EE, EF, and PE inhibited the growth of SCC-9 cells significantly in a dose-dependent manner, and the IC50 values were found to be 4.6, 44.69, and 5.27 μg/ml, respectively. The antiproliferative effect was found to be variable among the three earthworm species with EE showing the most promising effect followed by PE and EF. Conclusion Establishing the antiproliferative effect of ECF on oral cancer cells could be an initial step toward drug development and future anticancer research. The preliminary investigation has shown that ECF has a promising antiproliferative effect on oral cancer cells in vitro. SUMMARY The present pilot study evaluated the in vitro antiproliferative effect of earthworm coelomic fluid (ECF) of Eudrilus eugeniae (EE), Eisenia foetida (EF), and Perionyx excavatus (PE) on squamous cell carcinoma-9 cell line. The ECF inhibitory activity was promising at inhibitory concentration values of 4.6, 44.69, and 5.27 μg/ml, respectively. Further studies pertaining to antiproliferative mechanism of EE, EF, and PE have been planned.Abbreviations Used: ECF: Earthworm coelomic fluid, EE: Eudrilus eugeniae, EF: Eisenia foetida, PE: Perionyx excavatus, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma, BSA: Bovine serum albumin, PBS: Phosphored buffered saline, ATCC: American Type Culture Collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayaraman Anbu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K N Chidambara Murthy
- Central Research Laboratory, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Goodarzi G, Qujeq D, Elmi MM, Feizi F, Fathai S. The effect of the glycolipoprotein extract (G-90) from earthwormEisenia foetidaon the wound healing process in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:242-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Goodarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
| | - Maryam M. Elmi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Paramedical Faculty; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Department of Anatomical Science; Babol University of Medical Science; Babol Iran
| | - Sadegh Fathai
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
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7
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Enzyme promiscuity in earthworm serine protease: substrate versatility and therapeutic potential. Amino Acids 2016; 48:941-948. [PMID: 26739820 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are the most versatile molecules in the biological world. These amazing molecules play an integral role in the regulation of various metabolic pathways and physiology subsequently. Promiscuity of an enzyme is the capacity to catalyze additional biochemical reactions besides their native one. Catalytic promiscuity has shown great impact in enzyme engineering for commercial enzyme and therapeutics with natural or engineered catalytic promiscuity. The earthworm serine protease (ESP) is a classic example of enzyme promiscuity and studied for its therapeutic potential over the last few decades. The ESP was reported for several therapeutic properties and fibrinolytic activity has been much explored. ESP, a complex enzyme exists as several isoforms of molecular weight ranging from 14 to 33 kDa. The fibrinolytic capacity of the enzyme has been studied in different species of earthworm and molecular mechanism is quite different from conventional thrombolytics. Cytotoxic and anti-tumor activities of ESP were evaluated using several cancer cell lines. Enzyme had shown tremendous scope in fighting against plant viruses and microbes. ESP is also reported for anti-inflammatory activity and anti-oxidant property. Apart from these, recently, ESP is reported for DNase activity. The daunting challenge for researchers is to understand the molecular mechanism for such diverse properties and possibility of enzyme promiscuity. This review emphasizes molecular mechanism of ESP governing various biochemical reactions. Further, the concept of enzyme promiscuity in ESP towards development of novel enzyme based drugs has been reviewed in this study.
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Fu YT, Sheu SY, Chen YS, Chen KY, Yao CH. Porous gelatin/tricalcium phosphate/genipin composites containing lumbrokinase for bone repair. Bone 2015; 78:15-22. [PMID: 25933942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone cell activities are very important in bone remodeling. This study investigates the effects of lumbrokinase on bone cell activities in cultures. Moreover, a biodegradable composite (GGT) containing genipin-crosslinked gelatin and β-tricalcium phosphate was prepared to carry lumbrokinase (GGTLK). Rat calvarial bone defects were filled with GGT and GGTLK composites. Bone healing was monitored in vivo by bioluminescence imaging and micro-CT. Lumbrokinase was found to have a dose-dependent effect on bone cell activities. Low concentrations (<1μg/ml) of lumbrokinase increased the viability, total alkaline phosphatase activity and mobility of osteoblasts, the number of total calcified nodules and the expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin; however, they considerably reduced the total tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts. IVIS images revealed a stronger fluorescent signal in GGTLK-treated animals than in GGT-treated animals. Micro-CT analysis revealed that GGTLK induced more new bone formation than did GGT. These observations suggest that lumbrokinase released from GGTLK composite can enhance bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tsung Fu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 40427, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yuan Sheu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Pulicherla KK, Verma MK. Targeting therapeutics across the blood brain barrier (BBB), prerequisite towards thrombolytic therapy for cerebrovascular disorders-an overview and advancements. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:223-33. [PMID: 25613561 PMCID: PMC4370956 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral tissues possess highly selective and dynamic protection known as blood brain barrier (BBB) that regulates brain homeostasis and provides protection against invading pathogens and various chemicals including drug molecules. Such natural protection strictly monitors entry of drug molecules often required for the management of several diseases and disorders including cerebral vascular and neurological disorders. However, in recent times, the ischemic cerebrovascular disease and clinical manifestation of acute arterial thrombosis are the most common causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The management of cerebral Ischemia requires immediate infusion of external thrombolytic into systemic circulation and must cross the blood brain barrier. The major challenge with available thrombolytic is their poor affinity towards the blood brain barrier and cerebral tissue subsequently. In the clinical practice, a high dose of thrombolytic often prescribed to deliver drugs across the blood brain barrier which results in drug dependent toxicity leading to damage of neuronal tissues. In recent times, more emphasis was given to utilize blood brain barrier transport mechanism to deliver drugs in neuronal tissue. The blood brain barrier expresses a series of receptor on membrane became an ideal target for selective drug delivery. In this review, the author has given more emphasis molecular biology of receptor on blood brain barrier and their potential as a carrier for drug molecules to cerebral tissues. Further, the use of nanoscale design and real-time monitoring for developed therapeutic to encounter drug dependent toxicity has been reviewed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Pulicherla
- Center for Bioseparation Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India,
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10
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Fu YT, Chen KY, Chen YS, Yao CH. Earthworm (Pheretima aspergillum) extract stimulates osteoblast activity and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:440. [PMID: 25387689 PMCID: PMC4233063 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background The potential benefits of earthworm (Pheretima aspergillum) for healing have received considerable attention recently. Osteoblast and osteoclast activities are very important in bone remodeling, which is crucial to repair bone injuries. This study investigated the effects of earthworm extract on bone cell activities. Methods Osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were used for identifying the cellular effects of different concentrations of earthworm extract on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. The optimal concentration of earthworm extract was determined by mitochondrial colorimetric assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, matrix calcium deposition, Western blotting and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity. Results Earthworm extract had a dose-dependent effect on bone cell activities. The most effective concentration of earthworm extract was 3 mg/ml, significantly increasing osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, matrix calcium deposition and the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin. Conversely, 3 mg/ml earthworm extract significantly reduced the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity of osteoclasts without altering cell viability. Conclusions Earthworm extract has beneficial effects on bone cell cultures, indicating that earthworm extract is a potential agent for use in bone regeneration.
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11
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Kim HK, Choi MJ, Cha SH, Koo YK, Jun SH, Cho S, Park Y. Earthworm extracts utilized in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles capable of reinforcing the anticoagulant activities of heparin. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:542. [PMID: 24369090 PMCID: PMC3877951 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were obtained using a green synthesis approach with aqueous earthworm extracts without any additional reducing or capping agents. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The anticoagulant activity of the gold nanoparticles was assessed using the activated partial thromboplastin time and was mildly enhanced by combining the gold nanoparticles with heparin. In addition to the generation of spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 6.13 ± 2.13 nm, cubic and block-shaped nanoparticles with an average aspect ratio, defined as the length divided by width, of 1.47 were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hyun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Kyoung Koo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hui Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Verma MK, Xavier F, Verma YK, Sobha K. Evaluation of cytotoxic and anti-tumor activity of partially purified serine protease isolate from the Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Cooper EL, Hirabayashi K. Origin of innate immune responses: revelation of food and medicinal applications. J Tradit Complement Med 2013; 3:204-12. [PMID: 24716179 PMCID: PMC3924995 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the strong ecological impact that earthworms ( Qiū Yǐn; Pheretima) have on soil in terms of fertility, nutrient production, and tilling. Even more interesting though is the impact they have had on our understanding of innate immunity, and from this discovery, there has been a simultaneous recognition of their potential through their historical use as food and their use in treatment of certain chronic health problems that often afflict humans. This bifurcating growing knowledge base has stemmed from centuries of honing and practicing traditional and complementary forms of medicine such as Ayurveda (India) Traditional Chinese Medicine (China), Kampo (Japan), and Traditional Korean Medicine (Korea). Earthworms (Dilong) have also been credited as a model for research concerning the nervous and endocrine systems. One of the reasons behind the earthworm's tremendous impact on research into these biomedical endeavors is partly due to its lack of ethical restrictions, like those imposed on vertebrate models. Using invertebrate models as opposed to mice or other mammalian models bypasses ethical concerns. Moreover, financial constraints consistently hover over biological research that requires living subjects, preferably mammals. Earthworms are a rich source of several vital biological macromolecules and other nutrients. They have long been used as food in several cultures such as the Ye'Kuana in Venezuela, the Maori in New Zealand, and the nomadic populations in Papua New Guinea. Earthworms and their nutritious products have been shown to exert significant effects in treating humans for disorders of inflammation and blood coagulation. One area that continues to be examined is the earthworm's ability to regenerate lost appendages, and these effects have been extended to mammals. Evidence reveals that earthworm extracts may actually promote the regeneration of damaged nerves. This presentation will explore how earthworms may reveal significant advances and conclusions that decipher innate immunity. This is intimately associated with them as sources of their various nutritional and medicinal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L. Cooper
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School Of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kyle Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School Of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Han L, Kim YS, Cho S, Park Y. Invertebrate Water Extracts as Biocompatible Reducing Agents for the Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of water extracts of two invertebrates, snail body and earthworm, as biocompatible reducing agents for the green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the extract concentration, gold ion or silver ion concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The gold and silver nanoparticles exhibited their characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands. Mostly spherical and amorphous shapes of the nanoparticles were synthesized. The average diameters of the gold and silver nanoparticles were 4.56 ± 1.81 nm and 11.12 ± 5.25 nm, respectively, when the extract of snail body was used as the reducing agent. The earthworm extracts produced gold and silver nanoparticles with average diameters of 6.70 ± 2.69 nm and 12.19 ± 4.28 nm, respectively. This report suggests that the invertebrate natural products have potential as biocompatible reducing agents for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This utility would open up novel applications of invertebrate natural products as nanocomposites and in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Han
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–744, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621–749, Republic of Korea
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Cooper EL, Balamurugan M, Huang CY, Tsao CR, Heredia J, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Paoletti MG. Earthworms dilong: ancient, inexpensive, noncontroversial models may help clarify approaches to integrated medicine emphasizing neuroimmune systems. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2012; 2012:164152. [PMID: 22888362 PMCID: PMC3410320 DOI: 10.1155/2012/164152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms have provided ancient cultures with food and sources of medicinal cures. Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and practices in Japan, Vietnam, and Korea have focused first on earthworms as sources of food. Gradually fostering an approach to potential beneficial healing properties, there are renewed efforts through bioprospecting and evidence-based research to understand by means of rigorous investigations the mechanisms of action whether earthworms are used as food and/or as sources of potential medicinal products. Focusing on earthworms grew by serendipity from an extensive analysis of the earthworm's innate immune system. Their immune systems are replete with leukocytes and humoral products that exert credible health benefits. Their emerging functions with respect to evolution of innate immunity have long been superseded by their well-known ecological role in soil conservation. Earthworms as inexpensive, noncontroversial animal models (without ethical concerns) are not vectors of disease do not harbor parasites that threaten humans nor are they annoying pests. By recognizing their numerous ecological, environmental, and biomedical roles, substantiated by inexpensive and more comprehensive investigations, we will become more aware of their undiscovered beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L. Cooper
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Mariappan Balamurugan
- Division of Vermibiotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, India
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science and Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Clara R. Tsao
- Department of Biology and Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Jesus Heredia
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | - Maurizio G. Paoletti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi, 58/b, 35121-Padua, Italy
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Chang YM, Chi WY, Lai TY, Chen YS, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Kuo WW, Cheng YC, Lin CC, Huang CY. Dilong: role in peripheral nerve regeneration. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:380809. [PMID: 21799677 PMCID: PMC3136393 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dilong, also known as earthworm, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. Schwann cell migration and proliferation are critical for the regeneration of injured nerves and Schwann cells provide an essentially supportive role for neuron regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms of migration and proliferation induced by dilongs in Schwann cells remain unclear. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that includes (i) migration signaling, MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), mediated PAs and MMP2/9 pathway; (ii) survival and proliferative signaling, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I)-mediated PI3K/Akt pathways and (iii) cell cycle regulation. Dilong stimulate RSC96 cell proliferation and migration. It can induce phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK, and activate the downstream signaling expression of PAs (plasminogen activators) and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) in a time-dependent manner. In addition, Dilong stimulated ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation was attenuated by pretreatment with chemical inhibitors (U0126 and SB203580), and small interfering ERK1/2 and p38 RNA, resulting in migration and uPA-related signal pathway inhibition. Dilong also induces the phosphorylation of IGF-I-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway, activates protein expression of PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A) in a time-dependent manner. In addition, it accelerates G1-phase progression with earlier S-phase entry and significant numbers of cells entered the S-phase. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of PI3K that significantly reduces PI3K protein expression levels, resulting in Bcl2 survival factor reduction, revealing a marked blockage of G1 to S transition in proliferating cells. These results reveal the unknown RSC96 cell migration and proliferation mechanism induced by dilong, which find use as a new medicine for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang YM, Kuo WH, Lai TY, Shih YT, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Shu WT, Chen YY, Chen YS, Kuo WW, Huang CY. RSC96 Schwann Cell Proliferation and Survival Induced by Dilong through PI3K/Akt Signaling Mediated by IGF-I. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:216148. [PMID: 20040524 PMCID: PMC3135880 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell proliferation is critical for the regeneration of injured nerves. Dilongs are widely used in Chinese herbal medicine to remove stasis and stimulate wound-healing functions. Exactly how this Chinese herbal medicine promotes tissue survival remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Dilong promote neuron regeneration. Our results show that treatment with extract of Dilong induces the phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathway, and activates protein expression of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in a time-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis showed that G1 transits into the S phase in 12–16 h, and S transits into the G2 phase 20 h after exposure to earthworm extract. Strong expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin A occurs in a time-dependent manner. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of PI3K significantly reduced PI3K protein expression levels, resulting in Bcl2 survival factor reduction and a marked blockage of G1 to S transition in proliferating cells. These results demonstrate that Dilong promotes the proliferation and survival of RSC96 cells via IGF-I signaling. The mechanism is mainly dependent on the PI3K protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science and Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Prakash M, Gunasekaran G. Antibacterial activity of the indigenous earthworms Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Perionyx excavatus (Perrier). J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:167-70. [PMID: 21299431 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2009.0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Earthworms respond to microbial infection through cellular and humoral defense mechanisms such as antimicrobial protein secretions. Most of the humoral defense proteins are synthesized in the skin itself. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, a dried powder was prepared from two indigenous earthworms (Lampito mauritii and Perionyx excavatus) and tested against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). RESULTS The dried earthworm powder of two species shows a strong antibacterial activity against the S. aureus, P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains. Of these, the 60 μg/mL/disc of P. excavatus earthworm powder shows more activity than the L. mauritii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Prakash
- Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, TamilNadu, India.
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Chang YM, Shih YT, Chen YS, Liu CL, Fang WK, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ, Kuo WW, Lai TY, Huang CY. Schwann Cell Migration Induced by Earthworm Extract via Activation of PAs and MMP2/9 Mediated through ERK1/2 and p38. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:395458. [PMID: 19808845 PMCID: PMC3135425 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The earthworm, which has stasis removal and wound-healing functions, is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine in China. Schwann cell migration is critical for the regeneration of injured nerves. Schwann cells provide an essentially supportive activity for neuron regeneration. However, the molecular migration mechanisms induced by earthworms in Schwann cells remain unclear. Here, we investigate the roles of MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK and p38) pathways for earthworm-induced matrix-degrading proteolytic enzyme (PAs and MMP2/9) production in Schwann cells. Moreover, earthworm induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38, but not JNK, activate the downstream signaling expression of PAs and MMPs in a time-dependent manner. Earthworm-stimulated ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation was attenuated by pretreatment with U0126 and SB203580, resulting in migration and uPA-related signal pathway inhibition. The results were confirmed using small interfering ERK1/2 and p38 RNA. These results demonstrated that earthworms can stimulate Schwann cell migration and up-regulate PAs and MMP2/9 expression mediated through the MAPK pathways, ERK1/2 and p38. Taken together, our data suggests the MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38)-, PAs (uPA, tPA)-, MMP (MMP2, MMP9) signaling pathway of Schwann cells regulated by earthworms might play a major role in Schwann cell migration and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taiwan
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Selective Th2 Upregulation by Crocus sativus: A Neutraceutical Spice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20953384 PMCID: PMC2952317 DOI: 10.1155/2011/639862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory activity of an Indian neutraceutical spice, saffron (Crocus sativus) was studied on Th(1) and Th(2) limbs of the immune system. Oral administration of alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus (ACS) at graded dose levels from 1.56-50 mg/kg p.o. potentiated the Th(2) response of humoral immunity causing the significant increases in agglutinating antibody titre in mice at a dose of 6.25 mg/kg and an elevation of CD19(+) B cells and IL-4 cytokine, a signature cytokine of Th(2) pathway. Appreciable elevation in levels of IgG-1 and IgM antibodies of the primary and secondary immune response was observed. However, ACS showed no appreciable expression of the Th(1) cytokines IL-2 (growth factor for CD4(+) T cells) and IFN-γ (signature cytokine of Th(1) response). A significant modulation of immune reactivity was observed in all the animal models used. This paper represents the selective upregulation of the Th(2) response of the test material and suggests its use for subsequent selective Th(2) immunomodulation.
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Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme: anti-tumor activity on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200705020-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Cooper EL. eCAM benefits from diversity that derives from CAM. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:263-5. [PMID: 16136204 PMCID: PMC1193560 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Petrarca C, Frydas S, Donelan J, Boucher W, Papadopoulou N, Cao J, Castellani ML, Conti P, Toniato E, Robuffo I, Vecchiet J, Iezzi T, Madhappan B, Kempuraj D. Interleukin 27 (IL-27): A novel pleiotropic cytokine involved in T cell differentiation and T cell response modulation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2005; 18:191-4. [PMID: 15888242 DOI: 10.1177/039463200501800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Cooper EL. Bioprospecting: a CAM Frontier. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2005; 2:1-3. [PMID: 15841270 PMCID: PMC1062155 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Cooper EL. Drug Discovery, CAM and Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2004; 1:215-217. [PMID: 15841253 PMCID: PMC538505 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Engelmann P, Kiss J, Csöngei V, Cooper EL, Németh P. Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:215-27. [PMID: 15560938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Earthworm coelomic fluid contains biologically active molecules and leukocytes that participate in phagocytosis, encapsulation. Presumably they synthesize and secrete several effector modulators of innate immune responses such as antibacterial molecules, cytotoxic proteins and cytokines. Several lytic molecules have been detected in coelomic fluid previously but it is not yet clear which are actually released from the coelomocytes. Our aim was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of coelomocytes on mammalian target cells and to provide evidence that the lytic factors originate from coelomocytes. Cell-free coelomic fluid, supernatants of short-term cultured coelomocytes, and lysates from coelomocytes--derived by mechanical and detergent extraction--were used in cytotoxicity assays performed on different mammalian standard tumor cell lines and mouse fibroblasts. We used native and denaturized (using proteinase K, and trypsin digestions, or heat-inactivation) coelomocyte lysates (CCL). The viability controls of targeted cells were made by measuring photometrically and analyzing by inverted microscopy. According to our results the coelomic fluid, the supernatant of cultured coelomocytes, and the CCL significantly decreased ratios of living cells compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. Our experiments performed with CCLs suggest that coelomocytes are responsible for the productions of cytotoxic components presumably proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Pécs, Szigeti u.12, Hungary.
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Cooper EL. Commentary on Traditional and Modern Biomedical Prospecting: Part II-The Benefits by Werner E.G. Muller, Heinz C. Schroder, Matthias Wiens, Sanja Perovic-Ottstadt, Renato Batel and Isabel M. Muller: Anti-protozoa and antiviral activities of non-cytotoxic truncated and variant analogues of mussel defensin by P. Roch, A. Beschin and E. Bernard. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2004; 1:207-209. [PMID: 15480447 PMCID: PMC516462 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Cooper EL. Commentary on CAM and NK Cells by Kazuyoshi Takeda and Ko Okumura. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2004; 1:29-34. [PMID: 15257323 PMCID: PMC442113 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin L. Cooper
- Professor and Editor-in-Chief, Tel: (310) 825–9567; Fax: (310) 825–2224. E-mail:
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