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Stability and Safety of Inhibitor Cystine Knot Peptide, GTx1-15, from the Tarantula Spider Grammostola rosea. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090621. [PMID: 34564625 PMCID: PMC8473062 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) peptides are knotted peptides with three intramolecular disulfide bonds that affect several types of ion channels. Some are proteolytically stable and are promising scaffolds for drug development. GTx1-15 is an ICK peptide that inhibits the voltage-dependent calcium channel Cav3.1 and the voltage-dependent sodium channels Nav1.3 and Nav1.7. As a model molecule to develop an ICK peptide drug, we investigated several important pharmaceutical characteristics of GTx1-15. The stability of GTx1-15 in rat and human blood plasma was examined, and no GTx1-15 degradation was observed in either rat or human blood plasma for 24 h in vitro. GTx1-15 in blood circulation was detected for several hours after intravenous and intramuscular administration, indicating high stability in plasma. The thermal stability of GTx1-15 as examined by high thermal incubation and protein thermal shift assays indicated that GTx1-15 possesses high heat stability. The cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of GTx1-15 were examined using the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. GTx1-15 showed no cytotoxicity or immunogenicity even at high concentrations. These results indicate that GTx1-15 itself is suitable for peptide drug development and as a peptide library scaffold.
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Chang YY, Lu CW, Jean WH, Shieh JS, Lin TY. Phorbol myristate acetate induces differentiation of THP-1 cells in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Nitric Oxide 2021; 109-110:33-41. [PMID: 33667621 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION THP-1 cells, a human leukemia monocytic cell line, differentiated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) are widely used as surrogate of human macrophages. Differentiated THP-1 cells acquire macrophage-like characteristics including more adherence and altered cell function. Nitric oxide (NO), an intracellular messenger, is critical in regulating cell differentiation. Here we elucidated whether NO relates to PMA-induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of THP-1 cells. The mutual regulation of calcium and NO was also investigated. MATERIAL & METHODS THP-1 cells were incubated with PMA for 24 h, followed by assay of adherence, morphological change, migration or IL-1β release. L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or BAPTA-AM (a calcium chelator) was added before PMA stimulation, and levels of calcium and NO were measured. Furthermore, a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity was employed to study the role of iNOS. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effects of PMA on upregulation of adherence, lipopolysaccharide-triggered IL-1β, and migration ability of THP-1 cells were consistent with NO concentrations. Both l-NAME and BAPTA-AM mitigated effects of PMA on THP-1 cells differentiation. BAPTA-AM decreased levels of NO, while l-NAME had no effect on calcium levels. Of note, inhibition of iNOS activity decreased PMA-triggered upregulation of NO. CONCLUSION PMA induced differentiation of THP-1 cells partially in a NO-dependent manner. The calcium signaling may mediate PMA-triggered upregulation of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ying Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; International Program in Engineering for Bachelor, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Horng Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Shieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.
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3
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Nishikawa MU, Iwaki M, Tashiro K, Kurose K. Identification of gene expression markers and development of evaluation method using cell-based and RT-PCR-based assay for skin sensitising potential of chemicals. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1359-1369. [PMID: 32394774 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1767320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, alternatives to animal testing have been used to evaluate skin sensitisers in cosmetic products. However, testing is still complicated and expensive. To develop a simpler, cost-effective and more accurate evaluation method for the skin sensitising chemicals, we employed cell-based and RT-PCR-based assay. Representative sensitiser specific gene expression in THP-1 cells was analysed by microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that 26 genes induced by the sensitisers were associated with immune function. First, seven of the 26 genes were chosen arbitrarily as candidate markers for our sensitisation assay. Then, THP-1 cells were exposed to 13 reference chemicals with known sensitising potential, and real-time RT-PCR assays targeting the candidate marker genes were performed. Among them, six markers were able to properly evaluate the sensitisation potential by classifying the gene induction rates with appropriate criteria. Especially, the results of the assay using TREM1 and TNFRSF12A gene markers showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. An existing test method, h-CLAT, requires a flow cytometer and is complicated to operate. In contrast, our method is relatively simpler and more cost-effective. Therefore, our method is a promising one to evaluate sensitising chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Ukaji Nishikawa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kouichi Kurose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao Y, Hao C, Zhai R, Bao L, Wang D, Li Y, Yu X, Huang R, Yao W. Effects of cyclophosphamide on the phenotypes and functions of THP-1 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103201. [PMID: 31202006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early and accurate evaluation of immunotoxicity is crucial. However, there are few in vitro models for immunosuppressive evaluation. THP-1 cells has long been used for in vitro sensitivity evaluation. Whether it can be used for immunosuppressive evaluation remains unclear. In this study, effects of immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide (CY) on THP-1 cells were observed while 2, 4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was used as a control. The phenotypes of THP-1 cells, the ability to activate naïve T cells, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, gene markers, phagocytic ability and cell apoptosis were detected after THP-1 cells being exposed to different concentrations of CY and DNCB. Both CY and DNCB were able to activate THP-1 cells, but there were a lot of differences in their effects on THP-1 cells, such as the changes in phenotypes, in the ability to activate naïve T cells, in ROS production and in marker gene expression. Firstly, CY down-regulated the expression of CD86 on THP-1 cells while DNCB up-regulated its expression. Secondly, the ability of THP-1 cells to activate naïve T cells was enhanced by CY and suppressed by DNCB. Thirdly, CY raised rapid and transient elevation of ROS level in THP-1 cells, while the effects of DNCB were slower and longer-lasting. Finally, only CY could lead to an increase in heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) expression. Taken all these results into account, we suggested that THP-1 cell line possesses the potency to be an in vitro model of immunosuppressive evaluation. And the surface molecule CD86, the ability to activate naïve T cells, the ROS production and the gene marker HMOX1 of THP-1 cells are promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruonan Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xinghao Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
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Schellenberger MT, Bock U, Hennen J, Groeber-Becker F, Walles H, Blömeke B. A coculture system composed of THP-1 cells and 3D reconstructed human epidermis to assess activation of dendritic cells by sensitizing chemicals after topical exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:62-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Sahli F, Sousa MSE, Vileno B, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Blömeke B, Giménez-Arnau E. Understanding the skin sensitization capacity of ascaridole: a combined study of chemical reactivity and activation of the innate immune system (dendritic cells) in the epidermal environment. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1337-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Ebersole JL, Kryscio RJ, Campbell C, Kinane DF, McDevitt J, Christodoulides N, Floriano PN, Miller CS. Salivary and serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels in acute myocardial infarction related to body mass index and oral health. J Periodontal Res 2016; 52:419-427. [PMID: 27549083 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adiponectin is produced by adipose cells and is considered an anti-inflammatory molecule. In contrast, C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation and used as a risk marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Of interest was the relationship of these two biomarkers to oral health and CVD risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS This investigation examined these two molecules in serum and unstimulated whole saliva of patients within 48 h of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared to control subjects. We hypothesized a differential response in these biomolecules resulting from the heart attack that would be affected by both the body mass index and oral health characteristics of the individuals. RESULTS Significantly lower adiponectin levels were observed in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum adiponectin in both groups and salivary adiponectin in patients with AMI decreased with increasing body mass index. Oral health was significantly worse in patients with AMI, and both serum and salivary adiponectin were elevated with better oral health in control subjects. Serum CRP levels were increased in patients with AMI regardless of their oral health, and both serum and salivary CRP were significantly elevated in S-T wave elevated patients with MI. CONCLUSIONS These initial data provide evidence relating obesity and oral health to salivary and serum analyte levels that occur in association with cardiac events. Relationships have been described between CVD risk and periodontal disease. Additionally, various systemic inflammatory biomarkers appear to reflect both the CVD risk and the extent/severity of periodontitis. Our findings indicated that oral health and obesity contribute to altering levels of these salivary and serum analytes in association with cardiac events. The potential that serum and/or salivary biomarkers could aid in evaluating CVD risk requires knowledge regarding how the oral health of the individual would impact the effectiveness of these biological measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R J Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Campbell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D F Kinane
- College of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J McDevitt
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Christodoulides
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P N Floriano
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice & Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Skin sensitizer identification by IL-8 secretion and CD86 expression on THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Krutz NL, Hennen J, Korb C, Schellenberger MT, Gerberick GF, Blömeke B. Activation of the Endoperoxide Ascaridole Modulates Its Sensitizing Capacity. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:515-23. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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10
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Loison E, Gougeon ML. Thimerosal compromises human dendritic cell maturation, IL-12 production, chemokine release, and T-helper polarization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2328-35. [PMID: 25424939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thimerosal is a preservative used in multidose vials of vaccine formulations to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination. We recently reported that nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal induce cell cycle arrest of human T cells activated via the TCR and inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production, thus interfering with T-cell functions. Given the essential role of dendritic cells (DCs) in T-cell polarization and vaccine immunity, we studied the influence of non-toxic concentrations of thimerosal on DC maturation and functions. Ex-vivo exposure of human monocyte-derived DCs to nanomolar concentrations of thimerosal prevented LPS-induced DC maturation, as evidenced by the inhibition of morphological changes and a decreased expression of the maturation markers CD86 and HLA-DR. In addition thimerosal dampened their proinflammatory response, in particular the production of the Th1 polarizing cytokine IL-12, as well as TNF-α and IL-6. DC-dependent T helper polarization was altered, leading to a decreased production of IFN-γ IP10 and GM-CSF and increased levels of IL-8, IL-9, and MIP-1α. Although multi-dose vials of vaccines containing thimerosal remain important for vaccine delivery, our results alert about the ex-vivo immunomodulatory effects of thimerosal on DCs, a key player for the induction of an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Loison
- a Institut Pasteur; Antiviral Immunity Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit; Infection and Epidemiology Department; Paris, France
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11
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Hargadon KM. Murine and Human Model Systems for the Study of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 35:85-115. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.952413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Ashikaga T, Sakaguchi H, Sono S, Kosaka N, Ishikawa M, Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Ito Y, Nishiyama N, Itagaki H. A comparative evaluation of in vitro skin sensitisation tests: the human cell-line activation test (h-CLAT) versus the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Altern Lab Anim 2010; 38:275-84. [PMID: 20822320 DOI: 10.1177/026119291003800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed the human cell-line activation test (h-CLAT) in vitro skin sensitisation test, based on our reported finding that a 24-hour exposure of THP-1 cells (a human monocytic leukaemia cell line) to sensitisers is sufficient to induce the augmented expression of CD86 and CD54. The aim of this study is to confirm the predictive value of h-CLAT for skin sensitisation activity by employing a larger number of test chemicals. One hundred chemicals were selected, according to their categorisation in the local lymph node assay (LLNA), as being: extreme, strong, moderate and weak sensitisers, and non-sensitisers. The correlation of the h-CLAT results with the LLNA results was 84%. There were some false negatives (e.g. benzoyl peroxide, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde) and some false positives (e.g. 1-bromobutane, diethylphthalate). Eight out of the 9 false negatives (89%) were water-insoluble chemicals. The h-CLAT could positively predict not only extreme and strong sensitisers, but also moderate and weak sensitisers, though the detection rates of weak sensitisers and non-sensitisers were comparatively low. Some sensitisers enhanced both CD86 and CD54 levels, and some enhanced the level of only one of them. The use of the combination of CD86 and CD54 induction as a positive indicator, improved the accuracy of the test. In conclusion, the h-CLAT is expected to be a useful cell-based in vitro method for predicting skin sensitisation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ashikaga
- Shiseido Co. Ltd, Quality Assessment Centre, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Prediction of the contact sensitizing potential of chemicals using analysis of gene expression changes in human THP-1 monocytes. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Arkusz J, Gradecka-Meesters D, Stępnik M. Interleukin-1β and surface marker expression changes induced by tetrachloroplatinate in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903095306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Mori G, Brunetti G, Colucci S, Oranger A, Ciccolella F, Sardone F, Pignataro P, Mori C, Karapanou V, Ballini A, Mastrangelo F, Tete S, Grassi FR, Grano M. Osteoblast apoptosis in periodontal disease: role of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:95-103. [PMID: 19309556 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (Pd) is characterized by an increased osteoclast resorption and a decreased osteoblast (OB) bone formation. OBs obtained from alveolar bone of Periodontitis patients (Pp) undergo apoptosis in the presence of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We studied the intracellular apoptotic pathway induced by TRAIL; TRAIL death (DR4, DR5) and decoy (DcR1, DcR2) receptors expression in Periodontitis patients OBs (PpOBs), and we measured the concentration of TRAIL in the serum of Pp. We demonstrated that DNA fragmentation and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in PpOBs, following TRAIL stimulation, occurred in shorter time; moreover, a higher amount of both caspases was activated in order to direct OBs. Down-regulation of DcR2 in PpOBs was demonstrated and high TRAIL levels were detected in the serum of Pp. In conclusion, our data suggest that PpOBs are more sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis when compared to the control group. The down-regulation of DcR2 possibly leads to an imbalanced ratio between death and decoy receptors. Our findings highlight a role of TRAIL in the pathogenesis of Pd.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mori
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Foggia, Italy
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An S, Kim S, Huh Y, Lee TR, Kim HK, Park KL, Eun HC. Expression of surface markers on the human monocytic leukaemia cell line, THP-1, as indicators for the sensitizing potential of chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:185-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Lodewyckx H, Felicio A, Hooyberghs J, Witters H, Van Tendeloo V, Van Cauwenberge P, Nelissen I, Van Den Heuvel R, Schoeters G. THP-1 monocytes but not macrophages as a potential alternative for CD34+ dendritic cells to identify chemical skin sensitizers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 236:221-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Substance P Upregulates LTB4 in Rat Adherent Macrophages from Granuloma Induced by KMnO4. Neurotox Res 2009; 15:49-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cell types involved in allergic asthma and their use in in vitro models to assess respiratory sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1419-31. [PMID: 18603401 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review first describes the mechanism and cell types involved in allergic asthma, which is a complex clinical disease characterized by airway obstruction, airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli. The development of allergic asthma exists of three phases, namely the induction phase, the early-phase asthmatic reaction (EAR) and the late-phase asthmatic reaction (LAR). In the induction phase, antigen-presenting cells play a major role. Most important cells in the EAR are mast cells, and during the LAR, various cell types, such as eosinophils, neutrophils, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and cells that endow structure are involved. In occupational asthma, this immunological mechanism is involved in 90% of the cases. The second part of this review gives an overview of in vitro models to assess the hazardous potential of high- and low-molecular weight chemicals on the respiratory system. In order to develop a good in vitro model for respiratory allergy, the choice of appropriate cell types is important. Epithelial cells, macrophages and DCs are currently the most used models in this field of research.
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Katsanos G, Anogeianaki A, Orso C, Tetè S, Salini V, Antinolfi P, Sabatino G. Substance P: An Inflammatory Peptide. EUR J INFLAMM 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0800600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is involved in neurogenic inflammation and in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, demonstrating that there is a narrow interrelationship between the nervous system and immunity. Macrophage functions are altered in stress, therefore, since SP is a macrophage activator, its biological effect has been intimately linked to stress. In fact, SP enhances LPS-induced macrophage TNFα production from stressed animals and stimulates the production of IL-8 CXC chemokine response in a mast cell line in vitro. The stress-induced cytokines from macrophage also alter and contribute to inflammation. Understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation and the role of the chemical mediator SP may improve inflammation management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Orso
- Orthopaedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - S. Tetè
- Dental School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - V. Salini
- Orthopaedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | | | - G. Sabatino
- Paediatric Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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21
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Environmental and occupational stress and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:340-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Negrev N, Radev R, Velikova M, Anogeianaki A. Experimental Study of the Effects of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis on Platelet Functional Activity. EUR J INFLAMM 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0800600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis exert various effects in organism, but their influence on the functional activity of platelets is relatively unknown. To establish the effect of the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis on the functional activity of platelets by means of determining the plasma level of beta-thromboglobulin (β-TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) a study was conducted on 40 white male rats of the “Wistar” breed. The necessary blood volume was obtained under ether narcosis by cardiac puncture in CTAD-test-tubes. Using Diagnostica Stago (France) tests, by means of enzyme-immune test, the level of two of the most informative platelet secretion markers was determined. The hormones: Thyreotropin releasing hormone (0.06 mg/kg bw), Thyroid stimulating hormone (1 MU/kg bw), Trijodthyroninum (0.08 mg/kg bw), Thyroxin (0.08 mg/kg bw), applied s.c. on three consecutive days strongly reduce the plasma level of β-TG (p<0.001) and PF 4 (p < 0.001). The reduced level of β-TG and PF 4 in the plasma is an indicator of their reduced functional activity, which is one of the determinants for the development of hemocoagulation. The functional activity of platelets in rats, determined by the level of β-TG and PF 4, is significantly suppressed by all hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Anogeianaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Castellani ML, Bhattacharya K, Tagen M, Kempuraj D, Perrella A, De Lutiis M, Boucher W, Conti P, Theoharides TC, Cerulli G, Salini V, Neri G. Anti-chemokine therapy for inflammatory diseases. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 20:447-53. [PMID: 17880758 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are inflammatory proteins acting via G-protein coupled chemokine receptors that trigger different signaling pathways. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (CCL5/RANTES) are the two major members of the CC chemokine beta subfamily. The roles of RANTES and MCP-1 are emerging in regulating the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissue during inflammation. The inhibition of MCP-1 and RANTES with corresponding antibodies or other inhibitors may provide benefits in different clinical scenarios including cancer, inflammation, CNS disorders, parasitic disease, autoimmune and heart diseases. RANTES and MCP-1 may represent targets for diagnostic procedures and therapeutic intervention, and may be useful as a prognostic factor in the above diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Castellani
- Department of Internal Medicine and Science of Ageing, University of Chieti, Italy.
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Anogianaki A, Castellani ML, Madhappan B, Salini V, Vecchiet J, Tetè S, Frydas S, Perrella A, De Lutiis MA, Neri G, Cerulli G, Caraffa A, Conti P. RANTES (CCL5) potentiates calcium ionophore in the production of LTB4 in rat adherent macrophages from granuloma induced by KMnO4: inhibiton by NDGA. Pharmacol Res 2007; 57:49-55. [PMID: 18083043 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The activation of monocytes/macrophages by several stimuli is an initial event in the inflammatory response. To ascertain the importance of LTB(4) and 5-lypoxigenase in the inflammatory site, we isolated and stimulated rat adherent granuloma macrophages (RAGMs) with calcium ionophore in the presence or absence of regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES) [CCL5] at different concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that RANTES may influence the production of LTB(4) stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM/ml) in rat adherent granuloma macrophages derived from granuloma induced by potassium permanganate diluted 1:40 saturated solution. To test this hypothesis, we measured LTB(4) production, in rat granuloma macrophages stimulated with A23187 (2.5 microM) alone and in combination with RANTES at different concentrations. In these studies, the cell-free supernatant of stimulated RAGMs with the ionophore A23187, resulted in a drastic increase of LTB(4). However, when the cells were treated with the combination RANTES plus A23187 the stimulatory effect was more pronounced than A23187 alone. LTB(4) production was quantitated. The calcium ionophore A23187 directly induced LTB(4) in macrophages, this production was markedly enhanced when the cells were pretreated with RANTES. However, the addition of RANTES in the absence of calcium ionophore A23187 did not directly induce LTB(4) release, nor was lypoxigenase expression augmented. Preincubation of RAGMs with NDGA (nordihydroguiaretic acid) (10(-5)M) completely abolished the production of LTB4 on RAGMSs challenged with A23187 in combination with RANTES or A23187 alone in the supernatants. Similar effects were obtained when the cells were pretreated with dexamethasone. These data suggest, for the first time, that RANTES may stimulate the release of LTB(4), only when it is associated to other stimuli and for this reason we conclude that RANTES modulates inflammatory diseases, and may require other stimuli to be effective in amplifying its spectrum of action(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anogianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Papakonstantinou P, Tziris N, Kesisoglou I, Gotzamani-Psarrakou A, Tsonidis C, Patsikas M, Papazoglou L. The Effect of Porcine Orexin a on C-Peptide Plasma Concentrations in Pigs. EUR J INFLAMM 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0700500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus and the neuropeptides that are produced and act within its neuronal circuits constitute an area of extensive laboratory research. In 1998, the neuropeptide, Orexin A, was discovered and isolated from the hypothalamus of the rat. An i.c.v. injection of Orexin A into the lateral ventricle of the rat's brain causes an increase in the consumption of food, and, apart from appetite, it also seems to be regulating many other normal functions of the organism, whose regulatory and metabolic mechanisms remain unknown to date. The neuropeptide is produced by a small cluster located in and round the lateral hypothalamic area. It has been known for decades that this area is involved in the regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis in mammals. The intravenous, subcutaneous, or i.c.v. injection of Orexin A causes changes in insulin and glucagon concentrations. The same effect is also seen under in vitro experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of i.c.v. administration of porcine Orexin A on c-peptide concentrations in the peripheral blood of pigs, and tested whether these changes are associated with the potential effect of the neuropeptide on the function of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - I. Kesisoglou
- 3rd Surgical Clinic, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A. Gotzamani-Psarrakou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C. Tsonidis
- 2nd Neurosurgical Clinic A. U. T., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - L.G. Papazoglou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
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