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Loeffler A, Rankin P, Smith SS, Thorpe K, Staton S. Exploring the Relationship Between Age at Nap Cessation and Social-Emotional Functioning in Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2024; 45:e150-e158. [PMID: 38451866 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine variations in age at nap cessation and identify whether there is an association with social-emotional functioning (SEF) as measured by internalizing/externalizing behavior, child temperament, and social skills in a sample of early childhood education and care-attending children. METHODS The sample comprised 1117 children from the Australian Effectiveness Early Educational Experiences for Children longitudinal early childhood study. We used children's age at nap cessation as retrospectively recalled by caregivers in 2011 or 2013 when children were between ages 2 and 7 years. Each child's SEF was reported by a caregiver using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Short Temperament Scale for Children, and the Social Skills Inventory Scale. Associations between children's age of nap cessation and SEF were tested using linear regressions. RESULTS The children's age at nap cessation ranged from 6 months to 6 years. For each additional year of napping, children's total , conduct , externalizing , and peer behavior problems decreased by 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.70 to -0.09), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.21 to -0.01), 0.11 (95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06), and 0.11 (95% CI, -0.20 to -0.02) units on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scale, respectively. No further significant associations were found. CONCLUSION This is the first study reporting the age range of nap cessation and its associations with social-emotional functioning. Our findings demonstrate earlier cessation ages in Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care programs than previously reported and a small association with externalizing and peer problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Loeffler
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Peter Rankin
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Simon S Smith
- Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Digital Child, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Thorpe
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
| | - Sally Staton
- Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; and
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Boutin JA, Kennaway DJ, Jockers R. Melatonin: Facts, Extrapolations and Clinical Trials. Biomolecules 2023; 13:943. [PMID: 37371523 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a fascinating molecule that has captured the imagination of many scientists since its discovery in 1958. In recent times, the focus has changed from investigating its natural role as a transducer of biological time for physiological systems to hypothesized roles in virtually all clinical conditions. This goes along with the appearance of extensive literature claiming the (generally) positive benefits of high doses of melatonin in animal models and various clinical situations that would not be receptor-mediated. Based on the assumption that melatonin is safe, high doses have been administered to patients, including the elderly and children, in clinical trials. In this review, we critically review the corresponding literature, including the hypotheses that melatonin acts as a scavenger molecule, in particular in mitochondria, by trying not only to contextualize these interests but also by attempting to separate the wheat from the chaff (or the wishful thinking from the facts). We conclude that most claims remain hypotheses and that the experimental evidence used to promote them is limited and sometimes flawed. Our review will hopefully encourage clinical researchers to reflect on what melatonin can and cannot do and help move the field forward on a solid basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, University of Normandy, INSERM U1239, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - D J Kennaway
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Science Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - R Jockers
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France
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3
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Screen use before sleep and emotional problems among adolescents: Preliminary evidence of mediating effect of chronotype and social jetlag. J Affect Disord 2023; 328:175-182. [PMID: 36806592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen use before sleep is shown to be positively related to emotional problems. However, whether this relationship was mediated by circadian phenotypes (i.e., chronotype and social jetlag) remains unclear. METHODS Data from two independent adolescent surveys among 2685 and 1368 adolescents, respectively, were used. Adolescents reported screen use before sleep (yes/no and screen time), chronotype, social jetlag, and emotional problems using questionnaires. Serial mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS Adolescents who reported screen use before sleep showed later chronotype and greater social jetlag, which was further associated with a higher level of emotional problems. Such relationships held for screen use as a yes/no variable and screen time. The serial indirect effect of chronotype and social jetlag accounted for 6.2%-16.7% of the total effect of screen use before sleep on emotional problems. LIMITATIONS The use of a cross-sectional design did not allow the establishment of causal links between the variables. All data were self-reported by adolescents, and might be subject to report bias and recall bias. CONCLUSIONS These findings contributed to the existing literature by examining the mediating effect of chronotype and social jetlag in the relationship between screen use before sleep and emotional problems from a circadian rhythm perspective. Healthy media use habits and interventions targeting circadian characteristics may work towards promoting emotional health in adolescents.
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Abstract
Despite sleep's fundamental role in maintaining and improving physical and mental health, many people get less than the recommended amount of sleep or suffer from sleeping disorders. This review highlights sleep's instrumental biological functions, various sleep problems, and sleep hygiene and lifestyle interventions that can help improve sleep quality. Quality sleep allows for improved cardiovascular health, mental health, cognition, memory consolidation, immunity, reproductive health, and hormone regulation. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and circadian-rhythm-disorders, or disrupted sleep from lifestyle choices, environmental conditions, or other medical issues can lead to significant morbidity and can contribute to or exacerbate medical and psychiatric conditions. The best treatment for long-term sleep improvement is proper sleep hygiene through behavior and sleep habit modification. Recommendations to improve sleep include achieving 7 to 9 h of sleep, maintaining a consistent sleep/wake schedule, a regular bedtime routine, engaging in regular exercise, and adopting a contemplative practice. In addition, avoiding many substances late in the day can help improve sleep. Caffeine, alcohol, heavy meals, and light exposure later in the day are associated with fragmented poor-quality sleep. These sleep hygiene practices can promote better quality and duration of sleep, with corresponding health benefits.
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Meléndez-Fernández OH, Liu JA, Nelson RJ. Circadian Rhythms Disrupted by Light at Night and Mistimed Food Intake Alter Hormonal Rhythms and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3392. [PMID: 36834801 PMCID: PMC9963929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Availability of artificial light and light-emitting devices have altered human temporal life, allowing 24-hour healthcare, commerce and production, and expanding social life around the clock. However, physiology and behavior that evolved in the context of 24 h solar days are frequently perturbed by exposure to artificial light at night. This is particularly salient in the context of circadian rhythms, the result of endogenous biological clocks with a rhythm of ~24 h. Circadian rhythms govern the temporal features of physiology and behavior, and are set to precisely 24 h primarily by exposure to light during the solar day, though other factors, such as the timing of meals, can also affect circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are significantly affected by night shift work because of exposure to nocturnal light, electronic devices, and shifts in the timing of meals. Night shift workers are at increased risk for metabolic disorder, as well as several types of cancer. Others who are exposed to artificial light at night or late mealtimes also show disrupted circadian rhythms and increased metabolic and cardiac disorders. It is imperative to understand how disrupted circadian rhythms alter metabolic function to develop strategies to mitigate their negative effects. In this review, we provide an introduction to circadian rhythms, physiological regulation of homeostasis by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and SCN-mediated hormones that display circadian rhythms, including melatonin and glucocorticoids. Next, we discuss circadian-gated physiological processes including sleep and food intake, followed by types of disrupted circadian rhythms and how modern lighting disrupts molecular clock rhythms. Lastly, we identify how disruptions to hormones and metabolism can increase susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and risk for cardiovascular diseases, and discuss various strategies to mitigate the harmful consequences associated with disrupted circadian rhythms on human health.
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Raciti L, Raciti G, Militi D, Tonin P, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS. Sleep in Disorders of Consciousness: A Brief Overview on a Still under Investigated Issue. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020275. [PMID: 36831818 PMCID: PMC9954700 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Consciousness is a multifaceted concept, involving both wakefulness, i.e., a condition of being alert that is regulated by the brainstem, and awareness, a subjective experience of any thoughts or perception or emotion. Recently, the European Academy of Neurology has published international guidelines for a better diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness (DOC) through the investigation of sleep patterns, such as slow-wave and REM, and the study of the EEG using machine learning methods and artificial intelligence. The management of sleep disorders in DOC patients is an increasingly hot topic and deserves careful diagnosis, to allow for the most accurate prognosis and the best medical treatment possible. The aim of this review was to investigate the anatomo-physiological basis of the sleep/wake cycle, as well as the main sleep patterns and sleep disorders in patients with DOC. We found that the sleep characteristics in DOC patients are still controversial. DOC patients often present a theta/delta pattern, while epileptiform activity, as well as other sleep elements, have been reported as correlating with outcomes in patients with coma and DOC. The absence of spindles, as well as REM and K-complexes of NREM sleep, have been used as poor predictors for early awakening in DOC patients, especially in UWS patients. Therefore, sleep could be considered a marker of DOC recovery, and effective treatments for sleep disorders may either indirectly or directly favor recovery of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Militi
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98121 Messina, Italy
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7
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Zeng X, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Jin Y, Song Y, Xue K, Lou H, Li R, Lou X, Wang X. Multidimensional self-rating biological rhythm disorder and its association with depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents aged 11-23 years: a school-based cross-sectional study from China. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:700. [PMID: 36376857 PMCID: PMC9662778 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are topical concerns worldwide, especially among adolescents. Besides, biological rhythm disorder as a candidate mechanism for mood disorders is highly prevalent, but relevant research among adolescents in China is presently limited. We conducted the present study to investigate the distribution of multi-dimensional self-rating biological rhythm disorder and the association of self-rating biological rhythm disorders with depression and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents in different academic stages. METHODS In the cross-sectional study, 3693 students aged 11-23 from Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China were included. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) were used to evaluate symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Additionally, the Self-Rating of Biological Rhythm Disorder for Adolescents (SBRDA) was used to assess status of biological rhythm disorders. Multivariate logistic regression was developed to explore factors potentially associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety stratified by academic stages. RESULTS Among all participants, 44.14 and 36.15% suffered from depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. On average, participants scored 74.66 ± 19.37 on the measure of total biological rhythm disorder. Adjusted for demographic confounding factors, the logistic regression analysis showed higher scores of total biological rhythm disorder were associated with more severe depression (OR = 14.38, 95%CI: 11.38-18.16) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 11.63, 95%CI: 9.14-14.81). The similar results were also found in the stratified analysis by academic stages. CONCLUSIONS Self-rating biological rhythm disorders are significantly associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among adolescents. Discrepancy across academic stages should also be taken into account in establishing public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Zhongmu County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1106, West Qingnian Road, Zhengzhou, 451450 Henan P.R. China
| | - Yexin Jin
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Yalin Song
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Kunyu Xue
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Hao Lou
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan P.R. China
| | - Ran Li
- Zhengzhou Station for Students’ Health, Zhengzhou, 450007 Henan P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan P.R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, P.R. China.
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Schreiner SJ, Werth E, Ballmer L, Valko PO, Schubert KM, Imbach LL, Baumann CR, Maric A, Baumann-Vogel H. Sleep spindle and slow wave activity in Parkinson disease with excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep 2022; 46:6649751. [PMID: 35877159 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common and devastating symptom in Parkinson disease (PD), but surprisingly most studies showed that EDS is independent from nocturnal sleep disturbance measured with polysomnography. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) may reveal additional insights by measuring the EEG hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, namely slow waves and spindles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that EDS in PD is associated with nocturnal sleep disturbance revealed by quantitative NREM sleep EEG markers.
Methods
Patients with PD (n = 130) underwent polysomnography followed by spectral analysis to calculate spindle frequency activity, slow-wave activity (SWA), and overnight SWA decline, which reflects the dissipation of homeostatic sleep pressure. We used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to assess subjective daytime sleepiness and define EDS (ESS > 10). All examinations were part of an evaluation for deep brain stimulation.
Results
Patients with EDS (n = 46) showed reduced overnight decline of SWA (p = 0.036) and reduced spindle frequency activity (p = 0.032) compared with patients without EDS. Likewise, more severe daytime sleepiness was associated with reduced SWA decline (ß= −0.24 p = 0.008) and reduced spindle frequency activity (ß= −0.42, p < 0.001) across all patients. Reduced SWA decline, but not daytime sleepiness, was associated with poor sleep quality and continuity at polysomnography.
Conclusions
Our data suggest that daytime sleepiness in PD patients is associated with sleep disturbance revealed by quantitative EEG, namely reduced overnight SWA decline and reduced spindle frequency activity. These findings could indicate that poor sleep quality, with incomplete dissipation of homeostatic sleep pressure, may contribute to EDS in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Schreiner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich (SHZ), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Esther Werth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich (SHZ), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Leonie Ballmer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Philipp O Valko
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich (SHZ), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Kai M Schubert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Lukas L Imbach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Swiss Epilepsy Center, Klinik Lengg , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christian R Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich (SHZ), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angelina Maric
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Sleep and Health Zurich (SHZ), University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Heide Baumann-Vogel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
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Iinuma Y, Nobukawa S, Nishimura H, Takahashi T. Dynamic Characteristics of State Transitions Composed of Neural Activity in the Brain by Circadian Rhythms. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:152-157. [PMID: 36085992 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as a treatment for mental disorders in addition to drug treatment, a non-drug treatment called chronotherapy has been attracting attention. However, the achievement of optimized chronotherapy for each subject's condition requires that the disturbance of the patient's circadian rhythm must be captured over a long duration. Therefore, it is necessary to develop biomarkers that are easy to measure, quantitative, and continuously measured. Complexity analysis of electroencephalograms revealed specific patterns related to circadian rhythms. However, such complexity analysis cannot capture variability in spatial patterns, although moment-to-moment temporal dynamic characteristics can be captured. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of the interaction of neural activity throughout the brain. To evaluate the dynamic whole-brain interaction, we proposed a new microstate approach based on the instantaneous frequency distribution. In this context, we hypothesized that it would be possible to detect circadian rhythms using the microstate approach. In this study, to clarify the dynamic interactions of the entire neural network of the brain by circadian rhythms, we measured EEG data at day and night, and detected dynamic state transitions based on the instantaneous frequency distribution of the whole brain from EEG. The results showed the probability of transition among region-specific phase-leading states related to circadian rhythms. This finding might be widely utilized to detect circadian rhythms in healthy and pathological conditions.
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Hjetland GJ, Skogen JC, Hysing M, Sivertsen B. The Association Between Self-Reported Screen Time, Social Media Addiction, and Sleep Among Norwegian University Students. Front Public Health 2022; 9:794307. [PMID: 34976935 PMCID: PMC8716598 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.794307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between daily screen time and sleep, evening screen time and sleep, and between social media addiction and sleep in a student population. This cross-sectional study is based on data from a national survey of all college and university students in Norway (the SHoT2018 study; n = 49,051). The sleep outcomes were sleep duration, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and insomnia operationalized according to formal DSM-5 criteria. The results show a strong negative association between time spent on screen-based devices and sleep quality and quantity, and where screen use in bed had more consistent negative associations with sleep. Furthermore, there were higher rates of insomnia among those with higher levels of addiction, and curvilinear relationships with sleep duration, sleep onset latency, and sleep efficiency. Those with higher levels of addiction also had more evening screen time. The findings suggest that screen use plays an important role in students' sleep quantity and quality, where evening screen time has a stronger relationship with sleep compared to total daily screen time. The results also suggest a role of social media addiction, and addictive social media use may be a target for intervention in order to reduce evening screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnhild J Hjetland
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jens C Skogen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Alcohol and Drug Research Western Norway, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Measures, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Qian J, Morris CJ, Phillips AJK, Li P, Rahman SA, Wang W, Hu K, Arendt J, Czeisler CA, Scheer FAJL. Unanticipated daytime melatonin secretion on a simulated night shift schedule generates a distinctive 24-h melatonin rhythm with antiphasic daytime and nighttime peaks. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12791. [PMID: 35133678 PMCID: PMC8930611 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The daily rhythm of plasma melatonin concentrations is typically unimodal, with one broad peak during the circadian night and near-undetectable levels during the circadian day. Light at night acutely suppresses melatonin secretion and phase shifts its endogenous circadian rhythm. In contrast, exposure to darkness during the circadian day has not generally been reported to increase circulating melatonin concentrations acutely. Here, in a highly-controlled simulated night shift protocol with 12-h inverted behavioral/environmental cycles, we unexpectedly found that circulating melatonin levels were significantly increased during daytime sleep (p < .0001). This resulted in a secondary melatonin peak during the circadian day in addition to the primary peak during the circadian night, when sleep occurred during the circadian day following an overnight shift. This distinctive diurnal melatonin rhythm with antiphasic peaks could not be readily anticipated from the behavioral/environmental factors in the protocol (e.g., light exposure, posture, diet, activity) or from current mathematical model simulations of circadian pacemaker output. The observation, therefore, challenges our current understanding of underlying physiological mechanisms that regulate melatonin secretion. Interestingly, the increase in melatonin concentration observed during daytime sleep was positively correlated with the change in timing of melatonin nighttime peak (p = .002), but not with the degree of light-induced melatonin suppression during nighttime wakefulness (p = .92). Both the increase in daytime melatonin concentrations and the change in the timing of the nighttime peak became larger after repeated exposure to simulated night shifts (p = .002 and p = .006, respectively). Furthermore, we found that melatonin secretion during daytime sleep was positively associated with an increase in 24-h glucose and insulin levels during the night shift protocol (p = .014 and p = .027, respectively). Future studies are needed to elucidate the key factor(s) driving the unexpected daytime melatonin secretion and the melatonin rhythm with antiphasic peaks during shifted sleep/wake schedules, the underlying mechanisms of their relationship with glucose metabolism, and the relevance for diabetes risk among shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christopher J Morris
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew JK Phillips
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Kun Hu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Josephine Arendt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frank AJL Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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12
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Koller DP, Kasanin V, Flynn-Evans EE, Sullivan JP, Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA, Barger LK. Altered sleep spindles and slow waves during space shuttle missions. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34795291 PMCID: PMC8602337 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deficiencies and associated performance decrements are common among astronauts during spaceflight missions. Previously, sleep in space was analyzed with a focus on global measures while the intricate structure of sleep oscillations remains largely unexplored. This study extends previous findings by analyzing how spaceflight affects characteristics of sleep spindles and slow waves, two sleep oscillations associated with sleep quality and quantity, in four astronauts before, during and after two Space Shuttle missions. Analysis of these oscillations revealed significantly increased fast spindle density, elevated slow spindle frequency, and decreased slow wave amplitude in space compared to on Earth. These results reflect sleep characteristics during spaceflight on a finer electrophysiological scale and provide an opportunity for further research on sleep in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik P Koller
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands.
| | - Vida Kasanin
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erin E Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, Human Systems Integration Division, Exploration Technology Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Jason P Sullivan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura K Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Hsu WY, Anderson A, Rowles W, Peters KE, Li V, Stone KL, Ashbrook LH, Gelfand AA, Bove RM. Effects of melatonin on sleep disturbances in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, controlled pilot study. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2021; 7:20552173211048756. [PMID: 34777854 PMCID: PMC8573503 DOI: 10.1177/20552173211048756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep disturbances are commonly reported by people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). However, optimal management of sleep disturbances is uncertain, and objective studies of sleep quality in PwMS are scarce. Objectives To determine the effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality and sleep disturbances in PwMS. Methods Thirty adult PwMS reporting sleep difficulties were recruited in a randomized, controlled, double-blind cross-over study. They took either melatonin or placebo for 2 weeks, and the opposite for the following 2 weeks. During weeks 2 and 4, an actigraph was used to capture mean total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected at weeks 0, 2 and 4. Results Melatonin use significantly improved mean total sleep time (p = 0.03), with a trend towards higher sleep efficiency (p = 0.06). No PROs were significantly different; there was a trend for melatonin use to decrease mean Insomnia Severity Index score (p = 0.07), improve Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index sleep quality component (p = 0.07), and improve NeuroQoL-Fatigue (p = 0.06). No other PROs showed differences between melatonin and placebo; nor did step count measured by actigraphy (all p > 0.45). Conclusion These results provide preliminary evidence that melatonin, a low-cost, over-the-counter supplement, could improve objective measures of sleep quality in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - William Rowles
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Katie L Stone
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liza H Ashbrook
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy A Gelfand
- Child & Adolescent Headache Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Wong ASK. Prolonged Screen Exposure During COVID-19-The Brain Development and Well-Being Concerns of Our Younger Generation. Front Public Health 2021; 9:700401. [PMID: 34552905 PMCID: PMC8450342 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a significant public health crisis and it has given a major impact especially in the field of education. The situation has forced educators around the world to shift to an online mode of teaching and children are forced to study online at home. The benefits of online learning are undeniable, but the possible long-term developmental risks of prolonged screen use should not be overlooked. Recent research findings have clearly suggested the negative effects of screen time on the brain development and well-being of our younger generation. Considering the possible long-term developmental risks of prolonged screen use, policy makers should consider appropriate public health policy (e.g., recommendations on screen time) and guideline for the implementations of online learning (e.g., allowing flexibility to suit individual needs). Multidisciplinary collaboration between policy makers, health care professionals, schools, and parents is required to rethink the current situation before it is too late.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S K Wong
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Moroni I, Garcia-Bennett AE. Effects of Absorption Kinetics on the Catabolism of Melatonin Released from CAP-Coated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Vehicles. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1436. [PMID: 34575512 PMCID: PMC8464897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a pineal hormone involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. The efficacy of exogenous MLT for the treatment of circadian and sleep disorders is variable due to a strong liver metabolism effect. In this work, MLT is encapsulated in mesoporous silica (AMS-6) with a loading capacity of 28.8 wt%, and the mesopores are blocked using a coating of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) at 1:1 and 1:2 AMS-6/MLT:CAP ratios. The release kinetics of MLT from the formulations is studied in simulated gastrointestinal fluids. The permeability of the MLT released from the formulations and its 6-hydroxylation are studied in an in vitro model of the intestinal tract (Caco-2 cells monolayer). The release of MLT from AMS-6/MLT:CAP 1:2 is significantly delayed in acidic environments up to 40 min, while remaining unaffected in neutral environments. The presence of CAP decreases the absorption of melatonin and increases its catabolism into 6-hydroxylation by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. The simple confinement of melatonin into AMS-6 pores slightly affects the permeability and significantly decreases melatonin 6-hydroxylation. Measurable amounts of silicon in the basolateral side of the Caco-2 cell monolayer might suggest the dissolution of AMS-6 during the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Moroni
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - Alfonso E. Garcia-Bennett
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
- ARC Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia’s Bioactives (FAAB), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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16
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Hollingdale J, Adamo N, Tierney K. Impact of COVID-19 for people living and working with ADHD: A brief review of the literature. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:581-597. [PMID: 34786421 PMCID: PMC8568596 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE COVID-19 lockdowns have changed the social and environmental context. Those with ADHD are more vulnerable to experiencing difficulties than their non-ADHD peers. This paper attempts to provide a brief summary of the literature that has emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD A literature search was completed using the following databases; Embase, Ovid Medline, APA PsycInfo. A total of 36 papers were identified as relevant to the topic. RESULTS The pandemic has exacerbated the core symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring difficulties. Services have adapted their assessment and intervention protocols for tele-health working and findings suggest that tele-interventions present a viable alternative. However, much of this research utilises small sample sizes and a restricted number of population groups. CONCLUSIONS More research is required to determine the effectiveness of ADHD care during the pandemic and whether adaptations will be retained post-pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicoletta Adamo
- SCAAND Department, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Tierney
- SCAAND Department, Michael Rutter Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
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17
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Porteous M, Fogel S, Ray L, Hickie IB, Carpenter JS, Louati K, Robillard R. Increased spindle density correlates with sleep continuity improvements following an eight-week course of a melatonin agonist in people with depression: A proof-of-concept study with agomelatine. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5112-5119. [PMID: 34089546 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sleep fragmentation and reductions in sleep spindles have been observed in individuals with depression. Sleep spindles are known to play a protective role for sleep, and there are indications that melatonin agents can enhance spindles in healthy people. Whether agomelatine, a melatonin agonist indicated for the treatment of depression, may increase spindle density sufficiently to impact sleep continuity in people with depression remains unknown. This proof-of-concept study investigated changes in spindles following agomelatine intake in young adults with depression and assessed how they may relate to potential changes in sleep continuity and depressive symptoms. This study was based on an open-label design. Fifteen participants between 17 and 28 years of age (mean = 22.2; standard deviation [SD] = 3.4) with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder underwent polysomnography before and after an intervention including a 1 hr psychoeducation session centered on sleep and circadian rhythms, and an 8-week course of agomelatine (25-50 mg) with a guided sleep phase advance. Fast spindle density significantly increased from pre- to post-intervention. This increase in spindle density significantly correlated with a reduction in wake after sleep onset, and a similar trend was found with increased sleep efficiency. There was no significant correlation between spindle parameters and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that agomelatine may contribute to enhanced sleep consolidation, possibly in part through the modulation of spindle production. This should be confirmed by larger randomized control trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggan Porteous
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart Fogel
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Ray
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne S Carpenter
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Khaoula Louati
- Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Höhn C, Schmid SR, Plamberger CP, Bothe K, Angerer M, Gruber G, Pletzer B, Hoedlmoser K. Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:66-86. [PMID: 33499010 PMCID: PMC7838958 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone usage strongly increased in the last decade, especially before bedtime. There is growing evidence that short-wavelength light affects hormonal secretion, thermoregulation, sleep and alertness. Whether blue light filters can attenuate these negative effects is still not clear. Therefore, here, we present preliminary data of 14 male participants (21.93 ± 2.17 years), who spent three nights in the sleep laboratory, reading 90 min either on a smartphone (1) with or (2) without a blue light filter, or (3) on printed material before bedtime. Subjective sleepiness was decreased during reading on a smartphone, but no effects were present on evening objective alertness in a GO/NOGO task. Cortisol was elevated in the morning after reading on the smartphone without a filter, which resulted in a reduced cortisol awakening response. Evening melatonin and nightly vasodilation (i.e., distal-proximal skin temperature gradient) were increased after reading on printed material. Early slow wave sleep/activity and objective alertness in the morning were only reduced after reading without a filter. These results indicate that short-wavelength light affects not only circadian rhythm and evening sleepiness but causes further effects on sleep physiology and alertness in the morning. Using a blue light filter in the evening partially reduces these negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Höhn
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Sarah R. Schmid
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christina P. Plamberger
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kathrin Bothe
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Monika Angerer
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | | | - Belinda Pletzer
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (C.H.); (S.R.S.); (C.P.P.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg (CCNS), University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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19
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Chan F, Liu J. Molecular regulation of brain metabolism underlying circadian epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62 Suppl 1:S32-S48. [PMID: 33395505 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extensive study has demonstrated that epilepsy occurs with greater frequency at certain times in the 24-h cycle. Although these findings implicate an overlap between the circadian rhythm and epilepsy, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this circadian regulation are poorly understood. Because the 24-h rhythm is generated by the circadian molecular system, it is not surprising that this system comprised of many circadian genes is implicated in epilepsy. We summarized evidence in the literature implicating various circadian genes such as Clock, Bmal1, Per1, Rev-erb⍺, and Ror⍺ in epilepsy. In various animal models of epilepsy, the circadian oscillation and the steady-state level of these genes are disrupted. The downstream pathway of these genes involves a large number of metabolic pathways associated with epilepsy. These pathways include pyridoxal metabolism, the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, and the regulation of redox state. We propose that disruption of these metabolic pathways could mediate the circadian regulation of epilepsy. A greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism of circadian regulation of epilepsy would enable us to precisely target the circadian disruption in epilepsy for a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Chan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Judy Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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20
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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21
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Becker SP, Gregory AM. Editorial Perspective: Perils and promise for child and adolescent sleep and associated psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:757-759. [PMID: 32474941 PMCID: PMC7300787 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated societal response will have wide-ranging impacts on youth development and mental health. Sleep is crucial for child and adolescent health and well-being, and the potential for sleep problems to emerge or worsen during and following the pandemic is high. This may be particularly true for children and adolescents who are at heightened risk for the onset of sleep and mental health disturbances and for those whom developmental changes impacting sleep are rapidly occurring. Youth with preexisting psychopathologies (including anxiety and depression) and neurodevelopmental conditions (including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder) could be especially vulnerable to disturbed sleep during this period of change and uncertainty. It is thus imperative that sleep considerations be part of research and clinical initiatives aimed at understanding and mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents. This article considers ways in which the pandemic may impact sleep, including research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical PsychologyCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOHUSA
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22
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Adverse Events Associated with Melatonin for the Treatment of Primary or Secondary Sleep Disorders: A Systematic Review. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:1167-1186. [PMID: 31722088 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is widely available either on prescription for the treatment of sleep disorders or as an over-the-counter dietary supplement. Melatonin has also recently been licensed in the UK for the short-term treatment of jetlag. Little is known about the potential for adverse events (AEs), in particular AEs resulting from long-term use. Concern has been raised over the possible risks of exposure in certain populations including pre-adolescent children and patients with epilepsy or asthma. OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for AEs associated with short-term and longer-term melatonin treatment for sleep disorders. METHODS A literature search of the PubMed/Medline database and Google Scholar was conducted to identify randomised, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of exogenous melatonin administered for primary or secondary sleep disorders. Studies were included if they reported on both the types and frequencies of AEs. Studies of pre-term infants, studies of < 1 week in duration or involving single doses of melatonin and studies in languages other than English were excluded. Findings from open-label studies that raised concerns relating to AE reports in patients were also examined. Studies were assessed for quality of reporting against the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist and for risk of bias against the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias criteria. RESULTS 37 RCTs met criteria for inclusion. Daily melatonin doses ranged from 0.15 mg to 12 mg. Subjects were monitored for up to 29 weeks, but most studies were of much shorter duration (4 weeks or less). The most frequently reported AEs were daytime sleepiness (1.66%), headache (0.74%), other sleep-related AEs (0.74%), dizziness (0.74%) and hypothermia (0.62%). Very few AEs considered to be serious or of clinical significance were reported. These included agitation, fatigue, mood swings, nightmares, skin irritation and palpitations. Most AEs either resolved spontaneously within a few days with no adjustment in melatonin, or immediately upon withdrawal of treatment. Melatonin was generally regarded as safe and well tolerated. Many studies predated publication of the CONSORT checklist and consequently did not conform closely to the guidelines. Similarly, only eight studies were judged 'good' overall with respect to the Cochrane risk-of-bias criteria. Of the remaining papers, 16 were considered 'fair' and 13 'poor' but publication of almost half of the papers preceded that of the earliest version of the guidelines. CONCLUSION Few, generally mild to moderate, AEs were associated with exogenous melatonin. No AEs that were life threatening or of major clinical significance were identified. The scarcity of evidence from long-term RCTs, however, limits the conclusions regarding the safety of continuous melatonin therapy over extended periods. There are insufficient robust data to allow a meaningful appraisal of concerns that melatonin may result in more clinically significant adverse effects in potentially at-risk populations. Future studies should be designed to comply with appropriate quality standards for RCTs, which most past studies have not.
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24
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Fang Z, Ray LB, Houldin E, Smith D, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Sleep Spindle-dependent Functional Connectivity Correlates with Cognitive Abilities. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 32:446-466. [PMID: 31659927 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
EEG studies have shown that interindividual differences in the electrophysiological properties of sleep spindles (e.g., density, amplitude, duration) are highly correlated with trait-like "reasoning" abilities (i.e., "fluid intelligence"; problem-solving skills; the ability to employ logic or identify complex patterns), but not interindividual differences in STM or "verbal" intellectual abilities. Previous simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies revealed brain activations time-locked to spindles. Our group has recently demonstrated that the extent of activation in a subset of these regions was related to interindividual differences in reasoning intellectual abilities, specifically. However, spindles reflect communication between spatially distant and functionally distinct brain areas. The functional communication among brain regions related to spindles and their relationship to reasoning abilities have yet to be investigated. Using simultaneous EEG-fMRI sleep recordings and psychophysiological interaction analysis, we identified spindle-related functional communication among brain regions in the thalamo-cortical-BG system, the salience network, and the default mode network. Furthermore, the extent of the functional connectivity of the cortical-striatal circuitry and the thalamo-cortical circuitry was specifically related to reasoning abilities but was unrelated to STM or verbal abilities, thus suggesting that individuals with higher fluid intelligence have stronger functional coupling among these brain areas during spontaneous spindle events. This may serve as a first step in further understanding the function of sleep spindles and the brain network functional communication, which support the capacity for fluid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Laura B Ray
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Evan Houldin
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada
| | - Dylan Smith
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adrian M Owen
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada
| | - Stuart M Fogel
- Brain & Mind Institute, Western University, London, Canada.,Western University, London, Canada.,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Sleep Unit, the Royal's Institute for Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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25
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Kärki A, Paavonen EJ, Satomaa AL, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Huhtala H, Himanen SL. Sleep architecture is related to birth season in 1-month-old infants. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:1217-1226. [PMID: 31267784 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1629449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Individual variation in sleep quality, quantity, and architecture is pronounced in small infants. Reasons for this remain largely unclear, even though environmental and genetic factors have been suggested to play a role. In order to study the effect of birth seasons on infant sleep architecture, 85 healthy 1-month-old infants underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG). The PSGs were conducted in 2011-2013. The cohort was divided into four subgroups according to the amount of seasonal light at the time of birth, with each group covering a period of approximately three months. The groups were labeled IL (increasing light), L (light), ID (increasing darkness), and D (dark), corresponding to spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. We found the amount of stage R sleep (precursor of REM sleep, formerly active sleep) to be the highest in infants born in summer, whereas infants born in winter presented the smallest amount of stage R sleep. Infants born in summer presented the smallest amount of stage T sleep (transitional sleep), while stage T sleep was most abundant in infants born in winter. In addition, infants born in summer showed the shortest total sleep time (TST) and the smallest number of awakenings during the study night. This was the first PSG study to find out that birth season modifies the sleep architecture of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kärki
- a Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District , Tampere , Finland
| | - E Juulia Paavonen
- b Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Satomaa
- a Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District , Tampere , Finland
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- e Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University , Tampere , Finland
| | - Sari-Leena Himanen
- a Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District , Tampere , Finland.,f Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University , Tampere , Finland
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26
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Kun X, Cai Hong H, Subramanian P. Melatonin and sleep. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1443554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Kun
- Department 3 of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Cai Hong
- Department 3 of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, India
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27
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Rahman SA, Bibbo C, Olcese J, Czeisler CA, Robinson JN, Klerman EB. Relationship between endogenous melatonin concentrations and uterine contractions in late third trimester of human pregnancy. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12566. [PMID: 30739346 PMCID: PMC6453747 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In humans, circulating levels of the hormone melatonin and the initiation of spontaneous labor are both higher at night than during the day. Since activation of uterine melatonin receptors can stimulate human in vitro uterine contractions and these receptors are only expressed on the uterine tissue of women in labor, we hypothesized that circulating melatonin concentrations would affect uterine contractions in vivo. We evaluated the impact of light-induced modulation of melatonin secretion on uterine contractions in women during late third trimester (~36-39 weeks) of pregnancy in two inpatient protocols. We found a significant (P < 0.05) positive linear association between circulating melatonin concentrations and the number of uterine contractions under both protocols. On average, uterine contractions increased between 1.4 and 2.1 contractions per 30 minutes for every 10 pg/mL*h increase in melatonin concentration. These findings have both basic science and clinical implications for pregnant women, since endogenous melatonin levels and melatonin receptor activity can be altered by light and/or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - Carolina Bibbo
- Department of Obstetrics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | - James Olcese
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee FL
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
| | | | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA
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28
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Dou C, Rebane J, Bardal S. Interventions to improve benzodiazepine tapering success in the elderly: a systematic review. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:411-416. [PMID: 29336611 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1423030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term benzodiazepine use in the elderly population is a significant public health problem that leads to impaired cognitive functioning, medication dependence and increased risks for adverse drug reactions. The aim of this review was to examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of different methods for tapering and discontinuing benzodiazepines. METHOD We used four databases (Ovid, PubMed, Academic Search Complete, Web of Science) to retrieve randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals that explored different methods for tapering benzodiazepine use in a primarily geriatric population. RESULTS Eleven papers met the inclusion criteria. Methods to assist in benzodiazepine tapering included patient education, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and pharmaceutical adjuvants (SSRIs, melatonin, progesterone). Patient education was consistently effective in increasing benzodiazepine discontinuation success while CBT had mixed but promising results. The use of medications to help improve tapering success was inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Patient education is a successful, time- and cost-effective intervention that can significantly help with benzodiazepine discontinuation success. CBT may also be an effective approach. However, cost can be an issue since public healthcare coverage in Canada does not cover psychotherapy. More research is needed in looking at pharmaceutical adjuvants and their role in assisting with benzodiazepine discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Dou
- a University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | | | - Stan Bardal
- a University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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29
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Agorastos A, Nicolaides NC, Bozikas VP, Chrousos GP, Pervanidou P. Multilevel Interactions of Stress and Circadian System: Implications for Traumatic Stress. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:1003. [PMID: 32047446 PMCID: PMC6997541 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dramatic fluctuations in energy demands by the rhythmic succession of night and day on our planet has prompted a geophysical evolutionary need for biological temporal organization across phylogeny. The intrinsic circadian timing system (CS) represents a highly conserved and sophisticated internal "clock," adjusted to the 24-h rotation period of the earth, enabling a nyctohemeral coordination of numerous physiologic processes, from gene expression to behavior. The human CS is tightly and bidirectionally interconnected to the stress system (SS). Both systems are fundamental for survival and regulate each other's activity in order to prepare the organism for the anticipated cyclic challenges. Thereby, the understanding of the temporal relationship between stressors and stress responses is critical for the comprehension of the molecular basis of physiology and pathogenesis of disease. A critical loss of the harmonious timed order at different organizational levels may affect the fundamental properties of neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic systems, leading to a breakdown of biobehavioral adaptative mechanisms with increased stress sensitivity and vulnerability. In this review, following an overview of the functional components of the SS and CS, we present their multilevel interactions and discuss how traumatic stress can alter the interplay between the two systems. Circadian dysregulation after traumatic stress exposure may represent a core feature of trauma-related disorders mediating enduring neurobiological correlates of trauma through maladaptive stress regulation. Understanding the mechanisms susceptible to circadian dysregulation and their role in stress-related disorders could provide new insights into disease mechanisms, advancing psychochronobiological treatment possibilities and preventive strategies in stress-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nicolas C Nicolaides
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios P Bozikas
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Unit of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Unit of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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30
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Abstract
Sleep is a phenomenon in animal behavior as enigmatic as it is ubiquitous, and one deeply tied to endocrine function. Though there are still many unanswered questions about the neurochemical basis of sleep and its functions, extensive interactions have been identified between sleep and the endocrine system, in both the endocrine system's effect on sleep and sleep's effect on the endocrine system. Unfortunately, until recent years, much research on sleep behavior largely disregarded its connections with the endocrine system. Use of both clinical studies and rodent models to investigate interactions between neuroendocrine function, including biological sex, and sleep therefore presents a promising area of further exploration. Further investigation of the neurobiological and neuroendocrine basis of sleep could have wide impact on a number of clinical and basic science fields. In this review, we summarize the state of basic sleep biology and its connections to the field of neuroendocrine biology, as well as suggest key future directions for the neuroendocrine regulation of sleep that may significantly impact new therapies for sleep disorders in women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jessica A Mong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Sleep and mindfulness meditation as they relate to false memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:1084-1111. [PMID: 30244286 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By a systematic analysis of the current literature, we compare two states of sleep and meditation in terms of their role in the formation or suppression of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory. We aim to suggest that the occurrence of false memory under these two states is a result of reinforcing some abilities and changes in cognitive systems which can ultimately improve some aspects of cognitive functions. In our analogy, we propose that: (1) both sleep and meditation may improve source monitoring ability whose failure is one of the most important mechanisms in producing false memories, and (2) despite improvement in source monitoring ability, adaptive cognitive processes, as mechanisms which are common in sleep and meditation, can still produce false memories. In conclusion, we propose that in spite of their contribution to false memory through adaptive processes, the beneficial role of sleep and meditation in cognition may be more prominent than their harmful role.
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32
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. Melatonin promotes sleep in mice by inhibiting orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus. J Pineal Res 2018; 65:e12498. [PMID: 29654707 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin promotes sleep. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Orexin neurons in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PFH) are pivotal for wake promotion. Does melatonin promote sleep by inhibiting orexin neurons? We used C57BL/6J mice and designed 4 experiments to address this question. Experiment 1 used double-labeled immunofluorescence and examined the presence of melatonin receptors on orexin neurons. Second, mice, implanted with bilateral guides targeted toward PFH and sleep-recording electrodes, were infused with melatonin (500 pmole/50 nL/side) at dark onset (onset of active period), and spontaneous bouts of sleep-wakefulness were examined. Third, mice, implanted with bilateral guides into the PFH, were infused with melatonin (500 pmole/50 nL/side) at dark onset and euthanized 2 hours later, to examine the activation of orexin neurons using c-Fos expression in orexin neurons. Fourth, mice, implanted with PFH bilateral guides and sleep-recording electrodes, were infused with melatonin receptor antagonist, luzindole (10 pmol/50 nL/side), at light onset (onset of sleep period), and spontaneous bouts of sleep-wakefulness were examined. Our results suggest that orexin neurons express MT1, but not MT2 receptors. Melatonin infusion into the PFH, at dark onset, site-specifically and significantly increased NREM sleep (43.7%, P = .003) and reduced wakefulness (12.3%, P = .013). Local melatonin infusion at dark onset inhibited orexin neurons as evident by a significant reduction (66%, P = .0004) in the number of orexin neurons expressing c-Fos. Finally, luzindole infusion-induced blockade of melatonin receptors in PFH at sleep onset significantly increased wakefulness (44.1%, P = .015). Based on these results, we suggest that melatonin may act via the MT1 receptors to inhibit orexin neurons and promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mahesh M Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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33
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Farmer CA, Chilakamarri P, Thurm AE, Swedo SE, Holmes GL, Buckley AW. Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development. Neurology 2018; 91:e112-e122. [PMID: 29875224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether spindle activity differs in young children with and without autism. METHODS We investigated differences in spindle density, duration, and oscillatory features in 135 young children with autism, developmental delay without autism (DD), or typical development (TD) and secondarily assessed the dimensional relationship between spindle density and both cognitive ability and social functioning. RESULTS Compared to TD, both spindle density (Cohen d 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-1.37) and duration (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.15-1.01) were significantly decreased in autism. Spindle density was also significantly reduced in autism compared to DD (Cohen d 0.61, 95% CI 0.13-1.09). Decreased spindle frequency in autism compared to both TD (Cohen d 0.47, 95% CI 0.04-0.90) and DD (Cohen d 0.58, 95% CI 0.10-1.06) did not survive correction. The DD group did not differ significantly from the TD group on any spindle parameter. These results, suggesting a relationship between spindle density and autism but not DD, were further illustrated in exploratory analyses, wherein nonverbal ratio IQ (RIQ) and the Vineland Socialization domain standard score were strongly correlated with spindle density in the full sample (r = 0.33, p ≤ 001 and r = 0.41, p ≤ 001, respectively) but not within group. After nonverbal RIQ was accounted for, the relationship between spindle density and Vineland Socialization remained statistically significant (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). However, Vineland Socialization scores accounted for the relationship between spindle density and nonverbal RIQ (r = 0.04, p = 0.67). CONCLUSION In a large cohort of young children with autism, spindle density was reduced compared to groups of age-matched children with DD or TD. Alterations in the maturational trajectory of spindles may provide valuable insight into the neurophysiologic differences related to behavior in disorders of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristan A Farmer
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Priyanka Chilakamarri
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Audrey E Thurm
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Susan E Swedo
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Ashura W Buckley
- From the National Institute of Mental Health (C.A.F., A.E.T., S.E.S., A.W.B.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; and Department of Neurological Sciences (P.C., G.L.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington.
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Cingi C, Emre IE, Muluk NB. Jetlag related sleep problems and their management: A review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2018; 24:59-64. [PMID: 29787851 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We reviewed Jetlag, particularly in view of its effects on sleep and how it can be managed. METHODS The Proquest Central database of Kırıkkale University, PubMed and Google scholar were used while searching for the following key words: "Jetlag", "symptoms", "sleep", "melatonin" and "treatment". RESULTS Flight dysrhythmia, otherwise known as jetlag, is caused by flying globally over various time zones. Most passengers who fly over six or more different time zones generally require 4-6 days after travelling to resume their usual sleep patterns and to feel less lethargic during the day. Signs of jet lag can vary between debilitated awareness, insomnia, feeling tired during the day and frequent waking during the night. During the night our pineal glands excrete a hormone called melatonin; dim lights cause the continuation of excretion of these hormones whereas any exposure to bright lights stems the flow of release. Common precautionary measures are specific diets, bright lights and melatonin agonists (Ramelteon, Agomelatine). CONCLUSION Sleep issues derived from jetlag were found to be most common in passengers who flew through various time belts. Melatonin assumes a critical part in adjusting the body's circadian rhythms and has been utilized restoratively to re-establish irritated circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Cingi
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Ismet Emrah Emre
- Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nuray Bayar Muluk
- Kirikkale University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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35
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Heyde I, Kiehn JT, Oster H. Mutual influence of sleep and circadian clocks on physiology and cognition. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 119:8-16. [PMID: 29132973 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 24-h sleep-wake cycle is one of the most prominent outputs of the circadian clock system. At the same time, changes in sleep-wake behavior feedback on behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms, thus altering the coordination of the body's clock network. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption have similar physiological endpoints including metabolic, cognitive, and immunologic impairments. This raises the question to which extent these phenomena are causally linked. In this review, we summarize different physiologic outcomes of sleep deprivation and mistimed sleep and discuss the experimental evidence for a mediating role of the circadian clock machinery in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Heyde
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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36
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Drakatos P, Marples L, Muza R, Higgins S, Gildeh N, Macavei R, Dongol EM, Nesbitt A, Rosenzweig I, Lyons E, d'Ancona G, Steier J, Williams AJ, Kent BD, Leschziner G. NREM parasomnias: a treatment approach based upon a retrospective case series of 512 patients. Sleep Med 2018; 53:181-188. [PMID: 29753639 PMCID: PMC6558250 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-REM parasomnias are not uncommon conditions in the general population. Current treatment options are based on small case series and reports. In this study, we aimed to present the clinical experience from a large cohort of patients. Patients Five hundred and twelve patients with Non-REM parasomnia or parasomnia overlap disorder (POD), who had undergone a video polysomnography and were exposed to treatment, were retrospectively identified. Treatment outcome was assessed based on patients’ reports, and treatment approach on a locally accepted hierarchy of interventions. Results Forty percent of patients were diagnosed with sleepwalking, 23.8% with mixed-phenotype and 10% with POD. Ultimately, 97.2% reported adequate control of their symptoms. Moreover, 60.1% were treated with pharmacotherapy and 32.0% without, consistent across all phenotypes (p = 0.09). Benzodiazepines were the most common drugs prescribed (47.1%, p < 0.05). In the end, 37.7% of our patients were receiving a benzodiazepine as part of their successful treatment, 11.7% an antidepressant, 9.2% a z-drug, and 10.7% melatonin. Finally, 13.2%, 12.1%, and 5.8% of our patients reported good control of their symptoms with sleep hygiene, management of sleep-disordered breathing, and psychological interventions (cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT] or mindfulness-based stress reduction [MBSR]), as monotherapy, respectively. Conclusion The treatment approach to effective treatment of the patients with Non-REM parasomnias or POD offering first sleep hygiene advice, next treatment of concurrent sleep disorders and management of other priming factors like stress and anxiety, and lastly pharmacotherapy for Non-REM parasomnia is supported by our results. Non pharmacological interventions were effective in one third of our patients, and CBT/MBSR and melatonin appeared promising new treatments. This study supports a standardised treatment approach in NREM-parasomnias. Pharmacotherapy alone effectively treated two thirds of the patients. One third of the patients were effectively treated without pharmacotherapy. Treatment of sleep apnea and periodic limb movements in sleep is recommended. Melatonin and psychological therapies are promising treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Drakatos
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Marples
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Rexford Muza
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Higgins
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Gildeh
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Raluca Macavei
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Eptehal M Dongol
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Nesbitt
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Lyons
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne d'Ancona
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Steier
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Williams
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Kent
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Leschziner
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, IoPPN, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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37
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Mukherjee D, Krishnamurthy VB, Millett CE, Reider A, Can A, Groer M, Fuchs D, Postolache TT, Saunders EF. Total sleep time and kynurenine metabolism associated with mood symptom severity in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2018; 20:27-34. [PMID: 28833866 PMCID: PMC5807208 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic, low-level inflammation is associated with symptomatic bipolar disorder (BD) and with chronic insomnia. Disrupted sleep is a feature of episodes of both mania and depression. We examined the effect of neopterin, a marker of cellular immune activation, and kynurenine (KYN), an inflammatory byproduct of the serotonin pathway, on the association between total sleep time and depression severity in BD. METHOD Twenty-one symptomatic BD participants and 28 healthy controls (HC) were recruited and followed during usual clinical care. At baseline and after symptomatic recovery, total sleep time was objectively measured with actigraphy for 1 week and blood plasma was collected to measure the serotonin precursor tryptophan (TRP), KYN, the KYN/TRP ratio, and neopterin levels. Statistical analyses were conducted using chi-square, independent t tests and hierarchical linear multiple regression models. RESULTS Total sleep time was correlated positively with depressive severity and negatively with manic severity. TRP was significantly reduced in BD participants compared to HC. KYN, TRP, and the KYN/TRP ratio were associated with depressive severity when total sleep time and body mass index (BMI) were included in the model. The KYN/TRP ratio trended towards a negative association with mania symptoms, controlling for BMI and total sleep time, in acutely symptomatic BD participants. Neopterin was not associated with sleep or mood severity. After usual clinical care, BD participants showed significantly decreased clinical symptoms but no significant differences in sleep phenotype or biomarkers. CONCLUSION Inflammation, sleep, and mood are closely intertwined. Future research into the effect of inflammation on sleep in BD may lead to clinical markers of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Venkatesh Bassapa Krishnamurthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Caitlin E. Millett
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Aubrey Reider
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Adem Can
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maureen Groer
- University of South Florida, School of Nursing, Tampa FL
| | | | - Teodor T Postolache
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Rocky Mountain MIRECC (Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center), Denver, Co,The Military and Veteran Microbiome, Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-Core), Denver, Colorado
| | - Erika F.H. Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA,University of Michigan Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Assessing the Dim Light Melatonin Onset in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and No Comorbid Intellectual Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:2120-2137. [PMID: 28444476 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed melatonin levels and the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and also investigated the relationships between melatonin and objectively measured sleep parameters. Sixteen adults with ASD (ASD-Only), 12 adults with ASD medicated for comorbid diagnoses of anxiety and/or depression (ASD-Med) and 32 controls participated in the study. Although, the timing of the DLMO did not differ between the two groups, advances and delays of the melatonin rhythm were observed in individual profiles. Overall mean melatonin levels were lower in the ASD-Med group compared to the two other groups. Lastly, greater increases in melatonin in the hour prior to sleep were associated with greater sleep efficiency in the ASD groups.
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Advances of Melatonin-Based Therapies in the Treatment of Disturbed Sleep and Mood. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 253:305-319. [PMID: 31123831 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin and melatonin agonists offer novel treatments for sleep and mood disorders, particularly where circadian misalignment is also present. The therapies offer both phase-shifting and sleep-promoting effects and have shown potential to treat advanced and delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, non-24-h sleep-wake cycle, jetlag, shift work disorder, insomnia, seasonal affective disorder and major depressive disorder.
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Manganaro S, Loddenkemper T, Rotenberg A. The Need for Antiepileptic Drug Chronotherapy to Treat Selected Childhood Epilepsy Syndromes and Avert the Harmful Consequences of Drug Resistance. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2017; 9:1179573516685883. [PMID: 29308021 PMCID: PMC5751908 DOI: 10.1177/1179573516685883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiepileptic drug (AED) chronotherapy involves the delivery of a greater AED dose at the time of greatest seizure susceptibility usually associated with predictable seizure peaks. Although research has proven AED chronotherapy, commonly known as differential dosing, to be safe, well tolerated, and highly effective in managing cyclic seizure patterns in selected childhood epilepsies, conventional, equally divided AED dosing remains the standard of care. Differential dosing is more often applied in the emergency management of acute seizure clustering resulting from drug resistance-a harmful epilepsy-related consequence that affects 30% of children. Moreover, drug resistance is a major risk factor in status epilepticus and sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy. Although these facts should promote the wider use of differential dosing in selected cases, a credible hypothesis is needed that defines the differential dosing strategy and application in cyclic epilepsy and for the greater purpose of preventing harmful outcomes.
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41
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The role of melatonin to attain electroencephalograms in children in a sub-Saharan African setting. Seizure 2017; 51:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Naiman R. Dreamless: the silent epidemic of REM sleep loss. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1406:77-85. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Naiman
- The University of Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine; Tucson Arizona
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43
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Ma T, Tao J, Yang M, He C, Tian X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Deng S, Feng J, Zhang Z, Wang J, Ji P, Song Y, He P, Han H, Fu J, Lian Z, Liu G. An AANAT/ASMT transgenic animal model constructed with CRISPR/Cas9 system serving as the mammary gland bioreactor to produce melatonin-enriched milk in sheep. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28273380 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin as a potent antioxidant exhibits important nutritional and medicinal values. To produce melatonin-enriched milk will benefit the consumers. In this study, a sheep bioreactor which generates melatonin-enriched milk has been successfully developed by the technology that combined CRISPR/Cas9 system and microinjection. The AANAT and ASMT were cloned from pineal gland of Dorper sheep (Ovis aries). The in vitro studies found that AANAT and ASMT were successfully transferred to the mammary epithelial cell lines and significantly increased melatonin production in the culture medium compared to the nontransgenic cell lines. In addition, the Cas9 mRNA, sgRNA, and the linearized vectors pBC1-AANAT and pBC1-ASMT were co-injected into the cytoplasm of pronuclear embryos which were implanted into ewes by oviducts transferring. Thirty-four transgenic sheep were generated with the transgenic positive rate being roughly 35% which were identified by Southern blot and sequencing. Seven carried transgenic AANAT, two carried ASMT, and 25 carried both of AANAT and ASMT genes. RT-PCR and Western blot demonstrated that the lambs expressed these genes in their mammary epithelial cells and these animals produced melatonin-enriched milk. This is the first report to show a functional AANAT and ASMT transgenic animal model which produce significantly high levels of melatonin milk compared to their wild-type counterparts. The advanced technologies used in the study laid a foundation for generating large transgenic livestock, for example, the cows, which can produce high level of melatonin milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiu He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyun Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juncai Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Khan S, Heussler H, McGuire T, Dakin C, Pache D, Cooper D, Norris R, Flenady V, Charles B. Melatonin for non-respiratory sleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009140.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohil Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Helen Heussler
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- The University of Queensland; Discpline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - Treasure McGuire
- Bond University; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine; University Drive, Robina Gold Coast Queensland Australia 4229
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Health Services; Mater Pharmacy Services (Practice & Development); South Brisbane Australia 4101
| | - Carolyn Dakin
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
| | - David Pache
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Health Services; Pharmacy (Practice & Development); South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- Queensland University of Technology; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Brisbane Australia
| | - David Cooper
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- The University of Queensland; School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - Ross Norris
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Pharmacy Services; Australian Centre for Paediatric Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Advisory Service; Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- Griffith University; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Vicki Flenady
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ); Stillbirth Research Team; Level 2 Aubigny Place Mater Health Services Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
| | - Bruce Charles
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
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45
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Khan S, Heussler H, McGuire T, Dakin C, Pache D, Cooper D, Norris R, Flenady V, Charles B. Melatonin for non-respiratory sleep disorders in typically developing children. Hippokratia 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009141.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohil Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Helen Heussler
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- The University of Queensland; Discpline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - Treasure McGuire
- Bond University; Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine; University Drive, Robina Gold Coast Queensland Australia 4229
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Health Services; Mater Pharmacy Services (Practice & Development); South Brisbane Australia 4101
| | - Carolyn Dakin
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
| | - David Pache
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Health Services; Pharmacy (Practice & Development); South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- Queensland University of Technology; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Brisbane Australia
| | - David Cooper
- Mater Children's Hospital; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine; Stanley St., South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- The University of Queensland; School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - Ross Norris
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
- Mater Pharmacy Services; Australian Centre for Paediatric Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Advisory Service; Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
- Griffith University; Gold Coast Australia
| | - Vicki Flenady
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland (MRI-UQ); Stillbirth Research Team; Level 2 Aubigny Place Mater Health Services Brisbane Queensland Australia 4101
| | - Bruce Charles
- The University of Queensland; School of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba Brisbane Queensland Australia 4102
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Fang Z, Sergeeva V, Ray LB, Viczko J, Owen AM, Fogel SM. Sleep Spindles and Intellectual Ability: Epiphenomenon or Directly Related? J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:167-182. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sleep spindles—short, phasic, oscillatory bursts of activity that characterize non-rapid eye movement sleep—are one of the only electrophysiological oscillations identified as a biological marker of human intelligence (e.g., cognitive abilities commonly assessed using intelligence quotient tests). However, spindles are also important for sleep maintenance and are modulated by circadian factors. Thus, the possibility remains that the relationship between spindles and intelligence quotient may be an epiphenomenon of a putative relationship between good quality sleep and cognitive ability or perhaps modulated by circadian factors such as morningness–eveningness tendencies. We sought to ascertain whether spindles are directly or indirectly related to cognitive abilities using mediation analysis. Here, we show that fast (13.5–16 Hz) parietal but not slow (11–13.5 Hz) frontal spindles in both non-rapid eye movement stage 2 sleep and slow wave sleep are directly related to reasoning abilities (i.e., cognitive abilities that support “fluid intelligence,” such as the capacity to identify complex patterns and relationships and the use of logic to solve novel problems) but not verbal abilities (i.e., cognitive abilities that support “crystalized intelligence”; accumulated knowledge and experience) or cognitive abilities that support STM (i.e., the capacity to briefly maintain information in an available state). The relationship between fast spindles and reasoning abilities is independent of the indicators of sleep maintenance and circadian chronotype, thus suggesting that spindles are indeed a biological marker of cognitive abilities and can serve as a window to further explore the physiological and biological substrates that give rise to human intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fang
- 1Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart M. Fogel
- 1Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- 2University of Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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Agorastos A, Linthorst ACE. Potential pleiotropic beneficial effects of adjuvant melatonergic treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pineal Res 2016; 61:3-26. [PMID: 27061919 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of circadian rhythmicity fundamentally affects the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic system, similar to chronic stress and may play a central role in the development of stress-related disorders. Recent articles have focused on the role of sleep and circadian disruption in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that chronodisruption plays a causal role in PTSD development. Direct and indirect human and animal PTSD research suggests circadian system-linked neuroendocrine, immune, metabolic and autonomic dysregulation, linking circadian misalignment to PTSD pathophysiology. Recent experimental findings also support a specific role of the fundamental synchronizing pineal hormone melatonin in mechanisms of sleep, cognition and memory, metabolism, pain, neuroimmunomodulation, stress endocrinology and physiology, circadian gene expression, oxidative stress and epigenetics, all processes affected in PTSD. In the current paper, we review available literature underpinning a potentially beneficiary role of an add-on melatonergic treatment in PTSD pathophysiology and PTSD-related symptoms. The literature is presented as a narrative review, providing an overview on the most important and clinically relevant publications. We conclude that adjuvant melatonergic treatment could provide a potentially promising treatment strategy in the management of PTSD and especially PTSD-related syndromes and comorbidities. Rigorous preclinical and clinical studies are needed to validate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agorastos Agorastos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid C E Linthorst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neurobiology of Stress and Behaviour Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Chung S, Youn S, Park B, Lee S, Kim C. The Effectiveness of Prolonged-Release Melatonin in Primary Insomnia Patients with a Regular Sleep-Wake Cycle. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sugaya K, Nishijima S, Miyazato M, Kadekawa K, Ogawa Y. Effects of Melatonin and Rilmazafone on Nocturia in the Elderly. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:685-91. [PMID: 17900408 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of melatonin, an antioxidant and sleep inducer in humans, and rilmazafone hydrochloride, a hypnotic, in elderly patients with nocturia. Patients received either melatonin (2 mg/day; n = 20) or rilmazafone (2 mg/day; n = 22) for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in the mean age, the quality of life (QoL) score and the serum melatonin levels between the two groups at baseline. After 4 weeks' treatment, the number of nocturnal urinations was significantly decreased and the QoL score was significantly improved in both groups. There was no significant difference between the patient-reported effectiveness ratings between the two groups. The serum melatonin level was significantly increased in the melatonin-treated group, but it remained unchanged in the rilmazafone-treated group. Melatonin and rilmazafone were equally effective for nocturia in the elderly. We recommend that the problems of sleep disturbance should be considered when choosing a therapy for nocturia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugaya
- Division of Urology, Department of Organ-oriented Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
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Liakos DG, Sparta M, Kesharwani MK, Martin JML, Neese F. Exploring the Accuracy Limits of Local Pair Natural Orbital Coupled-Cluster Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 11:1525-39. [PMID: 26889511 DOI: 10.1021/ct501129s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The domain based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster method with single-, double-, and perturbative triple excitations (DLPNO–CCSD(T)) is an efficient quantum chemical method that allows for coupled cluster calculations on molecules with hundreds of atoms. Because coupled-cluster theory is the method of choice if high-accuracy is needed, DLPNO–CCSD(T) is very promising for large-scale chemical application. However, the various approximations that have to be introduced in order to reach near linear scaling also introduce limited deviations from the canonical results. In the present work, we investigate how far the accuracy of the DLPNO–CCSD(T) method can be pushed for chemical applications. We also address the question at which additional computational cost improvements, relative to the previously established default scheme, come. To answer these questions, a series of benchmark sets covering a broad range of quantum chemical applications including reaction energies, hydrogen bonds, and other noncovalent interactions, conformer energies, and a prototype organometallic problem were selected. An accuracy of 1 kcal/mol or better can readily be obtained for all data sets using the default truncation scheme, which corresponds to the stated goal of the original implementation. Tightening of the three thresholds that control DLPNO leads to mean absolute errors and standard deviations from the canonical results of less than 0.25 kcal/mol (<1 kJ/mol). The price one has then to pay is an increased computational time by a factor close to 3. The applicability of the method is shown to be independent of the nature of the reaction. On the basis of the careful analysis of the results, three different sets of truncation thresholds (termed “LoosePNO”, “NormalPNO”, and “TightPNO”) have been chosen for “black box” use of DLPNO–CCSD(T). This will allow users of the method to optimally balance performance and accuracy.
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