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Antia M, Ezejiofor AN, Orish CN, Cirovic A, Cirovic A, Orisakwe OE. Selenium and zinc supplementation mitigates metals-(loids) mixture- mediated cardiopulmonary toxicity via attenuation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms in female Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfad119. [PMID: 38179003 PMCID: PMC10762678 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary protective effects of essential elements (Zn and Se) against heavy metals mixture (HMM) exposure. Twenty five female Sprague Dawley albino rats, divided in to five groups: controls were orally treated only with distilled water; next, group 2 was exposed to HMM with the following concentrations: 20 mg/kg of Pb body weight, 0.40 mg/kg of Hg, 0.56 mg/kg of Mn, and 35 mg/kg of Al. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were exposed to HMM and co-treated with zinc chloride (ZnCl2; 0.80 mg/kg), sodium selenite (Na2SeO3;1.50 mg/kg) and both zinc chloride and sodium selenite, respectively. The experiment lasted for 60 days. Afterwards animals were sacrificed, and we conduced biochemical and histopathological examination of the heart and lungs. HMM only exposed animals had an increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), increased IL-6 and TNF-α, attenuated SOD, GPx, CAT and GSH and caspase 3 in the heart and lungs. HMM affected NF-kB and Nrf2 in the heart muscle with histomorphological alterations. Zn and Se attenuated adverse effects of HMM exposure. Essential element supplementation ameliorated heavy metal cardiopulmonary intoxication in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mfoniso Antia
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Choba 5323, Nigeria
| | - Anthonet N Ezejiofor
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Choba 5323, Nigeria
| | - Chinna N Orish
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Choba 5323, Nigeria
| | - Ana Cirovic
- Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Anatomy, University of Belgrade, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Cirovic
- Faculty of Medicine, The Institute of Anatomy, University of Belgrade, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Orish E Orisakwe
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, East West Road, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Choba 5323, Nigeria
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2
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Sani A, Abdullahi IL, Khan MI, Cao C. Analyses of oxidative DNA damage among coal vendors via single cell gel electrophoresis and quantification of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04826-9. [PMID: 37594629 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Looking at the development status of Nigeria and other developing nations, most low-income and rural households often use coal as a source of energy which necessitates its trade very close to the communities. Moreover, the effects of exposure to coal mining activities are rarely explored or yet to be studied, not to mention the numerous street coal vendors in Nigeria. This study investigated the oxidative stress levels in serum and urine through the biomarker 8-OHdG and DNA damage via single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline comet assay). Blood and urine levels of 8-OHdG from 130 coal vendors and 130 population-based controls were determined by ELISA. Alkaline comet assay was also performed on white blood cells for DNA damage. The average values of 8-OHdG in serum and urine of coal vendors were 22.82 and 16.03 ng/ml respectively, which were significantly greater than those detected in controls (p < 0.001; 15.46 and 10.40 ng/ml of 8-OHdG in serum and urine respectively). The average tail length, % DNA in tail and olive tail moment were 25.06 μm, 18.71% and 4.42 respectively for coal vendors. However, for controls, the average values were 4.72 μm, 3.63% and 1.50 for tail length, % DNA in tail and olive tail moment respectively which were much lower than coal vendors (p < 0.001). Therefore, prolonged exposure to coal dusts could lead to higher serum and urinary 8-OHdG and significant DNA damage in coal vendors observed in tail length, % DNA in tail, and olive tail moment by single cell gel electrophoresis. It is therefore established that coal vendors exhibit a huge risk from oxidative stress and assessment of 8-OHdG with single cell gel electrophoresis has proven to be a feasible tool as biomarkers of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 3011, Nigeria.
| | - Ibrahim Lawal Abdullahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, 3011, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Idrees Khan
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - ChengXi Cao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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3
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Ozcan Yildirim S, Colakoglu N, Ozer Kaya S. Protective effects of
L
‐arginine against aluminium chloride‐induced testicular damage in rats. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14569. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sena Ozcan Yildirim
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Fethi Sekin City Hospital University of Health Sciences Elazig Turkey
| | - Neriman Colakoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School Firat University Elazig Turkey
| | - Seyma Ozer Kaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Firat University Elazig Turkey
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Liu C, Huang L, Huang S, Wei L, Cao D, Zan G, Tan Y, Wang S, Yang M, Tian L, Tang W, He C, Shen C, Luo B, Zhu M, Liang T, Pang B, Li M, Mo Z, Yang X. Association of both prenatal and early childhood multiple metals exposure with neurodevelopment in infant: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112450. [PMID: 34861232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired neurodevelopment of children has become a growing public concern; however, the associations between metals exposure and neurocognitive function have remained largely unknown. OBJECTIVES We systematically evaluated the associations of multiple metals exposure during pregnancy and childhood on the neurodevelopment of children aged 2-3 years. METHODS We measured 22 metals in the serum and urine among703 mother-child pairs from the Guangxi Birth Cohort Study. The neurocognitive development of children was assessed by the Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale (GDDS; Chinese version). Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between the metals (selected by elastic net regression) and the outcomes. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to evaluate the possible joint effect between the multiple metal mixture and the outcomes. RESULTS Prenatal aluminum (Al) exposure was negatively associated with the fine motor developmental quotient (DQ) (β = -1.545, 95%CI: 2.231, -0.859), adaption DQ (β = -1.182, 95%CI: 1.632, -0.732), language DQ (β = -1.284, 95% CI: 1.758, -0.809), and social DQ (β = -1.729, 95% CI: 2.406, -1.052) in the multi-metal model. Prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure was negatively associated with gross motor DQ (β = -2.524, 95% CI: 4.060, -0.988), while postpartum Cd exposure was negatively associated with language DQ (β = -1.678, 95% CI: 3.227, -0.129). In stratified analyses, infants of different sexes had different sensitivities to metal exposure, and neurobehavioral development was more significantly affected by metal exposure in the first and second trimester. BKMR analysis revealed a negative joint effect of the Al, Cd, and selenium (Se) on the language DQ score; postpartum Cd exposure played a major role in this relationship. CONCLUSION Prenatal exposure to Al, Ba, Cd, molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and strontium (Sr), and postpartum exposure to cobalt (Co), Cd, stannum (Sn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and Se are associated with neurological development of infants. The first and second trimester might be the most sensitive period when metal exposure affects neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Liu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shengzhu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Luyun Wei
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dehao Cao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gaohui Zan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanli Tan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sida Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Minjing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Long Tian
- Department of Science and Education, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Weijun Tang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Caitong He
- Department of Science and Education, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Yulin, Yulin, Guangxi, China
| | - Chunhua Shen
- Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou Institute of Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Maternity Hospital and Affiliated Children's Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Bangzhu Luo
- Department of Medical Services Section, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Guigang, Guigang, Guangxi, China
| | - Maoling Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Wuzhou, Wuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Baohong Pang
- Department of Women Health Care, Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Yuzhou, Yulin, Guangxi, China
| | - Mujun Li
- Department of Reproductive Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, Guangxi, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Sly PD, Amiri H, Mosalaei S, Hoseini M. Health consequences of disinfection against SARS-CoV-2: Exploring oxidative stress damage using a biomonitoring approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152832. [PMID: 34986424 PMCID: PMC8720300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who get involved in the disinfection of public settings using sodium hypochlorite might suffer adverse health effects. However, scarce information is available on the potential oxidative stress damage caused at low concentrations typically used for disinfection. We aimed to assess whether exposure to sodium hypochlorite during the COVID-19 pandemic causes oxidative stress damage in workers engaged in disinfection tasks. 75 operators engaged in the disinfection of public places were recruited as the case group, and 60 individuals who were not exposed to disinfectant were chosen as the control group. Spot urine samples were collected before (BE) and after exposure (AE) to disinfectants in the case group. Likewise, controls provided two spot urine samples in the same way as the case group. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified by forming thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the urine. In addition, the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine was determined using an ELISA kit. Results showed significant differences in the urinary levels of oxidative stress markers, where median 8-OHdG (AE case: 3.84 ± 2.89 μg/g creatinine vs AE control 2.54 ± 1.21 μg/g creatinine) and MDA (AE case: 169 ± 89 μg/g creatinine vs AE control 121 ± 47 μg/g creatinine) levels in case group AE samples were 1.55 and 1.35-times higher than the control group AE samples (P < 0.05), respectively. Besides, urinary levels of oxidative stress markers in AE samples of the case group were significantly higher than in BE samples (8-OHdG BE 3.40 ± 1.95 μg/g creatinine, MDA BE 136 ± 51.3 μg/g creatinine, P < 0.05). Our results indicated that exposure to even low levels of sodium hypochlorite used in disinfection practices might cause oxidative stress related damage. With this in mind, implementing robust protective measures, such as specific respirators, is crucial to reduce the health burdens of exposure to disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hoda Amiri
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shamim Mosalaei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Zeng H, Fang B, Hao K, Wang H, Zhang L, Wang M, Hao Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Yang W, Rong S. Combined effects of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals on oxidative stress among healthy adults in Caofeidian, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113168. [PMID: 34999341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals is associated with many adverse effects on human health, accompanied by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of co-exposure to PAHs and metals on oxidative stress in healthy adults. A preliminary longitudinal panel study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in 45 healthy college students in Caofeidian, China. Six urinary monohydroxylated-PAHs (OH-PAHs), ten metals, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured. Linear mixed effects (LME) models and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to explore the associations of urinary OH-PAHs and metals with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. LME models showed that most urinary OH-PAHs and metals were positively associated with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. For example, a one-unit increase in the ln-transformed level of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) and vanadium (V) was associated with an increase of 143.8% (95% CI: 105.7 - 188.9%) and 105.8% (95% CI: 79.2-136.4%) in 8-OHdG; 8-iso-PGF2α increased by 118.9% (95% CI: 99.2-140.5%) and 83.9% (95% CI: 67.2-102.2%) with a one-unit increase in the ln-transformed level of 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OHPhe) and aluminum (Al). BKMR models indicated the overall positive associations of the mixture of six OH-PAHs, ten metals, or six OH-PAHs and ten metals with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. Urinary 1-OHPyr and V were identified as the major contributors to the increased urinary 8-OHdG levels, while urinary 3-OHPhe and Al were the most vital contributors to the increased urinary 8-iso-PGF2α levels. The results revealed the longitudinal dose-response relationships of urinary OH-PAHs and metals with oxidative stress among healthy adults in Caofeidian; this finding serves as an evidence regarding the early health hazard caused by exposure to PAHs and metals and has implications for the environmental management of PAH and metal emissions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Affiliated Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Ximen Street, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China
| | - Kelu Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yulan Hao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xuesheng Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China.
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China.
| | - Suying Rong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Tangshan Vocational and Technical College, No. 120 Xinhua West Road, Tangshan 063000, China
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Zhou M, Yang S, Wang X, Zhang X, Cen X, Mu G, Wang D, Ma J, Wang B, Chen W. The association between urinary aluminum and lung function among an urban adult population: A repeated-measure longitudinal study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129443. [PMID: 33401068 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between aluminum exposure and lung function and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS The repeated-measure study was developed with 3917 adults from the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort and they were followed-up after 3 years and 6 years. Urinary aluminum and lung function were measured at each period. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the exposure-response relationship between urinary aluminum and lung function. COX regression models were used to evaluate the association of urinary aluminum with the risk of COPD. RESULTS A total of 6996 observations including 2251 (32.2%) males with a mean age of 54.8 years were included. In the cross-sectional analyses, each 1-unit increase in log-transformed urinary aluminum was associated with a -33.34 mL (95% confidence interval (CI) -45.71 to -20.96) change in forced vital capacity (FVC) and a -17.89 mL (-27.80 to -7.97) change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). The follow-up analyses detected a negative association between urinary aluminum and the annual change of FVC (-6.73 mL/year, 95% CI -10.92 to -2.54), while the association of annual decline of FEV1 with urinary aluminum was statistically insignificant (-2.26 mL/year, -5.76 to 1.23). In the adjusted COX regression model, each 1-unit increase in log-transformed urinary aluminum was associated with a 29% increase in the incident risk of COPD (hazard ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.62). INCLUSION Increased urinary aluminum was associated with lung function reduction and the increased risk of COPD in a general urban population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Gannan Medical University, No.1 Harmonious Road, RongJiang District, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Xingzu Cen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ge Mu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jixuan Ma
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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9
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Wang JQ, Hu YB, Liang CM, Xia X, Li ZJ, Gao H, Sheng J, Huang K, Wang SF, Li Y, Zhu P, Hao JH, Tao FB. Aluminum and magnesium status during pregnancy and placenta oxidative stress and inflammatory mRNA expression: China Ma'anshan birth cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3887-3898. [PMID: 32621275 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of prenatal Al and Mg on placental oxidative stress and inflammatory mRNA expression. A total of 2519 pregnant women from the China Ma'anshan birth cohort participated in this study. Al and Mg levels were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Placental stress and inflammatory mRNA expression were assessed by RT-PCR. The median Al levels in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and in cord blood were higher than the corresponding median Mg levels. Predictors of lower Al and Mg levels included Han ethnicity and high education according to a mixed linear model. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Al and Al/Mg levels had a positive association with inflammatory mRNA expression and placental oxidative stress in the second trimester of pregnancy. A negative association existed between Al and Al/Mg levels and inflammatory mRNA expression and placenta oxidative stress in the cord blood, with the exception of IL-1β expression. In conclusion, prenatal Al and Mg status was associated with placental oxidative stress and inflammatory mRNA expression. More preclinical studies are needed to confirm the relevant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qing Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ya-Bin Hu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chun-Mei Liang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Xia
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Juan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Su-Fang Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Hu Hao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Cui Y, Che Y, Wang H. Bergamot essential oil attenuate aluminum-induced anxiety-like behavior through antioxidation, anti-inflammatory and GABA regulation in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111766. [PMID: 32971212 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies showed that aluminum (Al) has potential neurotoxicity to human and animal bodies. Al-treated animals showed anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) changes. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is a kind of well-known plant extract from the fresh fruit of bergamot. Previous studies suggested that BEO improved mood and relieved symptoms of stress-induced anxiety. This study was designed to study the effects of BEO on anxiety-like behavior, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and GABA system in aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) treated rats. Results showed that AlCl3 exposure induced anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and the open field test. Moreover, AlCl3 exposure decreased the level of GABA and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus (HP) and the frontal cortex (FC). In addition, AlCl3 exposure increased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the HP and the FC. To the contrary, co-administration of BEO and AlCl3 improved the anxiety-like behavior, GABA system, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. These results indicated that BEO can alleviate the anxiety-like behavior of AlCl3-exposed rats through the combined action of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and GABA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Che
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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11
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The Detection of 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine in Circulating Cell-Free DNA: A Step Towards Longitudinal Monitoring of Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:125-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Nafea OE, El-Korashi LA, Gehad MH, Yousif YM, Zake LG. Association between blood aluminum and beta-2 receptor gene methylation with childhood asthma control. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1301-1309. [PMID: 32351130 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120921436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that environmental exposure to heavy metals has been related to epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation in receptors involved in pathogenesis of asthma. One of these receptors is beta-2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2). We conducted this study to examine the association between blood aluminum concentration, blood ADRB2 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) methylation level, and childhood asthma control level. Our results showed a significant positive association between high blood aluminum concentration (odds ratio, 16, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.57 to 71.76], p < 0.001) and high blood ADRB2 5'-UTR methylation level (odds ratio, 4.75, 95% CI [1.39 to 16.2], p = 0.013), and risk of uncontrolled asthma. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that higher blood aluminum concentration was independently associated with increased risk of uncontrolled bronchial asthma (odds ratio, 9.10, 95% CI [2.38 to 34.85], p = 0.0013], after controlling for age, sex, and blood ADRB2 5'-UTR methylation level. In addition, blood ADRB2 5'-UTR methylation level significantly correlated with whole blood aluminum concentration in asthmatic children (r = 0.480, p < 0.001). We concluded that increasing blood aluminum concentration is an important independent correlate of risk for uncontrolled bronchial asthma as well as increased blood aluminum concentration caused ADRB2 5'-UTR hyper-methylation with increasing risk of uncontrolled bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Nafea
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - L A El-Korashi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M H Gehad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Y M Yousif
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - L G Zake
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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13
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Tranfo G, Paci E, Carrieri M, Marchetti E, Sisto R, Gherardi M, Costabile F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Pigini D. Levels of Urinary Biomarkers of Oxidatively Generated Damage to DNA and RNA in Different Groups of Workers Compared to General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162995. [PMID: 31434269 PMCID: PMC6719150 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The products of guanine oxidation in DNA and RNA excreted in urine are 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo). Despite intra and inter-individual variability, it is possible to identify situations that significantly increase the levels of these compounds when comparing urinary concentrations of some workers to those of the general population. (2) Methods: urines from gasoline pump attendants (58 from Saudi Arabia and 102 from Italy), 24 workers of a fiberglass reinforced plastics plant, 17 painters and 6 divers were analyzed by HPLC/MS-MS. To test the individual variability, two subjects provided daily samples for one month, and 132 urine samples from the general population were analyzed. (3) Results: We summarized the results for each biomarker, and found the following were statistically higher than in the general population: 8-oxoGua in fiberglass and Italian gasoline workers; 8-oxodGuo in fiberglass and both Saudi Arabian and Italian gasoline workers; 8-oxoGuo in fiberglass workers, both Saudi Arabian and Italian gasoline workers, and painters after the working shift. (4) Conclusions: these results confirm that both 8-oxodGuo and 8-oxoGuo are valuable biomarkers for occupational exposures to dangerous chemicals and seem to suggest that 8-oxoGuo, related to RNA oxidation, is a suitable biomarker to evaluate short term, reversible effects of occupational exposures even within the health-based limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchetti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- CNR-ISAC-Italian National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Science and Climate, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauleo
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ancona
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Via Cristoforo Colombo 112, 00147 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, INAIL Research, via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
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