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Garthe RC, Fedock G, Rieger A, Hsieh WJ, McLay MM, Malcome M. Women's Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence While Incarcerated: The Measurement Structure, Reliability, and Validity of a Novel Instrument. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:1656-1682. [PMID: 36788418 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231155176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
While incarcerated, women may continue to experience intimate partner violence (IPV), perpetrated by partners who reside in the outside community. Power and control dynamics of abusive relationships may intensify as the abuser exploits their partners' incarceration. The current study assessed IPV experiences of 832 incarcerated women (50% white, 76% mothers), testing a novel instrument. Results validated a two-factor structure: (a) general abuse (i.e., verbal, physical) and (b) deny or threaten to deny (i.e., leveraging the women's incarceration to intimidate or control). This study introduces a novel instrument to measure IPV while incarcerated and provides implications for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Garthe
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gina Fedock
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Agnes Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wan-Jung Hsieh
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Molly M McLay
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marion Malcome
- School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Young Choi J. The relationship between patterns of negative life experiences and clinical presentation in a psychiatric sample. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:559-575. [PMID: 38111170 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attempts have been made to classify the patterns of polytraumatization using a person-centered approach. However, most studies have only focused on maltreatment and interpersonal trauma and have been unable to examine various clinical symptoms. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore patterns of negative life experiences, including maltreatment, lifetime trauma, and recent stressful life events, and compare diverse dimensions of the clinical manifestations among the subtypes in a clinical sample. METHOD We investigated childhood maltreatment, lifetime trauma, and recent stressful events using a self-report method in 1410 psychiatric patients; we classified the patterns of lifelong negative life experiences using latent profile analysis (LPA). We used the rates of psychiatric diagnosis, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-K), and the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form to compare various symptom dimensions among the derived subtypes. RESULTS LPA indicated a four-class solution: mild, recent stress, maltreatment, and multiple adversity group. The multiple adversity group experiencing both lifetime trauma and recent stressful life events, in addition to maltreatment, including sexual abuse, had a high rate of severe mental illness and more symptom dimensions of thought and behavior problems. However, the rates of depressive disorders and emotional/internalizing symptoms were not more than those in the other two groups (recent stress and maltreatment groups) experiencing moderate levels of lifetime trauma. There was no significant difference between the recent stress and maltreatment groups for most symptom dimensions. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that distinct symptom profiles may be associated with the pattern of negative experiences, suggesting that negative experiences need multidimensional investigation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Child Studies, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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3
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Marchese S, Huckins LM. Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2200017. [PMID: 37766803 PMCID: PMC10520418 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Trauma is ubiquitous, but only a subset of those who experience trauma will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review, it is argued that to determine who is at risk of developing PTSD, it is critical to examine the genetic etiology of the disorder and individual trauma profiles of those who are susceptible. First, the state of current PTSD genetic research is described, with a particular focus on studies that present evidence for trauma type specificity, or for differential genetic etiology according to gender or race. Next, approaches that leverage non-traditional phenotyping approaches are reviewed to identify PTSD-associated variants and biology, and the relative advantages and limitations inherent in these studies are reflected on. Finally, it is discussed how trauma might influence the heritability of PTSD, through type, risk factors, genetics, and associations with PTSD symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Marchese
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Laura M. Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and TreatmentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Present address:
Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT06511USA
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4
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Gallagher C, Brunelle C. Heterogeneity In Women's Trauma Histories: Impact On Substance Use Disorder Severity. J Trauma Dissociation 2023; 24:395-409. [PMID: 36800186 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2181476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Trauma and substance use disorders (SUDs) frequently co-occur, especially in women. Previous studies have attempted to determine if individual differences in trauma histories could be meaningfully categorized but few studies have focused solely on women, especially those reporting substance use problems. A total of 130 women (M age = 30.7, SD = 7.9) self reporting past-year substance use problems completed comprehensive measures assessing lifetime exposure to a variety of traumatic events as well as substance use patterns and severity. Using latent class analysis, three classes emerged, a Low Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma class (40%, n = 52), a Moderate Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma class (23.8%, n = 31) and a High Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma class (36.2%, n = 47). Groups did not vary on daily/almost daily use of different types of substances and polysubstance use frequency but were significantly different on SUD severity, with the Moderate and the High Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma classes reporting severe SUD severity in comparison to moderate severity for the Low Interpersonal Trauma class. The findings of the current study indicate that women experiencing substance use problems should receive SUD treatment in a trauma-informed manner but that not all may require integrated trauma and substance use interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gallagher
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - C Brunelle
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
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Brown LJ, Lowe H, Gibbs A, Smith C, Mannell J. High-Risk Contexts for Violence Against Women: Using Latent Class Analysis to Understand Structural and Contextual Drivers of Intimate Partner Violence at the National Level. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1007-NP1039. [PMID: 35298318 PMCID: PMC9709538 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221086642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects 1 in 3 women and poses a major human rights threat and public health burden, yet there is great variation in risk globally. Whilst individual risk factors are well-studied, less research has focussed on the structural and contextual drivers of IPV and how these co-occur to create contexts of high risk. Methods: We compiled IPV drivers from freely-accessible global country-level data sources and combined gender inequality, natural disasters, conflict, colonialism, socioeconomic development and inequality, homicide and social discrimination in a latent class analysis, and identified underlying 'risk contexts' based on fit statistics and theoretical plausibility (N=5,732 country-years; 190 countries). We used multinomial regression to compare risk contexts according to: proportion of population with disability, HIV/AIDS, refugee status, and mental health disorders; proportion of men with drug use disorders; men's alcohol consumption; and population median age (N=1,654-5,725 country-years). Finally, we compared prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV experienced by women in the past 12 months across risk contexts (N=3,175 country-years). Results: Three distinct risk contexts were identified: 1) non-patriarchal egalitarian, low rates of homicide; 2) patriarchal post-colonial, high rates of homicide; 3) patriarchal post-colonial conflict and disaster-affected. Compared to non-patriarchal egalitarian contexts, patriarchal post-colonial contexts had a younger age distribution and a higher prevalence of drug use disorders, but a lower prevalence of mental health disorders and a smaller refugee population. IPV risk was highest in the two patriarchal post-colonial contexts and associated with country income classification. Conclusions: Whilst our findings support the importance of gender norms in shaping women's risk of experiencing IPV, they also point towards an association with a history of colonialism. To effectively address IPV for women in high prevalence contexts, structural interventions and policies are needed that address not only gender norms, but also broader structural inequalities arising from colonialism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Brown
- Institute for Global Health, University
College London, UK
| | - Hattie Lowe
- Institute for Global Health, University
College London, UK
| | - Andrew Gibbs
- Gender and Health Research Unit,
South
African Medical Research Council, South
Africa
- Centre for Rural Health, School of
Nursing and Public Health, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Colette Smith
- Institute for Global Health, University
College London, UK
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6
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Hermosilla S, Choi KW, Askari MS, Marks T, Denckla C, Axinn W, Smoller JW, Ghimire D, Benjet C. What can we learn about polytrauma typologies by comparing population-representative to trauma-exposed samples: A Nepali example. J Affect Disord 2022; 314:201-210. [PMID: 35810829 PMCID: PMC9869468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are common and associated with detrimental outcomes over the life-course. Previous studies exploring the causes and consequences of PTE-exposure profiles are often from high-income settings and fail to explore the implications of sample selection (i.e., population-representative versus PTE-restricted). METHODS Among individuals in the Nepal Chitwan Valley Family Study, latent class analyses (LCA) were performed on 11 self-reported PTEs collected by the Nepali version of the World Mental Health Consortium's Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 from 2016 to 2018, in a population-representative sample (N = 10,714), including a PTE-restricted subsample (N = 9183). Multinomial logistic regressions explored relationships between sociodemographic factors and class membership. Logistic regressions assessed relationships between class membership and psychiatric outcomes. RESULTS On average, individuals were exposed to 2 PTEs in their lifetime. A five-class solution showed optimal fit for both samples; however, specific classes were distinct. No single sociodemographic factor was universally associated with PTE class membership in the population-representative sample; while several factors (e.g., age, age at incident PTE, education, marital status, and migration) were consistently associated with class membership in the PTE-subsample. PTE class membership differentiated psychiatric outcomes in the population-representative sample more than the PTE-subsample. LIMITATIONS Primary limitations are related to the generalizability to high-income settings, debate on LCA model fit statistic usage for final class selection, and cross-sectional nature of data collection. CONCLUSIONS Although population-representative samples provide information applicable to large-scale, population-based programming and policy, PTE-subsample analyses may provide additional nuance in PTE profiles and their consequences, important for specialized prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Hermosilla
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie S Askari
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Taylor Marks
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Christy Denckla
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William Axinn
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirgha Ghimire
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Institute for Social and Environmental Research-Nepal, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
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Siller L, Edwards KM, Banyard V. Violence Typologies Among Youth: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle and High School Youth. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:1023-1048. [PMID: 32438882 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research documents high rates of interpersonal violence (e.g., bullying, dating violence, sexual assault) among middle and high school youth, during which time dating and sexual relationships are emerging. Most research to date focuses on one type of violence at a time or examines the co-occurrence of violence within an age group. This study examined interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration (IVVP) within the context of middle and high school with data from 738 middle school students and 1,311 high school students. Results show distinct classes, or groups, of IVVP among middle and high school students. Three classes emerged for the middle school sample and included a normative class (66.8%; n = 493), a victim of bullying class (28.1%; n = 207), and a mixed/poly-victim class (5.2%; n = 38). Five classes emerged for the high school sample and included a normative class (66.7%; n = 975), a victim of bullying class (18.1%; n = 237), a homophobic bully-victim class (11.0%; n = 144), a poly-victim class (3.1%; n = 40), and a sexual assault perpetrator class (1.1%; n = 15). Demographic and adjustment indicators differentiated many of the classes in each age group. The findings illustrate that there are distinct differences between middle and high school student's exposure to and perpetration of violence. Middle school students may be best served by programs that address victimization experiences while high school may be a developmental moment to introduce sexual assault prevention programs.
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Mekawi Y, Kuzyk E, Dixon HD, McKenna B, Camacho L, de Andino AM, Stevens J, Michopolous V, Powers A. Characterizing Typologies of Polytraumatization: A Replication and Extension Study Examining Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology in an Urban Population. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:1144-1163. [PMID: 35359798 PMCID: PMC8966626 DOI: 10.1177/21677026211000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A person-centered approach to examining trauma has uncovered typologies of polytraumatization that are differentially associated with psychopathology. However, previous research is limited by narrow conceptualizations of trauma, limited distal outcomes, and underrepresentation of minorities. To address these gaps, we used latent profile analyses to uncover distinct polytraumatization typologies and examine four symptom-based (PTSD, depression, aggression, and substance abuse) and two behavior-based (self-harm, jail counts) outcomes in a sample of low-income adults (n = 7,426, 94% African American). The models were indicated by 19 traumatic experiences (e.g., accident, sexual assault, witnessing/experiencing violence). The best fitting model uncovered five classes: minimal trauma, physical abuse, violence exposure, sexual abuse, and polytrauma. Classes characterized by significant and varied trauma were higher on both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, while those characterized by specific types of trauma were only higher on one type of psychopathology. Implications for the assessment and treatment of trauma-related disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
| | - Eva Kuzyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
| | - H. Drew Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
| | | | - Luisa Camacho
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
| | | | - Jennifer Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
| | | | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Science, Emory School of Medicine
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Free BL, Lipinski AJ, Lewin RK, Majeed R, Zakarian RJ, Beck JG. Using a Person-Centered Approach to Identify Patterns of Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Women: Associations With Mental Health. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2021; 26:376-386. [PMID: 34338045 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211031655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse (CA) were explored in 467 women seeking psychological assistance following IPV. Using latent class analysis, three classes were obtained: women who had experienced physical, sexual, and psychological IPV, along with childhood physical and sexual abuse (IPV + CA; 38.5%); women who had experienced physical, sexual, and psychological IPV only (IPV/no CA; 52.9%); and women who had experienced psychological IPV only (Psych IPV only; 8.6%). Associations of class membership with severity of specific mental health conditions were examined, along with the number of diagnosed conditions. Significant between-class differences were noted on severity of IPV-related posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorders, alcohol and substance use disorders, and social phobia. Classes also differed significantly on the number of mental health conditions. Understanding patterns of betrayal-based trauma (e.g., IPV and CA) can inform care within agencies that serve IPV survivors by highlighting individuals at-risk for mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bre'Anna L Free
- Department of Psychology, 5415University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Rivian K Lewin
- Department of Psychology, 5415University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rimsha Majeed
- Department of Psychology, 5415University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - J Gayle Beck
- Department of Psychology, 5415University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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Sessarego SN, Siller L, Edwards KM. Patterns of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Adolescents Using Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9167-9186. [PMID: 31313629 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519862272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Research has identified interpersonal violence (a broad term that includes stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and physical dating violence) as a major problem among adolescents. Research suggests that there are different patterns, or classes, of interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration, but little of this work has focused on adolescents. In the current study, we conducted latent class analysis using a sample of 2,921 adolescent girls and boys in high school from northern New England to assess varying patterns of interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration over the past 2 months, specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and dating violence. Four classes of violence victimization and perpetration were identified: (a) No Victimization or Perpetration class (n = 1,898, 65.0%), (b) Low Victimization and Perpetration class (n = 343, 11.7%), (c) Harassment Victimization Only class (n = 560, 19.2%), and (d) High Victimization and Low Perpetration class (n = 120, 4.1%). Several differences in classes emerged as a function of demographic and behavioral health variables. For example, the High Victimization and Low Perpetration class had the highest proportion of girls and youth with sexual minority status. Furthermore, youth in the High Victimization and Low Perpetration class also had a significantly higher proportion of class members endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking than the youth in other classes. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity in patterns of interpersonal violence, which future research should seek to better understand in terms of etiology, outcomes, and best practices for prevention and intervention.
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11
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Rodriguez AS, Robinson LD, Kelly PJ, Hudson S. Polysubstance use classes and health outcomes among women attending specialist substance use treatment services. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:488-500. [PMID: 34405938 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance use is increasingly prevalent among women. Little research examines subgroups of women with substance use issues to identify their characteristics and thus enable treatment recommendations. The present study used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of substance use among women in substance-use treatment based on use in the 30 days prior to intake and examined changes in mental health and treatment outcomes following 60 days of treatment. METHODS Participants were women (N = 493) attending specialist non-government substance use treatment services in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS Four distinct classes of substance users were identified: (i) Amphetamine Type Stimulants (ATS) Polysubstance (40.6%, n = 200); (ii) Alcohol Only (33.1%, n = 163); (iii) Cannabis and Alcohol (17.0%, n = 84) and (iv) Other Polysubstance (9.3%, n = 46). Women in the ATS Polysubstance class were the youngest and those in the Alcohol Only class were the oldest. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings show that classes with high polysubstance use (ATS Polysubstance) differed from the single-substance use class (Alcohol Only). The ATS Polysubstance class had significantly greater improvements in health outcomes after 60 days compared to the Alcohol Only class. These findings suggest that although women with polysubstance use can benefit from substance use treatment, younger women (ATS Polysubstance) may benefit even more than older women (Alcohol Only). Future research should utilise a longitudinal design and examine additional psychosocial characteristics to extend on current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura D Robinson
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Medical and Health Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Peter J Kelly
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Medical and Health Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Suzie Hudson
- Network of Alcohol and Other Drugs Agencies, Sydney, Australia
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Bukuluki P, Kisaakye P, Etti B, Ocircan M, Bev RR. Tolerance of Violence against Women and the Risk of Psychosocial Distress in Humanitarian Settings in Northern Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8103. [PMID: 34360397 PMCID: PMC8345785 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women (VAW) remains a public health concern, which can sometimes lead to mental or psychological stress among other negative consequences. DATA AND METHODS we fitted a binary logistic regression model on 657 respondents from host and refugee settings in three humanitarian districts (Adjumani, Obongi, and Lamwo) to examine the determinants of psychosocial stress. RESULTS experience of psychosocial distress is higher among refugees than host populations. Results indicate a higher proportion of respondents who ever experienced psychosocial stress in the 6 months preceding the survey among those who believed that a woman should tolerate violence (59% vs. 53%). Respondents who believed that a woman should tolerate violence had higher odds of experiencing psychosocial stress than their counterparts who believed a woman should not tolerate violence (OR = 6.86; 95%CI = 1.23-38.22). The likelihood to experience psychosocial stress was higher among females (OR = 6.94; 95%CI = 1.76-27.32), those with primary education (OR = 4.73; 95%CI = 1.24-18.00), and respondents with less than USD 2.7 as personal income one month before the survey (OR = 3.37; 95%CI = 1.32-8.62). Respondents who said that women should engage in income generation activities had higher odds to experience psychosocial stress (OR = 0.39; 95%CI = 0.17-0.89). CONCLUSION results suggest that income and positive attitudes toward female-led income generating activities act as protective measures against psychosocial distress. Given the associations between VAW and psychosocial distress, efforts aimed at prevention and response to VAW in humanitarian settings should integrate mental health and psychosocial support interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bukuluki
- School of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Peter Kisaakye
- School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Bonny Etti
- Save the Children, Kampala 12018, Uganda; (B.E.); (M.O.); (R.-R.B.)
| | - Micheal Ocircan
- Save the Children, Kampala 12018, Uganda; (B.E.); (M.O.); (R.-R.B.)
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Contractor AA, Kearns NT, Weiss NH, Blumenthal H. Examining relations of polytraumatization typologies with positive memory count and phenomenology. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2021; 34:107-120. [PMID: 32686501 PMCID: PMC7769926 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1795644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Most individuals experience multiple potentially traumatizing events (PTEs); hence, it is important to consider count and types of PTEs (polytraumatization) in relation to post-trauma health. Notably, no research has examined polytraumatization typologies in relation to positive memory count and phenomenology. We examined (1) latent subgroupings of individuals based on PTE endorsements; and (2) relation of the optimal latent class solution to positive memory count and phenomenology. Design: Participants were 203 trauma-exposed adults (Mage = 35.40; 61.10% females); we used PTEs endorsed on the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 as indicators for analyses. Results: Latent class analyses indicated a three-class solution differing in quantity and quality of PTE types: Low Experience, Predominant Interpersonal PTEs, and Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs. Further, more positive memories predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. other classes; greater sensory details of a positive memory predicted membership in the Low Experience vs. the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs Classes; and greater accessibility of a positive memory predicted membership in the Predominant Interpersonal PTEs vs. the Predominant Non-Interpersonal PTEs Classes. Conclusions: Results indicated three meaningful subgroups endorsing differing levels/types of PTEs; count, sensory details, and accessibility of positive memories, pending further investigation, may differentiate these subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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14
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Intimate Partner Violence Against Low-Income Women in Mexico City and Associations with Child School Attendance: A Latent Class Analysis Using Cross-sectional Data. Matern Child Health J 2020; 24:360-368. [PMID: 31916142 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have investigated how intimate partner violence (IPV), and patterns of IPV experiences, may impact children's school attendance in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Using baseline data from a sub-sample of 659 women in Mexico City enrolled in a randomized controlled trial who reported having a child under age 18 and in school, multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify women based on their reported IPV experiences. Multilevel risk regression analyses examined associations between latent class membership and IPV-related disruptions in children's schooling. Latent classes were identified in a prior study. RESULTS Overall, 23.3% of women reported their child's school attendance was disrupted due to IPV. LCA identified four distinct classes of IPV experiences: Low Physical and Sexual Violence (39.1%); Low Physical and High Sexual Violence class (14.8%), High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries (36.5%); and High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries (9.6%). Compared with women in the Low Physical and Sexual Violence class, women in the High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries class and women in the High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries class were at greater risk of IPV disrupting children's school attendance (ARR 3.39, 95% CI 2.34, 4.92; ARR 2.22, 95% CI 1.54, 3.19, respectively). No other statistically significant associations emerged. DISCUSSION High disruptions in children's school attendance due to IPV were reported and were differentially related to patterns of IPV experiences. Findings underscore the need to understand underlying mechanisms. Future work integrating both violence against women and violence against children is needed.
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Clark CJ, Cheong YF, Gupta J, Ferguson G, Shrestha B, Shrestha PN, Yount KM. Intimate partner violence in Nepal: Latent patterns and association with depressive symptoms. SSM Popul Health 2019; 9:100481. [PMID: 31993482 PMCID: PMC6978479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing data suggest that there are distinct patterns (or classes) of intimate partner violence (IPV) experience that depart from dichotomous categorizations used to monitor progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 5.2. Less is known about the patterning of IPV in non-Western settings. This study estimates distinct classes of IPV experience in Nepal and examines potential community-level variability in these classes and in the association between IPV class and depressive symptoms. This study used data collected in 2016 from a random sample of Nepalese married women of reproductive age (N = 1440) living in 72 communities in three districts (Nawalparasi, Chitwan, and Kapilvastu). We used fixed effects and random effects latent class models of 2 through 6 classes. We fit a negative binomial regression model adjusted for relevant confounders to examine the relationship of the latent IPV classes with depressive symptoms. A four-class model was the best fitting. It included a "low exposure" class (77.36% of the sample) characterized by a low probability of experiencing any form of IPV, a "sexual violence" class (9.03% of the sample) characterized by a high probability of experiencing a form of sexual violence, a "moderate violence" class (6.60% of the sample) characterized by modest probabilities of experiencing less severe emotional and physical IPV, and a "systematic violence" class (7.01% of the sample) characterized by a high probability of being exposed to all forms of IPV. Adding random effects did not improve model fit, suggesting no community-level variations in classes. Relative to membership in the low exposure class, membership in all other classes was associated with a higher count of depressive symptoms. Those in the systematic class had a mean weighted symptom count 2.29 times that of the low exposure group. Classes of IPV exposure must be identified to ensure that surveillance and programming are attuned to women's experiences of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cari Jo Clark
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Gemma Ferguson
- 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 909, Washington D.C, 20036, USA
| | - Binita Shrestha
- 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Suite 909, Washington D.C, 20036, USA
| | | | - Kathryn M. Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Sociology, Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, 1555 Dickey Dr. 225 Tarbutton Hall, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Roberts ST, Flaherty BP, Deya R, Masese L, Ngina J, McClelland RS, Simoni J, Graham SM. Patterns of Gender-Based Violence and Associations with Mental Health and HIV Risk Behavior Among Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya: A Latent Class Analysis. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:3273-3286. [PMID: 29603110 PMCID: PMC6146064 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) is common among female sex workers (FSWs) and is associated with multiple HIV risk factors, including poor mental health, high-risk sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prior studies have focused on GBV of one type (e.g. physical or sexual) or from one kind of perpetrator (e.g., clients or regular partners), but many FSWs experience overlapping types of violence from multiple perpetrators, with varying frequency and severity. We examined the association between lifetime patterns of GBV and HIV risk factors in 283 FSWs in Mombasa, Kenya. Patterns of GBV were identified with latent class analysis based on physical, sexual, or emotional violence from multiple perpetrators. Cross-sectional outcomes included depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, disordered alcohol and other drug use, number of sex partners, self-reported unprotected sex, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in vaginal secretions, and a combined unprotected sex indicator based on self-report or PSA detection. We also measured HIV/STI incidence over 12 months following GBV assessment. Associations between GBV patterns and each outcome were modeled separately using linear regression for mental health outcomes and Poisson regression for sexual risk outcomes. Lifetime prevalence of GBV was 87%. We identified 4 GBV patterns, labeled Low (21% prevalence), Sexual (23%), Physical/Moderate Emotional (18%), and Severe (39%). Compared to women with Low GBV, those with Severe GBV had higher scores for depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and disordered alcohol use, and had more sex partners. Women with Sexual GBV had higher scores for disordered alcohol use than women with Low GBV, but similar sexual risk behavior. Women with Physical/Moderate Emotional GBV had more sex partners and a higher prevalence of unprotected sex than women with Low GBV, but no differences in mental health. HIV/STI incidence did not differ significantly by GBV pattern. The prevalence of GBV was extremely high in this sample of Kenyan FSWs, and different GBV patterns were associated with distinct mental health and sexual risk outcomes. Increased understanding of how health consequences vary by GBV type and severity could lead to more effective programs to reduce HIV risk in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Roberts
- Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, 351 California St, Ste 500, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA.
| | - Brian P Flaherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ruth Deya
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet Masese
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ngina
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Scott McClelland
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane Simoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan M Graham
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Beijer U, Scheffel Birath C, DeMartinis V, Af Klinteberg B. Facets of Male Violence Against Women With Substance Abuse Problems: Women With a Residence and Homeless Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:1391-1411. [PMID: 26637590 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515618211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the type and extent to which women with substance abuse problems have been exposed to male violence during their lifetime, and to examine possible differences between women with a residence (WR) and homeless women (HW). The total sample included 79 women (WR, n = 35; HW, n = 44; M age = 47.8 years). Of the total sample, 72 women (91%) had experienced different kinds of male violence, 88% from former partners, and 26% from male friends or acquaintances. Of the 72 women, 71% further reported "Countless occasions of violent events," and 36% had been forced to commit criminal acts. Abused women who had been forced to commit criminal acts were significantly more frequently found to be homeless, have reported parental alcohol and/or drug problems, have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, have been victims of sexual violence, have used illicit drugs as a dominant preparation, and have injected illicit drugs. Almost half of the abused women (46%) met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where HW showed an almost 4-time higher risk (RR 3.78) than WR. In conclusion there is a particular vulnerability in women with substance abuse to male violence, which has an important impact on their health status. Thus, from a public health perspective, it is suggested that for those women who have experienced male violence, treatment protocols need to include both assessing and addressing the impact of such experience in relation to substance abuse as well as concomitant health concerns.
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Hall MT, Ball D, Sears J, Higgins GE, Logan TK, Golder S. Past-year nonmedical use of prescription drugs among women on probation and parole: A cross-sectional study. Subst Abus 2018; 39:280-285. [PMID: 29452065 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1442382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescription drug-related overdose deaths have increased dramatically in recent years. Women in the justice system experience high rates of drug use, victimization, trauma symptoms, and other health problems and would appear to be at high risk for nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD). This study will be among the first to describe prevalence and correlates of NMUPD among this population. METHODS This cross-sectional study collected data from 406 victimized women on probation and parole between 2010 and 2012. In a multiple logistic regression model, we differentiated women who reported past-year NMUPD from those who did not using demographic, health, other drug use, substance use treatment, and trauma symptom severity variables. RESULTS Past-year NMUPD was reported by 26.8% (n = 109) of the overall sample. Women reporting NMUPD were significantly younger and more likely to be white. Past-year use of alcohol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-6.1), marijuana (AOR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.8-7.0), methamphetamines (AOR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.7-21.3), and heroin (AOR: 8.4; 95% CI: 2.0-35.2) were significantly associated with NMUPD. Additionally, each unit increase in the measure assessing bodily pain was associated with a 40% increase (AOR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7) in the odds of NMUPD. Finally, meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder almost doubled (AOR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.4) the odds of reporting past-year NMUPD. CONCLUSIONS Victimized women on probation and parole report high rates of NMUPD, and this behavior intersects with other complex social, behavioral, psychological, and physical needs. The authors recommend increased access to trauma-informed correctional care among women in the justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Hall
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - Diana Ball
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - Jeanelle Sears
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
| | - George E Higgins
- b Department of Justice Administration , University of Louisville , Louisville , USA
| | - T K Logan
- c Department of Behavioral Science and Center on Drug and Alcohol Research , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky , USA
| | - Seana Golder
- a Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville , Louisville , Kentucky , USA
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Gupta J, Willie TC, Harris C, Campos PA, Falb KL, Garcia Moreno C, Diaz Olavarrieta C, Okechukwu CA. Intimate partner violence against low-income women in Mexico City and associations with work-related disruptions: a latent class analysis using cross-sectional data. J Epidemiol Community Health 2018. [PMID: 29514921 PMCID: PMC6031258 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2017-209681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Disrupting women’s employment is a strategy that abusive partners could use to prevent women from maintaining economic independence and stability. Yet, few studies have investigated disruptions in employment among victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) in low-income and middle-income countries. Moreover, even fewer have sought to identify which female victims of IPV are most vulnerable to such disruptions. Methods Using baseline data from 947 women in Mexico City enrolled in a randomised controlled trial, multilevel latent class analysis (LCA) was used to classify women based on their reported IPV experiences. Furthermore, multilevel logistic regression analyses were performed on a subsample of women reporting current work (n=572) to investigate associations between LCA membership and IPV-related employment disruptions. Results Overall, 40.6% of women who were working at the time of the survey reported some form of work-related disruption due to IPV. LCA identified four distinct classes of IPV experiences: Low Physical and Sexual Violence (39.1%); High Sexual and Low Physical Violence class (9.6%); High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries (36.5%); High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries (14.8%). Compared with women in the Low Physical and Sexual Violence class, women in the High Physical and Sexual Violence and Injuries class and women in the High Physical and Low Sexual Violence and Injuries class were at greater risk of work disruption (adjusted relative risk (ARR) 2.44, 95% CI 1.80 to 3.29; ARR 2.05, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.70, respectively). No other statistically significant associations emerged. Conclusion IPV, and specific patterns of IPV experiences, must be considered both in work settings and, more broadly, by economic development programmes. Trial registration number NCT01661504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhumka Gupta
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Tiara C Willie
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Courtney Harris
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Paola Abril Campos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn L Falb
- International Rescue Committee, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Claudia Garcia Moreno
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Cassandra A Okechukwu
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Contractor AA, Caldas S, Fletcher S, Shea MT, Armour C. Empirically derived lifespan polytraumatization typologies: A systematic review. J Clin Psychol 2018; 74:1137-1159. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Caldas
- Department of Psychology; University of North Texas; Denton TX USA
| | - Shelley Fletcher
- Psychology Research Institute, Coleraine Campus; Ulster University; Northern Ireland
| | - M. Tracie Shea
- Department of Veteran Affairs; Providence VA Medical Center; Providence RI USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence RI USA
| | - Cherie Armour
- Psychology Research Institute, Coleraine Campus; Ulster University; Northern Ireland
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Relation between lifespan polytrauma typologies and post-trauma mental health. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:202-213. [PMID: 29128858 PMCID: PMC5726595 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most individuals experience more than one trauma. Hence, it is important to consider the count and types of traumas (polytraumatization) in relation to post-trauma mental health. METHOD The current study examined the relation of polytraumatization patterns to PTSD clusters (intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood [NACM], and alterations in arousal and reactivity [AAR]), depression, and impulsivity facets (lack of perseverance, lack of premeditation, negative urgency, sensation seeking) using a web-based sample of 346 participants. Age, gender, race, and ethnicity were covariates. RESULTS Results of latent class analyses indicated a three-class solution: Low Experience, Moderate Experience - Predominent Threat/Indirect PTEs (Moderate Experience), and High Experience - Predominant Interpersonal PTEs (High/Interpersonal). Multinomial logistic regression results indicated that ethnicity and gender were significant covariates in predicting Low versus High/Interpersonal Class, and Moderate Experience versus High/Interpersonal Class membership, respectively. The High/Interpersonal Class had higher scores on most PTSD clusters, depression, and the impulsivity facets of lack of perseverance and negative urgency compared to the other classes. The Low and Moderate Experience Classes differed on PTSD's avoidance and AAR clusters (lower in the former). CONCLUSIONS Individuals exposed to multiple PTE types, particularly interpersonal traumas, may be at risk for more severe post-trauma symptoms.
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Examination of polytrauma typologies: A latent class analysis approach. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:111-118. [PMID: 28535476 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Potentially traumatizing events (PTE) are highly prevalent, and are associated with detrimental effects on psychological health, including increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Multiple endorsed PTEs (polytraumatization) may have even greater effects on a person's health than the impact of a single index event. To better understand patterns of polytraumatization, person-centered analytic techniques such as Latent class analysis (LCA) are recommended. The current study used LCA to explore latent subgroupings of people based on their endorsement of PTEs, thus defining patterns in PTE exposure. The sample included 850 participants who endorsed at least one PTE on a web-administered Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ). Results indicated a best-fitting 3-class solution: (1) a class with a greater probability of experiencing interpersonal PTEs and other PTEs, (2) a class with moderate PTE exposure and higher probability of mugging and accidents, and (3) a class with low PTE exposure. Differences in age, gender, and PTSD symptom severity accounted for class membership. Results suggest the experience of interpersonal PTEs may be a risk factor for additional lifetime PTE exposure, and is associated with increased PTSD severity. Additional findings underscore the heterogenity of trauma experiences, highlighting the importance of examining such patterns in future research.
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Dishon-Brown A, Golder S, Renn T, Winham K, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Childhood Victimization, Attachment, Coping, and Substance Use Among Victimized Women on Probation and Parole. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2017; 32:431-451. [PMID: 28516830 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-15-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved women report high rates of victimization across their life span, and these experiences contribute to their involvement in the criminal justice (CJ) system. Within this population, research has identified an overlap among victimization and substance use, a high-risk coping mechanism. Furthermore, research indicates attachment style is related to coping and high-risk behaviors. Research is needed to understand the relationship among these mechanisms as they relate to intimate partner violence (IPV). To address this gap, this study investigated the relationship between attachment, coping, childhood victimization, substance use, and IPV among 406 victimized women on probation/parole. Results of 6 multivariate regression analyses were statistically significant, accounting for 8%-13% of the variance in IPV. Particularly, childhood sexual victimization and negative coping were significant in all analyses. Findings provide practitioners, administrators, and policymakers information about the specific needs of justice-involved women.
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Weiss NH, Dixon-Gordon KL, Peasant C, Jaquier V, Johnson C, Sullivan TP. A latent profile analysis of intimate partner victimization and aggression and examination of between-class differences in psychopathology symptoms and risky behaviors. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2017; 9:370-378. [PMID: 27736140 PMCID: PMC5391312 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with heightened psychopathology symptoms and risky behaviors. However, extant investigations are limited by their focus on IPV victimization, despite evidence to suggest that victimization and aggression frequently co-occur. Further, research on these correlates often has not accounted for the heterogeneity of women who experience victimization. METHOD The present study utilized latent profile analysis to identify patterns of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization and aggression in a convenience sample of 212 community women experiencing victimization (Mage = 36.63, 70.8% African American), as well as examined differences in psychopathology symptoms (i.e., posttraumatic stress symptoms [PTSS] and depressive symptoms) and risky behaviors (i.e., drug problems, alcohol problems, deliberate self-harm (DSH), HIV-risk behaviors) across these classes. RESULTS Four classes of women differentiated by severities of victimization and aggression were identified. Greater psychopathology symptoms were found among classes defined by greater victimization and aggression, regardless of IPV type. Risky behaviors were more prevalent among classes defined by greater sexual victimization and aggression in particular. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions that target the particular needs of subgroups of women who experience victimization. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Katherine L. Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Courtney Peasant
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Véronique Jaquier
- Centre romand de recherche en criminologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue du 1er-Mars 26, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Clinesha Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave, West Hartford, CT 06117
| | - Tami P. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06511
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Contractor AA, Roley-Roberts ME, Lagdon S, Armour C. Heterogeneity in patterns of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms: Latent profile analyses. J Affect Disord 2017; 212:17-24. [PMID: 28142081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression co-occur frequently following the experience of potentially traumatizing events (PTE; Morina et al., 2013). A person-centered approach to discern heterogeneous patterns of such co-occurring symptoms is recommended (Galatzer-Levy and Bryant, 2013). We assessed heterogeneity in PTSD and depression symptomatology; and subsequently assessed relations between class membership with psychopathology constructs (alcohol use, distress tolerance, dissociative experiences). METHODS The sample consisted of 268 university students who had experienced a PTE and susequently endorsed clinical levels of PTSD or depression severity. Latent profile analyses (LPA) was used to identify the best-fitting class solution accouring to recommended fit indices (Nylund et al., 2007a); and the effects of covariates was analyzed using a 3-step approach (Vermunt, 2010). RESULTS Results of the LPA indicated an optimal 3-class solutions: high severity (Class 2), lower PTSD-higher depression (Class 1), and higher PTSD-lower depression (Class 3). Covariates of distress tolerance, and different kinds of dissociative experiences differentiated the latent classes. LIMITATIONS Use of self-report measure could lead to response biases; and the specific nature of the sample limits generalizability of results. CONCLUSION We found evidence for a depressive subtype of PTSD differentiated from other classes in terms of lower distress tolerance and greater dissociative experiences. Thus, transdiagnostic treatment protocols may be most beneficial for these latent class members. Further, the distinctiveness of PTSD and depression at comparatively lower levels of PTSD severity was supported (mainly in terms of distress tolerance abilities); hence supporting the current classification system placement of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle E Roley-Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | - Susan Lagdon
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Parker EM, Gielen AC, Castillo R, Webster DW, Glass N. Intimate Partner Violence and Patterns of Safety Strategy Use Among Women Seeking Temporary Protective Orders: A Latent Class Analysis. Violence Against Women 2016; 22:1663-1681. [PMID: 26951307 DOI: 10.1177/1077801216631436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined use of safety strategies, experience of violence, and perception of danger from intimate partner violence (IPV) among 197 women seeking temporary protective orders against their abusive partners/ex-partners. Latent class analysis was used to group women into classes based on their use of safety strategies. Five classes of strategy use were identified: two high-activity classes, two moderately active classes, and one low-activity class. More severe abuse, increased perception of danger, and unemployment were associated with being in the higher activity classes. More effective interventions and outreach tools are needed to help women in IPV situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea C Gielen
- 1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renan Castillo
- 1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel W Webster
- 1 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Glass
- 2 Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Golder S, Engstrom M, Hall MT, Higgins GE, Logan TK. Psychological distress among victimized women on probation and parole: A latent class analysis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2015; 85:382-391. [PMID: 25915692 PMCID: PMC4501860 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of victimized women (N = 406) on probation and parole differentiated by levels of general psychological distress. The 9 primary symptom dimensions from the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) were used individually as latent class indicators (Derogatis, 1993). Results identified 3 classes of women characterized by increasing levels of psychological distress; classes were further differentiated by posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, cumulative victimization, substance use and other domains of psychosocial functioning (i.e., sociodemographic characteristics; informal social support and formal service utilization; perceived life stress; and resource loss). The present research was effective in uncovering important heterogeneity in psychological distress using a highly reliable and easily accessible measure of general psychological distress. Differentiating levels of psychological distress and associated patterns of psychosocial risk can be used to develop intervention strategies targeting the needs of different subgroups of women. Implications for treatment and future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin T Hall
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville
| | | | - T K Logan
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky
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Jaquier V, Flanagan JC, Sullivan TP. Anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptom pathways to substance use problems among community women experiencing intimate partner violence. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2014; 28:445-55. [PMID: 25251694 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2014.968562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although intimate partner violence (IPV) has demonstrated strong associations with anxiety and posttraumatic stress, these constructs have rarely been examined simultaneously in IPV research. Gaps in knowledge remain as to their differential associations to substance use problems among IPV-victimized women. DESIGN A sample of 143 community women self-reported on their current IPV victimization, mental health and substance use problems. METHOD Hierarchical entry multiple regressions were used to test for the direct and indirect effects of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV to alcohol and drug problems through anxiety and posttraumatic stress. RESULTS Higher anxiety symptom severity and higher physical IPV severity were associated with greater alcohol and drug problems. Higher posttraumatic stress symptom severity was associated with greater alcohol and drug problems. Mediation analyses indicated (i) significant indirect pathways of IPV types to alcohol problems through posttraumatic stress symptom severity controlling for anxiety symptom severity and (ii) significant indirect pathways of IPV types to drug problems through anxiety symptom severity controlling for posttraumatic stress symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS In examining the indirect pathways of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV to substance use problems this study highlights that anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptom severity have unique effects on alcohol and drug problems among IPV-victimized women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Jaquier
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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Young-Wolff KC, Hellmuth J, Jaquier V, Swan SC, Connell C, Sullivan TP. Patterns of resource utilization and mental health symptoms among women exposed to multiple types of victimization: a latent class analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2013; 28:3059-83. [PMID: 23686622 PMCID: PMC3962669 DOI: 10.1177/0886260513488692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the value of resources aimed to support women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) is clear, few studies have investigated how exposure to multiple types of victimization influences women's resource utilization. We applied latent class analysis (LCA) to a sample of 412 women who used IPV in their current relationships to test whether women's resource utilization is associated with different patterns of victimization, including current IPV victimization, past IPV victimization, and childhood victimization. Three classes of women were identified: the Low Cumulative IPV class (n = 121) included women with a low prevalence of past IPV victimization and low severity of current IPV victimization; The High Past/ Low Current IPV class (n = 258) included women with a high prevalence of past IPV victimization but low severity of current IPV victimization; and the High Cumulative IPV class (n = 33) included women with a high prevalence of past IPV victimization and severe current IPV victimization. Multiple types of childhood victimization were highly prevalent among women in all three classes. Women in the High Cumulative IPV class used a greater variety of resources, experienced a greater number of posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms, drug problems, and used more severe IPV aggression compared to women in other classes. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of resource utilization among women in relationships characterized by bidirectional IPV and underscore the potential clinical utility of adapting services to meet the specific needs of women with unique profiles of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suzanne C. Swan
- University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology and Women’s Studies Program, Columbia, SC, USA
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