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Yamamoto K, Tamura T, Henmi K, Kuboyama T, Yanagisawa A, Matsubara M, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Saito JI, Ueno K, Shuto S. Development of Dihydrodibenzooxepine Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Gamma Ligands of a Novel Binding Mode as Anticancer Agents: Effective Mimicry of Chiral Structures by Olefinic E/ Z-Isomers. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10067-10083. [PMID: 30351933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of PPARγ ligand 1 (EC50 = 197 nM) with a dibenzoazepin scaffold was identified through high-throughput screening campaign. To avoid the synthetically troublesome chiral center of 1, its conformational analysis using the MacroModel was conducted, focusing on conformational flip of the tricyclic ring and the conformational restriction by the methyl group at the chiral center. On the basis of this analysis, scaffold hopping of dibenzoazepine into dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine by replacing the chiral structures with the corresponding olefinic E/ Z isomers was performed. Consequently, dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine scaffold 9 was developed showing extremely potent PPARγ reporter activity (EC50 = 2.4 nM, efficacy = 9.5%) as well as differentiation-inducing activity against a gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 that was more potent than any other well-known PPARγ agonists in vitro (94% at 30 nM). The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 9 complexed with PPARγ showed that it had a unique binding mode to PPARγ ligand-binding domain that differed from that of any other PPARγ agonists identified thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kazuki Henmi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuboyama
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Arata Yanagisawa
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsubara
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Michihiko Suzuki
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Saito
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kimihisa Ueno
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
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Fraietta I, Gasparri F. The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:501-14. [PMID: 26971542 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fraietta
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
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Pan S, Hu J, Zheng T, Liu X, Ju Y, Xu C. Oleanolic acid derivatives induce apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cell involved in inhibition of both Akt1 translocation and pAkt1 expression. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:821-9. [PMID: 24728886 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives exhibit numerous pleiotropic effects in many cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of 5'-amino-oleana-2,12-dieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-28-oic acid (compound 4) and oleana-2,12-dieno[2,3-d]isoxazol-28-oic acid (compound 5) inducing apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cell. We investigated the effects of the compounds on K562 cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle. The compounds showed strong inhibitory effects on K562 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and significantly increased chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodies in K562 cells. Flow cytometry assay suggested that the compounds induced inhibition of K562 cell proliferation associated with G1 phase arrest. In addition, the compounds inhibited Akt1 recruiting to membrane in CHO cells which express Akt1-EGFP constitutively and down-regulated the expression of pAkt1 in K562 cell. These results suggested that the compounds can efficiently inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis perhaps involved in inactivation of Akt1. The OA derivatives may be potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Pan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
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Saha SK, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Molecular approaches towards development of purified natural products and their structurally known derivatives as efficient anti-cancer drugs: current trends. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:239-48. [PMID: 23819913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several natural products and their derivatives, either in purified or structurally identified form, exhibit immense pharmacological and biological properties, some of them showing considerable anticancer potential. Although the molecular mechanisms of action of some of these products are yet to be elucidated, extensive research in this area continues to generate new data that are clinically exploitable. Recent advancement in molecular biology, high throughput screening, biomarker identifications, target selection and genomic approaches have enabled us to understand salient interactions of natural products and their derivatives with cancer cells vis-à-vis normal cells. In this review we highlight the recent approaches and application of innovative technologies made to improve quality as well as efficiency of structurally identified natural products and their derivatives, particularly in small molecular forms capable of being used in "targeted therapies" in oncology. These products preferentially involve multiple mechanistic pathways and overcome chemo-resistance in tumor types with cumulative action. We also mention briefly a few physico-chemical features that compare natural products with drugs in recent natural product discovery approaches. We further report here a few purified natural products as examples that provide molecular interventions in cancer therapeutics to give the reader a glimpse of the current trends of approach for discovering useful anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santu Kumar Saha
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, India
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Zanella F, Dos Santos NR, Link W. Moving to the core: spatiotemporal analysis of Forkhead box O (FOXO) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Traffic 2013; 14:247-58. [PMID: 23231504 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of proteins is an essential aspect of normal cell function, and defects in this process have been detected in many disease-associated conditions. The detection and quantification of nuclear translocation was significantly boosted by the association of robotized microscopy with automated image analysis, a technology designated as high-content screening. Image-based high-content screening and analysis provides the means to systematically observe cellular translocation events in time and space in response to chemical or genetic perturbation at large scale. This approach yields powerful insights into the regulation of complex signaling networks independently of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships. In this review, we briefly overview the different mechanisms involved in nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking. In addition, we discuss high-content approaches used to interrogate the mechanistic and spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular signaling events using Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as important and clinically relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zanella
- School of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA
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Abstract
The eukaryotic cell is organized into membrane-covered compartments that are characterized by specific sets of proteins and biochemically distinct cellular processes. The appropriate subcellular localization of proteins is crucial because it provides the physiological context for their function. In this Commentary, we give a brief overview of the different mechanisms that are involved in protein trafficking and describe how aberrant localization of proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases, such as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as cancer. Accordingly, modifying the disease-related subcellular mislocalization of proteins might be an attractive means of therapeutic intervention. In particular, cellular processes that link protein folding and cell signaling, as well as nuclear import and export, to the subcellular localization of proteins have been proposed as targets for therapeutic intervention. We discuss the concepts involved in the therapeutic restoration of disrupted physiological protein localization and therapeutic mislocalization as a strategy to inactivate disease-causing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Over the last decade, cell-based screening has become a powerful method in target identification and plays an important role both in basic research and drug discovery. The availability of whole genome sequences and improvements in cell-based screening techniques opened new avenues for high-throughput experiments. Large libraries of RNA interference reagents available for many organisms allow the dissection of broad spectrum of cellular processes. Here, we describe the current state of the large-scale phenotype screening with a focus on cell-based screens. We underline the importance and provide details of screen design, scalability, performance, data analysis, and hit prioritization. Similar to classical high-throughput in vitro screens with defined-target approaches in the past, cell-based screens depend on a successful establishment of robust phenotypic assays, the ability to quantitatively measure phenotypic changes and bioinformatics methods for data analysis, integration, and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubilay Demir
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Asami Y, Oishi J, Kitazaki H, Kamimoto J, Kang JH, Niidome T, Mori T, Katayama Y. A simple set-and-mix assay for screening of protein kinase inhibitors in cell lysates. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen L, Qanie D, Jafari A, Taipaleenmaki H, Jensen CH, Säämänen AM, Sanz MLN, Laborda J, Abdallah BM, Kassem M. Delta-like 1/fetal antigen-1 (Dlk1/FA1) is a novel regulator of chondrogenic cell differentiation via inhibition of the Akt kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32140-9. [PMID: 21724852 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.230110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-like 1 (Dlk1, also known as fetal antigen-1, FA1) is a member of Notch/Delta family that inhibits adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation; however, its role in chondrogenesis is still not clear. Thus, we overexpressed Dlk1/FA1 in mouse embryonic ATDC5 cells and tested its effects on chondrogenic differentiation. Dlk1/FA1 inhibited insulin-induced chondrogenic differentiation as evidenced by reduction of cartilage nodule formation and gene expression of aggrecan, collagen Type II and X. Similar effects were obtained either by using Dlk1/FA1-conditioned medium or by addition of a purified, secreted, form of Dlk1 (FA1) directly to the induction medium. The inhibitory effects of Dlk1/FA1 were dose-dependent and occurred irrespective of the chondrogenic differentiation stage: proliferation, differentiation, maturation, or hypertrophic conversion. Overexpression or addition of the Dlk1/FA1 protein to the medium strongly inhibited the activation of Akt, but not the ERK1/2, or p38 MAPK pathways, and the inhibition of Akt by Dlk1/FA1 was mediated through PI3K activation. Interestingly, inhibition of fibronectin expression by siRNA rescued the Dlk1/FA1-mediated inhibition of Akt, suggesting interaction of Dlk1/FA1 and fibronectin in chondrogenic cells. Our results identify Dlk1/FA1 as a novel regulator of chondrogenesis and suggest Dlk1/FA1 acts as an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathways that leads to its inhibitory effects on chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5000, Denmark
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Ambrus G, Whitby LR, Singer EL, Trott O, Choi E, Olson AJ, Boger DL, Gerace L. Small molecule peptidomimetic inhibitors of importin α/β mediated nuclear transport. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7611-20. [PMID: 20869252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules is a fundamental process of eukaryotic cells. Translocation of proteins and many RNAs between the nucleus and cytoplasm is carried out by shuttling receptors of the β-karyopherin family, also called importins and exportins. Leptomycin B, a small molecule inhibitor of the exportin CRM1, has proved to be an invaluable tool for cell biologists, but up to now no small molecule inhibitors of nuclear import have been described. We devised a microtiter plate based permeabilized cell screen for small molecule inhibitors of the importin α/β pathway. By analyzing peptidomimetic libraries, we identified β-turn and α-helix peptidomimetic compounds that selectively inhibit nuclear import by importin α/β but not by transportin. Structure-activity relationship analysis showed that large aromatic residues and/or a histidine side chain are required for effective import inhibition by these compounds. Our validated inhibitors can be useful for in vitro studies of nuclear import, and can also provide a framework for synthesis of higher potency nuclear import inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géza Ambrus
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Palmieri M, Nowell CJ, Condron M, Gardiner J, Holmes AB, Desai J, Burgess AW, Catimel B. Analysis of cellular phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate levels and distribution using confocal fluorescent microscopy. Anal Biochem 2010; 406:41-50. [PMID: 20599646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an immunocytochemistry method for the semiquantitative detection of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) at the cell plasma membrane. This protocol combines the use of a glutathione S-transferase-tagged pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of the general phosphoinositides-1 receptor (GST-GRP1PH) with fluorescence confocal microscopy and image segmentation using cell mask software analysis. This methodology allows the analysis of PI(3,4,5)P3 subcellular distribution in resting and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HEK293T cells and in LIM1215 (wild-type phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)) and LIM2550 (H1047R mutation in PI3K catalytic domain) colonic carcinoma cells. Formation of PI(3,4,5)P3 was observed 5min following EGF stimulation and resulted in an increase of the membrane/cytoplasm fluorescence ratio from 1.03 to 1.53 for HEK293T cells and from 2.2 to 3.3 for LIM1215 cells. Resting LIM2550 cells stained with GST-GRP1PH had an elevated membrane/cytoplasm fluorescence ratio of 9.8, suggesting constitutive PI3K activation. The increase in the membrane/cytoplasm fluorescent ratio was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. This cellular confocal imaging assay can be used to directly assess the effects of PI3K mutations in cancer cell lines and to determine the potential specificity and effectiveness of PI3K inhibitors in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Palmieri
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victsoria, Australia
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Zanella F, Lorens JB, Link W. High content screening: seeing is believing. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:237-45. [PMID: 20346526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High content screening (HCS) combines the efficiency of high-throughput techniques with the ability of cellular imaging to collect quantitative data from complex biological systems. HCS technology is integrated into all aspects of contemporary drug discovery, including primary compound screening, post-primary screening capable of supporting structure-activity relationships, and early evaluation of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)/toxicity properties and complex multivariate drug profiling. Recently, high content approaches have been used extensively to interrogate stem cell biology. Despite these dramatic advances, a number of significant challenges remain related to the use of more biology- and disease-relevant cell systems, the development of informative reagents to measure and manipulate cellular events, and the integration of data management and informatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zanella
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Trazzi S, Steger M, Mitrugno VM, Bartesaghi R, Ciani E. CB1 cannabinoid receptors increase neuronal precursor proliferation through AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10098-10109. [PMID: 20083607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.043711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of many physiological effects in the central and peripheral nervous system. Recent findings have demonstrated the presence of a functional endocannabinoid system within neuronal progenitors located in the hippocampus and ventricular/subventricular zone that participates in the regulation of cell proliferation. It is presently unknown whether the endocannabinoid system exerts a widespread effect on neuronal precursors from different neurogenic regions, and very little is known about the signaling by which it regulates neuronal precursor proliferation. Herein, we demonstrate the presence of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors in granule cell precursors (GCPs) during early cerebellar development. Activation of CB(1) receptors by HU-210 promoted GCP proliferation in vitro, an effect that was prevented by a selective CB(1) antagonist. Accordingly, in vivo experiments showed that GCP proliferation was increased by chronic HU-210 treatment and that in CB(1)-deficient mice cell proliferation was significantly lower than in wild-type littermates, indicating that the endocannabinoid system is physiologically involved in regulation of GCP proliferation. The pro-proliferative effect of cannabinoids in GCPs was mediated through the CB(1)/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta/beta-catenin pathway. Involvement of this pathway was also observed in cultures of neuronal precursors from the subventricular zone, suggesting that this pathway may be a general mechanism by which endocannabinoids regulate proliferation of neuronal precursors. These observations suggest that endocannabinoids constitute a new family of lipid signaling cues that may exert a widespread effect on neuronal precursor proliferation during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna
| | - Martin Steger
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna
| | - Valentina Maria Mitrugno
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna
| | - Elisabetta Ciani
- Department of Human and General Physiology, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40126 Bologna; Center for Applied Biomedical Research, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Gasparri F, Galvani A. Image-based high-content reporter assays: limitations and advantages. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2010; 7:e1-e94. [PMID: 24103681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Abstract
In the past decade, high-content screening has become a highly developed approach to obtaining richly descriptive quantitative phenotypic data using automated microscopy. From early use in drug screening, the technique has evolved to embrace a diverse range of applications in both academic and industrial sectors and is now widely recognized as providing an efficient and effective approach to large-scale programs investigating cell biology in situ and in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Thomas
- GE Healthcare, Whitchurch, Cardiff, United Kingdom,
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Tian ZY, Xie SQ, Mei ZH, Zhao J, Gao WY, Wang CJ. Conjugation of substituted naphthalimides to polyamines as cytotoxic agents targeting the Akt/mTOR signal pathway. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4651-60. [PMID: 19865701 DOI: 10.1039/b912685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Though several naphthalimide derivatives have exhibited antitumor activity in clinical trials, some issues such as toxicity prompted further structural modifications on the naphthalimide backbone. A series of naphthalimides conjugated with polyamines were synthesized to harness the polyamine transporter (PAT) for drug delivery, which was beneficial for the tumor cell selectivity. Bioevaluation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells treated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or spermidine (Spd), human hepatoma Bel-7402 and normal QSG-7701 hepatocyte confirmed the PAT recognition and cell selectivity. In addition, the novel naphthalimide polyamine conjugate kills cells via apoptosis, and the Akt/mTOR signal pathway was first identified as the upstream cellular target through the apoptotic mechanism research. The presence of DFMO or Spd only either elevated or attenuated the cell apoptosis, but did not change the signal pathway. Collectively, the proper polyamine recognition element (i.e., homospermidine) mediated effective drug delivery via the PAT, and helped the proper cytotoxic goods (i.e., diverse naphthalimides) exert antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-yong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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Zock JM. Applications of high content screening in life science research. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2009; 12:870-76. [PMID: 19938341 PMCID: PMC2841426 DOI: 10.2174/138620709789383277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, imaging as a detection mode for cell based assays has opened a new world of opportunities to measure "phenotypic endpoints" in both current and developing biological models. These "high content" methods combine multiple measurements of cell physiology, whether it comes from sub-cellular compartments, multicellular structures, or model organisms. The resulting multifaceted data can be used to derive new insights into complex phenomena from cell differentiation to compound pharmacology and toxicity. Exploring the major application areas through review of the growing compendium of literature provides evidence that this technology is having a tangible impact on drug discovery and the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Zock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 100 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Unterreiner V, Ibig-Rehm Y, Simonen M, Gubler H, Gabriel D. Comparison of variability and sensitivity between nuclear translocation and luciferase reporter gene assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:59-65. [PMID: 19171921 DOI: 10.1177/1087057108328016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High-content screening (HCS), a technology based on subcellular imaging by automated microscopy and sophisticated image analysis, has emerged as an important platform in small-molecule screening for early drug discovery. To validate a subcellular imaging assay for primary screening campaigns, an HCS assay was compared with a non-image-based readout in terms of variability and sensitivity. A study was performed monitoring the accumulation of the forkhead transcription factor of the O subfamily (FOXO3a) coupled with green fluorescent protein in the nucleus of human osteosarcoma (U-2 OS) cells. In addition, the transcription of a luciferase gene coupled with a FOXO3a-responsive promoter was monitored. This report demonstrates that both assay formats show good reproducibility in primary and concentration response screening despite differences in statistical assay quality. In primary screening, the correlation of compound activity between the 2 assays was low, in contrast to the good correlation of the IC(50) values of confirmed compounds. Furthermore, the high-content imaging assay showed a mean shift of 2.63-fold in IC(50) values compared with the reporter gene assay. No chemical scaffold was specifically found with 1 of the technologies only, however these results validate the HCS technology against established assays for screening of new molecular entities.
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Gasparri F. An overview of cell phenotypes in HCS: limitations and advantages. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:643-57. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902992870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Jensen NA, Gerth K, Grotjohann T, Kapp D, Keck M, Niehaus K. Establishment of a high content assay for the identification and characterisation of bioactivities in crude bacterial extracts that interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle. J Biotechnol 2009; 140:124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Trask OJ, Nickischer D, Burton A, Williams RG, Kandasamy RA, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. High-throughput automated confocal microscopy imaging screen of a kinase-focused library to identify p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors using the GE InCell 3000 analyzer. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 565:159-186. [PMID: 19551362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-258-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The integration of fluorescent microscopy imaging technologies and image analysis into high-content screening (HCS) has been applied throughout the drug discovery pipeline to identify, evaluate, and advance compounds from early lead generation through preclinical candidate selection. In this chapter we describe the development, validation, and implementation of an HCS assay to screen compounds from a kinase-focused small-molecule library to identify inhibitors of the p38 pathway using the GE InCell 3000 automated imaging platform. The assay utilized a genetically modified HeLa cell line stably expressing mitogen-activated, protein-activating protein kinase-2 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (MK2-EGFP) and measured the subcellular distribution of the MK2-EGFP as a direct readout of p38 activation. The MK2-EGFP translocation assay performed in 384-well glass bottom microtiter plates exhibited a robust Z-factor of 0.46 and reproducible EC50 and IC50 determinations for activators and inhibitors, respectively. A total of 32,891 compounds were screened in singlicate at 50 microM and 156 were confirmed as inhibitors of p38-mediated MK2-EGFP translocation in follow-up IC50 concentration response curves. Thirty-one compounds exhibited IC50s less than 1 microM, and at least one novel structural class of p38 inhibitor was identified using this HCA/HCS chemical biology screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Joseph Trask
- Cellular Imaging Technologies, Duke University Center for Drug Discovery, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Yang P, Kennedy RT. High performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for detecting inhibitors of Src homology 2 domain–phosphopeptide binding in mixtures. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Korn K, Krausz E. Cell-based high-content screening of small-molecule libraries. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:503-10. [PMID: 17931958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Molina-Holgado F, Rubio-Araiz A, García-Ovejero D, Williams RJ, Moore JD, Arévalo-Martín A, Gómez-Torres O, Molina-Holgado E. CB2 cannabinoid receptors promote mouse neural stem cell proliferation. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:629-34. [PMID: 17328768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurospheres are clonal cellular aggregates of neural stem/precursor cells that grow in culture as free-floating clusters. Activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors, which are expressed by these cells, promotes proliferation. In the present study we investigated the expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptors and the effect of exogenous cannabinoids on neural stem/precursor cell proliferation. Neurospheres containing nestin-positive and sn-1 diacylglycerol lipase alpha-positive cells expressed both CB1 and CB2 receptors, which were maintained through several passages. Application of the non-selective cannabinoid agonist (HU-210, 0.5 microM) stimulated bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and neurosphere formation. This action involved both CB1 and CB2 receptors as neurosphere formation was stimulated by either selective CB1 [arachidonyl-2'chloroethylamide/(all Z)-N-(2-cycloethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide (ACEA), 200 nM and 1 microM] or CB2 (JWH-056, 0.5 microM) agonists. In addition, CB1 or CB2 antagonists (1 microM SR-141716A and SR-144528, respectively) blocked basal proliferation, suggesting that endogenous cannabinoids are implicated in neurosphere proliferation. In addition, cannabinoid agonist-stimulated proliferation was reduced by the Akt translocation inhibitor BML-257 (12.5 microM), suggesting a role for phosphoinositide-3 kinase signalling. Together, our results suggest that cannabinoids stimulate proliferation of neural stem/precursor cells acting on both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors through a phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Camphanes/pharmacology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Cerebral Cortex/embryology
- Dronabinol/analogs & derivatives
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Mice
- Neurons/cytology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Rimonabant
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Molina-Holgado
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Hodking Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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25
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Prigozhina NL, Zhong L, Hunter EA, Mikić I, Callaway S, Roop DR, Mancini MA, Zacharias DA, Price JH, McDonough PM. Plasma membrane assays and three-compartment image cytometry for high content screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2007; 5:29-48. [PMID: 17355198 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2006.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High throughput image cytometers analyze individual cells in digital photomicrographs by first assigning pixels within each image to plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, or other regions. In this study, we report on a novel algorithm that: 1) identifies plasma membrane regions to measure changes in plasma membrane-associated proteins (protein kinase C [PKC] alpha, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, vascular endothelium [VE]-cadherin, and pan-cadherin) that regulate cell division, migration, and adhesion and 2) delineates the cell for generalized three-compartment image cytometry. Validation assays were performed for these proteins on cells cultured in 96-well plates and also for tissue sections obtained from transgenic and chemical carcinogenic models of skin cancer. The algorithm successfully quantified phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced plasma membrane localization of PKCalpha in HeLa cells (Z' of 0.88). Additionally, PMA activated translocation to the plasma membrane at P < .01 of N-cadherin (in HeLa cells), E-cadherin (in A431 cells), and VE-cadherin (in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells), suggesting a relationship between PKCalpha activity and cadherin localization. For VE-cadherin, a Z' of 0.52 was obtained between serum-free medium, which increased VE-cadherin, and EGTA, which diminished VE-cadherin at the plasma membrane. For sections obtained from the transgenic skin cancer model, analysis of images with the plasma membrane algorithm revealed that tumor cells exhibited cadherin expression that was just 34% of that expressed by surrounding normal tissue; furthermore, tumor cells expressed elevated DNA content, consistent with development of aneuploidy. In contrast, increased DNA content did not occur for tumor cells produced by chemical carcinogenesis. The results demonstrate that this new algorithm for plasma membrane image cytometry enables statistically significant analyses in a variety of applications in both cultured cells and tissue sections.
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Nicholson RL, Welch M, Ladlow M, Spring DR. Small-molecule screening: advances in microarraying and cell-imaging technologies. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:24-30. [PMID: 17243780 DOI: 10.1021/cb600321j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-permeable small molecules can be used to modulate protein function selectively, rapidly, reversibly, and conditionally with temporal and quantitative control in biological systems. The identification of these chemical probes can require the screening of large numbers of small molecules. With the advent of new technologies, small-molecule high-throughput screening is widely available. This Review focuses on the emerging technologies of microarray screening platforms and high-content screening formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
Cancer drug development is leading the way in exploiting molecular biological and genetic information to develop "personalized" medicine. The new paradigm is to develop agents that target the precise molecular pathology driving the progression of individual cancers. Drug developers have benefited from decades of academic cancer research and from investment in genomics, genetics and automation; their success is exemplified by high-profile drugs such as Herceptin (trastuzumab), Gleevec (imatinib), Tarceva (erlotinib) and Avastin (bevacizumab). However, only 5% of cancer drugs entering clinical trials reach marketing approval. Cancer remains a high unmet medical need, and many potential cancer targets remain undrugged. In this review we assess the status of the discovery and development of small-molecule cancer therapeutics. We show how chemical biology approaches offer techniques for interconnecting elements of the traditional linear progression from gene to drug, thereby providing a basis for increasing speed and success in cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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28
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Williams RG, Kandasamy R, Nickischer D, Trask OJ, Laethem C, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Generation and characterization of a stable MK2-EGFP cell line and subsequent development of a high-content imaging assay on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform to screen for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:364-89. [PMID: 17110203 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the generation and characterization of a stable MK2-EGFP expressing HeLa cell line and the subsequent development of a high-content imaging assay on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform to screen for p38 MAPK inhibitors. Mitogen-activated protein kinase activating protein kinase-2 (MK2) is a substrate of p38 MAPK kinase, and p38-induced phosphorylation of MK-2 induces a nucleus to cytoplasm translocation (Engel et al., 1998; Neininger et al., 2001; Zu et al., 1995). Through a process of heterologous expression of a MK2-EGFP fusion protein in HeLa cells using retroviral infection, antibiotic selection, and flow sorting, we were able to isolate a cell line in which the MK2-EGFP translocation response could be robustly quantified on the Cellomics ArrayScan platform using the nuclear translocation algorithm. A series of assay development experiments using the A4-MK2-EGFP-HeLa cell line are described to optimize the assay with respect to cell seeding density, length of anisomycin stimulation, dimethyl sulfoxide tolerance, assay signal window, and reproducibility. The resulting MK2-EGFP translocation assay is compatible with high-throughput screening and was shown to be capable of identifying p38 inhibitors. The MK2-EGF translocation response is susceptible to other classes of inhibitors, including nonselective kinase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors that inhibit upstream kinases in the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, and kinases involved in cross talk between different modules (ERKs, JNKs, and p38s) of the MAPK signaling pathways. An example of mining "high-content" image-based multiparameter data to extract additional information on the effects of compound treatment of cells is presented.
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Montalbetti CA, Coulter TS, Uddin MK, Reignier SG, Magaraci F, Grånäs C, Krog-Jensen C, Felding J. Synthetic strategies to prepare 2-alkyl, 2-aryl and 2-acetylenyl substituted 4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Grånäs C, Lundholt BK, Loechel F, Pedersen HC, Bjørn SP, Linde V, Krogh-Jensen C, Nielsen EMD, Praestegaard M, Nielsen SJ. Identification of RAS-Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway Modulators in an ERF1 Redistribution® Screen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 11:423-34. [PMID: 16751337 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106287136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway has a central role in regulating the proliferation and survival of both normal and tumor cells. This pathway has been 1 focus area for the development of anticancer drugs, resulting in several compounds, primarily kinase inhibitors, in clinical testing. The authors have undertaken a cell-based, high-throughput screen using a novel ERF1 Redistribution® assay to identify compounds that modulate the signaling pathway. The hit compounds were subsequently tested for activity in a functional cell proliferation assay designed to selectively detect compounds inhibiting the proliferation of MAPK pathway-dependent cancer cells. The authors report the identification of 2 cell membrane-permeable compounds that exhibit activity in the ERF1 Redistribution® assay and selectively inhibit proliferation of MAPK pathway-dependent malignant melanoma cells at similar potencies (IC50=< 5 μM). These compounds have drug-like structures and are negative in RAF, MEK, and ERK in vitro kinase assays. Drugs belonging to these compound classes may prove useful for treating cancers caused by excessive MAPK pathway signaling. The results also show that cell-based, high-content Redistribution® screens can detect compounds with different modes of action and reveal novel targets in a pathway known to be disease relevant.
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Abstract
Traditional screening paradigms often focus on single targets. To facilitate drug discovery in the more complex physiological environment of a cell or organism, powerful cellular imaging systems have been developed. The emergence of these detection technologies allows the quantitative analysis of cellular events and visualization of relevant cellular phenotypes. Cellular imaging facilitates the integration of complex biology into the screening process, and addresses both high-content and high-throughput needs. This review describes how cellular imaging technologies contribute to the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lang
- Department of Molecular Screening & Cellular Pharmacology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Simpson
- Automated Imaging and Electrophysiology Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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33
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Stubbs S, Thomas N. Dynamic Green Fluorescent Protein Sensors for High‐Content Analysis of the Cell Cycle. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:1-21. [PMID: 17110183 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We have developed two dynamic sensors that report cell cycle position in living mammalian cells. The sensors use well-characterized components from proteins that are spatially and temporally regulated through the cell cycle. Coupling of these components to Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) has been used to engineer fusion proteins that report G1/S and G2/M transitions during the cell cycle without perturbing cell cycle progression. Expression of these sensors in stable cell lines allows high content analysis of the effects of drugs and gene knockdown on the cell cycle using automated image analysis to determine cell cycle position and to abstract correlative data from multiplexed sensors and morphological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stubbs
- GE Healthcare, the Maynard Centre, Forest Farm, Whitchurch, Cardiff, UK
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34
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Kendall JM, Ismail R, Thomas N. Adenoviral Sensors for High‐Content Cellular Analysis. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:247-66. [PMID: 17110196 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the potential of high-content cellular analysis for investigating complex cellular signaling pathways and processes, we have generated a library of adenoviral encoded cellular sensors based on protein translocation and reporter gene activation that enable a diverse set of assays to be applied to lead compound profiling in drug discovery and development. Adenoviral vector transduction is an efficient and technically simple system for expression of cellular sensors in diverse cell types, including primary cells. Adenoviral vector-mediated transient expression of cellular sensors, either as fluorescent protein fusions or live cell gene reporters, allows rapid assay development for profiling the activities of candidate drugs across multiple cellular systems selected for biological and physiological relevance to the target disease state.
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35
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Trask OJ, Baker A, Williams RG, Nickischer D, Kandasamy R, Laethem C, Johnston PA, Johnston PA. Assay Development and Case History of a 32K‐Biased Library High‐Content MK2‐EGFP Translocation Screen to Identify p38 Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors on the ArrayScan 3.1 Imaging Platform. Methods Enzymol 2006; 414:419-39. [PMID: 17110205 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)14023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the conversion and assay development of a 96-well MK2-EGFP translocation assay into a higher density 384-well format high-content assay to be screened on the ArrayScan 3.1 imaging platform. The assay takes advantage of the well-substantiated hypothesis that mitogen-activated protein kinase-activating protein kinase-2 (MK2) is a substrate of p38 MAPK kinase and that p38-induced phosphorylation of MK-2 induces a nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation. This chapter also presents a case history of the performance of the MK2-EGFP translocation assay, run as a "high-content" screen of a 32K kinase-biased library to identify p38 inhibitors. The assay performed very well and a number of putative p38 inhibitor hits were identified. Through the use of multiparameter data provided by the nuclear translocation algorithm and by checking images, a number of compounds were identified that were potential artifacts due to interference with the imaging format. These included fluorescent compounds, or compounds that dramatically reduced cell numbers due to cytotoxicity or by disrupting cell adherence. A total of 145 compounds produced IC(50) values <50.0 muM in the MK2-EGFP translocation assay, and a cross target query of the Lilly-RTP HTS database confirmed their inhibitory activity against in vitro kinase targets, including p38a. Compounds were confirmed structurally by LCMS analysis and profiled in cell-based imaging assays for MAPK signaling pathway selectivity. Three of the hit scaffolds identified in the MK2-EGFP translocation HCS run on the ArrayScan were selected for a p38a inhibitor hit-to-lead structure activity relationship (SAR) chemistry effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Trask
- Sphinx RTP Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Pagliaro L, Felding J, Audouze K, Nielsen SJ, Terry RB, Krog-Jensen C, Butcher S. Emerging classes of protein–protein interaction inhibitors and new tools for their development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2004; 8:442-9. [PMID: 15288255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play a key role in the signal transduction pathways that regulate cellular function. Three years ago, few descriptions of small molecule protein-protein interaction inhibitors (SMPPIIs) existed in the literature. Today, the number of examples of both the biology and chemistry of such interaction inhibitors is growing rapidly. This growth occurs at the convergence of medicinal chemistry, signaling biology and novel assay technology for profiling emerging compound classes and modes of action. Protein translocation assays provide a unique new tool for identifying, profiling, and optimizing SMPPIIs. This review summarizes recent work in the field, and outlines future developments we can anticipate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Len Pagliaro
- BioImage A/S, Moerkhoej Bygade 28, 2860, Soeborg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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