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Gupta R, Kapoor B, Gulati M, Kumar B, Gupta M, Singh SK, Awasthi A. Sweet pepper and its principle constituent capsiate: functional properties and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7370-7394. [PMID: 33951968 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1913989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Capsiate is a non-pungent analogue of capsaicin. It belongs to the family of capsinoids which are esters of vanillyl alcohol with fatty acids while capsaicin belongs to the family of capsaicinoids that are amides of vanillylamine with a variety of branched-chain fatty acids. While capsaicin is extensively reported for plethora of pharmacological actions, capsiate remains much less explored. Extracted from various species of Capsicum plant, the molecule has also been chemically synthesized via a number of synthetic and enzymatic routes. Based on its action on transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 receptors, recent research has focused on its potential roles in treatment of obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and gastro-intestinal disorders. Its toxicity profile has been reported to be much safe. The molecule, however, faces the challenge of low aqueous solubility and stability. It has been commercialized for its use as a weight loss supplement. However, the therapeutic potential of the compound which is much beyond boosting metabolism remains unexplored hitherto. This comprehensive review summarizes the studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of capsiate in various pathological conditions. Discussed also are potential future directions for formulation strategies to develop efficient, safe and cost-effective dosage forms of capsiate to explore its role in various disease conditions. The databases investigated include Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, Pubmed and in-house databases. The search terms were "capsiate," "capsinoids," "thermogenesis," and their combinations. The articles were screened for relevance by going through their abstract. All the articles pertaining to physicochemical, physiological, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of capsiate have been included in the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Bimlesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Mukta Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ankit Awasthi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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Paulsen TR, Stiller S, Weber K, Donath C, Schreiband G, Jensen KH. A 90-day toxicity and genotoxicity study with high-purity phenylcapsaicin. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318773060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the safety of the synthetic capsaicin analogue phenylcapsaicin (PheCap; 7-phenylhept-6-yne-acid-hydroxy-3-mathoxylbenzylamide, CAS no 848127-67-3), a 90-day repeated dose oral gavage of 0, 30, 100 or 250 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day toxicity study with a 28-day recovery period was conducted using Wistar rats. Examinations of clinical signs, body and organ weight, haematology, urinalysis, clinical chemistry, food consumption and macroscopic, as well as histopathological tissue examinations were carried out for signs of toxicity. Degenerative, but reversible changes in the liver at 250 mg/kg bw/day, and local irritating effects in the stomach at 100 and 250 mg/kg bw/day were found. These findings were associated with test item-related clinical symptoms, that is, diarrhoea, salivation and moving of bedding material. PheCap did neither cause gene mutations by base pair changes or frame shifts in the genome of the tester stains Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537 or TA 102 nor induce structural and/or numerical chromosomal damage in human lymphocytes. Therefore, it can be concluded that PheCap is not genotoxic. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of PheCap for systemic toxicity is considered to be at 100 mg/kg bw/day which is based on degenerative changes in the liver. Due to irritating effects in the stomach, the NOAEL for local effects was established at 30 mg/kg bw/day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia Donath
- Eurofins BioPharma Product Testing Munich GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | | | - Knut Helge Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Venier NA, Yamamoto T, Sugar LM, Adomat H, Fleshner NE, Klotz LH, Venkateswaran V. Capsaicin reduces the metastatic burden in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Prostate 2015; 75:1300-11. [PMID: 26047020 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, has demonstrated anti- carcinogenic properties in vitro in a number of malignancies, including the prostate. In the present study, we investigate the chemopreventive potential of capsaicin on prostate cancer using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. The TRAMP is a murine model that resembles the progression of human disease. METHODS Thirty-five 6-week-old TRAMP x C57BL/6 mice were randomized between treatment with capsaicin (5 mg/kg body weight) or control (saline) three times a week by oral gavage until 30 weeks of age. Body weight of animals was recorded thrice weekly. At termination, all tumors were extracted, recorded, and analyzed for histopathological analysis. To understand the effect of capsaicin on migration and invasion, in vitro experiments were carried out using PC3 cells. RESULTS Mice in the control group expressed an overall trend of higher-grade disease with 37.5% poorly differentiated (PD), 18.75% moderately differentiated (MD), and 44% of well-differentiated (WD) adenocarcinoma, compared to the capsaicin-treated group with only 27.7% PD, 61.0% of WD, and 11.1% of intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). The treatment group demonstrated a higher incidence of noncancerous PIN lesions compared to the control group. The capsaicin group also demonstrated a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the metastatic burden compared to the controls, which correlated to a reduction in p27(Kip) (1) expression and neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate tumors. Furthermore, there were no differences in body weight between groups overtime, and no pathological toxicities in the liver and gastrointestinal tract with capsaicin consumption. In vitro studies revealed a dose-dependent reduction in the invasion and migration capacity of PC3 cells. CONCLUSION The following study provides evidence supporting the safety and chemopreventive effects of capsaicin in the TRAMP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Venier
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Linda M Sugar
- Department of Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Hans Adomat
- Department of Analytical Pharmacology, Vancouver Prostate Group, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Laurence H Klotz
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario
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Yashiro K, Tonson A, Pecchi É, Vilmen C, Le Fur Y, Bernard M, Bendahan D, Giannesini B. Capsiate supplementation reduces oxidative cost of contraction in exercising mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128016. [PMID: 26030806 PMCID: PMC4451153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic administration of capsiate is known to accelerate whole-body basal energy metabolism, but the consequences in exercising skeletal muscle remain very poorly documented. In order to clarify this issue, the effect of 2-week daily administration of either vehicle (control) or purified capsiate (at 10- or 100-mg/kg body weight) on skeletal muscle function and energetics were investigated throughout a multidisciplinary approach combining in vivo and in vitro measurements in mice. Mechanical performance and energy metabolism were assessed strictly non-invasively in contracting gastrocnemius muscle using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and 31-phosphorus MR spectroscopy (31P-MRS). Regardless of the dose, capsiate treatments markedly disturbed basal bioenergetics in vivo including intracellular pH alkalosis and decreased phosphocreatine content. Besides, capsiate administration did affect neither mitochondrial uncoupling protein-3 gene expression nor both basal and maximal oxygen consumption in isolated saponin-permeabilized fibers, but decreased by about twofold the Km of mitochondrial respiration for ADP. During a standardized in vivo fatiguing protocol (6-min of repeated maximal isometric contractions electrically induced at a frequency of 1.7 Hz), both capsiate treatments reduced oxidative cost of contraction by 30-40%, whereas force-generating capacity and fatigability were not changed. Moreover, the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis during the post-electrostimulation recovery period remained unaffected by capsiate. Both capsiate treatments further promoted muscle mass gain, and the higher dose also reduced body weight gain and abdominal fat content. These findings demonstrate that, in addition to its anti-obesity effect, capsiate supplementation improves oxidative metabolism in exercising muscle, which strengthen this compound as a natural compound for improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Yashiro
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Tonson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Émilie Pecchi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Vilmen
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Yann Le Fur
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Benoît Giannesini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, 13385, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Dong YW, Zhang F, Liu L, Liu JR. Effects of epidural capsaicin on nociceptive threshold and neurological functions in rabbits. PAIN MEDICINE 2011; 12:1777-83. [PMID: 22054108 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Capsaicin, as a principle active component of Chili peppers, is popularly consumed by many people around the world. Whether capsaicin-induced neuropathy alters the function of sensory neurons is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of epidural capsaicin on nociceptive threshold and neurological functions in a rabbit model. DESIGN An intrathecal injection system was set up using a rabbit model. Rabbits were treated with capsaicin at doses of 0.04, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg once. The changes in neurological functions and morphology of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots were determined within 24 hours. Changes in the nociceptive threshold in the hind limbs of the rabbits were observed for 30 days. METHODS Capsaicin's effect on the changing neurological functions was evaluated by the neurological functional scores. The structural changes of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. The nociceptive threshold changes in the rabbits were measured by the responding time for pain induced by a thermostimulation. RESULTS The results showed that capsaicin reversed changes in the neurological function of rabbit hindlimbs. In the 0.10 and 0.20 mg/kg groups, structural abnormalities were found in the rabbit's spinal nerves. Capsaicin also significantly increased the pain threshold in rabbits when compared with the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The maximum values of pain threshold were found in the 0.10 mg/kg capsaicin group after 3 days of capsaicin treatment. CONCLUSION With the exception of a potential toxicity, capsaicin may be a potential candidate agent for providing pain relief of both neuropathic and nociceptive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Clinic Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 YouZheng Street, NanGang, Harbin, China.
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Luo XJ, Li NS, Zhang YS, Liu B, Yang ZC, Li YJ, Dong XR, Peng J. Vanillyl nonanoate protects rat gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced injury through a mechanism involving calcitonin gene-related peptide. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 666:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Watanabe T, Ohnuki K, Kobata K. Studies on the metabolism and toxicology of emerging capsinoids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:533-42. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.562193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Recent advances in the study on capsaicinoids and capsinoids. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 650:1-7. [PMID: 20946891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chili peppers are the major source of nature capsaicinoids, which consist of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and homocapsaicin, etc. Capsaicinoids are found to exert multiple pharmacological and physiological effects including the activities of analgesia, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antioxidant and anti-obesity. Therefore, capsaicinoids may have the potential value in clinic for pain relief, cancer prevention and weight loss. In addition, capsaicinoids also display the benefits on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system. It has been shown that capsaicinoids are potential agonists of capsaicin receptor or transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1). They could exert the effects not only through the receptor-dependent pathway but also through the receptor-independent one. CH-19 Sweet peppers are the source of nature capsinoids, which share similar structure with capsaicinoids and consist of capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate, etc, Comparing with capsaicinoids, capsinoids are less pungent and easily broken down in the normal aqueous conditions. So far, it has been found that capsinoids possess the biological properties of antitumor, antioxidant and anti-obesity. Since capsinoids are less toxic than capsaicinoids, therefore, capsinoids may have the advantages over capsaicinoids in clinical applications such as cancer prevention and weight loss.
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