1
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li D, Mao Q, Li X, Liang Z, He Q. A Cocktail of Lipid Nanoparticle-mRNA Vaccines Broaden Immune Responses against β-Coronaviruses in a Murine Model. Viruses 2024; 16:484. [PMID: 38543849 PMCID: PMC10976147 DOI: 10.3390/v16030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have seriously threatened human life in the 21st century. Emerging and re-emerging β-coronaviruses after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic remain possible highly pathogenic agents that can endanger human health. Thus, pan-β-coronavirus vaccine strategies to combat the upcoming dangers are urgently needed. In this study, four LNP-mRNA vaccines, named O, D, S, and M, targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, Delta, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, respectively, were synthesized and characterized for purity and integrity. All four LNP-mRNAs induced effective cellular and humoral immune responses against the corresponding spike protein antigens in mice. Furthermore, LNP-mRNA S and D induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which failed to cross-react with MERS-CoV. Subsequent evaluation of sequential and cocktail immunizations with LNP-mRNA O, D, S, and M effectively elicited broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. A direct comparison of the sequential with cocktail regimens indicated that the cocktail vaccination strategy induced more potent neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses against heterotypic viruses as well as broader antibody activity against pan-β-coronaviruses. Overall, these results present a potential pan-β-coronavirus vaccine strategy for improved preparedness prior to future coronavirus threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Jialu Zhang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Qunying Mao
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiuling Li
- Shanghai Biological Products Research Institute Co., Ltd., State Key Laboratory of Novel Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200052, China;
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Qian He
- Division of Hepatitis and Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, Beijing 102629, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
López D, García-Peydró M. Could SARS-CoV-1 Vaccines in the Pipeline Have Contributed to Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic? Lessons for the Next Coronavirus Plague. Biomedicines 2023; 12:62. [PMID: 38255169 PMCID: PMC10813159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 caused the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, which, to date, has resulted in more than 800 million confirmed cases and 7 million deaths worldwide. The rapid development and distribution (at least in high-income countries) of various vaccines prevented these overwhelming numbers of infections and deaths from being much higher. But would it have been possible to develop a prophylaxis against this pandemic more quickly? Since SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the subgenus sarbecovirus, with its highly homologous SARS-CoV-1, we propose here that while SARS-CoV-2-specific vaccines are being developed, phase II clinical trials of specific SARS-CoV-1 vaccines, which have been in the pipeline since the early 20th century, could have been conducted to test a highly probable cross-protection between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López
- Presentation and Immune Regulation Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
López D, García-Peydró M. Immunoinformatics lessons on the current COVID-19 pandemic and future coronavirus zoonoses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118267. [PMID: 38149247 PMCID: PMC10749959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López
- Presentation and Immune Regulation Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Marina García-Peydró
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McAlpine LS, Zubair AS. Neurological sequelae of vaccines. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:1505-1513. [PMID: 36622478 PMCID: PMC9838503 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Vaccines are a safe and efficacious way to prevent a variety of infectious diseases. Over the course of their existence, vaccines have prevented immeasurable morbidity and mortality in humans. Typical symptoms of systemic immune activation are common after vaccines and may include local soreness, myalgias, nausea, and malaise. In the vast majority of cases, the severity of the infectious disease outweighs the risk of mild adverse reactions to vaccines. Rarely, vaccines may be associated with neurological sequela that ranges in severity from headache to transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Often, a causal link cannot be confirmed, and it remains unclear if disease onset is directly related to a recent vaccination. OBSERVATIONS This review serves to summarize reported neurologic sequelae of commonly used vaccines. It will also serve to discuss potential pathogenesis. It is important to note that many adverse events or reactions to vaccines are self-reported into databases, and causal proof cannot be obtained. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Recognition of reported adverse effects of vaccines plays an important role in public health and education. Early identification of these symptoms can allow for rapid diagnosis and potential treatment. Vaccines are a safe option for prevention of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. McAlpine
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Adeel S. Zubair
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gandhi L, Maisnam D, Rathore D, Chauhan P, Bonagiri A, Venkataramana M. Respiratory illness virus infections with special emphasis on COVID-19. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:236. [PMID: 36348452 PMCID: PMC9641310 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that emerge pose challenges for treatment options as their uniqueness would not know completely. Hence, many viruses are causing high morbidity and mortality for a long time. Despite large diversity, viruses share common characteristics for infection. At least 12 different respiratory-borne viruses are reported belonging to various virus taxonomic families. Many of these viruses multiply and cause damage to the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The description of these viruses in comparison with each other concerning their epidemiology, molecular characteristics, disease manifestations, diagnosis and treatment is lacking. Such information helps diagnose, differentiate, and formulate the control measures faster. The leading cause of acute illness worldwide is acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and are responsible for nearly 4 million deaths every year, mostly in young children and infants. Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth most common cause of death globally, after non-infectious chronic conditions. This review aims to present the characteristics of different viruses causing respiratory infections, highlighting the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2. We expect this review to help understand the similarities and differences among the closely related viruses causing respiratory infections and formulate specific preventive or control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Deepti Maisnam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Deepika Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Anvesh Bonagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Musturi Venkataramana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu R, Lin X, Chen B, Hou Z, Zhang Q, Lin S, Geng L, Sun Z, Cao C, Shi Y, Xia X. The mutation features and geographical distributions of the surface glycoprotein (S gene) in SARS-CoV-2 strains: A comparative analysis of the early and current strains. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5363-5374. [PMID: 35871556 PMCID: PMC9350160 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface glycoprotein (S protein) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was used to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. However, SARS-CoV-2, especially the S protein, has undergone rapid evolution and mutation, which has remained to be determined. Here, we analyzed and compared the early (12 237) and the current (more than 10 million) SARS-CoV-2 strains to identify the mutation features and geographical distribution of the S gene and S protein. Results showed that in the early strains, most of the loci were with relative low mutation frequency except S: 23403 (4486 strains), while in the current strains, there was a surge in the mutation strains and frequency, with S: 23403 constantly being the highest one, but tremendously increased to approximately 1050 times. Furthermore, D614 (S: 23403) was one of the most highly frequent mutations in the S protein of Omicron as of March 2022, and most of the mutant strains were still from the United States, and the United Kingdom. Further analysis demonstrated that in the receptor-binding domain, most of the loci with low mutation frequency in the early strains, while S: 22995 was nowadays the most prevalent loci with 3 122 491 strains in the current strains. Overall, we compare the mutation features of the S region in SARS-CoV-2 strains between the early and the current stains, providing insight into further studies in concert with emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants for COVID-19 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rang Liu
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Xinran Lin
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Bing Chen
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhenhui Hou
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Qiuju Zhang
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Shouren Lin
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Lan Geng
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Canhui Cao
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Yu Shi
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Xi Xia
- Center for Reproductive MedicinePeking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhenGuangdongChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A comparison between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV2: an update on current COVID-19 vaccines. Daru 2022; 30:379-406. [PMID: 36050585 PMCID: PMC9436716 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, many health care systems have been heavily engaged in treating and preventing the disease, and the year 2020 may be called as “historic COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough”. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have initiated investigations on developing an efficient and safe vaccine against the virus. From Moderna and Pfizer in the United States to PastocoVac in Pasteur Institute of Iran and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, different candidates have been introduced to the market. COVID-19 vaccine research has been facilitated based on genome and structural information, bioinformatics predictions, epitope mapping, and data obtained from the previous developments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) vaccine candidates. SARS-CoV genome sequence is highly homologous to the one in COVID-19 and both viruses use the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Moreover, the immune system responds to these viruses, partially in the same way. Considering the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and previous attempts to manufacture SARS-CoV vaccines, this paper is going to discuss clinical cases as well as vaccine challenges, including those related to infrastructures, transportation, possible adverse reactions, utilized delivery systems (e.g., nanotechnology and electroporation) and probable vaccine-induced mutations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Oyelade T, Raya RP, Latief K. HIV infection and the implication for COVID‐19 vaccination. PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES 2022. [PMID: 37521727 PMCID: PMC9353425 DOI: 10.1002/puh2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with altered cellular and humoral immune response, especially in patients with an untreated or chronic infection. This may be due to direct and/or indirect HIV viral activities resulting in T‐ and B‐cells dysfunctions. Although still unclear, various studies have proposed that HIV infection may exacerbate the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19. Indeed, COVID‐19 vaccines were developed in record time and have been shown to reduce the severity of COVID‐19 in the general population. These vaccines were also earmarked as a solution to global disruptions caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic. HIV infection has been reported to reduce the efficacy of various other vaccines including those used against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium tetani, and influenza viruses. However, current guidelines for the administration of available COVID‐19 vaccines do not account for the immune‐compromised state of people living with HIV (PLWH). We discuss here the potentials, nature, and implications of this HIV‐induced dampening of the humoral immune response on COVID‐19 vaccines by first reviewing the literature about efficacy of previous vaccines in PLWH, and then assessing the proportion of PLWH included in phase III clinical trials of the COVID‐19 vaccines currently available. The clinical and public health implications as well as suggestions for governments and non‐governmental organizations are also proposed in the context of whether findings on the safety and efficacy of the vaccines could be extended to PLWH. Impacts The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by attenuated humoral immunity that may reduce the efficacy of vaccines in people living with HIV (PLWH). Vaccination against the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remains the main public health answer to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Although no significant safety concerns have been raised regarding the COVID‐19 vaccines in PLWH, the efficacy of these vaccines in PLWH has not received due attention. Indeed, phase III clinical trials for the safety and efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines involved a significantly low number of PLWH. There are major gaps in knowledge on the efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines in PLWH and until further research is carried out, PLWH should be prioritized along with other at‐risk groups for repeated vaccination and safeguard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tope Oyelade
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Division of Medicine University College London London UK
| | - Reynie Purnama Raya
- Institute for Global Health Faculty of Population Health Sciences University College London London UK
- Faculty of Science Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Bandung Bandung Indonesia
| | - Kamaluddin Latief
- Global Health and Health Security Department College of Public Health Taipei Medical University Taipei City Taiwan
- Centre for Family Welfare Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia Depok Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vaccines platforms and COVID-19: what you need to know. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:20. [PMID: 35965345 PMCID: PMC9537331 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the third zoonotic coronavirus since the beginning of the 21 first century, and it has taken more than 6 million human lives because of the lack of immunity causing global economic losses. Consequently, developing a vaccine against the virus represents the fastest way to finish the threat and regain some "normality." OBJECTIVE Here, we provide information about the main features of the most important vaccine platforms, some of them already approved, to clear common doubts fostered by widespread misinformation and to reassure the public of the safety of the vaccination process and the different alternatives presented. METHODS Articles published in open access databases until January 2022 were identified using the search terms "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "Coronavirus," "COVID-19 Vaccines," "Pandemic," COVID-19, and LMICs or their combinations. DISCUSSION Traditional first-generation vaccine platforms, such as whole virus vaccines (live attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines), as well as second-generation vaccines, like protein-based vaccines (subunit and viral vector vaccines), and third-generation vaccines, such as nanoparticle and genetic vaccines (mRNA vaccines), are described. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 sequence information obtained in a record time provided the basis for the fast development of a COVID-19 vaccine. The adaptability characteristic of the new generation of vaccines is changing our capability to react to emerging threats to future pandemics. Nevertheless, the slow and unfair distribution of vaccines to low- and middle-income countries and the spread of misinformation are a menace to global health since the unvaccinated will increase the chances for resurgences and the surge of new variants that can escape the current vaccines.
Collapse
|
10
|
Human coronaviruses: origin, host and receptor. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105246. [PMID: 35930858 PMCID: PMC9301904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
11
|
Abstract
The arrival of the most recent coronavirus in 2019, SARS-CoV-2, caught the entire world by surprise, and as a result has caused more anguish due to its rapid spread and serious health consequences for the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, and its ability to generate variants of ever increasing contagiousness. But this was not the first coronavirus to infect humans. This chapter explores the history of this virus family, the emergence of the first serious infection in 2003–04 (SARS-CoV), and the related virus MERS in 2012, and the possible origins of SARS-CoV-2. The lessons of those two outbreaks that never developed into pandemics may not all have been learnt by the world health leaders of today. Nevertheless, the rapidity of vaccine development and the conventional health measure introduced during 2020, not always in good time, has almost certainly led to lower morbidities and mortalities that would otherwise have been the case. This chapter will inevitably be out of date by time this book goes to press. Nevertheless, it is to be hoped that the origin of SARS-CoV-2 will eventually be established, but sadly not without the cooperation of the major countries having the resources to carry out such complex investigations. If such a cooperation did happen, maybe future pandemics of this will be more controllable, and even never progress beyond local outbreaks.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mohamed N, Hamad MA, Ghaleb AH, Esmat G, Elsabahy M. Applications of nanoengineered therapeutics and vaccines: special emphasis on COVID-19. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9212255 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90604-3.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine provides innovative strategies that had significantly improved drug and gene delivery and allowed control over the engineering of therapeutics, diagnostics, vaccines, and other medical devices, for a diversity of medical applications. This review focuses on the current attempts to develop potent nanoengineered vaccines and therapeutics against coronaviruses, and the recent fabrication strategies and design principles to control acute infections from the escalating SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nanomedical approaches provide versatile platforms that can be utilized to enhance the overall potency, safety, and stability of vaccines, thus augmenting the desired immune response. Their modulable conformational features of size, shape, surface charge, antigen display, and composition allow for precise tuning and optimization of the nanoconstructs for the management of a variety of diseases and pathological conditions. The ability to control the release of their encapsulated cargoes and the possibility of surface decoration with various moieties support the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials that ultimately boost and prolong the immune response elicited and/or therapeutic effects, selectively at the diseased tissues and target sites.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdoli A, Aalizadeh R, Aminianfar H, Kianmehr Z, Teimoori A, Azimi E, Emamipour N, Eghtedardoost M, Siavashi V, Jamshidi H, Hosseinpour M, Taqavian M, Jalili H. Safety and potency of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2: A preclinical study. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2305. [PMID: 34699647 PMCID: PMC8646699 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective and safe COVID‐19 vaccines is a major move forward in our global effort to control the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. The aims of this study were (1) to develop an inactivated whole‐virus SARS‐CoV‐2 candidate vaccine named BIV1‐CovIran and (2) to determine the safety and potency of BIV1‐CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate against SARS‐CoV‐2. Infectious virus was isolated from nasopharyngeal swab specimen and propagated in Vero cells with clear cytopathic effects in a biosafety level‐3 facility using the World Health Organization’s laboratory biosafety guidance related to COVID‐19. After characterisation of viral seed stocks, the virus working seed was scaled‐up in Vero cells. After chemical inactivation and purification, it was formulated with alum adjuvant. Finally, different animal species were used to determine the toxicity and immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate. The study showed the safety profile in studied animals including guinea pig, rabbit, mice and monkeys. Immunisation at two different doses (3 or 5 μg per dose) elicited a high level of SARS‐CoV‐2 specific and neutralising antibodies in mice, rabbits and nonhuman primates. Rhesus macaques were immunised with the two‐dose schedule of 5 or 3 μg of the BIV1‐CovIran vaccine and showed highly efficient protection against 104 TCID50 of SARS‐CoV‐2 intratracheal challenge compared with the control group. These results highlight the BIV1‐CovIran vaccine as a potential candidate to induce a strong and potent immune response that may be a promising and feasible vaccine to protect against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Amirabad Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Unit, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Kianmehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Azimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabbi Emamipour
- Department of Biotechnology, Darou Pakhsh Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Siavashi
- Azma Teb Gostar Sorena Research Company, Basic Medical Science Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamshidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hasan Jalili
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arslan F, Ankaralı H. Sars-Cov-2 virus and vaccination; biological and statistical framework. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1059-1063. [PMID: 34365880 PMCID: PMC8425431 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1965884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The Development of the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine and its update on an ongoing pandemic is the first subject of the world health agenda. Areas covered First, we will scrutinize the biological features of the measles virus (MV), variola virus (smallpox virus), influenza virus, and their vaccines to compare them with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccine. Next, we will discuss the statistical details of measuring the effectiveness of an improved vaccine. Expert opinion Amidst the pandemic, we ought to acknowledge our prior experiences with respiratory viruses and vaccines. In the planning stage of observational Phase-III vaccine effectiveness studies, the sample size, sampling method, statistical model, and selection of variables are crucial in obtaining high-quality and valid results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Arslan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankaralı
- Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The rapid and remarkably successful development, manufacture, and deployment of several effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is now tempered by three key challenges. First, reducing virus transmission will require prevention of asymptomatic and mild infections in addition to severe symptomatic infections. Second, the emergence of variants of concern with mutations in the S protein’s receptor binding domain increases the likelihood that vaccines will have to be updated because some of these mutations render variants less optimally targeted by current vaccines. This will require coordinated global SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to link genotypes to phenotypes, potentially using the WHO’s global influenza surveillance program as a guide. Third, concerns about the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity highlight the potential need for re-vaccination, depending on the extent to which the virus has been controlled and whether re-vaccination can target those at greatest risk of severe illness. Fortunately, as I discuss in this review, these challenges can be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tavakol S, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian AM. COVID-19 Vaccines in Clinical Trials and their Mode of Action for Immunity against the Virus. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1553-1563. [PMID: 33100195 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201023143956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For nearly two decades, coronaviruses have caused many health and economic problems, while no effective commercial vaccine has yet been developed. It is worth mentioning that despite some mutations and recombination in SARS-CoV-2, its genotype is very close to the original strain from Wuhan, China. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine would be promising. It might be hypothesized that BCG vaccination is performed in high-risk populations before the commercialization of an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. However, the development of an effective vaccine without considering the adverse immune reactions derived from antibody-dependent or cell-based immune enhancement may threaten vaccinated people's lives and long-term side effects must be considered. To this end, targeting of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in spike and not whole spike, glycolization of FC receptors, PD-1 blockers, CPPs, etc., are promising. Therefore, the subunit vaccines or RNA vaccines that encode the RBP segment of the spike are of interest. To enhance the vaccine efficacy, its co-delivery with an adjuvant has been recommended. Nanoparticles modulate immune response with higher efficiency than the soluble form of antigens and can be functionalized with the positively charged moieties and ligands of targeted cells, such as dendritic cells, to increase cellular uptake of the antigens and their presentation on the surface of immune cells. This research aimed to discuss the COVID-19 vaccines entering the clinical trial and their mode of action effective immunity against the virus and discusses their advantages compared to each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakol
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Mo S Alavijeh
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Obaidullah AJ, Alanazi MM, Alsaif NA, Albassam H, Almehizia AA, Alqahtani AM, Mahmud S, Sami SA, Emran TB. Immunoinformatics-guided design of a multi-epitope vaccine based on the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18103-18121. [PMID: 35480208 PMCID: PMC9033181 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulting in a contagious respiratory tract infection that has become a global burden since the end of 2019. Notably, fewer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 progress from acute disease onset to death compared with the progression rate associated with two other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Several research organizations and pharmaceutical industries have attempted to develop successful vaccine candidates for the prevention of COVID-19. However, increasing evidence indicates that the SARS-CoV-2 genome undergoes frequent mutation; thus, an adequate analysis of the viral strain remains necessary to construct effective vaccines. The current study attempted to design a multi-epitope vaccine by utilizing an approach based on the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. We predicted the antigenic T- and B-lymphocyte responses to four structural proteins after screening all structural proteins according to specific characteristics. The predicted epitopes were combined using suitable adjuvants and linkers, and a secondary structure profile indicated that the vaccine shared similar properties with the native protein. Importantly, the molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the constructed vaccine possessed a high affinity for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). In addition, multiple descriptors were obtained from the simulation trajectories, including the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and radius of gyration (R g), demonstrating the rigid nature and inflexibility of the vaccine and receptor molecules. In addition, codon optimization, based on Escherichia coli K12, was used to determine the GC content and the codon adaptation index (CAI) value, which further followed for the incorporation into the cloning vector pET28+(a). Collectively, these findings suggested that the constructed vaccine could be used to modulate the immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf A Alsaif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Albassam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P.O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Abha 62529 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Microbiology Laboratory, Bioinformatics Division, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong Chittagong 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh Chittagong 4381 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Excler JL, Saville M, Berkley S, Kim JH. Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases. Nat Med 2021; 27:591-600. [PMID: 33846611 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Examination of the vaccine strategies and technical platforms used for the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of those used for previous emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics may offer some mutually beneficial lessons. The unprecedented scale and rapidity of dissemination of recent emerging infectious diseases pose new challenges for vaccine developers, regulators, health authorities and political constituencies. Vaccine manufacturing and distribution are complex and challenging. While speed is essential, clinical development to emergency use authorization and licensure, pharmacovigilance of vaccine safety and surveillance of virus variants are also critical. Access to vaccines and vaccination needs to be prioritized in low- and middle-income countries. The combination of these factors will weigh heavily on the ultimate success of efforts to bring the current and any future emerging infectious disease pandemics to a close.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Saville
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), London, UK
| | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Molaei S, Dadkhah M, Asghariazar V, Karami C, Safarzadeh E. The immune response and immune evasion characteristics in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: Vaccine design strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 92:107051. [PMID: 33429331 PMCID: PMC7522676 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as a novel human coronavirus, was the worrying news at the beginning of 2020. Since its emergence complicated more than 870,000 individuals and led to more than 43,000 deaths worldwide. Considering to the potential threat of a pandemic and transmission severity of it, there is an urgent need to evaluate and realize this new virus's structure and behavior and the immunopathology of this disease to find potential therapeutic protocols and to design and develop effective vaccines. This disease is able to agitate the response of the immune system in the infected patients, so ARDS, as a common consequence of immunopathological events for infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, could be the main reason for death. Here, we summarized the immune response and immune evasion characteristics in SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic and prophylactic strategies with a focus on vaccine development and its challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Molaei
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Deputy of Research & Technology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Immunology, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Soltani S, Zandi M, Shiri Aghbash P, Rezaei M, Mohammadzadeh N, Afsharifar A, Poortahmasebi V. A review of COVID-19 vaccines and major considerations for diabetic patients. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:30-40. [PMID: 33179788 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The necessity and impact of SARS-CoV2 on the world's health have led to developing and producing practical and useful vaccines for this deadly respiratory virus. Since April 2020, a vaccine for the virus has been developed. Given that comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are more prone to viruses and the risk of infection, vaccines should be designed to protect against high-risk respiratory illnesses. Including SARS, MERS, influenza, and the SARS-CoV-2 provide a safe immune response. Here, we review the information and studies that have been done to help develop strategies and perspectives for producing a safe and ideal vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in normal people, especially at high-risk groups such as diabetes patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Department of Plant Protection, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nader Mohammadzadeh
- Health Reference Laboratory, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim KD, Hwang I, Ku† KB, Lee S, Kim SJ, Kim C. Progress and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines and Current Understanding of SARS-CoV-2- Specific Immune Responses. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1109-1115. [PMID: 32627758 PMCID: PMC9728398 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2006.06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally, and the WHO has declared this outbreak a pandemic. Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be understood for the development of an efficient and safe vaccine. Here, we review the current understanding of vaccine targets and the status of vaccine development for COVID-19. We also describe host immune responses to highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in terms of innate and adaptive immunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Do Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Hwang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku†
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors C.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7491 E-mail:
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors C.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7491 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vabret N, Britton GJ, Gruber C, Hegde S, Kim J, Kuksin M, Levantovsky R, Malle L, Moreira A, Park MD, Pia L, Risson E, Saffern M, Salomé B, Esai Selvan M, Spindler MP, Tan J, van der Heide V, Gregory JK, Alexandropoulos K, Bhardwaj N, Brown BD, Greenbaum B, Gümüş ZH, Homann D, Horowitz A, Kamphorst AO, Curotto de Lafaille MA, Mehandru S, Merad M, Samstein RM. Immunology of COVID-19: Current State of the Science. Immunity 2020; 52:910-941. [PMID: 32505227 PMCID: PMC7200337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1110] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected millions of people worldwide, igniting an unprecedented effort from the scientific community to understand the biological underpinning of COVID19 pathophysiology. In this Review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immunological pathways that likely contribute to disease severity and death. We also discuss the rationale and clinical outcome of current therapeutic strategies as well as prospective clinical trials to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vabret
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Graham J Britton
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Gruber
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samarth Hegde
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel Kim
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Kuksin
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Levantovsky
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louise Malle
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Moreira
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luisanna Pia
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Risson
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Saffern
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bérengère Salomé
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Myvizhi Esai Selvan
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P Spindler
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Tan
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Verena van der Heide
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill K Gregory
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert M Samstein
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yong CY, Ong HK, Yeap SK, Ho KL, Tan WS. Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1781. [PMID: 31428074 PMCID: PMC6688523 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a deadly viral respiratory disease caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. To date, there is no specific treatment proven effective against this viral disease. In addition, no vaccine has been licensed to prevent MERS-CoV infection thus far. Therefore, our current review focuses on the most recent studies in search of an effective MERS vaccine. Overall, vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV are mainly based upon the viral spike (S) protein, due to its vital role in the viral infectivity, although several studies focused on other viral proteins such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein, envelope (E) protein, and non-structural protein 16 (NSP16) have also been reported. In general, the potential vaccine candidates can be classified into six types: viral vector-based vaccine, DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, nanoparticle-based vaccine, inactivated-whole virus vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine, which are discussed in detail. Besides, the immune responses and potential antibody dependent enhancement of MERS-CoV infection are extensively reviewed. In addition, animal models used to study MERS-CoV and evaluate the vaccine candidates are discussed intensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010059. [PMID: 30646565 PMCID: PMC6357155 DOI: 10.3390/v11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins (S proteins) on the surface of each of these viruses. For building up more suitable animal models, we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species. We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses, to construct reproducible animal models, and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but also these emerging coronaviral diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Excler JL, Delvecchio CJ, Wiley RE, Williams M, Yoon IK, Modjarrad K, Boujelal M, Moorthy VS, Hersi AS, Kim JH. Toward Developing a Preventive MERS-CoV Vaccine-Report from a Workshop Organized by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health and the International Vaccine Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, November 14-15, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22. [PMID: 27439020 PMCID: PMC4982192 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) remains a serious international public health threat. With the goal of accelerating the development of countermeasures against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), funding agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers across the world assembled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 14-15, 2015, to discuss vaccine development challenges. The meeting was spearheaded by the Saudi Ministry of Health and co-organized by the International Vaccine Institute, South Korea. Accelerating the development of a preventive vaccine requires a better understanding of MERS epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis in humans and animals. A combination of rodent and nonhuman primate models should be considered in evaluating and developing preventive and therapeutic vaccine candidates. Dromedary camels should be considered for the development of veterinary vaccines. Several vaccine technology platforms targeting the MERS-CoV spike protein were discussed. Mechanisms to maximize investment, provide robust data, and affect public health are urgently needed.
Collapse
|
26
|
EMERGING RESPIRATORY DISEASE - CORONAVIRUSES. Dis Mon 2017; 63:256-262. [PMID: 29737283 PMCID: PMC7126326 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
Emerging infections have threatened humanity since times immemorial. The dramatic anthropogenic, behavioral and social changes that have affected humanity and the environment in the past century have accelerated the intrusion of novel pathogens into the global human population, sometimes with devastating consequences. The AIDS and influenza pandemics have claimed and will continue to claim millions of lives. The recent SARS and Ebola epidemics have threatened populations across borders. The emergence of MERS may well be warning signals of a nascent pandemic threat, while the potential for geographical spread of vector-borne diseases, such as Zika, but also Dengue and Chikungunya is unprecedented. Novel technologies and innovative approaches have multiplied to address and improve response preparedness towards the increasing yet unpredictable threat posed by emerging pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Simancas‐Racines D, Franco JVA, Guerra CV, Felix ML, Hidalgo R, Martinez‐Zapata MJ. Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 5:CD002190. [PMID: 28516442 PMCID: PMC6481390 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002190.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common cold is a spontaneously remitting infection of the upper respiratory tract, characterised by a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, malaise, sore throat, and fever (usually < 37.8º C). The widespread morbidity caused by the common cold worldwide is related to its ubiquitousness rather than its severity. The development of vaccines for the common cold has been difficult because of antigenic variability of the common cold virus and the indistinguishable multiple other viruses and even bacteria acting as infective agents. There is uncertainty regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for preventing the common cold in healthy people. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2011 and previously updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (September 2016), MEDLINE (1948 to September 2016), Embase (1974 to September 2016), CINAHL (1981 to September 2016), and LILACS (1982 to September 2016). We also searched three trials registers for ongoing studies and four websites for additional trials (February 2017). We included no language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccines compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted trial data. We resolved disagreements by discussion or by consulting a third review author. MAIN RESULTS We found no additional RCTs for inclusion in this update. This review includes one RCT dating from the 1960s with an overall high risk of bias. The RCT included 2307 healthy participants, all of whom were included in analyses. This trial compared the effect of an adenovirus vaccine against placebo. No statistically significant difference in common cold incidence was found: there were 13 (1.14%) events in 1139 participants in the vaccines group and 14 (1.19%) events in 1168 participants in the placebo group (risk ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.02; P = 0.90). No adverse events related to the live vaccine were reported. The quality of the evidence was low due to limitations in methodological quality and a wide 95% confidence interval. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This Cochrane Review was based on one study with low-quality evidence. We found no conclusive results to support the use of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people compared with placebo. We identified a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs to investigate vaccines for the common cold in healthy people. Any future trials on medical treatments for preventing the common cold should assess a variety of virus vaccines for this condition. Outcome measures should include common cold incidence, vaccine safety, and mortality related to the vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Simancas‐Racines
- Universidad Tecnológica EquinoccialCochrane Ecuador, Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio EspejoQuitoEcuador
| | - Juan VA Franco
- Instituto Universitario del Hospital ItalianoArgentine Cochrane CentrePotosí 4234Buenos AiresBuenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentinaC1199ACL
| | - Claudia V Guerra
- Universidad Tecnológica EquinoccialFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio EspejoAvenida Mariana de Jesús y OccidentalQuitoPichinchaEcuador593
| | - Maria L Felix
- Universidad Tecnológica EquinoccialDepartment of NeonatologyAv. Mariana de Jesús y OccidentalQuitoPichinchaEcuador593
| | - Ricardo Hidalgo
- Universidad Tecnológica EquinoccialFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio EspejoAvenida Mariana de Jesús y OccidentalQuitoPichinchaEcuador593
| | - Maria José Martinez‐Zapata
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167Pavilion 18BarcelonaCatalunyaSpain08025
- Universidad Tecnológica EquinoccialCochrane Ecuador. Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC). Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio EspejoAvenida República de El Salvador 733 y Portugal Edificio Gabriela 3. Of. 403 Casilla Postal 17‐17‐525QuitoEcuador
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lee HY, Nyon MP, Strych U. Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016; 3:80-86. [PMID: 32226714 PMCID: PMC7099997 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various types of vaccines are under pre-clinical and clinical development to address the recent appearance of Middle East respiratory syndrome or MERS, an emerging infectious disease that has already caused over 600 deaths and remains a threat to world health. The causative agent for this respiratory disease is a member of the betacoronavirus genus, phylogenetically closely related to the SARS coronavirus that caused an international health emergency in 2002. With lessons learned from the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, and with undeniable technological advances, vaccine development against MERS was initially fast-paced and has produced several DNA and protein vaccine candidates with promising results during early pre-clinical testing. At least one vaccine candidate has even entered first-in-humans clinical trials now. With the number of MERS cases declining though and other infectious diseases attracting increased attention, the question remains, whether, similar to the situation after the SARS pandemic, vaccine development is halted or remains the priority it rightfully should.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yen Lee
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mun Peak Nyon
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Middle East respiratory syndrome vaccines. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 47:23-8. [PMID: 27062985 PMCID: PMC4969153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), caused by a novel coronavirus, is a highly lethal respiratory disease. No vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. Camels are widely infected and may be good targets for vaccination. MERS monoclonal antibodies and human convalescent sera may be useful for prophylaxis and treatment. Active immunization strategies, based on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) experience, are under development.
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected over 1600 individuals with nearly 600 deaths since it was first identified in human populations in 2012. No antiviral therapies or vaccines are available for its treatment or prophylaxis. Approaches to the development of MERS vaccines are discussed herein, including a summary of previous efforts to develop vaccines useful against human and non-human coronaviruses. A striking feature of MERS is the important role that camels have in transmission. Camel vaccination may be a novel approach to preventing human infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
SARS coronavirus infections of the lower respiratory tract and their prevention. THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149758 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804543-5.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
|