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Abbona GC, Papotti M, Gugliotta P, Pecchio F, Rapellino M. Immunohistochemical Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) in non-neoplastic Lung Disease. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 8:240-3. [PMID: 8138663 DOI: 10.1177/172460089300800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), though typically associated with malignant epithelial neoplasms, is known to be present at elevated levels even in the serum of normal individuals and of patients suffering from interstitial diseases of the lung. Few reports have addressed the question of the possible source of CEA immunoreactivity within the lung parenchyma. Two patients with elevated CEA serum levels were studied by immunohistochemistry on open lung biopsy specimens. Two different antibodies (one absorbed with non-specific cross-reacting antigen, NCA) were used. The results show that bronchiolar cells and type II pneumocytes are focally positive with both antibodies; the immunoreaction is preserved even after absorption with NCA. In agreement with experimental data on CEA synthesis in fetal bronchial cell lines, these findings indicate that interstitial lung disorders may induce abnormal CEA-like substance expression. In these cases, where no epithelial neoplasms subsequently develop, the cutoff level for CEA in serum should be raised. Bronchiolar and alveolar cells appear primarily responsible for CEA-like substance production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Abbona
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Oncology, University of Torino, Italy
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Naghibalhossaini F, Yoder AD, Tobi M, Stanners CP. Evolution of a tumorigenic property conferred by glycophosphatidyl-inositol membrane anchors of carcinoembryonic antigen gene family members during the primate radiation. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1366-74. [PMID: 17287394 PMCID: PMC1838992 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-10-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
GPI membrane anchors of cell surface glycoproteins have been shown to confer functional properties that are different from their transmembrane (TM)-anchored counterparts. For the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family, a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily, conversion of the mode of membrane linkage from TM to GPI confers radical changes in function: from tumor suppression or neutrality toward inhibition of differentiation and anoikis and distortion of tissue architecture, thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. We show here that GPI anchorage in the CEA family evolved twice independently in primates, very likely from more primitive TM anchors, by different packages of mutations. Both mutational packages, one package found in many primates, including humans, and a second, novel package found only in the Cebidae radiation of New World monkeys, give rise to efficiently processed GPI-linked proteins. Both types of GPI anchors mediate inhibition of cell differentiation. The estimated rate of nonsynonymous mutations (Ka) in the anchor-determining domain for conversion from TM to GPI anchorage in the CEA family that were fixed during evolution in these primates is 7 times higher than the average Ka in primates, indicating positive selection. These results suggest therefore that the functional changes mediated by CEA GPI anchors, including the inhibition of differentiation and anoikis, could be adaptive and advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Zoology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Martin Tobi
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit VAMC, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Clifford P. Stanners
- *McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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Naghibalhossaini F, Stanners CP. Minimal mutations are required to effect a radical change in function in CEA family members of the Ig superfamily. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:761-9. [PMID: 14734654 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
GPI anchorage in the CEA family results in the acquisition of radically different functions relative to TM anchorage, including inhibition of differentiation and anoikis, disruption of tissue architecture and promotion of tumorigenicity. CEA GPI anchors, as determined by the carboxy-terminal exon of CEA, demonstrate biological specificity in their ability to confer these functional changes. CEA family GPI anchorage appears to have evolved twice independently during the primate radiation, in a manner suggestive of evolution from more primitive TM-anchored CEACAM1. We show here that very few mutations in the TM exon of present-day human CEACAM1 are required to give efficient GPI anchorage and the biological specificity of CEA GPI anchors, i.e., to give the differentiation-blocking function of GPI-anchored CEA. Such a change in anchorage could therefore represent a relatively facile means for producing radical change in molecular function of Ig superfamily members during evolution.
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Budt M, Michely B, Müller MM, Reutter W, Lucka L. Secreted CEACAM1 splice variants in rat cell lines and in vivo in rat serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:749-55. [PMID: 11922629 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The widely expressed adhesion receptor CEACAM1 is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family within the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of glycoproteins. While the expression of transmembrane isoforms has been described in detail, only little is known about soluble isoforms. By RT-PCR characterization of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 and mammary adenocarcinoma MTC cell lines, two novel splice variants, designated CEACAM1-4C1 and CEACAM1-4C2, lacking the transmembrane region, were identified. In addition, we demonstrate the expression of transmembrane CEACAM1-4L and CEACAM1-4S with a truncated cytoplasmic domain. The C-termini of CEACAM1-4C2 and CEACAM1-L are identical, which allowed the specific in vitro and in vivo detection of the soluble CEACAM1-4C2 protein by an antiserum generated against the CEACAM1-L cytoplasmic part. Functionally, soluble CEACAM1 could inhibit CEACAM1-mediated aggregation of CHO cells. In conclusion, our data define a new mechanism for the appearance of functionally active rat CEACAM1 protein in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Budt
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
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Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker of wide clinical use though its function remains unknown. The CEA counterpart and some related macromolecules cannot be demonstrated in mice, thus prohibiting studies of CEA function by gene disruption strategies. In an attempt to find a relevant animal model for functional studies of CEA we have investigated the occurrence of CEA subgroup members in baboon and African green monkey at the genomic and mRNA levels. The investigation was focused on the characteristic immunoglobulin-variable region-like (IgV-like) N-terminal domain of the family members. Based on N-domain sequences 3 and 4 different CEA subgroup genes, respectively, were identified. One sequence in each monkey species corresponded to human CEACAM8, while it was not possible to assign an obvious human counterpart for the other N-domain sequences. However, studies of cDNAs from African green monkey COS-1 cells identified one of the sequences as CEACAM1. Expression of CEACAM1 mRNA and protein was upregulated by IFNgamma as has previously been demonstrated for human CEACAM1. Presence of GPI-linked CEA subgroup members in African green monkey was suggested by sequencing. Both monkey species would thus seem suitable for functional studies of selected CEA subgroup members.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Umeå University, SE-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
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6
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Abstract
The carcinoembryonic antigen family comprises a large number of complex molecules, several of which possess cell adhesion activities. The primordial adhesion molecules of this family are the cell-cell adhesion molecules (C-CAMs), which have been found to be multifunctional, signal-regulatory proteins. C-CAMs inhibit tumor growth, interact with calmodulin, protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases, and are subject to specific dimerization reactions. These new insights indicate that C-CAMs are important regulators of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Obrink
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ilantzis C, Stanners CP. A colonic tissue architecture assay applied to human colon carcinoma cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1997; 33:50-61. [PMID: 9028835 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-997-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A two-component tissue architecture assay system has been devised that tests the ability of human colon carcinoma cells to conform to the specific three-dimensional cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions characteristic of normal colonic tissues. Dissociated fetal rat colonic cells (FRCC) were allowed to reaggregate in suspension with or without the addition of different proportions (0.1%, 1%, and 10% of the total cells) of the human colon carcinoma cell lines, SW-1222 and LS-174T. Cellular aggregates obtained after 36 hours, incubation exhibited cell sorting by the formation of recognizable epithelial colonic crypt-like structures with glandular lumens in a mesenchyme-like background. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-positive SW-1222 cells in 10% mixed aggregates were organized into numerous well-formed glandular structures with a polarized apical distribution of CEA. LS-174T cells, on the other hand, were self-sorted but structurally disorganized with a continuous cell surface CEA distribution. Pure FRCC and mixed aggregates were implanted under the kidney capsules of Swiss nu/nu (nude) or CD-1 nu/nu mice and allowed to grow for a period of 7-10 days. Whereas the normal FRCC readily formed colonic tissue, the SW-1222 cells exhibited a capacity for differentiation into colonic crypts which became progressively less normal and more tumor-like as the proportion of carcinoma cells in the aggregates was increased. The LS-174T cells demonstrated poor differentiation at all concentrations. Cell surface levels of CEA and the CEA family member nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA), both overexpressed in colon cancer, were higher in LS-174T than in SW-1222 cells, whereas family member biliary glycoprotein (BGP), downregulated in colon carcinoma was higher in the SW-1222 cells. These results thus support the suggestion that deregulated expression of CEA family members can be involved in the ability of colonocytes to differentiate and conform to normal tissue architecture as assessed by the assay. The assay is therefore amenable to genetic analysis of normal and perturbed architectural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ilantzis
- McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Woynarowska B, Dimitroff CJ, Sharma M, Matta KL, Bernacki RJ. Inhibition of human HT-29 colon carcinoma cell adhesion by a 4-fluoro-glucosamine analogue. Glycoconj J 1996; 13:663-74. [PMID: 8872124 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface glycoconjugates play an important role in cellular recognition and adhesion. Modification of these structures in tumour cells could affect tumour cell growth and behaviour, including metastasis. 2-Acetamido-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-alpha-D-glycopyranose (4-F-GlcNAc) was synthesized as a potential inhibitor and/or modifier of tumour cell glycoconjugates. The effect of this sugar analogue on the adhesive properties of human colon carcinoma HT-29 cells was evaluated. Treatment of HT-29 cells with 4-F-GlcNAc led to reduced cell surface expression of terminal lactosamine, sialy-Le(x) and sialyl-Le(a), as determined by Western blotting and flow cytometry. The aberrant expression of these oligosaccharide structures on the HT-29 cell surface resulted in: (1) decreased E-selectin mediated adhesion of human colon cells to human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC); (2) impaired adhesion of HT-29 cells to beta-galactoside binding lectin, galectin-1; and (3) reduced ability to form homotypic aggregates. After exposure to 4-F-GlcNAc, lysosomal associated membrane proteins (lamp) 1 and 2, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detected in HT-29 cells were of lower molecular weight, probably due to impaired glycosylation. These results strongly suggest that modification of tumour cell surface molecules can alter tumour cell adhesion and that tumour cell surface oligosaccharides may be suitable targets for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woynarowska
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Olsson H, Wikström K, Kjellström G, Obrink B. Cell adhesion activity of the short cytoplasmic domain isoform of C-CAM (C-CAM2) in CHO cells. FEBS Lett 1995; 365:51-6. [PMID: 7774714 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00436-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
C-CAM is a Ca(2+)-independent rat cell adhesion molecule belonging to the CEA gene family of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Two major isoforms that differ in the length of their cytoplasmic domains exist. In previous studies it has been reported that only the long isoform (C-CAM1) but not the short isoform (C-CAM2) can mediate adhesion. However, in the mouse, isoforms with both long and short cytoplasmic domains have been reported to have adhesive activity. In order to analyze this apparent conflict we transfected C-CAM1 or C-CAM2 into CHO Pro5 cells and examined their adhesive phenotype in an aggregation assay. We found that in this cellular system both C-CAM1 and C-CAM2 could mediate cell-cell adhesion in a Ca(2+)-independent and temperature-independent way. The results suggest that the cellular environment is important for the activity of C-CAM isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Olsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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McCuaig K, Rosenberg M, Nédellec P, Turbide C, Beauchemin N. Expression of the Bgp gene and characterization of mouse colon biliary glycoprotein isoforms. Gene 1993; 127:173-83. [PMID: 8500759 PMCID: PMC7131619 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90716-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biliary glycoprotein (BGP)-encoding gene is a member of the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family. We have now cloned several mouse Bgp cDNAs from an outbred CDR-1 mouse colon cDNA library, as well as by reverse transcription-PCR amplification of colon RNA. The distinguishing features of the deduced Bgp protein isoforms are found in the two divergent N-terminal domains, the highly conserved internal C2-set immunoglobulin domains, and an intracytoplasmic domain of either 10 or 73 amino acids (aa). The cDNA structures suggest that these mRNAs are produced through alternative splicing of a Bgp gene and the usage of multiple transcriptional terminators. The Bgp deduced aa sequences are highly homologous to several well characterized rat hepatocyte proteins such as the cell CAM105/ecto-ATPase/pp120/HA4 proteins. Oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes representing the various cDNA isoform domains revealed predominant transcripts of 1.8, 3.1 and 4.0 kb on Northern analyses of mouse colon RNA; some of these bands are actually composed of several co-migrating transcripts. The transcripts encoding the long intracytoplasmic-tailed Bgp proteins are expressed at one-tenth the relative abundance of the shorter-tailed species. We have previously demonstrated that several mouse Bgp cDNAs, when transfected into eukaryotic cells, express BGP proteins at the cell surface and function in vitro as cell adhesion molecules, much like their human and rat counterparts. The expression of the many Bgp isoforms at the surface of epithelial cells, such as colon, suggests that these proteins play a determinant role, through self- or heterologous contact, in renewal and/or differentiation of their epithelia.
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Key Words
- carcinoembryonic antigen gene family member
- reverse transcription and polymerase chain amplification
- mouse hepatitis virus receptor
- adhesion molecule
- aa, amino acid(s)
- bgp, biliary glycoprotein
- bgp, mouse biliary glycoprotein
- bgpx, gene isoforms encoding mouse bgps (replaces mmcgm to conform with mouse genome nomenclature
- x is assigned by order of characterization)
- bp, base pair(s)
- cd, complement determining
- cea, carcinoembryonic antigen
- cgm, cea-related gene family member
- cyt, intracytoplasmic tail
- icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1
- ig, immunoglobulin
- kb, kilobase(s) or 1000 bp
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- mhvr, mhv receptor
- nca, nonspecific cross-reacting antigen
- nt, nucleotide(s)
- oligo, oligodeoxyribonucleotide
- orf, open reading frame
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- psg, pregnancy-specific glycoprotein
- 5′ or 3′utr, 5′ or 3′ untranslated region
- rit, oligo specific for cyt in the antisense orientation
- rt, reverse transcription
- tm, transmembrane
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCuaig
- McGill Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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