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Shizu R, Makida N, Sobe K, Ishimura M, Takeshita A, Hosaka T, Kanno Y, Sasaki T, Yoshinari K. Interaction with YAP underlies the species differences between humans and rodents in CAR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:101-112. [PMID: 38128062 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a nuclear receptor predominantly expressed in the liver, is activated by diverse chemicals and induces hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for CAR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation remains unclear. Importantly, this phenomenon has not been observed in the human liver. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying CAR-induced hepatocyte proliferation and to explore the species differences in hepatocyte proliferation between humans and rodents. Treatment of mice with the CAR activator TCPOBOP induced hepatocyte proliferation and nuclear accumulation of yes-associated protein (YAP), a known liver cancer inducer. This induction was abolished in CAR-knockout mice. Exogenously expressed YAP in cultured cells was accumulated in the nucleus by the coexpression with mouse CAR but not human CAR. Pull-down analysis of recombinant proteins revealed that mouse CAR interacted with YAP, whereas human CAR did not. Further investigations using YAP deletion mutants identified the WW domain of YAP as essential for interacting with CAR and showed that the PY motif (PPAY) in mouse CAR was crucial for binding to the WW domain, whereas human CAR with its mutated motif (PPAH) failed to interact with YAP. A mouse model harboring the Y150H mutation (PPAY to PPAH) in CAR displayed drastically attenuated TCPOBOP-induced hepatocyte proliferation and nuclear accumulation of YAP. CAR induces the nuclear accumulation of YAP through the PY motif-WW domain interaction to promote hepatocyte proliferation. The absence of this interaction in human CAR contributes to the lack of CAR-dependent hepatocyte proliferation in human livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Shizu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Natsuki Makida
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Sobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mai Ishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Aki Takeshita
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takuomi Hosaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kanno
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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2
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Kim CL, Lim SB, Kim K, Jeong HS, Mo JS. Phosphorylation analysis of the Hippo-YAP pathway using Phos-tag. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Kilanowska A, Ziółkowska A. Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetes: Can It Be Prevented? Hippo Pathway Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:636. [PMID: 35054822 PMCID: PMC8775644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease of complex etiology and pathogenesis. Hyperglycemia leads to many serious complications, but also directly initiates the process of β cell apoptosis. A potential strategy for the preservation of pancreatic β cells in diabetes may be to inhibit the implementation of pro-apoptotic pathways or to enhance the action of pancreatic protective factors. The Hippo signaling pathway is proposed and selected as a target to manipulate the activity of its core proteins in therapy-basic research. MST1 and LATS2, as major upstream signaling kinases of the Hippo pathway, are considered as target candidates for pharmacologically induced tissue regeneration and inhibition of apoptosis. Manipulating the activity of components of the Hippo pathway offers a wide range of possibilities, and thus is a potential tool in the treatment of diabetes and the regeneration of β cells. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the processes involved in apoptosis in diabetic states and completely characterize the role of this pathway in diabetes. Therapy consisting of slowing down or stopping the mechanisms of apoptosis may be an important direction of diabetes treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kilanowska
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, Zyty 28, 65-001 Zielona Gora, Poland;
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4
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WBP2 negatively regulates the Hippo pathway by competitively binding to WWC3 with LATS1 to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:384. [PMID: 33837178 PMCID: PMC8035140 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
WW domain binding protein-2 (WBP2) can function as a Yes-associated protein/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) co-activator and has a crucial role in promoting breast cancer progression. However, the expression and potential molecular mechanisms of WBP2 in the context of lung cancer are not fully understood. We determined that WBP2 was highly expressed in lung cancer specimens and cell lines and that this expression was closely related to the advanced pTNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of patients. In addition, gain- and loss-of-function experiments revealed that WBP2 could significantly promote the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we determined that wild-type WBP2 could competitively bind to the WW domain of WWC3 (WW and C2 domain-containing-3) with LATS1 (Large tumor suppressor-1) through its PPxY motifs, thus inhibiting the formation of the WWC3-LATS1 complex, reducing the phosphorylation level of LATS1, suppressing the activity of the Hippo pathway, and ultimately promoting YAP nuclear translocation. Therefore, from the aspect of upstream molecules of Hippo signaling, WBP2 promotes the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells in a unique manner that is not directly dependent upon YAP, thus providing a corresponding experimental basis for the development of targeted therapeutic drugs for lung cancer.
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5
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Drosophila Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase (Hipk) Phosphorylates the Hippo/Warts Signalling Effector Yorkie. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041862. [PMID: 33668437 PMCID: PMC7918113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental growth and patterning are regulated by an interconnected signalling network of several pathways. In Drosophila, the Warts (Wts) kinase, a component of the Hippo signalling pathway, plays an essential role in regulating transcription and growth by phosphorylating its substrate Yorkie (Yki). The phosphorylation of Yki critically influences its localisation and activity as a transcriptional coactivator. In this study, we identified the homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk) as another kinase that phosphorylates Yki and mapped several sites of Yki phosphorylated by Hipk, using in vitro analysis: Ser168, Ser169/Ser172 and Ser255. These sites might provide auxiliary input for Yki regulation in vivo, as transgenic flies with mutations in these show prominent phenotypes; Hipk, therefore, represents an additional upstream regulator of Yki that works in concert with Wts.
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6
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Landry NM, Dixon IMC. Fibroblast mechanosensing, SKI and Hippo signaling and the cardiac fibroblast phenotype: Looking beyond TGF-β. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109802. [PMID: 33017619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast activation to hyper-synthetic myofibroblasts following a pathological stimulus or in response to a substrate with increased stiffness may be a key tipping point for the evolution of cardiac fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis per se is associated with progressive loss of heart pump function and is a primary contributor to heart failure. While TGF-β is a common cytokine stimulus associated with fibroblast activation, a druggable target to quell this driver of fibrosis has remained an elusive therapeutic goal due to its ubiquitous use by different cell types and also in the signaling complexity associated with SMADs and other effector pathways. More recently, mechanical stimulus of fibroblastic cells has been revealed as a major point of activation; this includes cardiac fibroblasts. Further, the complexity of TGF-β signaling has been offset by the discovery of members of the SKI family of proteins and their inherent anti-fibrotic properties. In this respect, SKI is a protein that may bind a number of TGF-β associated proteins including SMADs, as well as signaling proteins from other pathways, including Hippo. As SKI is also known to directly deactivate cardiac myofibroblasts to fibroblasts, this mode of action is a putative candidate for further study into the amelioration of cardiac fibrosis. Herein we provide a synthesis of this topic and highlight novel candidate pathways to explore in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Landry
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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7
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El Ouarrat D, Isaac R, Lee YS, Oh DY, Wollam J, Lackey D, Riopel M, Bandyopadhyay G, Seo JB, Sampath-Kumar R, Olefsky JM. TAZ Is a Negative Regulator of PPARγ Activity in Adipocytes and TAZ Deletion Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance. Cell Metab 2020; 31:162-173.e5. [PMID: 31708444 PMCID: PMC7784082 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major factor in obesity-linked type 2 diabetes. PPARγ is a master regulator of adipogenesis, and small molecule agonists, termed thiazolidinediones, are potent therapeutic insulin sensitizers. Here, we studied the role of transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) as a transcriptional co-repressor of PPARγ. We found that adipocyte-specific TAZ knockout (TAZ AKO) mice demonstrate a constitutively active PPARγ state. Obese TAZ AKO mice show improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to littermate controls. PPARγ response genes are upregulated in adipose tissue from TAZ AKO mice and adipose tissue inflammation was also decreased. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies revealed that the TAZ-PPARγ interaction is partially dependent on ERK-mediated Ser112 PPARγ phosphorylation. As adipocyte PPARγ Ser112 phosphorylation is increased in obesity, repression of PPARγ activity by TAZ could contribute to insulin resistance. These results identify TAZ as a new factor in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila El Ouarrat
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roi Isaac
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Sok Lee
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Denise Lackey
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Riopel
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jong Bae Seo
- Department of Biosciences, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Vargas RE, Duong VT, Han H, Ta AP, Chen Y, Zhao S, Yang B, Seo G, Chuc K, Oh S, El Ali A, Razorenova OV, Chen J, Luo R, Li X, Wang W. Elucidation of WW domain ligand binding specificities in the Hippo pathway reveals STXBP4 as YAP inhibitor. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102406. [PMID: 31782549 PMCID: PMC6939200 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, which plays a critical role in organ size control and cancer, features numerous WW domain-based protein-protein interactions. However, ~100 WW domains and 2,000 PY motif-containing peptide ligands are found in the human proteome, raising a "WW-PY" binding specificity issue in the Hippo pathway. In this study, we have established the WW domain binding specificity for Hippo pathway components and uncovered a unique amino acid sequence required for it. By using this criterion, we have identified a WW domain-containing protein, STXBP4, as a negative regulator of YAP. Mechanistically, STXBP4 assembles a protein complex comprising α-catenin and a group of Hippo PY motif-containing components/regulators to inhibit YAP, a process that is regulated by actin cytoskeleton tension. Interestingly, STXBP4 is a potential tumor suppressor for human kidney cancer, whose downregulation is correlated with YAP activation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Taken together, our study not only elucidates the WW domain binding specificity for the Hippo pathway, but also reveals STXBP4 as a player in actin cytoskeleton tension-mediated Hippo pathway regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Prognosis
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Survival Rate
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics
- Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolism
- WW Domains
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Vargas
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Vy Thuy Duong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Albert Paul Ta
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Shiji Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Gayoung Seo
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Kimberly Chuc
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Sunwoo Oh
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Amal El Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Olga V Razorenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Xu Li
- School of Life SciencesWestlake UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCAUSA
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Lin Z, Yang Z, Xie R, Ji Z, Guan K, Zhang M. Decoding WW domain tandem-mediated target recognitions in tissue growth and cell polarity. eLife 2019; 8:49439. [PMID: 31486770 PMCID: PMC6744271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
WW domain tandem-containing proteins such as KIBRA, YAP, and MAGI play critical roles in cell growth and polarity via binding to and positioning target proteins in specific subcellular regions. An immense disparity exists between promiscuity of WW domain-mediated target bindings and specific roles of WW domain proteins in cell growth regulation. Here, we discovered that WW domain tandems of KIBRA and MAGI, but not YAP, bind to specific target proteins with extremely high affinity and exquisite sequence specificity. Via systematic structural biology and biochemistry approaches, we decoded the target binding rules of WW domain tandems from cell growth regulatory proteins and uncovered a list of previously unknown WW tandem binding proteins including β-Dystroglycan, JCAD, and PTPN21. The WW tandem-mediated target recognition mechanisms elucidated here can guide functional studies of WW domain proteins in cell growth and polarity as well as in other cellular processes including neuronal synaptic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Lin
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruiling Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyang Ji
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kunliang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
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Snigdha K, Gangwani KS, Lapalikar GV, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Hippo Signaling in Cancer: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31231648 PMCID: PMC6558396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway was initially identified through genetic screens for genes regulating organ size in fruitflies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling as a key regulator of homeostasis, and in tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway is comprised of genes that act as tumor suppressor genes like hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), and oncogenes like yorkie (yki). YAP and TAZ are two related mammalian homologs of Drosophila Yki that act as effectors of the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling deficiency can cause YAP- or TAZ-dependent oncogene addiction for cancer cells. YAP and TAZ are often activated in human malignant cancers. These transcriptional regulators may initiate tumorigenic changes in solid tumors by inducing cancer stem cells and proliferation, culminating in metastasis and chemo-resistance. Given the complex mechanisms (e.g., of the cancer microenvironment, and the extrinsic and intrinsic cues) that overpower YAP/TAZ inhibition, the molecular roles of the Hippo pathway in tumor growth and progression remain poorly defined. Here we review recent findings from studies in whole animal model organism like Drosophila on the role of Hippo signaling regarding its connection to inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and other oncogenic signaling in cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Gauri Vijay Lapalikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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11
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Won GW, Sung M, Lee Y, Lee YH. MST2 kinase regulates osteoblast differentiation by phosphorylating and inhibiting Runx2 in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:591-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Muppala S, Raghunathan VK, Jalilian I, Thomasy S, Murphy CJ. YAP and TAZ are distinct effectors of corneal myofibroblast transformation. Exp Eye Res 2018; 180:102-109. [PMID: 30578787 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) is elevated in wounds after injury and promotes the transdifferentiation of quiescent cells in the stroma (keratocytes, to activated fibroblasts and subsequently myofibroblasts-KFM transformation). Coactivators of transcription, YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif), are mechanotransducers that intersect with the TGFβ pathway via interactions with Smad proteins. Here, we examined the distinct role of YAP and TAZ on TGFβ1 induced myofibroblast transformation of primary human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs). METHODS A knockdown approach was used to silence YAP and TAZ individually in HCFs. Forty-eight hours post siRNA transfection, cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 2 ng/ml TGFβ1 for 24h. The cells were subjected to nuclear and cytoplasmic fractionation. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), Smad 2, 3 and 4, CTGF and phospho-Smad2, 3, and 4 were assessed by qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS TGFβ1 stimulation resulted in the decreased phosphorylation of YAP in the cytosol, and increased levels of phosphorylated TAZ and Smad2/3/4 in the nucleus. Knockdown of TAZ resulted in elevated YAP expression but not vice versa. Additionally, knockdown of TAZ but not YAP resulted in upregulation of αSMA expression in the presence and absence of TGFβ1. In the presence of TGFβ1 YAP knockdown increased Smad2/3/4 expression and Smad4 phosphorylation, while TAZ knockdown had no effect on Smad2/3/4 expression and phosphorylation. YAP knockdown inhibited CTGF expression while TAZ knockdown resulted in its increased expression. Finally, simultaneous knockdown of YAP and TAZ resulted in cell death. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that YAP and TAZ function as distinct modulators of TGFβ1 induced myofibroblast transformation and have different roles in signalling. Specifically, TAZ limits YAP's ability to mediate KFM transformation via Smad proteins. The data also suggest that while having distinct effects, YAP and TAZ have redundant or combinatorial functions critical to cell survival. These results suggest that a loss of TAZ may help drive corneal haze and fibrosis and that the balance between YAP/TAZ is essential in controlling myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Muppala
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, TX, USA
| | - Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sara Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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13
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Jamous A, Salah Z. WW-Domain Containing Protein Roles in Breast Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:580. [PMID: 30619734 PMCID: PMC6300493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are key factors in executing protein function. These interactions are mediated through different protein domains or modules. An important domain found in many different types of proteins is WW domain. WW domain-containing proteins were shown to be involved in many human diseases including cancer. Some of these proteins function as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, while others show dual identity. Some of these proteins act on their own and alter the function(s) of specific or multiple proteins implicated in cancer, others interact with their partners to compose WW domain modular pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of WW domain-containing proteins in breast tumorigenesis. We give examples of specific WW domain containing proteins that play roles in breast tumorigenesis and explain the mechanisms through which these proteins lead to breast cancer initiation and progression. We discuss also the possibility of using these proteins as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Jamous
- Al Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al Quds University, Abu Dis, Palestine
| | - Zaidoun Salah
- Al Quds-Bard College for Arts and Sciences, Al Quds University, Abu Dis, Palestine
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14
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Léger H, Santana E, Leu NA, Smith ET, Beltran WA, Aguirre GD, Luca FC. Ndr kinases regulate retinal interneuron proliferation and homeostasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12544. [PMID: 30135513 PMCID: PMC6105603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ndr2/Stk38l encodes a protein kinase associated with the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway and is mutated in a naturally-occurring canine early retinal degeneration (erd). To elucidate the retinal functions of Ndr2 and its paralog Ndr1/Stk38, we generated Ndr1 and Ndr2 single knockout mice. Although retinal lamination appeared normal in these mice, Ndr deletion caused a subset of Pax6-positive amacrine cells to proliferate in differentiated retinas, while concurrently decreasing the number of GABAergic, HuD and Pax6-positive amacrine cells. Retinal transcriptome analyses revealed that Ndr2 deletion increased expression of neuronal stress genes and decreased expression of synaptic organization genes. Consistent with the latter, Ndr deletion dramatically reduced levels of Aak1, an Ndr substrate that regulates vesicle trafficking. Our findings indicate that Ndr kinases are important regulators of amacrine and photoreceptor cells and suggest that Ndr kinases inhibit the proliferation of a subset of terminally differentiated cells and modulate interneuron synapse function via Aak1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Léger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evelyn Santana
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Center for Animal Transgenesis and Germ Cell Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eliot T Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William A Beltran
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Francis C Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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15
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Abstract
Proper cellular functionality and homeostasis are maintained by the convergent integration of various signaling cascades, which enable cells to respond to internal and external changes. The Dbf2-related kinases LATS1 and LATS2 (LATS) have emerged as central regulators of cell fate, by modulating the functions of numerous oncogenic or tumor suppressive effectors, including the canonical Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ, the Aurora mitotic kinase family, estrogen signaling and the tumor suppressive transcription factor p53. While the basic functions of the LATS kinase module are strongly conserved over evolution, the genomic duplication event leading to the emergence of two closely related kinases in higher organisms has increased the complexity of this signaling network. Here, we review the LATS1 and LATS2 intrinsic features as well as their reported cellular activities, emphasizing unique characteristics of each kinase. While differential activities between the two paralogous kinases have been reported, many converge to similar pathways and outcomes. Interestingly, the regulatory networks controlling the mRNA expression pattern of LATS1 and LATS2 differ strongly, and may contribute to the differences in protein binding partners of each kinase and in the subcellular locations in which each kinase exerts its functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Furth
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, POB 26, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Aylon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, POB 26, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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16
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Fletcher KIG, van West P, Gachon CMM. Nonagonal cadherins: A new protein family found within the Stramenopiles. Gene 2016; 593:64-75. [PMID: 27498181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins, a group of molecules typically associated with planar cell polarity and Wnt signalling, have been little reported outside of the animal kingdom. Here, we identify a new family of cadherins in the Stramenopiles, termed Nonagonal after their 9 transmembrane passes, which contrast to the one or seven passes found in other known cadherin families. Manual curation and experimental validation reveal two subclasses of nonagonal cadherins, depending on the number of uninterrupted extracellular cadherin (EC) modules presented. Firstly, shorter mono-exonic, unimodular, protein models, with 3 to 12 EC domains occur as duplicate paralogs in the saprotrophic Labyrinthulomycetes Aurantiochytrium limanicum and Schizochytrium aggregatum, the gastrointestinal Blastocystis hominis (Blastocystae) and as a single copy gene in the autotrophic Pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. Larger, single copy, multi-exonal, tri-modular protein models, with up to 72 EC domain in total, are found in the Oomycete genera Albugo, Phytophthora, Pythium and Eurychasma. No homolog was found in the closely related autotrophic Phaeophyceae (brown algae) or Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), nor in several genera of plant and animal pathogenic oomycetes (Aphanomyces, Saprolegnia and Hyaloperonospora). This potential absence was further investigated by synteny analysis of the genome regions flanking the cadherin gene models, which are found to be highly variable. Novel to this new cadherin family is the presence of intercalated laminin and putative carbohydrate binding in tri-modular oomycete cadherins and at the N-terminus of thraustochytrid proteins. As we were unable to detect any homologs of proteins involved in signalling pathways where other cadherin families are involved, we present a conceptual hypothesis on the function of nonagonal cadherin based around the presence of putative carbohydrate binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle I G Fletcher
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire AB41 6AA, United Kingdom; Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Culture Collection for Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, United Kingdom.
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- Culture Collection for Algae and Protozoa, Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, United Kingdom.
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17
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Liu P, Zhang H, Liang X, Ma H, Luan F, Wang B, Bai F, Gao L, Ma C. HBV preS2 promotes the expression of TAZ via miRNA-338-3p to enhance the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29048-59. [PMID: 26315112 PMCID: PMC4745710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transactivators encoded by HBV, including HBx and preS2, play critical role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). YAP, a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis mediated by HBx. Here, we investigated whether preS2, another transactivator encoded by HBV, regulates the Hippo pathway to promote HCC. We found that preS2 overexpression upregulated TAZ, a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, at protein level but not at mRNA level. preS2 suppressed miRNA-338-3p expression in HCC cell lines. miRNA-338-3p mimics downregulated TAZ, while miRNA-338-3p inhibitor restored the expression of TAZ, suggesting that TAZ is a direct target of miRNA-338-3p. TAZ overexpression stimulated growth of HCC cell lines. Knockdown of TAZ dampened preS2-promoted HCC proliferation and migration. Thus, preS2 upregulates TAZ expression by repressing miRNA-338-3p. TAZ is necessary for preS2-promoted HCC proliferation and migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fang Luan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Bai
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
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18
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Li YW, Guo J, Shen H, Li J, Yang N, Frangou C, Wilson KE, Zhang Y, Mussell AL, Sudol M, Farooq A, Qu J, Zhang J. Phosphorylation of Tyr188 in the WW domain of YAP1 plays an essential role in YAP1-induced cellular transformation. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2497-505. [PMID: 27428284 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1207836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates cellular proliferation and survival, thus exerting profound effects on normal cell fate and tumorigenesis. The pivotal effector of this pathway is YAP1, a transcriptional co-activator amplified in mouse and human cancers where it promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and malignant transformation. The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway has been suggested to inhibit the YAP1 function through serine phosphorylation-induced cytoplasmic retention and degradation. Here we report that the tyrosine188 (Y188) site of YAP1 isoform with 2 WW domains (known as YAP1-2) plays an important role in YAP1-induced cellular transformation. IP-Mass Spectrometry analysis of YAP1 identified the phosphorylation of Y188 but not other tyrosine residues. In contrast to the aberrant 3D acinus formation observed in YAP1-WT transduced cells, overexpression of YAP1-Y188F (non-phosphorylated mimic) displayed normal 3D structures. In addition, knockdown of the endogenous YAP1 in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation and migration, which were then successfully rescued by the exogenous YAP1-WT and YAP1-Y188E but not Y188F. Mechanistically, we also demonstrated that YAP1-Y188F had a higher affinity to the upstream negative regulator PTPN14 and was extensively localized in the cytoplasm. Since the Y188 is located in the conserved aromatic core of the WW domain of YAP1, our finding has a wide implication for WW domain signaling in general, where Y phosphorylation may act as a common positive regulator of the complex formation via WW domains. In summary, our results indicate that tyrosine 188 plays an important role in the YAP1-induced cellular transformation and its phosphorylation may intriguingly serve as a positive indicator of YAP1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Li
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jin Guo
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - He Shen
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jun Li
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , New York Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Nuo Yang
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Costa Frangou
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kayla E Wilson
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Yinglong Zhang
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA.,c Orthopaedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , P. R. China
| | - Ashley L Mussell
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Marius Sudol
- d Department of Physiology , National University of Singapore, The Yong Loo Li School of Medicine, Mechanobiology Institute, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) A*STAR , Singapore , Republic of Singapore
| | - Amjad Farooq
- e Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Jun Qu
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , New York Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- a Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
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19
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Park R, Moon UY, Park JY, Hughes LJ, Johnson RL, Cho SH, Kim S. Yap is required for ependymal integrity and is suppressed in LPA-induced hydrocephalus. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10329. [PMID: 26754915 PMCID: PMC4729961 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely generation and normal maturation of ependymal cells along the aqueduct are critical for preventing physical blockage between the third and fourth ventricles and the development of fetal non-communicating hydrocephalus. Our study identifies Yap, the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, as a central regulator for generating developmentally controlled ependymal cells along the ventricular lining of the aqueduct. Yap function is necessary for proper proliferation of progenitors and apical attachment of ependymal precursor cells. Importantly, an injury signal initiated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an upstream regulator of Yap that can cause fetal haemorrhagic hydrocephalus, deregulates Yap in the developing aqueduct. LPA exposure leads to the loss of N-cadherin concentrations at the apical endfeet, which can be partially restored by forced Yap expression and more efficiently by phosphomimetic Yap. These results reveal a novel function of Yap in retaining tissue junctions during normal development and after fetal brain injury. Failure of the ependymal cell layer that lines the ventricular surfaces of the brain can result in fetal hydrocephalus. Park et al. reveal a role for the Hippo pathway gene Yap in the generation of ependymal cells, and show that suppression of Yap is observed in a model of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Research Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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20
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Nourashrafeddin S, Dianatpour M, Aarabi M, Mobasheri MB, Kazemi-Oula G, Modarressi MH. Elevated Expression of the Testis-specific Gene WBP2NL in Breast Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:19-24. [PMID: 26157336 PMCID: PMC4489666 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in women; therefore, the study of molecular aspects of breast cancer for finding new biomarkers is important. Recent studies have shown that WW domain-binding protein 2 (WBP2) is important for the oncogenic property of breast cancer. WWP2 N-terminal-like (WBP2NL) is a testis-specific signaling protein that induces meiotic resumption and oocyte activation events. Our previous study revealed that WBP2NL gene expression is elevated in actively dividing cells and it might be associated with cellular proliferation and tumorigenic process. However, the clinical relevance and importance of WBP2NL gene in cancer has not been understood yet. Therefore, we were interested in analyzing the expression of WBP2NL gene in human breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines, for the first time. We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and semi-nested RT-PCR to evaluate the expression of WBP2NL in malignant breast cancer and adjacent noncancerous tissue (ANCT) samples, as well as MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The WBP2NL gene was expressed in 45 out of 50 (90%) breast cancer tissues and overexpressed in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. We suggest that WBP2NL may play roles in breast cancer activation maybe through binding to a group I WW domain protein. The elevated expression of WBP2NL gene in breast cancer and MDA-MB-231 cell line leads us to suggest that WBP2NL might be considered as a novel prognostic factor for early diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Nourashrafeddin
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aarabi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maryam Beigom Mobasheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnesa Kazemi-Oula
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Decoding the regulatory landscape of melanoma reveals TEADS as regulators of the invasive cell state. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6683. [PMID: 25865119 PMCID: PMC4403341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional reprogramming of proliferative melanoma cells into a phenotypically distinct invasive cell subpopulation is a critical event at the origin of metastatic spreading. Here we generate transcriptome, open chromatin and histone modification maps of melanoma cultures; and integrate this data with existing transcriptome and DNA methylation profiles from tumour biopsies to gain insight into the mechanisms underlying this key reprogramming event. This shows thousands of genomic regulatory regions underlying the proliferative and invasive states, identifying SOX10/MITF and AP-1/TEAD as regulators, respectively. Knockdown of TEADs shows a previously unrecognized role in the invasive gene network and establishes a causative link between these transcription factors, cell invasion and sensitivity to MAPK inhibitors. Using regulatory landscapes and in silico analysis, we show that transcriptional reprogramming underlies the distinct cellular states present in melanoma. Furthermore, it reveals an essential role for the TEADs, linking it to clinically relevant mechanisms such as invasion and resistance.
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22
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The membrane protein melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is a novel tumor marker that stimulates tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2015; 34:5781-95. [PMID: 25728681 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) is overexpressed and has an oncogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether membrane protein can serve not only as a tumor marker that reflects YAP function but also as a therapeutic target that stimulates tumorigenesis in HCC remains unknown. Here we report that the membrane protein melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) was under positive regulation by YAP and was highly elevated in HCC cells. Within the MCAM promoter, we found the presence of a cAMP Response Element (CRE; -32 to -25 nt), which is conserved among species and is essential for YAP- and CREB-dependent regulation. Moreover, the interaction between CREB and YAP at the CRE site was dependent on PTPIY-WW domain interactions. However, MCAM expression was low and could not be regulated by YAP in breast and colon cancer cells because of the low levels of the acetyltransferase p300. In HCC cells, high levels of p300 facilitated the binding of YAP to the MCAM promoter, which in turn enhanced histone acetylation and polymerase II recruitment through the dissociation of the deacetylase Sirt1. These results suggest that MCAM is an HCC-specific target of YAP. In clinical serum samples, we found that the serum levels of MCAM were highly elevated in patients with HCC compared with healthy controls and with patients with cirrhosis, hepatitis, colon cancer and breast cancer. MCAM levels were shown to be a slightly better indicator than serum alpha-fetoprotein for predicting HCC. We further demonstrated that MCAM is essential for the survival and transformation of HCC. Mechanistically, MCAM induced translation initiation and the transcriptional activities of c-Jun/c-Fos. In addition, AKT activation had an essential role in the MCAM-promoted binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E to c-Jun/c-Fos mRNA. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MCAM may be a potential tumor marker and therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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23
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Schuchardt BJ, Mikles DC, Bhat V, McDonald CB, Sudol M, Farooq A. Allostery mediates ligand binding to WWOX tumor suppressor via a conformational switch. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:220-31. [PMID: 25703206 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
While being devoid of the ability to recognize ligands itself, the WW2 domain is believed to aid ligand binding to the WW1 domain in the context of a WW1-WW2 tandem module of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) tumor suppressor. In an effort to test the generality of this hypothesis, we have undertaken here a detailed biophysical analysis of the binding of WW domains of WWOX alone and in the context of the WW1-WW2 tandem module to an array of putative proline-proline-x-tyrosine (PPXY) ligands. Our data show that while the WW1 domain of WWOX binds to all ligands in a physiologically relevant manner, the WW2 domain does not. Moreover, ligand binding to the WW1 domain in the context of the WW1-WW2 tandem module is two-to-three-fold stronger than when treated alone. We also provide evidence that the WW domains within the WW1-WW2 tandem module physically associate so as to adopt a fixed spatial orientation relative to each other. Of particular note is the observation that the physical association of the WW2 domain with WW1 blocks access to ligands. Consequently, ligand binding to the WW1 domain not only results in the displacement of the WW2 lid but also disrupts the physical association of WW domains in the liganded conformation. Taken together, our study underscores a key role of allosteric communication in the ability of the WW2 orphan domain to chaperone physiological action of the WW1 domain within the context of the WW1-WW2 tandem module of WWOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Schuchardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
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24
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Farooq A. Structural insights into the functional versatility of WW domain-containing oxidoreductase tumor suppressor. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:361-74. [PMID: 25662954 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214561586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work on WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) tumor suppressor is beginning to shed new light on both the molecular mechanism of action of its WW domains as well as the contiguous catalytic domain. Herein, the structural basis underlying the ability of WW1 domain to bind to various physiological ligands and how the orphan WW2 tandem partner synergizes its ligand binding in the context of WW1-WW2 tandem module of WWOX is discussed. Notably, the WW domains within the WW1-WW2 tandem module physically associate so as to adopt a fixed spatial orientation relative to each other. In this manner, the association of WW2 domain with WW1 hinders ligand binding to the latter. Consequently, ligand binding to WW1 domain not only results in the displacement of WW2 lid but also disrupts the fixed orientation of WW domains in the liganded conformation. Equally importantly, structure-guided functional approach suggests that the catalytic domain of WWOX likely serves as a retinal oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reversible oxidation and reduction of all-trans-retinal. Collectively, this review provides structural insights into the functional versatility of a key signaling protein with important implications on its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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25
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Zuo QF, Zhang R, Li BS, Zhao YL, Zhuang Y, Yu T, Gong L, Li S, Xiao B, Zou QM. MicroRNA-141 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer by directly targeting transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif, TAZ. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1623. [PMID: 25633292 PMCID: PMC4669771 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease accompanying various genetic and epigenetic alterations, and the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease are complex and not completely understood. Increasing evidence shows that abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression is involved in GC tumorigenesis, but the role of specific miRNAs involved in this disease remains elusive. MiR-141 was previously reported to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in diverse cancers. However, their accurate expression, function and mechanism in GC are largely unclear. Here we found that the expression of miR-141 was significantly reduced in GC compared with paired adjacent normal tissues and was significantly correlated with a more aggressive phenotype of GC in patients. Ectopic expression of miR-141 mimics in GC cell lines resulted in reduced proliferation, invasion and migration, and inhibition of miR-141 in GC cell lines promoted cell proliferation, invasion and migration in vitro. We further demonstrated that miR-141 acted as tumor suppressors through targeting transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in GC. Moreover, the inverse relationship between miR-141 and its target was verified in patients and xenograft mice. Finally, overexpression of miR-141 suppressed tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in nude mice. Take together, we identified that miR-141 is a potent tumor suppressor in the stomach, and its growth inhibitory effects are, in part, mediated through its downstream target gene, TAZ. These findings implied that miR-141 might be employed as novel prognostic markers and therapeutic targets of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-F Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - R Zhang
- Research and Service Center of Laboratory Medicine, ChengDu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, PR China
| | - B-S Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Y-L Zhao
- General Surgery and Center of Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Y Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - T Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - L Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - S Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - B Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Q-M Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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Nourashrafeddin S, Aarabi M, Modarressi MH, Rahmati M, Nouri M. The Evaluation of WBP2NL-Related Genes Expression in Breast Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:293-300. [PMID: 25417742 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent cause of mortality in women all around the world; therefore, study on molecular aspects of breast cancer is necessary for finding new biomarkers. Recent studies have shown that WW Binding Protein 2 (WBP2) is an important protein for the oncogenic property of cancer. We have previously evaluated the WW Binding Protein 2 N-Terminal Like (WBP2NL) gene expression in cancerous cell line and breast tumor tissues, and reported changes in expression, which could increase tumorigenic cell growth. However, the molecular mechanisms of WBP2NL and its clinical relevance have not been investigated. In this study, the expression of WBP2NL-related genes in the invasive breast carcinoma and normal breast tissues was evaluated for the first time. Analysis of WBP2NL-related genes expression was performed with reverse transcription-PCR and real time-PCR detection method. The target genes studied were as follow: WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1(WWP1), membrane associated guanylatekinase containing WW and PDZ domain-1 (MAGI1), neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 (NEDD4), formin binding protein-4 (FNBP4), BCL2-associated athanogene-3 (BAG3), WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX), yes-associated protein-1 (YAP1), WW domain containing transcription regulator (WWTR1), member RAS oncogene family (RAB2A), and small G protein signaling modulator 3 (SGSM3). The expression of WWP1, BAG3, and WWTR1 was significantly increased in breast cancer. In contrast, the expression of WWOX, YAP1, RAB2A, and SGSM3 was significantly decreased. The MAGI1 and NEDD4 expression was increased, while the expression of FNBP4 was unchanged. These findings lead us to suggest that WBP2NL might play roles as an anti-apoptotic factor or co-activator to promote breast cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Breast/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/genetics
- Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Guanylate Kinases
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases
- Seminal Plasma Proteins/genetics
- Seminal Plasma Proteins/metabolism
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors
- Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Proteins
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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27
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Schuchardt BJ, Mikles DC, Hoang LM, Bhat V, McDonald CB, Sudol M, Farooq A. Ligand binding to WW tandem domains of YAP2 transcriptional regulator is under negative cooperativity. FEBS J 2014; 281:5532-51. [PMID: 25283809 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
YES-associated protein 2 (YAP2) transcriptional regulator drives a multitude of cellular processes, including the newly discovered Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, by virtue of the ability of its WW domains to bind and recruit PPXY-containing ligands to specific subcellular compartments. Herein, we employ an array of biophysical tools to investigate allosteric communication between the WW tandem domains of YAP2. Our data show that the WW tandem domains of YAP2 negatively cooperate when binding to their cognate ligands. Moreover, the molecular origin of such negative cooperativity lies in an unfavorable entropic contribution to the overall free energy relative to ligand binding to isolated WW domains. Consistent with this notion, the WW tandem domains adopt a fixed spatial orientation such that the WW1 domain curves outwards and stacks onto the binding groove of the WW2 domain, thereby sterically hindering ligand binding to both itself and its tandem partner. Although ligand binding to both WW domains disrupts such interdomain stacking interaction, they reorient themselves and adopt an alternative fixed spatial orientation in the liganded state by virtue of their ability to engage laterally so as to allow their binding grooves to point outwards and away from each other. In short, while the ability of WW tandem domains to aid ligand binding is well documented, our demonstration that they may also be subject to negative binding cooperativity represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular action of this ubiquitous family of protein modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Schuchardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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28
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Metabolic control of YAP and TAZ by the mevalonate pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:357-66. [PMID: 24658687 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The YAP and TAZ mediators of the Hippo pathway (hereafter called YAP/TAZ) promote tissue proliferation and organ growth. However, how their biological properties intersect with cellular metabolism remains unexplained. Here, we show that YAP/TAZ activity is controlled by the SREBP/mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme of this pathway (HMG-CoA reductase) by statins opposes YAP/TAZ nuclear localization and transcriptional responses. Mechanistically, the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate produced by the mevalonate cascade is required for activation of Rho GTPases that, in turn, activate YAP/TAZ by inhibiting their phosphorylation and promoting their nuclear accumulation. The mevalonate-YAP/TAZ axis is required for proliferation and self-renewal of breast cancer cells. In Drosophila melanogaster, inhibition of mevalonate biosynthesis and geranylgeranylation blunts the eye overgrowth induced by Yorkie, the YAP/TAZ orthologue. In tumour cells, YAP/TAZ activation is promoted by increased levels of mevalonic acid produced by SREBP transcriptional activity, which is induced by its oncogenic cofactor mutant p53. These findings reveal an additional layer of YAP/TAZ regulation by metabolic cues.
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29
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Loh SL, Teh C, Muller J, Guccione E, Hong W, Korzh V. Zebrafish yap1 plays a role in differentiation of hair cells in posterior lateral line. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4289. [PMID: 24598795 PMCID: PMC3944368 DOI: 10.1038/srep04289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway controls organ size by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis and this process involves Yap1. The zebrafish Yap1 acts during neural differentiation, but its function is not fully understood. The detailed analysis of yap1 expression in proliferative regions, revealed it in the otic placode that gives rise to the lateral line system affected by the morpholino-mediated knockdown of Yap1. The comparative microarray analysis of transcriptome of Yap1-deficient embryos demonstrated changes in expression of many genes, including the Wnt signaling pathway and, in particular, prox1a known for its role in development of mechanoreceptors in the lateral line. The knockdown of Yap1 causes a deficiency of differentiation of mechanoreceptors, and this defect can be rescued by prox1a mRNA. Our studies revealed a role of Yap1 in regulation of Wnt signaling pathway and its target Prox1a during differentiation of mechanosensory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siau-Lin Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Cathleen Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | | | | | - Wanjin Hong
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- 1] Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore [2] Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Schuchardt BJ, Bhat V, Mikles DC, McDonald CB, Sudol M, Farooq A. Molecular basis of the binding of YAP transcriptional regulator to the ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase. Biochimie 2014; 101:192-202. [PMID: 24472438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The newly discovered transactivation function of ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is believed to be mediated by virtue of the ability of its proteolytically-cleaved intracellular domain (ICD) to physically associate with YAP2 transcriptional regulator. In an effort to unearth the molecular basis of YAP2-ErbB4 interaction, we have conducted a detailed biophysical analysis of the binding of WW domains of YAP2 to PPXY motifs located within the ICD of ErbB4. Our data show that the WW1 domain of YAP2 binds to PPXY motifs within the ICD in a differential manner and that this behavior is by and large replicated by the WW2 domain. Remarkably, while both WW domains absolutely require the integrity of the PPXY consensus sequence, non-consensus residues within and flanking this motif do not appear to be critical for binding. In spite of this shared mode of binding, the WW domains of YAP2 display distinct conformational dynamics in complex with PPXY motifs derived from ErbB4. Collectively, our study lends new insights into the molecular basis of a key protein-protein interaction involved in a diverse array of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Schuchardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vikas Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David C Mikles
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Caleb B McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marius Sudol
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA 17822, USA; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Amjad Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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31
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Expression analysis of PAWP during mouse embryonic stem cell-based spermatogenesis in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:475-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Halder G, Camargo FD. The hippo tumor suppressor network: from organ size control to stem cells and cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6389-92. [PMID: 24022648 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Halder
- Authors' Affiliations: VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Stem Cell Program, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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33
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Nallet-Staub F, Marsaud V, Li L, Gilbert C, Dodier S, Bataille V, Sudol M, Herlyn M, Mauviel A. Pro-invasive activity of the Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ in cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:123-132. [PMID: 23897276 PMCID: PMC3938155 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
YAP and its paralog protein TAZ are downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway. Both are amplified in many human cancers and promote cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Little is known about the status of the Hippo pathway in cutaneous melanoma. We profiled Hippo pathway component expression in a panel of human melanoma cell lines and melanocytic lesions, and characterized the capacity of YAP and TAZ to control melanoma cell behavior. YAP and TAZ immuno-staining in human samples revealed mixed cytoplasmic and nuclear staining for both proteins in benign nevi and superficial spreading melanoma. TAZ was expressed at higher levels than YAP1/2 in all cell lines and in those with high invasive potential. Stable YAP or TAZ knockdown dramatically reduced the expression of the classical Hippo target CCN2/connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF), as well as anchorage-independent growth, capacity to invade Matrigel, and ability form lung metastases in mice following tail-vein injection. YAP knockdown also reduced invasion in a model of skin reconstruct. Inversely, YAP overexpression increased melanoma cell invasiveness, associated with increased TEA domain-dependent transcription and CCN2/CTGF expression. Together, these results demonstrate that both YAP and TAZ contribute to the invasive and metastatic capacity of melanoma cells and may represent worthy targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Nallet-Staub
- Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | - Véronique Marsaud
- Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | - Ling Li
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristèle Gilbert
- Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Dodier
- Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marius Sudol
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Alain Mauviel
- Team "TGF-β and Oncogenesis", Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Orsay, France; INSERM U1021, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France.
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34
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Hau JC, Erdmann D, Mesrouze Y, Furet P, Fontana P, Zimmermann C, Schmelzle T, Hofmann F, Chène P. The TEAD4-YAP/TAZ Protein-Protein Interaction: Expected Similarities and Unexpected Differences. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1218-25. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Wang J, Park JS, Wei Y, Rajurkar M, Cotton JL, Fan Q, Lewis BC, Ji H, Mao J. TRIB2 acts downstream of Wnt/TCF in liver cancer cells to regulate YAP and C/EBPα function. Mol Cell 2013; 51:211-25. [PMID: 23769673 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of Wnt signaling is closely associated with human liver tumorigenesis. However, liver cancer-specific Wnt transcriptional programs and downstream effectors remain poorly understood. Here, we identify tribbles homolog 2 (TRIB2) as a direct target of Wnt/TCF in liver cancer and demonstrate that transcription of Wnt target genes, including TRIB2, is coordinated by the TCF and FoxA transcription factors in liver cancer cells. We show that Wnt-TRIB2 activation is critical for cancer cell survival and transformation. Mechanistically, TRIB2 promotes protein stabilization of the YAP transcription coactivator through interaction with the βTrCP ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, we find that TRIB2 relieves the liver tumor suppressor protein C/EBPα-mediated inhibition of YAP/TEAD transcriptional activation in liver cancer cells. Altogether, our study uncovers a regulatory mechanism underlying liver cancer-specific Wnt transcriptional output, and suggests that TRIB2 functions as a signaling nexus to integrate the Wnt/β-catenin, Hippo/YAP, and C/EBPα pathways in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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36
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Histone acetylation-mediated regulation of the Hippo pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62478. [PMID: 23671600 PMCID: PMC3646011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a signaling cascade recently found to play a key role in tumorigenesis therefore understanding the mechanisms that regulate it should open new opportunities for cancer treatment. Available data indicate that this pathway is controlled by signals from cell-cell junctions however the potential role of nuclear regulation has not yet been described. Here we set out to verify this possibility and define putative mechanism(s) by which it might occur. By using a luciferase reporter of the Hippo pathway, we measured the effects of different nuclear targeting drugs and found that chromatin-modifying agents, and to a lesser extent certain DNA damaging drugs, strongly induced activity of the reporter. This effect was not mediated by upstream core components (i.e. Mst, Lats) of the Hippo pathway, but through enhanced levels of the Hippo transducer TAZ. Investigation of the underlying mechanism led to the finding that cancer cell exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors induced secretion of growth factors and cytokines, which in turn activate Akt and inhibit the GSK3 beta associated protein degradation complex in drug-affected as well as in their neighboring cells. Consequently, expression of EMT genes, cell migration and resistance to therapy were induced. These processes were suppressed by using pyrvinium, a recently described small molecule activator of the GSK 3 beta associated degradation complex. Overall, these findings shed light on a previously unrecognized phenomenon by which certain anti-cancer agents may paradoxically promote tumor progression by facilitating stabilization of the Hippo transducer TAZ and inducing cancer cell migration and resistance to therapy. Pharmacological targeting of the GSK3 beta associated degradation complex may thus represent a unique approach to treat cancer.
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37
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates tumor suppressor protein RASSF5/NORE1 stability in an acetylation-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e565. [PMID: 23538446 PMCID: PMC3615736 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member RASSF5 is a non-enzymatic RAS effector super family protein, known to be involved in cell growth regulation. Expression of RASSF5 is found to be extinguished by promoter hypermethylation in different human cancers, and its ectopic expression suppresses cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Interestingly, this role in tumorigenesis has been confounded by the fact that regulation at molecular level remains unclear and many transformed cells actually display elevated RASSF5 expression. Here, we demonstrate that E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is a unique binding partner of RASSF5. Itch can interact with PPxY motif in RASSF5 both in vivo and in vitro through its WW domains. Importantly, the overexpression of Itch induces RASSF5 degradation by poly-ubiquitination via 26S proteasome pathway. In addition, our results indicate that the elevated levels of RASSF5 found in tumor cells due to acetylation, which restricts its binding to Itch and results in a more stable inert protein. Inhibition of RASSF5 acetylation permits its interaction with Itch and provokes proteasomal degradation. These data suggest that apart from promoter methylation, hyperacetylation could also be downregulating RASSF5 function in different human cancer. Finally, results from functional assays suggest that the overexpression of wild type, not the ligase activity defective Itch negatively regulate RASSF5-mediated G1 phase transition of cell cycle as well as apoptosis, suggesting that Itch alone is sufficient to alter RASSF5 function. Collectively, the present investigation identifies a HECT class E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch as a unique negative regulator of RASSF5, and suggests the possibility that acetylation as a potential therapeutic target for human cancer.
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38
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Abstract
WW domains are small modules that mediate protein/protein interactions. In this issue of Structure, Aragón and colleagues show that a WW domain of YAP can mediate complexes with either the canonical PY motif in an inhibitory Smad or engage in phosphorylation-dependent complexes with one of the activated Smads. The propensity of YAP WW to recognize a pSP motif is a surprising find with a number of far-reaching ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Sudol
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17821, USA.
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39
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Strano S, Fausti F, Di Agostino S, Sudol M, Blandino G. PML Surfs into HIPPO Tumor Suppressor Pathway. Front Oncol 2013; 3:36. [PMID: 23459691 PMCID: PMC3585432 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest, inhibition of cell proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and differentiation are the most characterized effects of a given tumor suppressor response. It is becoming increasingly clear that tumor suppression results from the integrated and synergistic activities of different pathways. This implies that tumor suppression includes linear, as well as lateral, crosstalk signaling. The latter may happen through the concomitant involvement of common nodal proteins. Here, we discuss the role of Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in functional cross-talks with the HIPPO and the p53 family tumor suppressor pathways. PML, in addition to its own anti-tumor activity, contributes to the assembly of an integrated and superior network that may be necessary for the maximization of the tumor suppressor response to diverse oncogenic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Group, Molecular Medicine Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome, Italy
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40
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Hippo and rassf1a Pathways: A Growing Affair. Mol Biol Int 2012; 2012:307628. [PMID: 22830020 PMCID: PMC3399428 DOI: 10.1155/2012/307628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
First discovered in Drosophila, the Hippo pathway regulates the size and shape of organ development. Its discovery and study have helped to address longstanding questions in developmental biology. Central to this pathway is a kinase cascade leading from the tumor suppressor Hippo (Mst1 and Mst2 in mammals) to the Yki protein (YAP and TAZ in mammals), a transcriptional coactivator of target genes involved in cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. A dysfunction of the Hippo pathway activity is frequently detected in human cancers. Recent studies have highlighted that the Hippo pathway may play an important role in tissue homoeostasis through the regulation of stem cells, cell differentiation, and tissue regeneration. Recently, the impact of RASSF proteins on Hippo signaling potentiating its proapoptotic activity has been addressed, thus, providing further evidence for Hippo's key role in mammalian tumorigenesis as well as other important diseases.
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41
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Pan CQ, Sudol M, Sheetz M, Low BC. Modularity and functional plasticity of scaffold proteins as p(l)acemakers in cell signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2143-65. [PMID: 22743133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells coordinate and integrate various functional modules that control their dynamics, intracellular trafficking, metabolism and gene expression. Such capacity is mediated by specific scaffold proteins that tether multiple components of signaling pathways at plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and in more specialized subcellular structures such as focal adhesions, cell-cell junctions, endosomes, vesicles and synapses. Scaffold proteins act as "pacemakers" as well as "placemakers" that regulate the temporal, spatial and kinetic aspects of protein complex assembly by modulating the local concentrations, proximity, subcellular dispositions and biochemical properties of the target proteins through the intricate use of their modular protein domains. These regulatory mechanisms allow them to gate the specificity, integration and crosstalk of different signaling modules. In addition to acting as physical platforms for protein assembly, many professional scaffold proteins can also directly modify the properties of their targets while they themselves can be regulated by post-translational modifications and/or mechanical forces. Furthermore, multiple scaffold proteins can form alliances of higher-order regulatory networks. Here, we highlight the emerging themes of scaffold proteins by analyzing their common and distinctive mechanisms of action and regulation, which underlie their functional plasticity in cell signaling. Understanding these mechanisms in the context of space, time and force should have ramifications for human physiology and for developing new therapeutic approaches to control pathological states and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Qiurong Pan
- Cell Signaling and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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42
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McDonald CB, Buffa L, Bar-Mag T, Salah Z, Bhat V, Mikles DC, Deegan BJ, Seldeen KL, Malhotra A, Sudol M, Aqeilan RI, Nawaz Z, Farooq A. Biophysical basis of the binding of WWOX tumor suppressor to WBP1 and WBP2 adaptors. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:58-74. [PMID: 22634283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The WW-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) tumor suppressor participates in a diverse array of cellular activities by virtue of its ability to recognize WW-binding protein 1 (WBP1) and WW-binding protein 2 (WBP2) signaling adaptors among a wide variety of other ligands. Herein, using a multitude of biophysical techniques, we provide evidence that while the WW1 domain of WWOX binds to PPXY motifs within WBP1 and WBP2 in a physiologically relevant manner, the WW2 domain exhibits no affinity toward any of these PPXY motifs. Importantly, our data suggest that while R25/W44 residues located within the binding pocket of a triple-stranded β-fold of WW1 domain are critical for the recognition of PPXY ligands, they are replaced by the chemically distinct E66/Y85 duo at structurally equivalent positions within the WW2 domain, thereby accounting for its failure to bind PPXY ligands. Predictably, not only does the introduction of E66R/Y85W double substitution within the WW2 domain result in gain of function but the resulting engineered domain, hereinafter referred to as WW2_RW, also appears to be a much stronger binding partner of WBP1 and WBP2 than the wild-type WW1 domain. We also show that while the WW1 domain is structurally disordered and folds upon ligand binding, the WW2 domain not only adopts a fully structured conformation but also aids stabilization and ligand binding to WW1 domain. This salient observation implies that the WW2 domain likely serves as a chaperone to augment the physiological function of WW1 domain within WWOX. Collectively, our study lays the groundwork for understanding the molecular basis of a key protein-protein interaction pertinent to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Structures of YAP protein domains reveal promising targets for development of new cancer drugs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:827-33. [PMID: 22609812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a potent oncogene and a major effector of the mammalian Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. In this review, our emphasis is on the structural basis of how YAP recognizes its various cellular partners. In particular, we discuss the role of LATS kinase and AMOTL1 junction protein, two key cellular partners of YAP that bind to its WW domain, in mediating cytoplasmic localization of YAP and thereby playing a key role in the regulation of its transcriptional activity. Importantly, the crystal structure of an amino-terminal domain of YAP in complex with the carboxy-terminal domain of TEAD transcription factor was only recently solved at atomic resolution, while the structure of WW domain of YAP in complex with a peptide containing the PPxY motif has been available for more than a decade. We discuss how such structural information may be exploited for the rational development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics harboring greater efficacy coupled with low toxicity. We also embark on a brief discussion of how recent in silico studies led to identification of the cardiac glycoside digitoxin as a potential modulator of WW domain-ligand interactions. Conversely, dobutamine was identified in a screen of known drugs as a compound that promotes cytoplasmic localization of YAP, thereby resulting in growth suppressing activity. Finally, we discuss how a recent study on the dynamics of WW domain folding on a biologically critical time scale may provide a tool to generate repertoires of WW domain variants for regulation of the Hippo pathway toward desired, non-oncogenic outputs.
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Pan CQ, Low BC. Functional plasticity of the BNIP-2 and Cdc42GAP Homology (BCH) domain in cell signaling and cell dynamics. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2674-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McDonald CB, McIntosh SKN, Mikles DC, Bhat V, Deegan BJ, Seldeen KL, Saeed AM, Buffa L, Sudol M, Nawaz Z, Farooq A. Biophysical analysis of binding of WW domains of the YAP2 transcriptional regulator to PPXY motifs within WBP1 and WBP2 adaptors. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9616-27. [PMID: 21981024 DOI: 10.1021/bi201286p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The YAP2 transcriptional regulator mediates a plethora of cellular functions, including the newly discovered Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, by virtue of its ability to recognize WBP1 and WBP2 signaling adaptors among a wide variety of other ligands. Herein, using isothermal titration calorimery and circular dichroism in combination with molecular modeling and molecular dynamics, we provide evidence that the WW1 and WW2 domains of YAP2 recognize various PPXY motifs within WBP1 and WBP2 in a highly promiscuous and subtle manner. Thus, although both WW domains strictly require the integrity of the consensus PPXY sequence, nonconsensus residues within and flanking this motif are not critical for high-affinity binding, implying that they most likely play a role in stabilizing the polyproline type II helical conformation of the PPXY ligands. Of particular interest is the observation that both WW domains bind to a PPXYXG motif with highest affinity, implicating a preference for a nonbulky and flexible glycine one residue to the C-terminal side of the consensus tyrosine. Importantly, a large set of residues within both WW domains and the PPXY motifs appear to undergo rapid fluctuations on a nanosecond time scale, suggesting that WW-ligand interactions are highly dynamic and that such conformational entropy may be an integral part of the reversible and temporal nature of cellular signaling cascades. Collectively, our study sheds light on the molecular determinants of a key WW-ligand interaction pertinent to cellular functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and USylvester Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway, a signaling cascade that controls cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cell differentiation, has emerged as a fundamental regulator of many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies have revealed a complex network of interactions directing Hippo pathway activity, and have connected this pathway with other key signaling pathways. Such crosstalk has uncovered novel roles for Hippo signaling, including regulation of TGFβ/SMAD and WNT/β-catenin pathways. This review highlights some of the recent findings in the Hippo field with an emphasis on how the Hippo pathway is integrated with other pathways to mediate diverse processes.
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Opposing roles of angiomotin-like-1 and zona occludens-2 on pro-apoptotic function of YAP. Oncogene 2011; 31:128-34. [PMID: 21685940 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) oncogene has been found to form a stable complex with members of the Angiomotin (Amot) family of proteins, which bind WW domains of YAP and sequester the protein in the cytoplasm and junctional complexes. The Amot-mediated retention of YAP in the cytoplasm results in the inhibition of its proliferative function. Using apoptotic 'read-out' of YAP in HEK293 cells, we confirmed the molecular mode by which Amot regulates YAP. We showed that a representative member of the Amot family, AmotL1 (Angiomotin-like-1), uses its PPxY motifs to bind WW domains of YAP and inhibit YAP's nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic function. Recently we also showed that YAP uses its PDZ-binding motif to interact with zona occludens-2 (ZO-2) protein, which promotes YAP's translocation to the nucleus. We also asked if AmotL1, YAP and ZO-2 signal together. We report here that AmotL1 and ZO-2 form a tripartite complex with YAP and regulate its function in HEK293 cells in opposite directions. AmotL1 inhibits pro-apoptotic function of YAP, whereas ZO-2 enhances it. As YAP is a potent oncogene, the identification and characterization of its regulators is important. AmotL1 and ZO-2 are two candidates that could be harnessed to control the oncogenic function of YAP.
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Abstract
The Hippo kinase pathway is emerging as a conserved signaling pathway that is essential for organ growth and tumorigenesis in Drosophila and mammalians. Although the signaling of the core kinases is relatively well understood, less is known about the upstream inputs, downstream outputs and regulation of the whole cascade. Enrichment of the Hippo pathway components with WW domains and their cognate proline-rich interacting motifs provides a versatile platform for further understanding the mechanisms that regulate organ growth and tumorigenesis. Here, we review recently discovered mechanisms of WW domain-mediated interactions that contribute to the regulation of the Hippo signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. We further discuss new insights and future directions on the emerging role of such regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Salah
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research-IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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