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Gibhardt S, Hepach R, Henderson AME. Observing prosociality and talent: the emotional characteristics and behavioral outcomes of elevation and admiration in 6.5- to 8.5-year-old children. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1392331. [PMID: 38855306 PMCID: PMC11160138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1392331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Helping and seeing others being helped elicits positive emotions in young children but little is known about the nature of these emotions, especially in middle childhood. Here we examined the specific emotional characteristics and behavioral outcomes of two closely related other-praising moral emotions: elevation and admiration. We exposed 182 6.5- to 8.5-year-old children living in New Zealand, to an elevation- and admiration-inducing video clip. Afterwards children's emotion experiences and prosocial behaviour was measured. Findings revealed higher levels of happiness, care, and warmth after seeing prosociality in others (elevation condition) and higher levels of upliftment after seeing talent in others (admiration condition). We found no differences in prosocial behavior between the elevation and admiration conditions. This is the first study to assess elevation in childhood and offers a novel paradigm to investigate the role of moral emotions as potential motivators underlying helping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gibhardt
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Education, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Hepach
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Scuotto C, Triberti S, Limone P, Riva G. ITMI: The use of Immersive Technologies to promote Moral Intuitions. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:163-165. [PMID: 38285207 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2024.29307.ceu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Scuotto
- Department of Psychology and Education, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefano Triberti
- Department of Psychology and Education, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Limone
- Department of Psychology and Education, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Humane Technology Laboratory, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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3
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McGuire AP, Howard BAN, Burns C, Zambrano-Vazquez L, Szabo YZ. Biopsychosocial Correlates and Individual Differences for Eliciting Moral Elevation in Veterans With PTSD: An Experimental Case Series. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:33-42. [PMID: 37815289 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A promising approach to enhancing trauma-focused treatment is moral elevation-feeling inspired by witnessing a virtuous act. This study explored potential links between eliciting elevation and relevant outcomes in a series of case examples. Veterans with probable posttraumatic stress disorder completed experimental tasks including a written trauma narrative exercise and watching elevation-eliciting videos. Participants also completed baseline assessments, repeated measures of trauma-related cognitions, emotions, elevation, and saliva sample collection. Four cases were identified and reviewed: two positive responders (high elevation after videos) and two nonresponders (restricted elevation response). Positive responder cases reported decreased cognitions, emotions, and moral injury distress from after the trauma narrative to after elevation exercises, whereas nonresponders reported minimal to no changes. Positive responders also demonstrated decreases in cortisol, whereas nonresponders demonstrated increases in cortisol. Future work should examine whether elevation contributes to changes in biopsychosocial outcomes and identify individual factors that indicate who might benefit from elevation-based interventions.
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Smith KM, Mabulla IA, Apicella CL. Hearing Prosocial Stories Increases Hadza Hunter-Gatherers' Generosity in an Economic Game. HUMAN NATURE (HAWTHORNE, N.Y.) 2023; 34:103-121. [PMID: 36826777 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-023-09444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Folk stories featuring prosocial content are ubiquitous across cultures. One explanation for the ubiquity of such stories is that stories teach people about the local socioecology, including norms of prosociality, and stories featuring prosocial content may increase generosity in listeners. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of 185 Hadza hunter-gatherers. We read participants a story in which the main character either swims with another person (control story) or rescues him from drowning (prosocial story). After hearing the story, participants played a dictator game with dried meat sticks and then were given a recall test of facts presented in the story. There was moderate evidence for a small effect of the prosocial story: participants who heard the prosocial story gave an estimated 0.22 [90% HDI: -0.12-0.57] more meat sticks than those who heard the control story. However, the association between generosity and sex, marital status, and region of residence was stronger; men gave more than women, unmarried participants gave more than married participants, and participants living in a region with more exposure to markets gave more than participants living further from markets. There was no evidence that the prosocial story was more easily recalled than the control story. These results provide some support for the hypothesis that prosocial stories can increase prosociality in listeners, though the effect of hearing a single story is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Ibrahim A Mabulla
- Department of Archaeology and History, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Coren L Apicella
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Staley G, Zaidan ACV, Henley K, Childers LG, Daniel R, Lauderdale SA, McGuire AP. Commending rather than condemning: Moral elevation and stigma for male veterans with military sexual trauma. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:292. [PMID: 36474306 PMCID: PMC9727843 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-01002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using an experimental study, we examined the link between state moral elevation and stigmatic beliefs surrounding male veterans with military sexual trauma (MST). METHODS Undergraduate students were presented with a video or written narrative of a male veteran self-disclosing how they struggled with and overcame MST (n = 292). Participants completed measures regarding trait and demographic characteristics at baseline, then measures immediately after the disclosure stimulus to assess immediate elevation and stigma-related reactions. RESULTS Results suggest state-level elevation in response to a veteran self-disclosing their experience with MST was negatively correlated with harmful stigmatic beliefs about MST. A greater predisposition to experience elevation and PTSD symptoms were linked with stronger elevation responses to the stimulus. CONCLUSION Findings support the need for further exploration of elevation and its potential to impact public stigma for male veterans with MST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracie Staley
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Ana Clara Vieira Zaidan
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Katrina Henley
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Lucas G. Childers
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA
| | - Ray Daniel
- grid.264758.a0000 0004 1937 0087Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University Commerce, TX Commerce, USA
| | - Sean A. Lauderdale
- grid.264759.b0000 0000 9880 7531Department of Psychology and Sociology, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- grid.267327.50000 0001 0626 4654Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX USA ,grid.492803.40000 0004 0420 5919VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA ,grid.413775.30000 0004 0420 5847Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
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Tee EY, binti Raja Reza Shah RIA. Self‐transcendent emotions and their influence on organizational effectiveness: A literature review and synthesis. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y.J. Tee
- Department of Psychology Higher Education Learning Philosophy (HELP) University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Kemper NS, Campbell DS, Reiman AK. See something, say something? exploring the gap between real and imagined moral courage. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2022.2104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S. Kemper
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York
| | - Dylan S. Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York
| | - Anna-Kaisa Reiman
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York
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8
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Oleksy T, Wnuk A, Gambin M, Łyś A, Bargiel-Matusiewicz K, Pisula E. Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: Role of prosociality, authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality. A four-wave longitudinal study. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 190:111524. [PMID: 35068638 PMCID: PMC8767760 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated longitudinal relations between individual willingness to undergo vaccination against COVID-19 and three social factors: conspiracy mentality, prosociality, and authoritarianism. METHOD This longitudinal study comprised four measurement points. The first wave sample included 1130 responses and was representative of the Polish population in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. Analyses were performed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS We observed bidirectional positive cross-lagged relationships between prosociality and willingness to undergo vaccination in the first three waves of measurement. Authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality translated into a lower willingness to vaccinate between the third and fourth points of measurement when the vaccination became a near-term possibility. CONCLUSIONS Eliciting prosocial motivation to vaccinate can be paramount in overcoming vaccine hesitancy. Because conspiracy thinking may be a crucial barrier to willingness to be vaccinated, it is critical to focus on planning interventions and campaigns undermining conspiracy theories about COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Oleksy
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wnuk
- The Robert B. Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gambin
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łyś
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Pisula
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Stawki 5/7, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
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McGuire AP, Hayden CL, Tomoum R, Kurz AS. Development and Validation of the State Moral Elevation Scale: Assessing State-Level Elevation Across Nonclinical and Clinical Samples. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:2923-2946. [PMID: 35474850 PMCID: PMC9022734 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Research on moral elevation has steadily increased and identified several psychosocial benefits that bear relevance to both the general population and people with psychological distress. However, elevation measurement is inconsistent, and few state-level measures have been created and critically evaluated to date. To address this gap, the State Moral Elevation Scale (SMES) was developed and tested using an online sample (N = 930) including subsamples of general participants (nonclinical) and those who screened positive for mental health symptoms (clinical). Factor analysis indicated a single factor structure with nine items that demonstrated excellent reliability. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit statistics and strict measurement invariance across clinical and nonclinical subsamples. Lastly, correlational analyses with related constructs provided evidence of construct validity for both subsamples. Thus, the SMES is a psychometrically valid and reliable assessment tool for state-level elevation which can be used in both general and clinical populations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-022-00533-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research On Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
| | - Candice L. Hayden
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
| | - Rawda Tomoum
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd, HPR 237, Tyler, TX 75799 USA
| | - A. Solomon Kurz
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research On Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX USA
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX USA
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10
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McGuire AP, Fagan JG, Howard BAN, Wurm AI, Szabo YZ. Changes in Trauma-Related Cognitions and Emotions After Eliciting Moral Elevation: Examining the Effects of Viewing Others' Virtuous Behavior on Veterans with PTSD. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2022; 1:831032. [PMID: 35434727 PMCID: PMC9009273 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2021.831032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Moral elevation is described as feeling inspired after witnessing someone perform a virtuous act. Past work suggests the features of moral elevation may be contrary to PTSD, yet few studies have directly tested its impact on relevant symptoms. This experimental study assessed changes in trauma-related cognitions and emotions from after a trauma reminder task to after an elevation induction exercise. We hypothesized that higher elevation after the induction exercise would be associated with greater reductions in cognitions and emotions. Veterans with probable PTSD (N = 38) completed measures of trauma-related cognitions and emotions, once after a written trauma narrative exercise (T1) and again after watching two videos designed to elicit elevation (T2). Veterans also completed measures of state elevation after each video. Results suggest veterans experienced small, significant decreases in self-blame (d = 0.36) and negative beliefs about others (d = 0.46), and medium, significant decreases in guilt (d = 0.68), shame (d = 0.60), and negative beliefs about self (d = 0.69) between T1 and T2. As hypothesized, higher elevation was associated with significantly greater reductions in multiple outcomes above and beyond the effects of general positive affect. Specifically, there were medium effects for changes in shame (β = -0.42, SE = 0.17, p = .019, Δf 2 = 0.25), negative view of others (β = -0.34, SE = 0.16, p = .044, Δf 2 = 0.20), and a large effect for changes in negative view of self (β = -0.31, SE = 0.13, p = .019, Δf 2 = 0.54). These findings suggest elevation may be well-suited to target trauma-related symptoms and future research should further examine its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P. McGuire
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Joanna G. Fagan
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Binh An N. Howard
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Annika I. Wurm
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, United States
| | - Yvette Z. Szabo
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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11
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Tracking the Path of the Green Consumer: Surveying the Decision-Making Process from Self-Transcendent Values to Supportive CSR Intentions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between individual traits and values of consumers and their decision-making process pertaining to purchasing green products from companies with a strong commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Guided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the main goal of this online survey (N = 463) is to understand the relationship between self-transcendent values, environmentalism, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioral control, intentions, and purchase frequency to better understand how consumers make green purchasing decisions. A structural equation model shows support for our predictions that self-transcendent values significantly and positively predict environmentalism, which in turn predicted the TPB variables. Interestingly, only attitudes towards purchasing green products were significantly predictive of purchasing products from companies with strong commitments to CSR, which subsequently predicted actual purchase frequency. We hope that our research will benefit scholars and practitioners by contributing to the work in CSR and environmental communication.
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12
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Farias J, Pilati R. Violating social distancing amid the COVID‐19 pandemic: Psychological factors to improve compliance. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Farias
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Department of Social and Work Psychology University of Brasilia Brasília Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Pilati
- Laboratory of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Department of Social and Work Psychology University of Brasilia Brasília Brazil
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13
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Schneider CR, Weber EU. Motivating prosocial behavior by leveraging positive self‐regard through values affirmation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elke U. Weber
- Department of Psychology, Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
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14
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Kislyakov PA, Shmeleva EA. Prosocial Orientation of Russians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Caring for Others and Yourself. Front Psychol 2021; 12:629467. [PMID: 34305706 PMCID: PMC8295751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the potentially devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to identify psychosocial and moral resources. The care, preservation, protection, and well-being of social communities are attributes of prosocial behavior that can be such a resource. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of prosocial orientation of Russian youth during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify strategies for prosocial behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample consisted of 447 people. The study was conducted in May 2020 in the form of an online survey of subjects using Google Forms ("Moral Foundations Questionnaire method" and "Portrait Values Questionnaire"). The research made it possible to establish that Russians were dominated by norms of care, fairness, purity; values of benevolence-universalism, security, and self-direction. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prosocial orientation of Russians may manifest itself in the following behavioral strategies: proactive prosocial strategy of "caring for others" (true altruism, expressed in forms of volunteering, helping a stranger, and charity despite the risk of contracting a coronavirus infection); egoistic strategy of prosocial behavior "self-care through caring for others" (volunteering based on self-development; helping a stranger to improve your own psychological well-being); conventional prosocial strategy "self-care" (self-isolation and preventive behavior). In the long run, it is necessary to identify personal and environmental resources that allowed people to effectively implement a prosocial self-isolation strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as various forms of volunteerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Kislyakov
- Department of Psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow, Russia
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15
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The Public Servants' Response When Facing Pandemic: The Role of Public Service Motivation, Accountability Pressure, and Emergency Response Capacity. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050529. [PMID: 34062945 PMCID: PMC8147436 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Public servants are regarded as guardians of the public interest, and their pandemic response played a vital role in controlling the spread of the epidemic. However, there is limited knowledge of the factors that influence public servants' response (PSR) when facing pandemic prevention and control tasks. (2) Methods: Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), models were constructed and a regression method was employed with Chinese civil servant data to investigate how PSR is influenced by public service motivation (PSM), accountability pressure (AP), and emergency response capacity (ERC). (3) Results and discussion: PSM, AP, and ERC all have a positive effect on PSR, with AP having the greatest influence, followed by PSM and ERC. The effects of PSM, AP, and ERC on PSR have group heterogeneity, which had little effect on civil servants with very low levels of PSR and the greatest impact on civil servants with medium-level PSR. Job categories of civil servants also are a factor related to PSR; PSM and AP have the strongest effects on civil servants in professional technology, and ERC has the greatest influence on administrative law enforcement. Moreover, gender, administrative level, and leadership positions also have an impact on PSR. (4) Conclusions: Based on the factors of PSR, we found at least three important aspects that governments need to consider in encouraging PSR when facing a pandemic.
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Kutlaca M, Radke HRM, Iyer A, Becker JC. Understanding allies’ participation in social change: A multiple perspectives approach. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kutlaca
- Department of Psychology Durham University Durham UK
| | - Helena R. M. Radke
- Department of Psychology School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Aarti Iyer
- Department of Psychology The University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Julia C. Becker
- Institute of Psychology Osnabrück University Osnabrück Germany
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17
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Virtues-centered moral identity: An identity-based explanation of the functioning of virtuous leadership. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Mayerson NH. The Character Strengths Response: An Urgent Call to Action. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2106. [PMID: 32973633 PMCID: PMC7472953 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A model on the role of character strengths in individual, collective, and species success is proffered. It is derived from viewing character strengths from a species perspective as opposed to one of individual differences/personality psychology. The history of the VIA initiative on character science is overviewed, and results to date are summarized in terms of promoting well-being, helping to accomplish aspirational intentions, and allowing the greater good of the collective to grow. "The character strengths response" is described as the response capacities that character strengths may enable for helping us fulfill the human promise of surviving, thriving, and successfully creating a next-generation so that individuals and the collective flourish while also living in harmonious balance with other species. An argument is presented that there is an urgent need for advancing population-wide psychological maturity to be better prepared to navigate the difficult decisions that accompany growing technological powers, and that the character strengths response warrants special attention of research funding to accomplish this imperative.
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19
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Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, Capraro V, Cichocka A, Cikara M, Crockett MJ, Crum AJ, Douglas KM, Druckman JN, Drury J, Dube O, Ellemers N, Finkel EJ, Fowler JH, Gelfand M, Han S, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Kitayama S, Mobbs D, Napper LE, Packer DJ, Pennycook G, Peters E, Petty RE, Rand DG, Reicher SD, Schnall S, Shariff A, Skitka LJ, Smith SS, Sunstein CR, Tabri N, Tucker JA, Linden SVD, Lange PV, Weeden KA, Wohl MJA, Zaki J, Zion SR, Willer R. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/y38m9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology & Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Katherine Baicker
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valerio Capraro
- Department of Economics, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Cichocka
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Mina Cikara
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alia J Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James N Druckman
- Department of Political Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John Drury
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Oeindrila Dube
- University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Naomi Ellemers
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health and Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Gelfand
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lucy E Napper
- Department of Psychology and Health, Medicine & Society Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ellen Peters
- School of Journalism and Communication, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Richard E Petty
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David G Rand
- Sloan School and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Reicher
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Bennett Institute for Public Policy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Shariff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda J Skitka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Susan Smith
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cass R Sunstein
- Harvard Law School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A Tucker
- Department of Politics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Paul van Lange
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A Weeden
- Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Michael J A Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Zion
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robb Willer
- Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:460-471. [PMID: 32355299 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2087] [Impact Index Per Article: 521.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
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Whillans AV, Jordan AH, Chen FS. The Upside to Feeling Worse Than Average (WTA): A Conceptual Framework to Understand When, How, and for Whom WTA Beliefs Have Long-Term Benefits. Front Psychol 2020; 11:642. [PMID: 32322228 PMCID: PMC7158950 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are shaped in critical ways by our beliefs about how we compare to other people. Prior research has predominately focused on the consequences of believing oneself to be better than average (BTA). Research on the consequences of worse-than-average (WTA) beliefs has been far more limited, focusing mostly on the downsides of WTA beliefs. In this paper, we argue for the systematic investigation of the possible long-term benefits of WTA beliefs in domains including motivation, task performance, and subjective well-being. We develop a conceptual framework for examining these possible benefits, we explore the usefulness of this framework to generate novel insights in an important psychological domain (skill learning), and we conclude with broader recommendations for research in other domains such as friendship formation, moral, and political decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V. Whillans
- Department of Negotiations Organizations and Markets, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Baumsteiger R. What the World Needs Now: An Intervention for Promoting Prosocial Behavior. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2019.1639507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pohling R, Diessner R, Stacy S, Woodward D, Strobel A. Moral Elevation and Economic Games: The Moderating Role of Personality. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1381. [PMID: 31316415 PMCID: PMC6587376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moral elevation is the prototypical emotional response when witnessing virtuous deeds of others. Yet, little is known about the role of individual differences that moderate the susceptibility to experiencing this self-transcendent emotion. The present experiment investigated the role of personality traits as moderators of elevation and its behavioral effects using economic games as a measure for prosocial behavior. One aim was to replicate prior findings on trait Engagement with Moral Beauty as moderator for experimentally induced state elevation. A second aim was to explore new potential moderators that were found to be connected to the moral realm: Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness vs. Anger, and Need for Cognition. Third, the present study is among the few investigating the effects of elevation on different prosocial actions and intentions. A sample of US American college students (N = 144) was randomly assigned to either watch a morally uplifting or a humorous video clip. Afterwards, all participants played a dictator game and an ultimatum game, and were asked to volunteer in another time-consuming experiment. In line with our hypotheses, experimentally induced state elevation promoted prosocial behavior, however, only within the dictator game. Also in line with our hypotheses, higher levels of Need for Cognition and higher levels of Engagement with Moral Beauty (but not higher levels of Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness vs. Anger) increased prosocial behavior within the experimental group. In contrast to our hypotheses, none of the investigated personality traits moderated the proneness to experience the state of elevation after seeing an elevating video clip; only the behavioral consequences of elevation were moderated. Our results replicate and extend prior findings on moderators for elevation and exemplify the importance of investigating the role of personality traits in the context of the moral elevation phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Pohling
- Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Rhett Diessner
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Shawnee Stacy
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Destiny Woodward
- Division of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID, United States
| | - Anja Strobel
- Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Yang XF, Pavarini G, Schnall S, Immordino-Yang MH. Looking up to virtue: averting gaze facilitates moral construals via posteromedial activations. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:1131-1139. [PMID: 30212913 PMCID: PMC6234327 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Witnessing exemplary actions triggers admiration, a positive emotion that can pertain to concrete skills, or move the onlooker beyond physical characteristics to appreciate the abstract, moral implications. Participants reacted to narratives depicting skilled or virtuous protagonists first during a videotaped interview then during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We analyzed participants’ gaze aversion (an indicator of disengaging from the immediate environment) and cognitive construals (mentions of concrete characteristics vs abstract beliefs and values) during the interview, and relations to individuals’ subsequent neural activations. When participants averted their gaze, they were more likely to mention abstract construals, and both behaviors were more likely when reacting to virtue. Gaze aversion to virtue narratives predicted greater subsequent activation for those narratives in dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC), involved in visual attention control. The inferior-posterior posteromedial cortices (ipPMC), a default mode network hub involved in abstract thought, activated only to virtue, and activity level reflected individuals’ tendency to abstract construals. Critically, dPCC and ipPMC activity sequentially mediated the relationship between individuals’ gaze and abstract construal tendencies. No such relationships existed for reactions to skill, despite participants reporting equivalently strong positive emotion. In appreciating virtue, dPCC may support individuals in transcending the viewable context, facilitating ipPMC activity and moral construals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Yang
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Mary Helen Immordino-Yang
- Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yao Z, Enright R. Belief in altruistic human nature and prosocial behavior: a serial mediation analysis. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10508422.2019.1591963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Yao
- Educational Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Enright
- Educational Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
- International Forgiveness Institute, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin
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26
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How Consistent Contributors Inspire Individuals to Cooperate: The Role of Moral Elevation and Social Value Orientation. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11071874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Achieving cooperation to address social dilemmas has long been a global problem. This study examined, using an environment-focused step-level public-goods-dilemma game, the effect a consistent contributor (CC) has on group cooperation, as well as the mediating role moral elevation and the moderating role social value orientation (SVO) play in this process. A total of 196 students were recruited and classified as “pro-selfs” or “pro-socials” based on their SVOs; individuals with the same SVO characterization were randomly allocated to groups of four, and then randomly assigned to the CC condition or the control condition to play 15 rounds of public-goods-dilemma games. In the CC condition, additional computer-controlled players represented the CCs. The results showed that the CC groups cooperated and earned more than the control groups did. Multi-level mediation analysis confirmed that moral elevation partially mediates the CC effect. Although the CCs had a direct impact on both pro-socials and pro-selfs, multi-level moderated-mediation analysis demonstrated that CCs influenced pro-socials directly, but affected pro-selfs’ decision-making indirectly, through moral elevation. This study contributes to a better understanding of sustainability of cooperation in social dilemmas by showing that consistent cooperative behaviors are contagious, and that their effects differ based on an individuals’ SVO.
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Gilchrist PT, Schnall S. The paradox of moral cleansing: When physical cleansing leads to increased contamination concerns. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 61:38-44. [PMID: 29906689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Moral threats, including threats to moral self-worth, have been associated with contamination concerns. Paradoxically, although self-cleansing provides temporary relief, it can worsen feelings of contamination. Self-affirmation might be an effective strategy, especially following obsessive type cognitions (e.g., responsibility beliefs) when moral threats are reactivated. METHODS In Experiment 1, participants recalled an immoral deed and then self-cleansed (using a hand-wipe), completed a control task, or self-affirmed. Contamination concerns were subsequently measured by a washing task. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was used but obsessive-type cognitions were activated by asking participants a series of questions about obsessive beliefs. RESULTS As expected, relative to the control condition, both self-affirmation and self-cleansing resulted in less subsequent repeated washing behaviour in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, when the immoral recall was followed by activation of obsessive-type cognitions, self-cleansing led to more guilt and repeated washing than self-affirmation and control. Rather than alleviating feelings of contamination, physical self-cleansing led to more contamination concerns and guilt when in the context of activated obsessive-type cognitions, possibly because it paradoxically makes (moral) cleanliness goals salient. LIMITATIONS Future research needs to test clinical populations, for whom contamination concerns are all the more central. CONCLUSIONS This research provides further evidence of the influence of moral threat in contamination concerns, and the limits of moral cleansing. Self-affirmation resulted in less contamination concerns under both a neutral condition and activated obsessive type cognitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe T Gilchrist
- Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9BB, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Simone Schnall
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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Abstract
In this article, we present a pragmatic approach to neuroethics, referring back to John Dewey and his articulation of the "common good" and its discovery through systematic methods. Pragmatic neuroethics bridges philosophy and social sciences and, at a very basic level, considers that ethics is not dissociable from lived experiences and everyday moral choices. We reflect on the integration between empirical methods and normative questions, using as our platform recent bioethical and neuropsychological research into moral cognition, action, and experience. Finally, we present the protocol of a study concerning teenagers' morality in everyday life, discussing our epistemological choices as an example of a pragmatic approach in empirical ethics. We hope that this article conveys that even though the scope of neuroethics is broad, it is important not to move too far from the real life encounters that give rise to moral questions in the first place.
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29
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Byrne RM, Timmons S. Moral hindsight for good actions and the effects of imagined alternatives to reality. Cognition 2018; 178:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Blazek DR, Siegel JT. The Value of Being Discrete: The Differential and Causal Effects of Positive Affect and Discrete Positive Emotions on Organ Donor Registration Outcomes. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2018; 10:481-503. [PMID: 29989385 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current studies examined how positive affect (i.e. the blend of several positive feelings over time) and discrete positive emotions (i.e. a specific set of momentary thoughts and feelings) influence organ donor registration outcomes. METHODS In Study 1, participants were randomly assigned to a writing task intended to elicit positive or negative affect. In Study 2, participants received a discrete positively valenced emotion induction (i.e. elevation, humor, hubristic pride), or were in a control condition. RESULTS Study 1 (N = 503) indicated a causal relationship between general positive affect and registration attitudes. An indirect effect beginning with general positive affect, going through attitudes, and then intentions, to influence behavior was also indicated. Study 2a (N = 394) demonstrated that elevation, humor, and hubristic pride can be influenced using an online platform. Study 2b (N = 1,046) indicated a causal relationship between elevation and increased registration intentions and behavior. The humor recall task caused marginally significant greater registration intentions, but no significant behavioral differences. The hubristic pride task did not influence registration outcomes. CONCLUSION Organ donor practitioners and scholars could benefit from increased focus on the emotional states likely to be experienced at different venues when considering intervention contexts.
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Ding W, Shao Y, Sun B, Xie R, Li W, Wang X. How Can Prosocial Behavior Be Motivated? The Different Roles of Moral Judgment, Moral Elevation, and Moral Identity Among the Young Chinese. Front Psychol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 29892249 PMCID: PMC5985326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior research has shown that moral judgment, moral elevation, and moral identity contribute to prosocial behavior. However, how these three motivating factors interact in predicting prosocial behaviors is not yet clear. The current study proposed and examined a moderated mediation model to illustrate the specific process of how prosocial behavior is motivated by these factors. A total of 264 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students participated in the present study (140 females; age range 17–26, M = 20.25, SD = 1.57). Moral judgment competence, intensity of moral elevation, and moral identity were measured by self-reported scales, and the tendency to engage in prosocial behavior was assessed in a simulated “Ask for help” situation. The multiple regressive results showed that moral elevation mediated the effect of moral judgment on prosocial behavior, and moral identity moderated this mediation through interacting with moral elevation. However, within the proposed model, the mediating effect of moral elevation was stronger in women than in men, while the moderating role of moral identity appeared only in women. These findings imply different methods for men and women to enhance their prosocial behaviors, including the need to pay more attention to developing moral reasoning in men while putting more emphasis on evoking moral emotion and moral traits in women. Together, these results supported the assumptive model and provided a comprehensive framework to explain prosocial behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Ding
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yanhong Shao
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Binghai Sun
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ruibo Xie
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Li
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Seibt B, Schubert TW, Zickfeld JH, Zhu L, Arriaga P, Simão C, Nussinson R, Fiske AP. Kama Muta: Similar Emotional Responses to Touching Videos Across the United States, Norway, China, Israel, and Portugal. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117746240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Seibt
- University of Oslo, Norway
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Lei Zhu
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrícia Arriaga
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ravit Nussinson
- The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
- University of Haifa, Israel
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Graham LE, Thomson AL, Nakamura J, Brandt IA, Siegel JT. Finding a family: A categorization of enjoyable emotions. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1402074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Graham
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L. Thomson
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Irene A. Brandt
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jason T. Siegel
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Tingey JL, McGuire AP, Stebbins OL, Erickson TM. Moral elevation and compassionate goals predict posttraumatic growth in the context of a college shooting. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1402077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Tingey
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oxana L. Stebbins
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thane M. Erickson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Erickson TM, McGuire AP, Scarsella GM, Crouch TA, Lewis JA, Eisenlohr AP, Muresan TJ. Viral videos and virtue: Moral elevation inductions shift affect and interpersonal goals in daily life. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1365163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thane M. Erickson
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam P. McGuire
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M. Scarsella
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tara A. Crouch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jamie A. Lewis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tasha J. Muresan
- Department of Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Myrick JG. The role of emotions and social cognitive variables in online health information seeking processes and effects. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thomson AL, Siegel JT. Elevation: A review of scholarship on a moral and other-praising emotion. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1269184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Thomson
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jason T. Siegel
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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38
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Pohling R, Diessner R. Moral Elevation and Moral Beauty: A Review of the Empirical Literature. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Moral elevation is defined as the emotional response to witnessing acts of moral beauty. Studies have found that elevation entails pleasant feelings of warmth in the chest, feeling uplifted, moved, and optimistic about humanity. Elevation motivates affiliation with others as well as moral action tendencies. The main goal of this review was to gather and organize the empirical findings from the last 16 years of elevation research with regard to psychological and physiological characteristics, motivational tendencies, behavioral outcomes, neuronal mechanisms, moderators, and correlates of elevation. A secondary goal was to examine whether elevation is congruent with Fredrickson's (2001) broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. It was concluded that there is strong evidence that elevation broadens the thought-action repertoire and relatively weak evidence that it builds lasting resources. Potential evolutionary functions, the forms of measurement of elevation, the process of how elevation is triggered, practical applications and directions for future research were also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Pohling
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Division of Personality Psychology and Assessment, Technische Universität Chemnitz
| | - Rhett Diessner
- Psychology Department, Division of Social Sciences, Lewis-Clark State College
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39
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O’Connor K, Monin B. When principled deviance becomes moral threat: Testing alternative mechanisms for the rejection of moral rebels. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430216638538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monin, Sawyer, and Marquez (2008) demonstrated that a rebel who refused to participate in a racially prejudiced decision task was derogated by actors who had themselves taken part in the task, but exalted by uninvolved observers. These authors argued that this rejection resulted from actors who expected and resented imagined moral reproach from the rebel. Two new studies address alternative explanations for such rejection of moral rebels. Study 1 rules out both (a) self-presentation and (b) a more cognitive alternative wherein anchoring on one’s first impression of a task leads to do-gooder derogation. Study 2 breaks down the principled rebellion into its two components, a principled stance and rebellion itself, to show that both seem to play a part in derogation. Individuals imagine that moral others would reject them, which in turn leads to rejecting those deviants.
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Arnold O, Kaiser FG. Understanding the foot-in-the-door effect as a pseudo-effect from the perspective of the Campbell paradigm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 53:157-165. [DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Arnold
- Institute of Psychology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Florian G. Kaiser
- Institute of Psychology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
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Nagel J, Waldmann MR. On having very long arms: how the availability of technological means affects moral cognition. THINKING & REASONING 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2015.1114023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Taber JM, Howell JL, Emanuel AS, Klein WMP, Ferrer RA, Harris PR. Associations of spontaneous self-affirmation with health care experiences and health information seeking in a national survey of US adults. Psychol Health 2015; 31:292-309. [PMID: 26315683 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1085986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-affirming--such as by reflecting on one's strengths and values--reduces defensiveness to threatening information, reduces negative effects of stereotype threat and promotes prosociality. These outcomes may promote physical health, highlighting a need to examine the role of self-affirmation in medical and health contexts. DESIGN Data were collected as part of the nationally representative, cross-sectional, 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey. Items were completed by 2731 respondents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Respondents answered questions about spontaneous self-affirmation tendencies, perceptions of providers and health care, involvement in medical appointments, health information seeking and engagement in medical research. RESULTS Spontaneous self-affirmation was associated with more positive perceptions of communication with one's provider, better perceived quality of care, greater likelihood of asking questions in a medical appointment, greater information seeking for oneself and multiple indices of surrogate information seeking (i.e. seeking information for others). Four of eight significant associations remained significant when controlling for optimism. The associations of self-affirmation with aspects of the patient-provider relationship were not modified by factors likely to be associated with stereotype threat (e.g. race or BMI). CONCLUSION Spontaneous self-affirmation was related to positive outcomes in health contexts. Experimental research is needed to further explore the causal nature of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Taber
- a National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jennifer L Howell
- b Department of Psychology , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Amber S Emanuel
- c Department of Community Dentistry & Behavioral Sciences, Southeast Center for Research to Reduce Disparities in Oral Health , University of Florida , Gainseville , FL , USA
| | - William M P Klein
- a National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- a National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Peter R Harris
- d Department of Psychology , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
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Hahnel UJJ, Arnold O, Waschto M, Korcaj L, Hillmann K, Roser D, Spada H. The power of putting a label on it: green labels weigh heavier than contradicting product information for consumers' purchase decisions and post-purchase behavior. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1392. [PMID: 26441767 PMCID: PMC4585300 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Green products are appealing. Thus, labeling products as environmentally friendly is an effective strategy to increase sales. However, the labels often promise more than the products can actually deliver. In the present research, we examined the expectation that consumers with high ecological motivation have strong preferences for green-labeled products – even when presented product information contradicts the label’s image. This unsettling hypothesis is grounded in the labels’ potential to create a cognitive match between the labeled product and consumers’ motives. For labels indicating environmental friendliness (green product labels), this link should be strongest when consumers’ ecological motivation is high. Findings in a series of three experiments support our assumption, showing that consumers with high ecological motivation had strong preferences (i.e., product evaluations, purchase intentions, and simulated purchase decisions) for green-labeled products as compared to consumers with low ecological motivation (Studies 1–3). Crucially, these preferences were robust, despite contradicting environmental product information (Studies 1 and 2). We extended our findings by additionally examining the impact of product labels and motivation on moral self-regulation processes. This was established by assessing participants’ pro-social behavior after the purchase task: participants with high ecological motivation acted, consistent with their motives, more pro-socially in post-decision occasions. In accordance with moral cleansing effects, pro-social behavior was intensified after purchasing conventional products (Studies 2 and 3). Green labels protected participants with high ecological motivation from moral threats due to the purchase, thus making pro-social behavior less likely. Findings suggest that highly ecologically motivated consumers are most susceptible to green labels, which may override detailed product information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J J Hahnel
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Consumer Decision and Sustainable Behavior Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Arnold
- Department of Personality and Social Psychology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Waschto
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Liridon Korcaj
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Hillmann
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Damaris Roser
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Spada
- Department of General Psychology, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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Siegel JT, Navarro MA, Thomson AL. The impact of overtly listing eligibility requirements on MTurk: An investigation involving organ donation, recruitment scripts, and feelings of elevation. Soc Sci Med 2015; 142:256-60. [PMID: 26322721 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Investigations conducted through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) sometimes explicitly note eligibility requirements when recruiting participants; however, the impact of this practice on data integrity is relatively unexplored within the MTurk context. OBJECTIVE Contextualized in the organ donor registration domain, the current study assessed whether overtly listing eligibility requirements impairs the accuracy of data collected on MTurk. METHODS On day 1, the first and third round of data collection did not list eligibility requirements; the second and fourth round overtly listed a qualification requirement: status as a non-registered organ donor. On day 2, the approach was identical, except the order was reversed-the first and third round overtly listed the study qualifications, while the second and fourth did not. These procedures provided eight different waves of data. In addition, all participants were randomly assigned to read an elevating (i.e., morally inspiring) story or a story not intended to elicit any emotion. Regardless of recruitment approach, only participants who were not registered as donors were included in the analysis. RESULTS Results indicated that the recruitment script that explicitly requested non-registered donors resulted in the collection of participants with higher mean intentions scores than the script that did not overtly list the eligibility requirements. Further, even though the elevation induction increased intentions to register as a donor, there was not a significant interaction between recruitment approach and the influence of the elevation manipulation on registration intentions. CONCLUSION Explicitly listing eligibility requirements can influence the accuracy of estimates derived from data collected through MTurk.
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Farnsworth JK, Drescher KD, Nieuwsma JA, Walser RB, Currier JM. The Role of Moral Emotions in Military Trauma: Implications for the Study and Treatment of Moral Injury. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Moral injury, a term coined to represent the potential negative outcomes following transgression of deeply held moral values and beliefs, has recently gained increased recognition as a major concern among military service members exposed to trauma. However, working definitions of moral injury have not yet fully clarified the mechanisms whereby violations of conscience result in these outcomes or their co-occurrence with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this paper, advances from the field of moral psychology are used to integrate cognitive, affective, and social dimensions of the emerging moral injury construct, while also pointing to new possibilities for clinical intervention. After reviewing the salience of moral injury for military and veteran populations, the presence of negative moral emotions (e.g., guilt, anger, disgust) are examined within the context of trauma and military-related PTSD. Next, social functionalist accounts of moral emotions are used to explain the development of moral injury and are linked to potential etiologies of PTSD that emphasize both fear and nonfear emotions. Finally, the clinical importance of positive moral emotions for existing and emerging trauma-focused interventions is discussed. Future directions for research and clinical interventions are identified highlighting the importance of utilizing community support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kent D. Drescher
- National Center for PTSD, Menlo Park, California; and The Pathway Home, Yountville, California
| | - Jason A. Nieuwsma
- Mental Health and Chaplaincy, Department of Veterans Affairs, Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robyn B. Walser
- National Center for PTSD; and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley
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Keltner D, Kogan A, Piff PK, Saturn SR. The sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality: core processes from gene to meme. Annu Rev Psychol 2014; 65:425-60. [PMID: 24405363 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of prosocial behavior--altruism, cooperation, trust, and the related moral emotions--has matured enough to produce general scholarly consensus that prosociality is widespread, intuitive, and rooted deeply within our biological makeup. Several evolutionary frameworks model the conditions under which prosocial behavior is evolutionarily viable, yet no unifying treatment exists of the psychological decision-making processes that result in prosociality. Here, we provide such a perspective in the form of the sociocultural appraisals, values, and emotions (SAVE) framework of prosociality. We review evidence for the components of our framework at four levels of analysis: intrapsychic, dyadic, group, and cultural. Within these levels, we consider how phenomena such as altruistic punishment, prosocial contagion, self-other similarity, and numerous others give rise to prosocial behavior. We then extend our reasoning to chart the biological underpinnings of prosociality and apply our framework to understand the role of social class in prosociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacher Keltner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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Lindsay EK, Creswell JD. Helping the self help others: self-affirmation increases self-compassion and pro-social behaviors. Front Psychol 2014; 5:421. [PMID: 24860534 PMCID: PMC4026714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting on an important personal value in a self-affirmation activity has been shown to improve psychological functioning in a broad range of studies, but the underlying mechanisms for these self-affirmation effects are unknown. Here we provide an initial test of a novel self-compassion account of self-affirmation in two experimental studies. Study 1 shows that an experimental manipulation of self-affirmation (3-min of writing about an important personal value vs. writing about an unimportant value) increases feelings of self-compassion, and these feelings in turn mobilize more pro-social behaviors to a laboratory shelf-collapse incident. Study 2 tests and extends these effects by evaluating whether self-affirmation increases feelings of compassion toward the self (consistent with the self-compassion account) or increases feelings of compassion toward others (an alternative other-directed compassion account), using a validated storytelling behavioral task. Consistent with a self-compassion account, Study 2 demonstrates the predicted self-affirmation by video condition interaction, indicating that self-affirmation participants had greater feelings of self-compassion in response to watching their own storytelling performance (self-compassion) compared to watching a peer’s storytelling performance (other-directed compassion). Further, pre-existing levels of trait self-compassion moderated this effect, such that self-affirmation increased self-compassionate responses the most in participants low in trait self-compassion. This work suggests that self-compassion may be a promising mechanism for self-affirmation effects, and that self-compassionate feelings can mobilize pro-social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lindsay
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J David Creswell
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Siegel JT, Thomson AL, Navarro MA. Experimentally distinguishing elevation from gratitude: Oh, the morality. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2014.910825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Farsides T, Pettman D, Tourle L. Inspiring altruism: reflecting on the personal relevance of emotionally evocative prosocial media characters. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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