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Feraldi A, Giudici C, Brouard N. Estimating the Sex Gap in Depression-Free Life Expectancy Among Widowed Americans Aged 50 and Older: An Application Using the Interpolated Markov Chain Approach. J Aging Health 2024:8982643241233029. [PMID: 38380998 DOI: 10.1177/08982643241233029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using Interpolated Markov Chain software, we compare the length of life with and without depression among married individuals and widowers, and the related sex differences. METHODS We applied a multi-state life table approach to estimate depression-free life expectancy among recent cohorts of older married and widowed women and men in the United States, using data from the Health and Retirement Study over a 7-year period (2012-2018). RESULTS The study revealed that the difference in life expectancy between sexes widens in the context of widowhood. At age 50, the sex gap in depression-free life expectancy is 0.8 years among married people, whereas the gap almost doubles to 1.7 years among widowed people. DISCUSSION By quantifying disparities in the duration of life affected by depression between married and widowed women and men, policymakers could properly allocate resources specifically to address the mental health needs of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Feraldi
- Research Group in Labor Demography, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Statistica Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Giudici
- Department of Statistica Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Brouard
- Department of Mortality Health and Epidemiology, French Institute for Demographic Studies, Paris, France
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Thiemann P, Street AN, Heath SE, Quince T, Kuhn I, Barclay S. Prolonged grief disorder prevalence in adults 65 years and over: a systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2023; 13:e30-e42. [PMID: 33707297 DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a recently recognised mental health disorder with an estimated prevalence of 10% in the bereaved adult population. This review aims to appraise and summarise evidence relating to PGD in older adults (≥65 years), a growing population group, most likely to experience bereavement and often assumed to cope well. METHOD Literature from Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science was searched. Epidemiological and non-epidemiological studies including data on frequency of PGD in older adults bereaved by mainly natural causes were included and a descriptive analysis undertaken. RESULTS From 2059 records, three epidemiological and six non-epidemiological studies were included. Most studies had good internal but not external validity. Conditional prevalence for PGD ranged between 3.2% and 48.8%. Heterogeneity in sample characteristics and study methodology contributed to this variability resulting in a descriptive analysis. The prevalence rate of 9.1% by Kersting et al was the best available estimate for PGD in older adults for western countries. The small number of epidemiological studies and the use of varying PGD-constructs which did not match International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria were the main limiting factors. CONCLUSION This first review on PGD prevalence in older adults suggests that, despite studies' methodological short comings, a similar proportion of older adults experience PGD as the general bereaved adult population (1:10). With older adults forming the largest subgroup among the bereaved, health and social care systems need to adapt their provision of care to address the specific needs of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Thiemann
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Naomi Street
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Eleanor Heath
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thelma Quince
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Barclay
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Muhammed A, Dodd A, Guerin S, Delaney S, Dodd P. Complicated grief knowledge and practice: a qualitative study of general practitioners in Ireland. Ir J Psychol Med 2023; 40:330-335. [PMID: 33478613 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complicated grief is a debilitating condition that individuals may experience after losing a loved one. General practitioners (GPs) are well positioned to provide patients with support for grief-related issues. Traditionally, Irish GPs play an important role in providing patients with emotional support regarding bereavement. However, GPs have commonly reported not being aptly trained to respond to bereavement-related issues. This study explores GPs' current knowledge of and practice regarding complicated grief. METHODS A qualitative study adopting a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of GPs on this issue. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of nine GPs (five men and four women) in Ireland. Potential participants were contacted via email and phone. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using Braun & Clarke's () model of thematic analysis. RESULTS GPs had limited awareness of the concept of complicated grief and were unfamiliar with relevant research. They also reported that their training was either non-existent or outdated. GPs formed their own knowledge of grief-related issues based on their intuition and experiences. For these reasons, there was not one agreed method of how to respond to grief-related issues reported by patients, though participants recognised the need for intervention, onward referral and review. CONCLUSIONS The research highlighted that GPs felt they required training in complicated grief so that they would be better able to identify and respond to complicated grief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Muhammed
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Dodd
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Guerin
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Philip Dodd
- UCD School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Paquet C, Whitehead J, Shah R, Adams AM, Dooley D, Spreng RN, Aunio AL, Dubé L. Social Prescription Interventions Addressing Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults: Meta-Review Integrating On-the-Ground Resources. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e40213. [PMID: 37195738 PMCID: PMC10233446 DOI: 10.2196/40213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social prescription programs represent a viable solution to linking primary care patients to nonmedical community resources for improving patient well-being. However, their success depends on the integration of patient needs with local resources. This integration could be accelerated by digital tools that use expressive ontology to organize knowledge resources, thus enabling the seamless navigation of diverse community interventions and services tailored to the needs of individual users. This infrastructure bears particular relevance for older adults, who experience a range of social needs that impact their health, including social isolation and loneliness. An essential first step in enabling knowledge mobilization and the successful implementation of social prescription initiatives to meet the social needs of older adults is to incorporate the evidence-based academic literature on what works, with on-the-ground solutions in the community. OBJECTIVE This study aims to integrate scientific evidence with on-the-ground knowledge to build a comprehensive list of intervention terms and keywords related to reducing social isolation and loneliness in older adults. METHODS A meta-review was conducted using a search strategy combining terms related to older adult population, social isolation and loneliness, and study types relevant to reviews using 5 databases. Review extraction included intervention characteristics, outcomes (social [eg, loneliness, social isolation, and social support] or mental health [eg, psychological well-being, depression, and anxiety]), and effectiveness (reported as consistent, mixed, or not supported). Terms related to identified intervention types were extracted from the reviewed literature as well as descriptions of corresponding community services in Montréal, Canada, available from web-based regional, municipal, and community data sources. RESULTS The meta-review identified 11 intervention types addressing social isolation and loneliness in older adults by either increasing social interactions, providing instrumental support, promoting mental and physical well-being, or providing home and community care. Group-based social activities, support groups with educational elements, recreational activities, and training or use of information and communication technologies were the most effective in improving outcomes. Examples of most intervention types were found in community data sources. Terms derived from the literature that were the most commonly congruent with those describing existing community services were related to telehealth, recreational activities, and psychological therapy. However, several discrepancies were observed between review-based terms and those addressing the available services. CONCLUSIONS A range of interventions found to be effective at addressing social isolation and loneliness or their impact on mental health were identified from the literature, and many of these interventions were represented in services available to older residents in Montréal, Canada. However, different terms were occasionally used to describe or categorize similar services across data sources. Establishing an efficient means of identifying and structuring such sources is important to facilitate referrals and help-seeking behaviors of older adults and for strategic planning of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Paquet
- Département de Marketing, Faculté des Sciences de l'Administration, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Whitehead
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rishabh Shah
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alayne Mary Adams
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Damion Dooley
- Centre for Infectious Disease Genomics and One Health, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Laurette Dubé
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Garrouste-Orgeas M, Marché V, Pujol N, Michel D, Evin A, Fossez-Diaz V, Perruchio S, Vanbésien A, Verlaine C, Copel L, Kaczmarek W, Birkui de Francqueville L, Michonneau-Gandon V, de Larivière E, Poupardin C, Touzet L, Guastella V, Mathias C, Mhalla A, Bouquet G, Richard B, Gracia D, Bienfait F, Verliac V, Ranchou G, Kirsch S, Flahault C, Loiodice A, Bailly S, Ruckly S, Timsit JF. Incidence and risk factors of prolonged grief in relatives of patients with terminal cancer in French palliative care units: The Fami-Life multicenter cohort study. Palliat Support Care 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36878669 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychological consequences of grief among relatives are insufficiently known. We reported incidence of prolonged grief among relatives of deceased patients with cancer. METHODS Prospective cohort study of 611 relatives of 531 patients with cancer hospitalized for more than 72 hours and who died in 26 palliative care units was conducted. The primary outcome was prolonged grief in relatives 6 months after patient death, measured with the Inventory Complicated Grief (ICG > 25, range 0-76, a higher score indicates more severe symptoms) score. Secondary outcomes in relatives 6 months after patient death were anxiety and depression symptoms based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score (range 0 [best]-42 [worst]), higher scores indicate more severe symptoms, minimally important difference 2.5. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were defined by an Impact Event Scale-Revised score >22 (range 0-88, a higher score indicates more severe symptoms). RESULTS Among 611 included relatives, 608 (99.5%) completed the trial. At 6 months, significant ICG scores were reported by 32.7% relatives (199/608, 95% CI, 29.0-36.4). The median (interquartile range ICG score) was 20.0 (11.5-29.0). The incidence of HADS symptoms was 87.5% (95% CI, 84.8-90.2%) at Days 3-5 and 68.7% (95% CI, 65.0-72.4) 6 months after patient's death, with a median (interquartile range) difference of -4 (-10 to 0) between these 2 time points. Improvement in HADS anxiety and depression scores were reported by 62.5% (362/579) relatives. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS These findings support the importance of screening relatives having risk factors of developing prolonged grief in the palliative unit and 6 months after patient's death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maité Garrouste-Orgeas
- IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Palliative Care Unit, Reuilly Diaconesses Fondation, Rueil Malmaison, France
- Medical Unit, French British Hospital, Levallois-Perret, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pujol
- Research Department Palliative Care Unit, Jeanne Garnier Institution, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Michel
- Palliative Care Unit, Reuilly Diaconesses Fondation, Rueil Malmaison, France
| | - Adrien Evin
- Palliative Care Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Laure Copel
- Palliative Care Unit, Diaconesses Croix Saint Simon Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Licia Touzet
- Palliative Care Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Virginie Guastella
- Palliative Care Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Carmen Mathias
- Palliative Care Unit, Mulhouse Sud Alsace Hospital Network, Mulhouse, France
| | - Alaa Mhalla
- Palliative Care Unit, Albert Chenevier Hospital, Créteil, France
| | | | - Bruno Richard
- Palliative Care Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Gracia
- Palliative Care Unit, General Hospital, Salon-de-Provence, France
| | - Florent Bienfait
- Palliative Care Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Virginie Verliac
- Palliative Care Unit, Saintonge General Hospital, Saintes, France
| | - Gaelle Ranchou
- Palliative Care Unit, General Hospital, Périgueux, France
| | - Sylvie Kirsch
- Palliative Care Unit, Bligny Hospital, Briis-Sous-Forges, France
| | - Cécile Flahault
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Process, Paris University Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Timsit
- IAME, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Medical and infectious diseases ICU (MI2), APHP Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
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6
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Mason TM, Szalacha LA, Tofthagen CS, Buck HG. Quality of Life of Older Adults With Complicated Grief: A Mixed Methods Exploration. J Gerontol Nurs 2022; 48:19-26. [PMID: 35511060 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20220404-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current mixed methods study investigated what changes in quality of life (QOL) mean to older adults with complicated grief treated with Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) post-hospice services. An informational matrix, which included select patient characteristics (e.g., number of comorbidities, single versus multiple deaths, relationship role), four identified qualitative themes, end of study QOL scores measured by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related QOL Healthy Days Module, and changes in scores from baseline to end of study, was created to analyze the data. Results showed that although a history of multiple deaths may contribute to greater improvements in QOL with therapy, having at least one comorbidity resulted in a richer description and endorsement of QOL in response to treatment. This is the first longitudinal, randomized controlled trial using a mixed methods approach to examine QOL of hospice family caregivers with complicated grief who are receiving ART. This study identifies potential links of QOL and caregiver characteristics, providing nurses with foundational knowledge for assessment, care, and further research on the experiences of complicated grief. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(5), 19-26.].
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Park EM, Deal AM, Yopp JM, Chien SA, McCabe S, Hirsch A, Bowers SM, Edwards T, Rosenstein DL. Parenting through grief: A cross-sectional study of recently bereaved adults with minor children. Palliat Med 2021; 35:1923-1932. [PMID: 34423711 PMCID: PMC8637383 DOI: 10.1177/02692163211040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grieving adults raising parentally-bereaved minor children experience persistently elevated symptoms of depression and grief. However, the factors associated with their mental health outcomes are not well understood. AIM To investigate the psychosocial and demographic characteristics associated with grief distress and depressive symptom severity in bereaved adults with minor children. DESIGN Cross-sectional, web-based survey. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Eight hundred forty-five bereaved adults raising minor (age <18 years) children who had experienced the death of a co-parent. Primary outcomes were grief distress (Prolonged Grief Disorder-13), depressive symptoms (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Depression), and widowed parenting self-efficacy (WPSES). RESULTS Mean grief scores were 33.5; mean depression scores were 58.3. Among the 690 individuals more than 6 months bereaved, 132 (19.3%) met criteria for prolonged grief disorder. In adjusted models, participants reporting higher grief scores were more recently bereaved, identified as mothers, non-Caucasian, had lower education and income, and had not anticipated their co-parent's death. The statistical modeling results for depression scores were similar to grief scores except that depression was not associated with anticipation of co-parent death. Parents reporting lower WPSES scores had higher grief and depression scores. Retrospective assessments of more intense parenting worries at the time of co-parent death were also associated with higher grief and depression scores. CONCLUSIONS For bereaved adults with minor children, unanticipated co-parent death was linked with higher grief distress but not symptoms of depression. Addressing parenting concerns may represent a common pathway for improving the mental health of parentally-bereaved families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza M Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Justin M Yopp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sean McCabe
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ariella Hirsch
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Savannah M Bowers
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Teresa Edwards
- H. W. Odum Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donald L Rosenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Johannesen EJD, Róin Á. Transition to Widowhood Among Older Adults in Rural Areas: A Study From the Faroe Islands. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2021; 87:519-533. [PMID: 34128418 DOI: 10.1177/00302228211024119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that losing a spouse can cause both physical and mental suffering for the bereaved. This qualitative study aimed to gather knowledge about how men and women in the Faroe Islands, a small-scale society in the North Atlantic Ocean, managed the transition to widowhood. Five women and three men were interviewed, their age varying from 67 to 74 years. A hermeneutic analytic method was applied. Our findings showed that managing the transition to widowhood followed two tracks, namely the process of loss and the process of restoration. For participants locked in either process, the transition caused severe disruption in daily living, while participants who managed to oscillate between the two processes appeared to manage the transition to widowhood and get on with their lives. Our findings, and those from other studies, point to the need to offer structured individual support for people who have lost their life partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa J D Johannesen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Ása Róin
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Li T, Sun S, Liu B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Gong C, Duan J. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:368-372. [PMID: 33951724 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infectious diseases can cause psychological changes in patients. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and related risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with COVID-19. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Sino-French New City branch of Wuhan Tongji Hospital from January to February 2020. The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scales were used to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Demographic, clinical, and sociological data were also collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors of anxiety and depression in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS In the current study, 183 patients were enrolled (mean age = 53 ± 9 years; 41.1% women). The prevalences of anxiety and depression were 56.3% and 39.3%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that older age, female sex, being divorced or widowed, COVID-19 disease duration, renal disease, and depression were identified as independent risk factors for anxiety in patients with COVID-19. Factors that were associated with depression were female sex, being widowed, COVID-19 disease duration, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a high prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with COVID-19 at the peak of the epidemic in Wuhan, China. The identification of demographic, clinical, and social factors may help identify health care professionals to provide psychological care as part of treatment for patients with COVID-19 and other life-threatening infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- From the Surgery Intensive Care Unit (Li, Liu, Wang, Zhang, Gong, Duan) China-Japan Friendship Hospital; and Peking University Institute of Mental Health (Sun), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing, China
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10
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Abstract
Purpose of review a)The purpose of this systematic review was to characterize the studies published on grief interventions for bereaved older adults in the last 5 years. Grief intervention studies were included that exclusively focused on older adults as well as those that included older adults in their samples, in order to summarize the most up-to-date treatment options available for bereaved older adults. Recent findings b)Twenty-four articles that investigated grief interventions in older adults were identified. Generally, findings suggest viable treatment approaches for bereaved older adults are those incorporating behavioral activation and guidance on restoration-oriented coping. However, similar to studies of broader adult populations, grief interventions had small effects on grief-related symptoms in older adults. Few studies examined age as a moderator of treatment effects. Studies varied greatly by study design, sample size, and outcomes measured, which all likely impacted the efficacy of results. Summary c)This review suggests that, while there has been a growing focus on older adults, who have unique vulnerabilities in bereavement, the evidence-base of efficacious interventions for this population is limited. Given the need for specialized bereavement support for older adults will increase in the coming years, future research should prioritize rigorous investigations of grief treatment options leveraging technology to increase access and incorporate techniques that enhance engagement in life and connectedness for this vulnerable population.
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Tofthagen C, Hernandez DF, Mason TM, Buck HG, Kip KE. Complicated Grief With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Addressed With Accelerated Resolution Therapy: Case Discussions. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2020; 85:455-464. [PMID: 32757692 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820947241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complicated grief is a significant health concern for older adults, resulting in significant psychological and physical morbidity. Elements of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are often present in individuals with complicated grief. Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) is a brief form of psychotherapy that utilizes the techniques of imaginal exposure, rescripting of events, and lateral eye movements that may be useful in complicated grief with PTSD symptoms. Two cases where ART was used for complicated grief with PTSD are presented. Both individuals had attempted to come to terms with their loss through traditional grief therapy with an inadequate response and substantial residual grief symptoms. These cases illustrate how ART can be used to address CG and PTSD and describe situations where it may be appropriate. Clinical and research implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Tofthagen
- Department of Nursing, Nursing Research Division, Mayo Clinic, Florida, USA
| | | | - Tina M Mason
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, USA
| | - Harleah G Buck
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, USA
| | - Kevin E Kip
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, USA
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Buck HG, Cairns P, Emechebe N, Hernandez DF, Mason TM, Bell J, Kip KE, Barrison P, Tofthagen C. Accelerated Resolution Therapy: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Complicated Grief Intervention. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2020; 37:791-799. [PMID: 31960705 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119900641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Complicated grief (CG) is severe, prolonged (>12 months) grieving. Complicated grief disproportionately affects older adults and is associated with negative physical/psychological effects. Although treatment options exist, those which do are time-intensive. We report on a randomized clinical trial (RCT) which examined whether accelerated resolution therapy (ART), a novel mind-body therapy, is effective in treating CG, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression among hospice informal caregivers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective 2 group, wait-listed RCT. All participants were scheduled to receive 4 ART sessions. INCLUSION ≥60 years, inventory of CG >25, and PTSD checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition >33 or Psychiatric Diagnostic Screen Questionnaire PTSD subscale >5. EXCLUSION Major psychiatric disorder, other current psychotherapy treatment. Depression was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 54 participants was 68.7 (7.2) years, 85% female, and 93% white. Participants assigned to ART reported significantly greater mean (SD) CG reduction (-22.8 [10.3]) versus Wait-list participants (-4.3 [6.0]). Within-participant effect sizes (ESs) for change from baseline to 8-week post-treatment were CG (ES = 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.45-2.47; P < .0001), PTSD (ES = 2.40 [95% CI: 1.79-3.00]; P < .0001), depression (ES = 1.63 [95% CI: 1.18-2.08; P < .0001). Treatment effects did not substantially differ by baseline symptom levels. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Results suggests that ART presents an effective and less time-intensive intervention for CG in older adults. However, it should undergo further effectiveness testing in a larger, more diverse clinical trial with a focus on determining physiological or behavioral mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jesse Bell
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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Levy K. Use of the Core Bereavement Items in Adults Aged 50 and Older: A Psychometric Evaluation. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 37:527-531. [PMID: 31736320 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119888181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Core Bereavement Items (CBI) is a commonly used measure that assesses core grief and bereavement experiences. Although previous psychometric testing has been conducted, no studies have assessed its use specifically aimed at adults aged 50 and older or for those who lost a loved one who was hospice care. This is critical, as losses and additional obstacles in bereavement compound throughout the aging process. The present study investigated reliability, content validity, and internal structure of the CBI in bereaved adults aged 50 and older whose loved one died while in hospice care (N = 205). Associations based on age, marital status, and relationship with the died patients were consistent with preexisting research. Results of a Cronbach α reliability test found that the CBI has excellent reliability in this population. Further, content validity was established based on the judgment of subject matter experts. Exploratory factor analysis supported a 1-factor structure, with all items loading as General Grief Experiences. Based on this analysis, the CBI is a valid and reliable tool when used with adults aged 50 and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Levy
- Palliative Care Institute, Center for Hospice and Palliative Care, Cheektowaga, NY, USA
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Holm AL, Berland AK, Severinsson E. Factors that influence the health of older widows and widowers-A systematic review of quantitative research. Nurs Open 2019; 6:591-611. [PMID: 30918710 PMCID: PMC6419130 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine factors that influence the health of older widows and widowers. The review question was: What is the evidence of the relationship between widowhood and health in older adults? DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, Medline (Ovid) and PubMed were searched for articles published between January 2013-December 2017. REVIEW METHODS A systematic review of quantitative research with a qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS The selection process resulted in 12 studies. One of the themes that emerged was: emotional challenges related to experiences of bereavement, depression and anxiety, which was based on the sub-theme social support as the main strategy for coping with emotional pain and suffering. The second theme was: struggling with poor physical health. The findings indicate that healthcare professionals need knowledge and skills to deal with the health consequences of widowhood in old age. Building community teams can prevent emotional and physical health problems, as well as reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lise Holm
- Faculty of Health and Social SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesHaugesundNorway
| | - Astrid Karin Berland
- Faculty of Health and Social SciencesWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesHaugesundNorway
| | - Elisabeth Severinsson
- Centre for Women’s, Family and Child Health, Faculty of Health and Social SciencesUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayKongsbergNorway
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15
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Patel SR, Cole A, Little V, Skritskaya NA, Lever E, Dixon LB, Shear MK. Acceptability, feasibility and outcome of a screening programme for complicated grief in integrated primary and behavioural health care clinics. Fam Pract 2019; 36:125-131. [PMID: 29860527 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complicated grief, a syndrome of persistent grief diagnosed >6 months following the loss of someone close is expected to be included in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases as a new diagnosis called prolonged grief disorder. Complicated grief is associated with impaired functioning and health comorbidity and does not respond to treatments for depression. Individuals may seek help in primary care where providers need to be familiar with the syndrome. OBJECTIVE This study examines the acceptability, feasibility and outcome of a screening programme for complicated grief among diverse adults receiving behavioural health services in integrated primary care. METHODS Behavioural health providers (n = 14) administered the Brief Grief Questionnaire and the Inventory of Complicated Grief during routine assessment and completed an acceptability survey. Descriptive statistics described rates of complicated grief symptoms and sample demographics, health and service use. RESULTS Most providers (71%) reported the Brief Grief Questionnaire to be a moderate to very useful assessment instrument and the Inventory of Complicated Grief moderate to very useful for developing a treatment plan (57%). Of the 2425 patients screened, 1015 reported a loss over 6 months ago. Of these 1015, 28% (n = 282) screened positive on the Brief Grief Questionnaire and 22% (n = 228) endorsed symptoms of complicated grief (Inventory of Complicated Grief score ≥25), considered at high risk for needing clinical care. CONCLUSIONS A screening programme for identifying complicated grief was acceptable to providers, feasible to implement and useful in identifying complicated grief in integrated primary care clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana R Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,The New York State Psychiatric Institute, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Cole
- The New York State Psychiatric Institute, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA.,The Institute for Family Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virna Little
- The Institute for Family Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lisa B Dixon
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,The New York State Psychiatric Institute, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Katherine Shear
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.,Columbia University School of Social Work, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Xu M, Chen R, Liu B, Chai Y, Boer DD, Hu P, Hu Z. Psychosocial determinants of depression in the community of the elderly with cardiovascular disease. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:123-130. [PMID: 30025282 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The co-morbidity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression is quite frequent in old people, and some potential biological and behavioural mechanisms linking them have been reported. Yet the impact of psychosocial factors on depression in the elderly with CVD remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the psychosocial determinants of depression in the elderly with CVD. Using the Geriatric Mental Status-Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy, a community-based household survey was performed in 2,199 elderly people from the Anhui cohort third-wave survey from 2007 to 2009 and an extended study in Hubei from 2010 to 2011. Multiple logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the influence of psychosocial factors on depression. Among them, the prevalence of depression was 4.77%. Three factors were associated with depression in elderly in the community: self-assessed physical health status, anything else severely upsetting and unpleasantness with relatives, friends, or neighbors. In particular, associations of psychosocial factors with depression were more evident in individuals with CVD. This study confirms several psychosocial determinants of depression and the impact of CVD on the associations among the elderly, which provides some clues for interventional strategies of late-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruoling Chen
- Center for Health and Social Care Improvement (CHSCI), University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Liu
- Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Chai
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Dorothy D Boer
- English Language Teaching Department, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhi Hu
- School of Health Administrations, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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17
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18
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Tofthagen C, Kip K, Witt A, McMillan S. Complicated Grief: Risk Factors, Interventions, and Resources for Oncology Nurses. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2017; 21:331-337. [DOI: 10.1188/17.cjon.331-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Perceived emotional social support in bereaved spouses mediates the relationship between anxiety and depression. J Affect Disord 2017; 211:83-91. [PMID: 28103522 PMCID: PMC5304338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has shown that anxiety symptoms predict later depression symptoms following bereavement. Nevertheless, no research has investigated mechanisms of the temporal relationship between anxiety and later depressive symptoms or examined the impact of depressive symptoms on later anxiety symptoms following bereavement. METHODS The current study examined perceived emotional social support as a possible mediator between anxiety and depressive symptoms in a bereaved sample of older adults (N =250). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured at Wave 1 (immediately after bereavement), social support was measured at Wave 2 (18 months after bereavement), and anxiety and depressive symptoms were also measured at Wave 3 (48 months after bereavement). RESULTS Using Bayesian structural equation models, when controlling for baseline depression, anxiety symptoms significantly positively predicted depressive symptoms 48 months later, Further, perceived emotional social support significantly mediated the relationship between anxiety symptoms and later depressive symptoms, such that anxiety symptoms significantly negatively predicted later emotional social support, and emotional social support significantly negatively predicted later depressive symptoms. Also, when controlling for baseline anxiety, depressive symptoms positively predicted anxiety symptoms 48 months later. However, low emotional social support failed to mediate this relationship. CONCLUSIONS Low perceived emotional social support may be a mechanism by which anxiety symptoms predict depressive symptoms 48 months later for bereaved individuals.
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Chang JE, Sequeira A, McCord CE, Garney WR. Videoconference Grief Group Counseling in Rural Texas: Outcomes, Challenges, and Lessons Learned. JOURNAL FOR SPECIALISTS IN GROUP WORK 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01933922.2016.1146376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Arizmendi BJ, O'Connor MF. What is "normal" in grief? Aust Crit Care 2015; 28:58-62; quiz 63. [PMID: 25716103 DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted over the past two decades has revealed that grief, a common phenomenon experienced by many people following the loss of a loved one, is rarely experienced as a steady progression from high acuity (intensity) to eventual resolution. Instead of this single "traditional" path, four distinct trajectories are supported by empirical data: resilience, chronic grief, depressed-improved, and chronic depression. Furthermore, a small subset of individuals never fully integrate the loss into their life, and continue to experience severe disruption in daily life many years after the loss event, a phenomenon known as Complicated Grief (CG). Continued empirical research will help further our understanding of the normative grief process and CG as a disorder. This information is crucial for informing clinicians of best practices when attending to those suffering from loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Arizmendi
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Boulevard, Room 430, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Mary-Frances O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Boulevard, Room 430, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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22
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Woodward AT, Chatters LM, Taylor HO, Taylor RJ. Professional Service Use for a Serious Personal Problem: Comparing Older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites Using the National Survey of American Life. J Aging Health 2014; 27:755-74. [PMID: 25552527 DOI: 10.1177/0898264314559894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Examines combinations of professionals visited for a serious personal problem. METHOD The sample includes those aged 55 and above (N = 862) from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). Latent class analysis was used to identify groups of respondents based on types of professionals visited. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with group membership. RESULTS Classes included health provider plus clergy, physician plus mental health provider, and limited provider use. Whites were more likely than African Americans to fall into the health provider plus clergy and physician plus mental health provider classes. Those with physical and emotional problems were more likely to be in the health provider plus clergy and physician plus mental health provider classes, respectively. DISCUSSION Most respondents were in the limited provider use class suggesting that for many problems, minimal professional help is utilized. Physicians and clergy were important across all three classes.
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Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers' bereavement care practices: recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1221-9. [PMID: 24955568 PMCID: PMC4418789 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bereaved patients are often seen in primary care settings. Although most do not require formal support, physicians may be called upon to provide support to some bereaved, particularly those with bereavement-related mental health disorders like complicated grief and bereavement-related depression. Research evidence on physician bereavement care is scant. We make recommendations for future research in this area. DESIGN Literature review focuses on studies conducted between 1996 and 2013 in the United States. Searches of Medline and PsychInfo, along with hand searches of reference sections, were conducted. RESULTS The limited existing research indicates substantial gaps in the research literature, especially in the areas of primary care physician skill and capacity, patient-level outcomes, and the quality of research methodology. No US studies have focused specifically on care for bereavement-related mental health disorders. We provide recommendations about how to improve research about primary care bereavement care. CONCLUSIONS The primary care sector offers ample opportunities for research on bereavement care. With greater research efforts, there may be improvements to quality of bereavement care in primary care, in general, and also to the accurate detection and appropriate referral for bereavement-related mental health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sapana R. Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Daniel B. Kaplan
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Martha L. Bruce
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College
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24
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Ghesquiere A, Thomas J, Bruce ML. Utilization of Hospice Bereavement Support by At-Risk Family Members. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2014; 33:124-9. [PMID: 25326490 DOI: 10.1177/1049909114555155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the bereaved are at risk of bereavement-related mental health disorders. Hospices' bereavement services could potentially address needs of many at risk, but little is known about their service use. We analyzed data from 6160 bereaved family members of hospice patients. Risk of mental health problems was identified by hospice providers postloss. Of those characterized as "at-risk," 52% used services compared to 18% of the "low risk." Factors associated with service use among at-risk were female gender and younger age of death. Those who lost a child used services less than other bereaved. Although hospices appear to be skilled at identifying and providing bereavement services to the at-risk, services do not reach almost half. Results suggest the need to improve care access, especially among men and those losing a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ghesquiere
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Martha L Bruce
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, USA
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