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Nguyen AW, Taylor HO, Taylor RJ, Ambroise AZ, Hamler T, Qin W, Chatters LM. The role of subjective, interpersonal, and structural social isolation in 12-month and lifetime anxiety disorders. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:760. [PMID: 38468204 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, and the incidence of anxiety disorders among adults in the U.S. have increased over the last decade. Anxiety disorders can have debilitating effects on multiple areas of functioning and quality of life. Recently, social isolation has emerged as an important public health problem associated with worse health and well-being outcomes. Research on the connection between social isolation and mental health has found that multiple dimensions of social isolation may negatively impact mental health, but few inquiries have focused on the association between social isolation and anxiety. This study examined the relationships between multiple dimensions of social isolation and anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 and older. METHODS The sample includes 6082 individuals from the National Survey of American Life. This study examined whether three different dimensions of social isolation-subjective, interpersonal, and structural-were associated with 12-month and lifetime anxiety disorders (any anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and agoraphobia (AG). Logistic regressions were used to test the associations between the three social isolation variables and the anxiety outcomes. RESULTS This study found that of the three dimensions of social isolation, subjective isolation was most consistently related to both lifetime and 12-month anxiety disorders. Those who were subjectively isolated had increased odds of meeting criteria for any anxiety disorder, PTSD, GAD, PD, and AG over the past 12 months and throughout their lifetimes. Structural isolation was negatively associated with lifetime and 12-month AG. CONCLUSIONS Public health approaches should include mental health and primary care providers and need to target social isolation, especially subjective isolation, which may be key in preventing anxiety disorders and the worsening of anxiety disorders. Future public health research is needed on how and in what ways the differing dimensions of social isolation impact mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Harry Owen Taylor
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St W, M5S 1V4, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Alexis Z Ambroise
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Delaware, 19716, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Tyrone Hamler
- Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, 2148 S. High Street, 80210, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Weidi Qin
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1350 University Ave, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University Ave, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hope MO, Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Chatters L. Correlates of Spirituality among African American and Black Caribbean Emerging Adults. Religions (Basel) 2024; 15:341. [PMID: 38645934 PMCID: PMC11027557 DOI: 10.3390/rel15030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Spirituality is a significant cultural strength and resource for Black emerging adults. Numerous studies show that increasing numbers of emerging adults tend to identify themselves as being spiritual but not religious. However, no studies to date have identified the demographic correlates of spirituality for Black emerging adults from different ethnic groups (i.e., African American vs. Black Caribbean). Data from the National Survey of American Life was used to identify the demographic correlates of 2 indicators of spirituality (e.g., self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality) for 802 African American and 428 Black Caribbean emerging adults using linear regression. For African Americans, being a woman predicted both greater self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality. However, among Black Caribbeans men rated spirituality higher in importance than women. African Americans who reported higher educational attainment tended to report higher levels of self-rated spirituality and subjective spirituality. Romantic status for Black Caribbeans, whether they had no romantic involvement or a current romantic partner, was associated with lower self-ratings of spirituality. Unmarried cohabitating individuals in both ethnic groups tended to report lower levels of self-related spirituality. Unemployment for Black Caribbeans was associated with lower subjective spirituality. Findings are of interest to those who serve and work with Black emerging adults.
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Taylor HO, Taylor RJ, Tsuchiya K, Chatters L. Social Isolation, Self-Rated Health, and Self-Rated Oral Health among African Americans. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2024; 35:18-36. [PMID: 38661857 PMCID: PMC11058460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Social isolation is associated with worse health; however, few studies have examined the health effects of isolation among African Americans. The purpose of this study is to evaluate associations between social isolation and self-rated physical and oral health from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative sample of African Americans. Social isolation was operationalized to reflect both objective isolation (lack of contact) and subjective isolation (lack of emotional closeness). Self-rated physical and oral health were regressed on objective and subjective isolation while controlling for marital status, gender, age, family income, education, and health behaviors. Poorer self-rated physical health was associated with objective isolation, while poorer self-rated oral health was associated with subjective isolation. This study contributes to the small literature of the impact of social isolation on health among African Americans; furthermore, it is the first to examine the relationship between isolation and self-rated oral health in this population.
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Symon TE, Murillo-Cisneros DA, Hernández-Camacho CJ, O'Hara TM, Taylor RJ, Rosado-Berrios CA, Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T. Mercury and selenium concentrations in lanugo of free-ranging California sea lions in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 197:115712. [PMID: 37922756 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Total mercury ([THg]) and selenium ([TSe]) concentrations were determined in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) lanugo from the Gulf of California in 2021 and 2022. Relationships with sex, morphometrics, and year were evaluated. Following toxicological thresholds of concern for piscivorous mammals, most pups had a [THg] < 10 ppm, one pup (2021) had a [THg] > 20 ppm, no pups had a [THg] > 30 ppm. Females had significantly higher [TSe] than males; sex did not influence [THg]. [THg] and [TSe] in 2022 were significantly higher in the general population and male cohorts compared to 2021. Significant negative correlations were observed between [THg], [TSe], and morphometrics (2021). These results indicate that, compared to other pinniped species, regional California sea lions may have a decreased likelihood of experiencing Hg-related adverse health effects. Year-related changes in element concentrations suggest continued monitoring of this population to assess pinniped, environmental, and potentially, human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Symon
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - D A Murillo-Cisneros
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - C J Hernández-Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
| | - T M O'Hara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - R J Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - C A Rosado-Berrios
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, United States of America.
| | - J P Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720 Berkeley, United States of America.
| | - T Zenteno-Savín
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S. C (CIBNOR), 23096 La Paz, Mexico.
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Isaac E, Taylor RJ, Fields EC. How the Underlying Etiology of Cirrhosis Impacts Response to SBRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e305-e306. [PMID: 37785111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) In the US, incidence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have more than tripled and death rates have doubled since 1980. In 2022, it is expected for 41,260 new cases to be diagnosed with 30,520 deaths. Many etiologies contribute to the development of HCC including alcoholic cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, HCV, HBV, NASH, and genetic disorders like hereditary hemochromatosis. An increasing number of patients are not candidates for curative options such as resection or transplant and the role of alternative liver directed as therapies has increased. SBRT has emerged as a safe and effective option, but there is little known about the outcomes related to the etiology of the HCC. The purpose of this study is to characterize the rates of toxicity and efficacy between different HCC etiologies in patients who were treated with SBRT. MATERIALS/METHODS A single institutional database was compiled of all patients with HCC who were treated with SBRT. Patients with HCC etiologies of HCV, alcoholic cirrhosis, or NASH cirrhosis who received SBRT and monitored with liver function tests and imaging (MRI or CT) and were not transplanted were included Demographic information, disease etiology, all treatment courses, lab values, radiologic response, and follow-up were collected on all patients. SPSS was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Consecutive patients (n = 37, 43 courses of radiation) who received SBRT between 2013- January 2022 were included. Most patients were male (n = 32, 86.5%) and average age was 64.73 ± 7.42 years (range: 50-82 years). A majority of patients had either HCV or HCV and alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 28, 75.7%) and there were no baseline difference in child Pugh score, tumor size, or number of prior treatments. Most patients were treated with 50Gy/5 fx (n = 26, 70.3%) with 5 others being treated with 45Gy/5fx to meet mean liver constraints. Most patients had a decrease in ALT (n = 22, 59.5%) while almost half of patients had a decrease in AFP (n = 14, 48.3%) at average follow-up of 11.84 ± 5.35 months. There was a significant correlation between HCC etiology and change in bilirubin with patients with HCV being more likely to have increases in total bilirubin (χ2 (6) = 17.5, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Patients with HCV induced cirrhosis may be more fragile and have a significant increased risk of toxicity after SBRT based on total bilirubin changes. Most patients did have a decrease in ALT showing potential for some improvement in liver function with SBRT. However, almost half of patients have some biologic efficacy with SBRT independent of HCC etiology. Further studies should include looking at the biologic differences in the etiologies and what treatment liver-directed therapies may be best for each population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Isaac
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - R J Taylor
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, VA
| | - E C Fields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA
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Taylor RJ, Omidi A, Rosu M, Maggioncalda E, Weiss E. Effects of Respiratory and Cardiac Motion on Dose to the Left Anterior Descending Artery in Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e64-e65. [PMID: 37785906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Radiation dose to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) appears to be an independent predictor of major cardiac events and all-cause mortality following radiation therapy (RT) for lung cancer. In this study, we characterize the dosimetric effects of respiratory (RM) and cardiac (CM) motion on LAD. MATERIALS/METHODS Ten patients with stage IIIA-IVA lung cancer received cine MRIs (25 phases) at expiration which were used to evaluate the CM, and 4D CT scans for the evaluation of RM. Following registration of the expiration images of 4D CTs with MRIs, RT dose was transferred from planning CT datasets to all phases of 4D CTs and cine MRIs. LAD was manually contoured on all scans. The contours from each 4D phase represent LADs over multiple cardiac cycles, thus they are referred to as cLAD from here on. Displacements and dose variations of cLAD between exhale/inhale on 4D CTs and of LAD between systolic and diastolic phases on cine MRIs were analyzed, and paired t-tests were performed to assess the significance of the differences observed. RESULTS The following metrics are reported averaged over all patients. Clinical treatment planning CT metrics and doses: Mean dose, max dose, V5 Gy and V15 Gy were 15.0 (±11.3) Gy, 31.1 (±22.1) Gy, 53 (±33)%, 35 (±30)%. The cLAD metrics and dose variations due to respiratory motion (between exhale and inhale): RM amplitude was 0.3±0.2cm (RL 0.3 ± 0.1 cm, AP 0.2 ± 0.2 cm, SI 0.3 ± 0.2 cm). The variations in mean dose, max dose, V5 and V15 were 4.0 (±4.0) Gy, 1.6 (±1.5) Gy, 4.4 (±3.4)%, 4.0 (±3.4)%. Mean, max, V5 Gy and V15 Gy increased or remained unchanged with expiration in 8, 9, 5 and 5 patients, respectively. LAD metrics and dose variations due to cardiac motion (between systole and diastole): CM amplitude was 0.2 ± 0.1 cm (RL 0.2 ± 0.1 cm, AP 0.2 ± 0.1 cm, SI 0.3 ± 0.1 cm). The variations in mean dose, max dose, V5 and V15 were 1.7 (±1.4) Gy, 1.2 (±0.9) Gy, 5.2 (± 6.7)%, 4.6 (± 4.0)%. Mean, max, V5 Gy and V15 Gy increased or remained unchanged with diastole in 7, 7, 8 and 8 patients respectively. Statistical significance: The differences in displacement and dose between respiration and cardiac motion were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Respiratory and cardiac-induced physiological variations of the LAD position have dosimetric consequences comparable in magnitude. Expiration and diastole lead to increased LAD doses. This underscores the importance of considering both the respiratory and the cardiac motion when motion management techniques are considered. 4D CTs inherently include the cardiac motion. However, if breath-hold is used for respiratory motion mitigation, CM might not be captured appropriately due to short tube rotation times. In this case, understanding CM characteristics is important for more accurate assessment of LAD dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Taylor
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, VA
| | - A Omidi
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, VA
| | - M Rosu
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, VA
| | | | - E Weiss
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Richmond, VA
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7
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Byron W, Harrington H, Taylor RJ, DeGraw W, Buzinsky N, Dodson B, Fertl M, García A, Garvey G, Graner B, Guigue M, Hayen L, Huyan X, Khaw KS, Knutsen K, McClain D, Melconian D, Müller P, Novitski E, Oblath NS, Robertson RGH, Rybka G, Savard G, Smith E, Stancil DD, Sternberg M, Storm DW, Swanson HE, Tedeschi JR, VanDevender BA, Wietfeldt FE, Young AR, Zhu X. First Observation of Cyclotron Radiation from MeV-Scale e^{±} following Nuclear β Decay. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:082502. [PMID: 37683153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.082502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an apparatus for detection of cyclotron radiation yielding a frequency-based β^{±} kinetic energy determination in the 5 keV to 2.1 MeV range, characteristic of nuclear β decays. The cyclotron frequency of the radiating β particles in a magnetic field is used to determine the β energy precisely. Our work establishes the foundation to apply the cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) technique, developed by the Project 8 Collaboration, far beyond the 18-keV tritium endpoint region. We report initial measurements of β^{-}'s from ^{6}He and β^{+}'s from ^{19}Ne decays to demonstrate the broadband response of our detection system and assess potential systematic uncertainties for β spectroscopy over the full (MeV) energy range. To our knowledge, this is the first direct observation of cyclotron radiation from individual highly relativistic β's in a waveguide. This work establishes the application of CRES to a variety of nuclei, opening its reach to searches for new physics beyond the TeV scale via precision β-decay measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Byron
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - H Harrington
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R J Taylor
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- The Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - W DeGraw
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - B Dodson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - M Fertl
- Institute for Physics, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - A García
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Garvey
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - B Graner
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - M Guigue
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - L Hayen
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- The Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - X Huyan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - K S Khaw
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - K Knutsen
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D McClain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - D Melconian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Cyclotron Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - P Müller
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E Novitski
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - N S Oblath
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - R G H Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Rybka
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - G Savard
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D D Stancil
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - M Sternberg
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - D W Storm
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - H E Swanson
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - J R Tedeschi
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B A VanDevender
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - F E Wietfeldt
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
| | - A R Young
- Physics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
- The Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - X Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Center for Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Neighbors HW, Bowman PJ, Williams DR, Mezuk B, Caldwell C. James S. Jackson and the program for research on Black Americans: Contributions to psychology and the social sciences. Am Psychol 2023; 78:413-427. [PMID: 37384497 PMCID: PMC10313130 DOI: 10.1037/amp0001067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
James S. Jackson (1944-2020) is remembered as a groundbreaking social psychologist whose career contributions in scholarship, research, and service were fundamental to the field of psychology. This article briefly outlines his career-long work and contributions. A strong believer in interdisciplinary work, his research spanned other related social science disciplines (e.g., sociology, political science), as well as health and social welfare professions (public health, social work, medicine). As the founding director of the Program for Research on Black Americans at the Institute for Social Research, James Jackson initiated and led a long-standing program with a dual focus on research and training and mentoring doctoral students, postdoctoral scholars, and early career scientists. Jackson's efforts in the development of several nationally representative surveys of the Black population in the United States (e.g., National Survey of Black Americans, National Survey of American Life) revolutionized research focusing on the lives of Black Americans. James Jackson's international influence and reputation included numerous prestigious positions within national science organizations and honors and awards for his scientific contributions. Among James S. Jackson's most enduring legacies is the vast network of current scientists, researchers, and academics who were trained under his direction and leadership. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan
- Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan
- Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | - Cleopatra Caldwell
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan
- Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan
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9
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Oh H, Martz C, Lincoln KD, Taylor RJ, Neblett EW, Chae D. Depression impairment among young adult college students: exploring the racial paradox. Ethn Health 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36997332 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2192898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest Black Americans have a lower prevalence of depression than White Americans despite greater exposure to risk factors for depression across the life course. We examined whether this paradox exists among students in higher education, and whether the paradox may be partly explained by racial differences in reports of impairment from depression, which is a required criterion for clinical diagnosis. METHODS We analyzed data from the Healthy Minds Study (2020-2021), restricting the sample to young adults (18-29) who identified as either Black or White. Using modified Poisson regression models to estimate risk ratios, we examined associations between race and depression impairment across five levels of depression severity, adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS Approximately 23% of Black students reported depression impairment, which is significantly lower than the 28% of White students who reported depression impairment. For all students, greater depression severity was associated with greater probability of impairment; however, the relationship was more modest among Black students. At severe, moderately severe, and moderate depression levels, Black students had lower risk of depression impairment compared with White students. CONCLUSION White students may be more likely than Black students to report significant impairment at high levels of depression. These findings open the possibility that racial differences in the impairment criterion of clinical diagnoses may explain some the racial depression paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Connor Martz
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Karen D Lincoln
- Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David Chae
- Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between eight measures of religious involvement and five anxiety disorders among a nationally representative sample of African-Americans ( N = 3403). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition , World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess 12-month and lifetime prevalence for each disorder. Logistic regression indicated weekly service attendance was inversely associated with 12-month and lifetime panic disorder, lifetime agoraphobia, and 12-month and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prayer was inversely associated with 12-month agoraphobia, 12-month social phobia, and lifetime PTSD. Listening to religious radio and looking to God for strength were also inversely related to, respectively, 12-month and lifetime panic disorder. Conversely, reading religious materials was positively associated with 12-month panic disorder, 12-month agoraphobia, lifetime PTSD, and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder. The results are discussed in light of conceptual models that specify multiple and sometimes divergent pathways through which religion impacts health, and suggestions for clinicians addressing anxiety disorders are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health and Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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11
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Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Schulz AJ. The Return of Race Science and Why It Matters for Family Science. J Fam Theory Rev 2022; 14:442-462. [PMID: 36406939 PMCID: PMC9668105 DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Race science attributes differences in human populations to biology and genetics that reflect a hierarchy of human races with whiteness at its pinnacle. This article examining the history of race science and current family scholarship and practice contends that race science matters for family science. We discuss 1) white supremacy, the development of race science, and the eugenics movement in the U.S.; 2) racism, racialized experiences, and oppression of Black families in the U.S.; 3) the construction of whiteness in family science and re-envisioning theories to make racism's impact visible; 4) racial reckonings for professional organizations; and 5) why race science matters for family science and a call to action. Clarity about the meaning of race can ensure that family science addresses white supremacy and racism embedded in scholarship, training, and practice, and promotes work that supports the well-being of families that are most vulnerable and marginalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Chatters
- School of Social WorkUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program for Research on Black AmericansInstitute for Social Research, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health EducationSchool of Public Health, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social WorkUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Program for Research on Black AmericansInstitute for Social Research, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Amy J. Schulz
- Department of Health Behavior and Health EducationSchool of Public Health, University of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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12
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Taylor RJ, Skipper AD, Cross CJ, Taylor HO, Chatters LM. Racial/Ethnic Variation in Family Support: African Americans, Black Caribbeans and Non-Latino Whites. J Marriage Fam 2022; 84:1002-1023. [PMID: 36110339 PMCID: PMC9469895 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined racial and ethnic differences in the receipt and provision of instrumental family support. BACKGROUND Extended families provide significant levels of emotional and instrumental support across the life course. Despite their importance, extended family relationships and the assistance they provide are largely neglected in the literature. Further, questions remain concerning cultural variation in family support relationships and inconsistent findings on racial differences in family support in prior investigations. METHOD This study relied on data from the National Survey of American Life-Reinterview (n=3,483) to investigate the provision and receipt of instrumental support from extended family among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino Whites and within high- and low-income categories for each group. Eight key measures of instrumental family support are examined: receiving and providing transportation, help with chores, financial assistance, and help during an illness. RESULTS African Americans and Black Caribbeans share similar profiles of providing and receiving instrumental family support. Both populations receive and provide assistance more frequently than do non-Latino Whites. Similarly, analyses stratified by income indicated that for low-income and high-income groups, African American and Black Caribbeans are similar to one another, and at each income category, both groups received and provided support more frequently than non-Latino Whites. CONCLUSION Study findings are discussed in relation to conceptual and methodological differences in assessing Black-White differences across studies of family support. Attention to these issues and the specific contexts for receiving/providing family support (emergency vs. routine; intergenerational vs. extended) will help clarify inconsistent findings across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina J Cross
- Department of Sociology, Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University
| | | | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan
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13
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Sylvers D, Taylor RJ, Barnes L, Ifatunji MA, Chatters LM. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Major and Everyday Discrimination Among Older Adults: African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Latino Whites. J Aging Health 2022; 34:460-471. [PMID: 35420508 PMCID: PMC9165708 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined differences in major and everyday discrimination between African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino White older adults. METHODS Data are taken from the National Survey of American Life. Measures of major (e.g., unfairly fired and harassed by police) and everyday (e.g., treated with less courtesy, insulted, and followed in stores) discrimination were examined. RESULTS Both African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more major and everyday discrimination than non-Latino Whites. However, there were no significant differences between African Americans and Whites with regards to being fired, neighbors making life difficult and receiving poor service. There were no significant differences between African Americans and Black Caribbeans in major or everyday discrimination. DISCUSSION The discussion notes the importance of examining racial as well as within group ethnic differences within the Black American population in the types of discrimination. It also notes the importance of examining indicators of both major and everyday discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominque Sylvers
- School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Lisa Barnes
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, 2461Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- Department of Afro American Studies, Department of Sociology, 5229University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the frequency and impact of traumatic events on the mental health of older African American and Black Caribbean adults. Methods: The current study used data from the National Survey of American Life of 1,135 African American and 426 Black Caribbean adults aged 50 and older. Analysis examined the impact of traumatic events on both positive (i.e., happiness and life satisfaction) and negative (i.e., depressive symptoms, psychological distress, and 12-month anti-depressant use) domains of mental health. Results: Findings indicate that approximately 80% of older African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported experiencing a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime. Among African Americans assaultive violence was associated with more depressive symptoms, lower levels of life satisfaction, and lower levels of happiness. This was not the case among Black Caribbeans. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary insight in mental health outcomes for older African American and Black Caribbean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, 14743University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, Program for Research on Black Americans, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,School of Social Work, School of Public Health, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Taylor RJ. Contemporary Research on Older Black Americans, a Special Issue of Journal of Aging and Health in Honor of the Life and Legacy of James S. Jackson. J Aging Health 2022; 34:301-306. [PMID: 35417277 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221086334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This special issue of the Journal of Aging and Health honors the memory of James Jackson by elevating his many research contributions to the physical and mental health of older Black Americans. The articles focus on the central problems and questions that James Jackson addressed throughout his illustrious career. All articles in the special issue focus on older Black Americans and include at least one of the following elements: (1) articles based on the National Survey of American Life, the data set for which James Jackson was the Principal Investigator; (2) articles that utilize the Environmental Affordances Model which was developed by James Jackson; (3) articles that include the Everyday Discrimination scale which was originally published by David Williams, James Jackson, and colleagues; (4) and articles based on the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the data set for which James Jackson served as Editor for a special issue of The Gerontologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, 1259University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Taylor RJ, Skipper AD, Ellis JM, Chatters LM. Church-Based Emotional Support and Negative Interactions Among Older African Americans and Black Caribbeans. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2006-2015. [PMID: 35218658 PMCID: PMC9683488 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates church-based informal social support among older African Americans and Black Caribbeans. In particular, we examine the correlates of receiving emotional support as well as negative interactions (e.g., criticisms) from church members. METHODS The analysis is based on the older African American (n = 829) and Black Caribbean (n = 271) subsample of the National Survey of American Life. The analysis utilizes multiple group structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a model of church support networks. RESULTS There were no significant differences between older African Americans and older Black Caribbeans in the frequency of service attendance, contact with church members (seeing, writing, talking), emotional support from church members, or negative interactions with church members. However, a comparison of SEM analysis indicates that the number and pattern of relationships are different. For instance, among African Americans church attendance was associated with emotional support, but among Black Caribbeans attendance did not have a direct or indirect effect on emotional support. Our findings also indicate that among older African Americans, women attend religious services more frequently and both receive emotional support and engage in negative interactions with church members more frequently than men. Among Black Caribbeans, however, men attend religious services less frequently than women but also have more negative interactions with church members. DISCUSSION For both African American and Black Caribbean older adults, church members are an important element of their social support networks. Our analysis also underscores the importance of contact with church members for receiving emotional support for both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- Address correspondence to: Robert Joseph Taylor, PhD, MSW, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E-mail:
| | - Antonius D Skipper
- The Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James M Ellis
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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17
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Abstract
Using data from the National Survey of American Life, we investigated the social and demographic correlates of fictive kin network involvement among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and non-Latino Whites. Specifically, we examined the factors shaping whether respondents have fictive kin, the number of fictive present kin in their networks, and the frequency with which they received support from fictive kin. Eighty-seven percent of respondents had a fictive kin relationship, the average network size was 7.5, and 61% of participants routinely received fictive kin support. Affective closeness and contact with family, friends, and church members were positively associated with fictive kin relations. Age, region, income and marital and parental status were related to fictive kin network involvement, though these associations varied by race/ethnicity. Collectively, findings indicate that fictive kin ties extend beyond marginalized communities, and they operate as a means to strengthen family bonds, rather than substitute for family deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Christina J Cross
- Department of Sociology, Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University
| | - Dawne M Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
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18
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Gran-Ruaz SM, Taylor RJ, Jacob G, Williams MT. Lifetime Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among African Americans and Black Caribbeans by Sex and Ethnicity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889060. [PMID: 35800025 PMCID: PMC9253828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder requiring timely diagnosis and treatment, with special attention needed for Black populations in the U.S. Yet, stakeholders often fail to recognize Black communities' heterogeneous ethnic composition, thus not allowing diverse sociocultural realities to inform PTSD interventions. This study aims to characterize sex and ethnic differences in lifetime trauma exposure, lifetime PTSD diagnosis and symptoms, and help-seeking among the African Americans and Black Caribbeans in the U.S. METHOD This study relied on data from the National Survey of American Life 2001-2003 (NSAL) to investigate the lifetime exposure to traumatic events and prevalence of a clinical PTSD diagnosis based on the DSM-IV among African American (n = 3,570) and Black Caribbean (n = 1,623) adults. 44.5% of respondents were men and 55.5% were women. Logistic regression was utilized to investigate the impact of traumatic events on PTSD. RESULTS Several ethnic and sex differences in exposure to potentially traumatic events were identified. African American respondents were more likely to experience spousal abuse and toxin exposure than their Black Caribbean counterparts. Black Caribbeans reported higher lifetime exposure to muggings, natural disasters, harsh parental discipline, being a civilian living in terror and/or being a refugee than African American respondents. Specific to sex, Black men reported more events of combat, a peacekeeper/relief worker, being mugged, toxin exposure, seeing atrocities, and/or injuring someone. Black women were more likely to have been rape/sexual assault and/or intimate partner violence victims. The assaultive violence trauma type was most predictive of lifetime PTSD diagnosis among Black Americans. African American women were more likely to report PTSD symptoms than men, with almost no significant differences in Black Caribbean men and women. Approximately half of Black Americans sought help for their worst traumatic event, commonly engaging family/friends, psychiatrists, and mental health professionals. Further, there were almost no ethnic and sex differences related to professional and non-professional help sought. CONCLUSION Future PTSD-related research should aim to characterize the heterogenous experiences of potentially traumatic events within different Black communities. Clinicians working with Black clients should strive to understand the limitations within their tools/interventions in meeting the needs of diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Grace Jacob
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Rorai VO, Perry TE, Whitney SE, Gianfermi HC, Mitchell JA, Key KD, Lichtenberg PA, Taylor RJ, Ilardo JL, Knurek SM, Conyers CS. "It Takes Some Empathy, Sympathy, and Listening": Telephone Outreach to Older Detroiters in a Pandemic as a Modality to Gain an Understanding of Challenges and Resiliency. J Urban Health 2021; 98:91-102. [PMID: 34518983 PMCID: PMC8437335 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-021-00564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a telephone outreach project for members of a research registry program for older adults in Detroit, Michigan. From April until December 2020, the Healthier Black Elders Center designed and implemented a telephone outreach program, calling 1204 older adults utilizing 15 staff and volunteers. The calls served to check in on registry members and collect data on mental health, coping mechanisms, access to services, masks, testing, and tele-health. This paper details the methods of developing and implementing an innovative engagement program that collected time-sensitive data from older Black adults that has directly been applied to create virtual health education programs, share resource information, and create a program to reduce social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O Rorai
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Tam E Perry
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kent D Key
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Peter A Lichtenberg
- Institute of Gerontology, Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Research Initiatives, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Joan L Ilardo
- Research Initiatives, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Sean M Knurek
- Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, USA
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20
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Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Cross CJ. Taking Diversity Seriously: Within-Group Heterogeneity in African American Extended Family Support Networks. J Marriage Fam 2021; 83:1349-1372. [PMID: 34711997 PMCID: PMC8547778 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the correlates of involvement in extended family social support networks among African Americans. BACKGROUND Previous literature has documented the importance of informal social support from extended family members for the African American population. Most research has investigated black-white differences in network involvement or has focused on impoverished African American families. Both approaches conceal important within-group variation in participation among the total African American population. METHOD This study relied on nationally representative data from the African American sub-sample of the National Survey of American Life (n=3,538). It employed ordinary least squares regression analysis to examine the sociodemographic and family factors that are associated with four key measures of involvement in extended family support networks: receiving and providing extended family support, frequency of family contact, and degree of subjective closeness. RESULTS African Americans routinely interacted with members of their family, displayed a high degree of family closeness, and exchanged support fairly frequently. Findings also revealed significant variation in network involvement by sociodemographic characteristics: women, younger adults, and Southerners were typically most involved; individuals who experienced greater material hardship, were previously incarcerated, or served in the military reported less involvement. Results also showed that family closeness and family contact were particularly salient factors shaping the extent to which network members engaged in support exchanges. CONCLUSION The magnitude of within-group heterogeneity in network involvement underscores the importance of considering issues of intragroup diversity in the developing literature on African American extended family networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1080 S. University St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Christina J Cross
- Department of Sociology, Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138
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21
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Lincoln KD, Ailshire J, Nguyen A, Taylor RJ, Govia I, Ifatunji MA. Profiles of sleep and depression risk among Caribbean Blacks. Ethn Health 2021; 26:981-999. [PMID: 31137946 PMCID: PMC6881538 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2019.1620179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Sleep problems are associated with a host of psychiatric disorders and have been attributed to race disparities in health and wellness. Studies of sleep and mental health do not typically consider within-group differences among Blacks. Thus, our understanding of how the sleep-mental health relationship among Caribbean Blacks is limited. This study identified sleep profiles among Caribbean-born Blacks who reside in the United States.Design: Latent class analysis and data from the National Survey of American Life Re-interview study were used to identify and compare the associations between 'sleep quality classes,' sociodemographic factors, stress, and depression risk among Caribbean Blacks.Results: Two sleep quality classes were identified - 'good sleep quality' and 'poor sleep quality' - with each class demonstrating a complex pattern of sleep experiences, and illuminating the association between sleep and depression risk.Conclusions: Findings provide insight into the influence of sociodemographic factors and social stressors on the sleep experience of Caribbean Blacks and the importance of considering within-group differences to better understand risk and resilience among Caribbean Blacks living in the United States. Findings also highlight the importance of screening for sleep problems in an effort to reduce the burden of depression experienced by this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Lincoln
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Ailshire
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ishtar Govia
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research (CAIHR) - Epidemiology Research Unit, The University of the West Indies, Barbados, West Indies
| | - Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for African American Research, Sonja Haynes Stone Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Chatters LM, Taylor HO, Taylor RJ. Racism and the Life Course: Social and Health Equity for Black American Older Adults. Public Policy Aging Rep 2021; 31:113-118. [PMID: 34691479 PMCID: PMC8528194 DOI: 10.1093/ppar/prab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Harry O Taylor
- Factor-Inwentash School of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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23
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Taylor RJ, Chatters L, Woodward AT, Boddie S, Peterson GL. African Americans' and Black Caribbeans' Religious Coping for Psychiatric Disorders. Soc Work Public Health 2021; 36:68-83. [PMID: 33378231 PMCID: PMC7925433 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1856749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of religious coping among African Americans and Black Caribbeans with 12-month DSM-IV psychiatric disorders. Data from the National Survey of American Life is used to examine three indicators of religious coping: 1) using prayer and other spiritual practices for mental health problems, 2) the importance of prayer in stressful situations, and 3) looking to God for strength. Three out of four respondents who had a mental health problem reported using prayer as a source of coping. Agoraphobia and drug abuse disorder were associated with the importance of prayer during stress. Individuals with generalized anxiety disorder were more likely to report that prayer was important during stressful experiences and that they looked to God for strength. These findings contribute to the limited, but growing body of research on the ways that African Americans and Black Caribbeans cope with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Public Health and Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Boddie
- Diana Garland School of Social Work, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Skipper AD, Ellis J. Older African American, Black Caribbean, and Non-Latino White Fictive Kin Relationships. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 41:1-31. [PMID: 35418718 PMCID: PMC9005029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fictive kin are individuals who are not related biologically or legally family members but are conferred all of the expectations, obligations, norms, and behaviors that are typically associated with family members. Early ethnographic and qualitative studies on impoverished African Americans depicted fictive kinship as a strategy of necessity used by urban poor Blacks to share scarce resources. More recent surveys of fictive kin relationships based on nationally representative samples of African Americans establish that fictive kinship occur across a range of social and economic circumstances. However, fictive kin relationships among African Americans older adults remains an understudied area. The current study explores fictive kinship relationships (having fictive kin and receiving support from fictive kin) among African American, Black Caribbean, and non-Hispanic white older adults using data from the National Survey of American Life. We examined race/ethnicity and gender differences, as well as demographic and social network correlates. Findings showed that having and receiving support from fictive kin varied across race, ethnicity and gender. African Americans were more likely to have fictive kin than were non-Hispanic whites, but there were no overall race/ethnic differences in receiving support from fictive kin. Gender specific findings showed that Black Caribbean women received fictive kin support more frequently than African American and non-Hispanic white women. Finally, demographic and social network correlates of fictive kin varied by race and ethnicity and connections with social networks (family, friend, church members) were positively associated with having and receiving support from fictive kin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan
| | | | - James Ellis
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan
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25
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Abstract
Suicide has remained a leading cause of death among African American males, yet empirical investigations that focus on the experiences of this group are limited. Therefore, we aim to interrogate the impact of everyday discrimination as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and suicide ideation among African American men. Data were drawn from the African American male subsample of the National Survey of American Life (n = 1,271). Path analysis and tests for indirect effects were used to examine relationships between everyday discrimination, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. Three sources of everyday discrimination were examined (any everyday discrimination, race-based everyday discrimination, and other everyday discrimination). Study findings revealed that race-based everyday discrimination was the only type of discrimination that was significantly associated with both increased rates of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Further, the indirect effect from race-based everyday discrimination to suicide ideation via depressive symptoms was also statistically significant. Thus, the impact of daily encounters with discrimination extends beyond depressive symptoms and is related to higher rates of suicide ideation. Moreover, experiences with discrimination do not have to be overt to be harmful toward African American men's mental health. Culturally relevant suicide prevention interventions are needed to account for the role of discrimination in the lives of African American men.
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26
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Skipper AD, Taylor RJ. Marital and Romantic Satisfaction among Older African Americans. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 41:249-268. [PMID: 35418717 PMCID: PMC9004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There remains a lack of knowledge on marital satisfaction of African Americans in general and this is particularly the case for older African Americans. In addition, only a handful of studies investigate satisfaction among couples who are unmarried. Using data from the National Survey of American Life, this study examined the correlates of romantic and marital satisfaction among older African Americans. Findings reveal that married older African Americans were slightly more satisfied with their relationship than individuals who were either remarried or unmarried but in a romantic relationship. Among older African American married adults, older age was associated with higher marital satisfaction, and men had higher levels of marital satisfaction than women. Also, married older African Americans with lower family incomes reported higher marital satisfaction. Region was the only variable significantly associated with romantic satisfaction indicating higher satisfaction for Southerners as compared to those living in the Northeast. Given the limited research on older African Americans couples, either married or unmarried, this study offers valuable implications for individuals and professionals engaging these couples in practice settings.
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Abstract
The concept of "double jeopardy"-being both older and Black-describes how racism and ageism together shape higher risks for coronavirus exposure, COVID-19 disease, and poor health outcomes for older Black adults. Black people and older adults are the two groups most affected by COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Double jeopardy, as a race- and age-informed analysis, demonstrates how Black race and older age are associated with practices and policies that shape key life circumstances (e.g., racial residential segregation, family and household composition) and resources in ways that embody elevated risk for COVID-19. The concept of double jeopardy underscores long-standing race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities that produce devastating COVID-19 related deaths and injuries for older Black adults. Developing policies and actions that address race- and age-based inequities and social vulnerabilities can lower risks and enhance protective factors to ensure the health of older Black Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mouzon DM, Taylor RJ, Nguyen AW, Ifatunji MA, Chatters LM. Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1951-1960. [PMID: 31294454 PMCID: PMC8060986 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discrimination is associated with several negative social, economic, and health consequences. Past research focuses on the impact of discrimination while less is known about both the type and correlates of discrimination, particularly among older adults. METHODS Using the National Survey of American Life, we used latent class analysis to identify discrimination typologies (frequency and type) among African Americans aged 55 and older. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify demographic correlates of discrimination types, including a statistical interaction between gender and educational attainment. RESULTS We identified three discrimination typologies. Increasing age was associated with lower probability of belonging to the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes. Men and non-Southern residents were most likely to belong in the high discrimination subtype. Higher levels of education increased the probability of belonging in the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes for older men, but not women. DISCUSSION Older African American men, particularly those with more education, are vulnerable to both high-frequency discrimination and discrimination characterized by disrespect and condescension. This finding suggests that, for men with more years of education, increased exposure to discrimination reflects efforts to maintain social hierarchies (male target hypothesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawne M Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- Department of Sociology, Institute for African American Research and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Williams MT, Taylor RJ, George JR, Schlaudt VA, Ifatunji MA, Chatters LM. Correlates of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Among Black Caribbean Americans. Int J Ment Health 2020; 50:53-77. [PMID: 33840831 PMCID: PMC8034584 DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2020.1826261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rapid growth of the Black Caribbean population in the United States, we know little about the presentation and prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among these groups. This study examines the demographic correlates and the effect of racial discrimination on OCD symptoms among a nationally-representative sample of Black Caribbean and African American adults (n = 5,191). Drawing on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short Form (CIDI-SF) for OCD, we examine two types of obsessions (harm and contamination) and four types of compulsions (repeating, washing, ordering, and counting). There we no significant differences between Black Caribbeans and African Americans in obsessions and compulsions. Analysis among Black Caribbeans found that compared with Jamaican and Trinidadian Americans, Haitian American individuals reported the fewest number of obsessions and compulsions. We show that Black Caribbean Americans with lower income, lower self-rated physical and mental health, and more experiences with racial discrimination report higher levels of OCD. More specifically, racial discrimination was associated with contamination and harm obsessions, as well as washing and repeating compulsions. Our findings highlight the need to consider specific domains of OCD relative to Black Caribbeans, and the relationship between social and demographic variables on symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamilah R. George
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT
| | | | - Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- University of Wisconsin at Madison, Department of Afro American Studies, Madison, WI
| | - Linda M. Chatters
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, MI
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
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Jones AL, Cochran SD, Rafferty J, Taylor RJ, Mays VM. Lifetime and Twelve-Month Prevalence, Persistence, and Unmet Treatment Needs of Mood, Anxiety, and Substance Use Disorders in African American and U.S. versus Foreign-Born Caribbean Women. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17197007. [PMID: 32992680 PMCID: PMC7579446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing diversity within the Black population in the U.S., but limited understanding of ethnic and nativity differences in the mental health treatment needs of Black women. This study examined differences in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, their persistence, and unmet treatment needs among Black women in the U.S. Data were from the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative survey that assessed lifetime and twelve-month mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV) criteria, and mental health service use among those meeting disorder criteria. One in three African American women met criteria for a lifetime disorder, compared to one in three Caribbean women born within the U.S. and one in five Caribbean women born outside the U.S. About half of African American women with a lifetime disorder had a persistent psychiatric disorder, compared to two in five Caribbean women born within the U.S. and two in three Caribbean women born outside the U.S. African Americans had more persisting dysthymia and panic disorder and less persisting social phobia compared to foreign-born Caribbean women. Of the three groups, Caribbean women born within the U.S. were most likely to seek mental health treatment during their lifetime. These results demonstrate, despite a lower prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Black women, that there is a great likelihood their disorders will be marked by persistence and underscores the need for culturally specific treatment approaches. As Black immigrants in the United States are increasing in number, adequate mental health services are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. Jones
- Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Sciences Center (IDEAS), Veteran Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Susan D. Cochran
- Departments of Epidemiology and Statistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions (BRITE), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Jane Rafferty
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA; (J.R.); (R.J.T.)
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA; (J.R.); (R.J.T.)
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vickie M. Mays
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions (BRITE), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Departments of Psychology and Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Social relationships are important for promoting health and well-being in men and confer many benefits that help prevent the onset and mitigate adverse impacts of disease and disability. Social isolation, or the absence of social relationships, is associated with a wide range of negative health outcomes; however, most studies of social isolation have been conducted among predominantly White samples. As a consequence, we know very little about social isolation among Black men. Using an intersectionality framework, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of social isolation among men who identify as African Americanor Black Caribbean.Data come from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative sample ofAfrican Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Whites living in the United States. The current study focuses on men who identified as African American or Black Caribbean. Further, within this sample, we distinguish by ethnicity and nativity in examining Black men who are African American (native to the U.S.), U.S.-born Black Caribbean men, and foreign-born Black Caribbean men. Social isolation was operationalized using two constructs: interpersonal isolation and structural isolation. The analyses adjusted for age, education, income, marital status, and region. We conducted a series of Poisson regressions to determine: (1) ethnic differences in interpersonal and structural social isolation and (2) ethnic-specific correlates of interpersonal and structural social isolation among Black men. All analyses accounted for the complex study design of the NSAL.There were no significant ethnic differences among Black men for interpersonal isolation. However, U.S. born Black Caribbean men had higher rates of structural social isolation compared to African American men and foreign-born Black Caribbean men. There were very few differences in the correlates of interpersonal isolation among Black men regardless of ethnicity. However, in terms of structural isolation, African American men had more significant correlates in comparison to U.S. born Black Caribbean men and foreign-born Black Caribbean men.
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Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Taylor HO. Race and Objective Social Isolation: Older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:1429-1440. [PMID: 30289494 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social isolation is a major risk factor for poor physical and mental health among older adults. This study investigates the correlates of objective social isolation among older African Americans, Black Caribbean immigrants, and non-Hispanic Whites. METHODS The analysis is based on the older subsample (n = 1,439) of the National Survey of American Life. There are eight indicators of objective social isolation: no contact with neighbors, neighborhood groups, friends, family members, religious congregation members, not being married and no romantic involvement, living alone, and not being a parent. RESULTS Very few older Americans are socially isolated from family and friends. Non-Hispanic Whites are more likely than both African Americans and Black Caribbeans to live alone, to be childless, and have limited contact with religious congregation members. For both African Americans and Black Caribbeans, being female is protective against social isolation, but for both populations, men are more likely to be married or have a romantic partner. For African Americans, residing in the South is also protective against social isolation. DISCUSSION This analysis provides greater clarity on racial and ethnic differences in social isolation among older adults, as well as within-group differences in objective social isolation among African Americans and Black Caribbeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Harry O Taylor
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
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Mouzon DM, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM. Gender differences in marriage, romantic involvement, and desire for romantic involvement among older African Americans. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233836. [PMID: 32470008 PMCID: PMC7259726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite research on the dramatic changes in marriage, there is a dearth of research on the correlates of marriage and romantic involvement among older African Americans. This is an important omission because although the marriage decline is universal, African Americans show the steepest decline in marriage rates. METHODS Based on data from the National Survey of American Life, multinomial logistic regression analysis is used to identify demographic and health correlates of: 1) being married or cohabiting, 2) having a romantic involvement, 3) not having a romantic involvement but desiring one, and lastly, 4) not having and not desiring a romantic involvement. RESULTS Four in 10 older African Americans are either married or cohabiting, 11% are unmarried but romantically involved, 9.5% are unmarried and not romantically involved but open to the possibility of a relationship, and 38% neither have nor desire a romantic involvement. More men than women are married or cohabiting, a gap that increases with advanced age. Across all age groups, African American women are more likely than their male counterparts to report that they neither have nor desire a romantic relationship. CONCLUSION Almost as many older African Americans do not want a romantic relationship as those who are married/cohabiting. Findings support social exchange theories and the importance of an unbalanced sex ratio. Furthermore, the results suggest that singlehood among older African Americans (especially women) is not necessarily an involuntary status. Nonetheless, this group is at higher risk of economic and health problems as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawne M. Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Taylor RJ, Taylor HO, Nguyen AW, Chatters LM. Social isolation from family and friends and mental health among African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2020; 90:468-478. [PMID: 32309977 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation is a significant social problem in the United States that many health and welfare organizations have begun to acknowledge and address. Unfortunately, extremely little research focuses on social isolation among ethnic minority populations. This study investigated the association between social isolation from family and friends and the mental health of African Americans and Black Caribbeans. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (2001-2003), we explore 2 indicators of mental health: depressive symptoms (CES-D) and serious psychological distress (Kessler 6). The negative binomial regression analysis examined both objective isolation (infrequent contact) and subjective isolation (lack of emotional closeness) from family and friends. Overall study findings indicated that infrequent contact (objective social isolation) and diminished emotional closeness (subjective social isolation) from family and friends were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress for both African Americans and Black Caribbeans. The addition of subjective social isolation to regression models attenuated the association between objective social isolation and depressive symptoms for both groups. However, the addition of subjective social isolation attenuated the association between serious psychological distress for African Americans but not for Black Caribbeans. These findings contribute to the very limited, but growing body of research on the negative association between social isolation and the mental and physical health of ethnic minorities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann W Nguyen
- Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences
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36
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders impose significant personal, social, and financial costs for individuals, families, and the nation. Despite a large amount of research and several journals focused on psychiatric conditions, there is a paucity of research on psychiatric disorders among Black Americans (i.e., African Americans and Black Caribbeans), particularly older Black Americans. The present literature review examines research on psychiatric disorders among older Black Americans and provides a broad overview of research findings that are based on nationally representative studies. Collectively, this research finds: (1) older African Americans have lower rates of psychiatric disorders than younger African Americans; (2) family support is not protective of psychiatric disorders, whereas negative interaction with family members is a risk factor; (3) everyday discrimination is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders; (4) both older African Americans and African American across the adult age range have lower prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders than non-Latino whites; (5) Black Caribbean men have particularly high rates of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide attempts; and (6) a significant proportion of African American older adults with mental health disorders do not receive professional help. This literature review also discusses the “Race Paradox” in mental health, the Environmental Affordances Model, and the importance of investigating ethnicity differences among Black Americans. Future research directions address issues that are directly relevant to the Black American population and include the following: (1) understanding the impact of mass incarceration on the psychiatric disorders of prisoners’ family members, (2) assessing the impact of immigration from African countries for ethnic diversity within the Black American population, (3) examining the impact of racial identity and racial socialization as potential protective factors for psychiatric morbidities, and (4) assessing racial diversity in life-course events and their impact on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Department of Health Behavior & Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Taylor HO, Woodward AT. Professional service use among older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites for serious health and emotional problems. Soc Work Health Care 2020; 59:199-217. [PMID: 32148180 PMCID: PMC7192308 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2020.1737305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study examined racial and ethnic differences in professional service use by older African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites in response to a serious personal problem. The analytic sample (N = 862) was drawn from the National Survey of American Life. Findings indicated that African Americans and Black Caribbeans were less likely to use services than Whites. Type and race of providers seen varied by respondents' race and ethnicity. Among respondents who did not seek professional help, reasons for not seeking help varied by ethnicity. Study findings are discussed in relation to practice implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. USA
| | - Harry Owen Taylor
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Taylor HO, Chatters LM. Objective and Subjective Social Isolation and Psychiatric Disorders among African Americans. Clin Soc Work J 2020; 48:87-98. [PMID: 35418715 PMCID: PMC9004793 DOI: 10.1007/s10615-019-00725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation is a major problem in the United States that has adverse impacts on health and well-being. However, few studies investigate social isolation among African Americans or the impact of social isolation on psychiatric disorders. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of objective (absence of contact with others) and subjective (lacking feelings of closeness to others) social isolation on psychiatric disorders among African Americans. The sample includes 3,570 African Americans from the National Survey of American Life. Regression models were used to test the impact of objective and subjective isolation on 12-month MDD, any 12-month DSM disorder and number of 12-month DSM disorders. Analyses indicated that subjective isolation from family only, friends only, and both groups were associated with greater odds of meeting criteria for 12-month MDD, any 12-month disorder and number of 12-month DSM disorders. However, objective isolation was unrelated to either measure of psychiatric disorder. Study findings indicate that affective characteristics of social isolation (feelings of closeness with family and friends) are more significant for psychiatric disorders than are objective features (social contact). Our discussion notes that the connections between subjective and objective social isolation and psychiatric disorders are complex and potentially reciprocally associated with one another. Clinical practice should focus on both possible associations.
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Taylor RJ, Forsythe-Brown I, Mouzon DM, Keith VM, Chae DH, Chatters LM. Prevalence and correlates of everyday discrimination among black Caribbeans in the United States: the impact of nativity and country of origin. Ethn Health 2019; 24:463-483. [PMID: 28669197 PMCID: PMC6054561 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1346785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Black Caribbeans in the United States have been the victims of major discrimination (e.g. unfairly fired, denied a promotion, denied housing). What is not known is the degree to which they also experience more routine forms of everyday discrimination such as receiving poor restaurant service, being perceived as dishonest, and being followed in stores. This paper investigates the distribution and correlates of everyday discrimination among a national sample of black Caribbeans in the U.S. DESIGN This analysis used the black Caribbean sub-sample (n = 1,621) of the National Survey of American Life. Demographic and immigration status correlates of ten items from the Everyday Discrimination Scale were investigated: being treated with less courtesy, treated with less respect, receiving poor restaurant service, being perceived as not smart, being perceived as dishonest, being perceived as not as good as others, and being feared, insulted, harassed, or followed in stores. RESULTS Roughly one out of ten black Caribbeans reported that, on a weekly basis, they were treated with less courtesy and other people acted as if they were better than them, were afraid of them, and as if they were not as smart. Everyday discrimination was more frequent for black Caribbeans who were male, never married, divorced/separated, earned higher incomes, and who were second or third generation immigrants. Black Caribbeans attributed the majority of the discrimination they experienced to their race. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide an in-depth investigation of everyday discrimination among the black Caribbean population. It provides the frequency, types and correlates of everyday discrimination reported by black Caribbeans in the United States. Understanding the frequency and types of discrimination is important because of the documented negative impacts of everyday discrimination on physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Taylor
- a School of Social Work and Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Ivy Forsythe-Brown
- b Department of Behavioral Sciences , University of Michigan , Dearborn , MI , USA
| | - Dawne M Mouzon
- c Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Verna M Keith
- d Department of Sociology, Race and Ethnic Studies Institute , Texas A & M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - David H Chae
- e Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Auburn University , Auburn , AL , USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- f School of Social Work, School of Public Health and Institute for Social Research , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Hope MO. Church support networks of African Americans: The impact of gender and religious involvement. J Community Psychol 2019; 47:1043-1063. [PMID: 30810239 PMCID: PMC6693901 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the sociodemographic and religious involvement correlates of church support networks in a nationally representative sample of African Americans across the adult life span. Data from the National Survey of American Life was used for analysis. Ordinary least squares regression was conducted to identify correlates of frequency of contact, subjective closeness, provision and receipt of overall support, receipt of emotional support, and negative interactions with church members. We also investigated differences in church support networks separately for men and women. Religious involvement was positively associated with church support network indicators (i.e., frequency of contact). Church support network indicators also varied by age, gender, education, family income, marital status, and region. The findings indicate that for many African Americans, church members are an integral component of their support networks and underscore the importance of social integration in church networks for social support exchanges. Moreover, these church support network characteristics are patterned by sociodemographic characteristics.
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Nguyen AW, Chatters LM, Taylor RJ, Aranda MP, Lincoln KD, Thomas CS. Discrimination, Serious Psychological Distress, and Church-Based Emotional Support Among African American Men Across the Life Span. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:198-207. [PMID: 29106656 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study tested whether church-based social support buffers the negative effects of discrimination on serious psychological distress (SPD) among three age groups-early, middle, and late adulthood-of African American men. Methods Negative binominal regression analyses for discrimination and SPD were performed using data from 1,271 African American men from the National Survey of American Life. Results Discrimination was positively associated with SPD for all age groups. An interaction between church-based support and discrimination indicated that under conditions of high levels of support from congregants, discrimination, and SPD were positively correlated. However, discrimination and SPD were unrelated for low levels of church-based support. Further, the interaction was significant for men aged 18-34 and 55 or older but not significant for men aged 35-54. Discussion This is the first study to document relationships among discrimination, SPD, and church-based support in a nationally representative sample of African American men. Overall, rather than revealing a stress-buffering function, findings were consistent with the resource mobilization perspective of social support, indicating that higher levels of assistance from church networks are provided when individuals experience high levels of both discrimination and SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - María P Aranda
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Karen D Lincoln
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Courtney S Thomas
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Hope
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - R J Taylor
- School of Social Work and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - A W Nguyen
- Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - L M Chatters
- School of Social Work, School of Public Health and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Cross
- Department of Sociology, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
| | - Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106,
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Cross
- Department of Sociology, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Public Health, School of Social Work, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Weaver A, Taylor RJ, Chatters LM, Himle JA. Depressive symptoms and psychological distress among rural African Americans: The role of material hardship and self-rated health. J Affect Disord 2018; 236:207-210. [PMID: 29747138 PMCID: PMC6473788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite experiencing conditions associated with higher risk for depression and psychological distress, the mental health of rural African Americans remains understudied. This brief report examines the association between sociodemographic characteristics, self-rated health, and material hardship, and depressive symptoms and psychological distress among rural African Americans. METHOD Data are from the rural African American subsample (N = 250) of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; 2001-2003). The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler 6 (K6). Negative binominal regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Rural African Americans reporting more material hardship and poorer self-rated physical health had higher levels of depressive symptoms and psychological distress compared to counterparts with less hardship and better self-rated health. Findings also suggest rural African American women had more depressive symptoms compared to male peers. Older rural African Americans and African Americans with fewer years of education had more symptoms of psychological distress than their respective counterparts. LIMITATIONS Though the NSAL represents the only national probability survey on African Americans' mental health; the timeliness of the data, collected between 2001 and 2003 is a limitation. CONCLUSIONS Material hardship and worse self-rated health emerged as risk factors for depression and psychological distress among this population. This suggests the need for systems of care and integrated healthcare models across service providers within rural African American communities to promote adequate screening, intervention, and referrals related to economic, physical, and mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addie Weaver
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda M. Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Graduate School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph A. Himle
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mays VM, Jones AL, Cochran SD, Taylor RJ, Rafferty J, Jackson JS. Chronicity and Mental Health Service Utilization for Anxiety, Mood, and Substance Use Disorders among Black Men in the United States; Ethnicity and Nativity Differences. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:E53. [PMID: 29882853 PMCID: PMC6023328 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated ethnic and nativity differences in the chronicity and treatment of psychiatric disorders of African American and Caribbean Black men in the U.S. Data were analyzed from the National Survey of American Life, a population-based study which included 1859 self-identified Black men (1222 African American, 176 Caribbean Black men born within the U.S., and 461 Caribbean Black men born outside the U.S.). Lifetime and twelve-month prevalence of DSM-IV mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders (including Bipolar I and Dysthmia), disorder chronicity, and rate of mental health services use among those meeting criteria for a lifetime psychiatric disorder were examined. Logistic regression models were employed to determine ethnic differences in chronicity, and treatment utilization for disorders. While rates of DSM-IV disorders were generally low in this community sample of Black men, their disorders were chronic and remained untreated. Caribbean Black men born in the U.S. had higher prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Alcohol Abuse Disorder compared with African American men. Foreign born Caribbean Black men experienced greater chronicity in Social Phobia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder compared to other Black Men. Utilization of mental health service was low for all groups of Black Men, but lowest for the foreign born Caribbean Black men. Results underscore the large unmet needs of both African American and Caribbean Black men in the United States. Results also highlight the role of ethnicity and nativity in mental disorder chronicity and mental health service utilization patterns of Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie M Mays
- Departments of Psychology and Health Policy and Management, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Audrey L Jones
- Informatics, Decision-Enhancement and Analytic Sciences Center (IDEAS 2.0), Veteran Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Susan D Cochran
- UCLA Center for Bridging Research Innovation, Training and Education for Minority Health Disparities Solutions, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Departments of Epidemiology and Statistics, University of California, Los Angele Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
| | - Jane Rafferty
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
| | - James S Jackson
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute of Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Chatters LM, Nguyen AW, Taylor RJ, Hope MO. Church and Family Support Networks and Depressive Symptoms among African Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. J Community Psychol 2018; 46:403-417. [PMID: 29755153 PMCID: PMC5944602 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAims:We examined the associations between informal social support from church members and social support from extended family members and depressive symptoms within a national probability sample of African American adults ranging in age from 18 to 93.Methods:This analysis used data from the National Survey of American Life and accounted for religious service attendance and various demographic variables that have known associations with and are consequential for mental health.Results:Frequency of contact with church and family members and emotional support from family were inversely associated with depressive symptoms, and negative church and family interactions were positively associated with depressive symptoms. Emotional support from church members, however, was unrelated to depressive symptoms.Conclusion:This study underscores the important contributions of church relationships to depressive symptoms among African Americans across the adult life span, and confirms that these associations are independent of family relationship factors and religious service attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Chatters
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann W Nguyen
- Case Western Reserve University, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, 11235 Bellflower Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Meredith O Hope
- University of Michigan, Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Assari S, Miller RJ, Taylor RJ, Mouzon D, Keith V, Chatters LM. Discrimination Fully Mediates the Effects of Incarceration History on Depressive Symptoms and Psychological Distress Among African American Men. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:243-252. [PMID: 28405962 PMCID: PMC6556396 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Using a nationally representative sample of African American men, this study investigated the associations between lifetime history of incarceration, discrimination, and mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms and psychological distress). We hypothesized that discrimination would fully mediate the association between incarceration history and mental health outcomes among African American men. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, our analysis included 1271 African American men who participated in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), 2001-2003. Incarceration history was the main independent variable. Depressive symptoms and psychological distress were the dependent variables. Everyday discrimination was the mediator. Age, education, and income were covariates. Structural equation models (SEMs) were used for data analysis. RESULTS Among African American men, incarceration history was positively associated with perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress. Everyday discrimination fully mediated the associations between incarceration history and both depressive symptoms and psychological distress. CONCLUSION Discrimination may play an important role in the mental health problems of African American men with a history of incarceration. These findings have public policy implications as well as clinical implications for mental health promotion of African American men. Policies that reduce preventable incarceration or at least reduce subsequent discrimination for those who have been incarcerated may enhance mental health of previously incarcerated African American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2700, USA.
| | | | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dawne Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Verna Keith
- Race and Ethnic Studies Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program for Research on Black Americans, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Woodward AT, Taylor RJ. Factors associated with the use of social workers for assistance with lifetime and 12-month behavioral health disorders. Soc Work Health Care 2018; 57:267-283. [PMID: 29405882 PMCID: PMC6074041 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2018.1437104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the use of social workers for assistance with a behavioral health disorder. Data were from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. The analytic sample included respondents who reported using professional services for assistance with a behavioral health disorder during their lifetime (n = 5,585). Logistic regression was used to examine the use of a social worker during the respondent's lifetime or 12 months prior to the interview. Ten percent of respondents visited a social worker for help with a behavioral health disorder during their lifetime and 3% did so in the 12 months prior to the interview. Women were less likely than men to report using a social worker. Those who visited a social worker tended to also use other professionals for a behavioral health disorder although overall respondents reported visiting social workers less frequently for this reason than other types of professionals.
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Zegard A, Umar F, Taylor RJ, Acquaye E, Gubran C, Chalil S, Patel K, Panting J, Marshall H, Qiu T, Leyva F. 667Long-term clinical outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillation: impact of the aetiology of cardiomyopathy. Europace 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euy015.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Zegard
- Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Umar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - R J Taylor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - E Acquaye
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C Gubran
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - S Chalil
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - K Patel
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Panting
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - H Marshall
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - T Qiu
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Leyva
- Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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