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Opollo V, Nyakeriga E, Kingwara L, Sila A, Oguta M, Oyaro B, Onyango D, Mboya FO, Waruru A, Musingila P, Mwangome M, Nyagah LM, Ngugi C, Sava S, Waruiru W, Young PW, Junghae M. Evaluation of the Performance of OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 Test Among Decedents in Kisumu, Kenya. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:282-287. [PMID: 34732683 PMCID: PMC8826608 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimating cause-related mortality among the dead is not common, yet for clinical and public health purposes, a lot can be learnt from the dead. HIV/AIDS accounted for the third most frequent cause of deaths in Kenya; 39.7 deaths per 100,000 population in 2019. OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 has previously been validated on oral fluid and implemented as a screening assay for HIV self-testing in Kenya among living subjects. We assessed the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 for HIV screening among decedents. METHODS Trained morticians collected oral fluid from 132 preembalmed and postembalmed decedents aged >18 months at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital mortuary in western Kenya and tested for HIV using OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2. Test results were compared with those obtained using the national HIV Testing Services algorithm on matched preembalming whole blood specimens as a gold standard (Determine HIV and First Response HIV 1-2-O). We calculated positive predictive values, negative predictive values, area under the curve, and sensitivity and specificity of OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 compared with the national HTS algorithm. RESULTS OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 had similar sensitivity of 92.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 75.7 to 99.1] on preembalmed and postembalmed samples compared with the gold standard. Specificity was 97.1% (95% CI: 91.9 to 99.4) and 95.2% (95% CI: 89.2 to 98.4) preembalming and postembalming, respectively. Preembalming and postembalming positive predictive value was 89.3% (95% CI: 71.8 to 97.7) and 83.3% (95% CI: 65.3 to 94.4), respectively. The area under the curve preembalming and postembalming was 94.9% (95% CI: 89.6 to 100) and 93.9% (95% CI: 88.5 to 99.4), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a relatively high-performance sensitivity and specificity of OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 test among decedents, similar to those observed among living subjects. OraQuick Rapid HIV-1/2 presents a convenient and less invasive screening test for surveillance of HIV among decedents within a mortuary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valarie Opollo
- HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Nyakeriga
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San-Franscisco
| | | | - Alex Sila
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San-Franscisco
| | - Macxine Oguta
- HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Boaz Oyaro
- HIV Research Branch, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Dickens Onyango
- Kisumu County Department of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; and
| | - Frankline O. Mboya
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Anthony Waruru
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Paul Musingila
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Mary Mwangome
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San-Franscisco
| | | | | | | | - Wanjiru Waruiru
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San-Franscisco
| | - Peter W. Young
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Muthoni Junghae
- Division of Global HIV and TB, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
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Pudney J, Anderson D. Innate and acquired immunity in the human penile urethra. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:219-27. [PMID: 21353311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In men, the penile urethra is a primary infection site for sexually transmitted pathogens. Research on the immunology of this mucosal site has been limited in part due to sampling challenges, but available evidence indicates that the urethra contains a rich contingent of immunological mediators that can mount vigorous innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious organisms. Further research is needed to define approaches to stimulate immunity at this mucosal site to prevent the transmission of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Anderson D, Politch JA, Pudney J. HIV infection and immune defense of the penis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:220-9. [PMID: 21214659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence that circumcision decreases HIV infection in heterosexual men by 50-60% has focused research on the foreskin as a target of HIV infection. In this review article, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the circumcision effect and re-examine the assumption that the foreskin is the principle penile HIV infection site. HIV target cells are present in the foreskin epithelium, but are also found in the epithelia of the penile shaft, glans/corona, meatus and urethral introitus. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can affect any of these sites and increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition by eroding the protective epithelial layer and by attracting and activating HIV target cells in the epithelium. The moist subpreputial cavity, which encompasses the entire penile tip in most uncircumcised men including the glans, meatus and urethral introitus, plays an important role in STI acquisition. Circumcised men have a lower rate of STIs that infect not only the foreskin but also other distal penile sites, especially the urethra. Likewise, the foreskin may trap HIV and HIV-infected cells after intercourse thereby increasing the risk of HIV acquisition not only through the inner foreskin but also other sites covered by the foreskin. The subpreputial cavity also hosts a unique microbiome that may also play a role in HIV infection. We hypothesize that the penile urethra may be the primary HIV acquisition site in circumcised men and possibly also in non-circumcised men because of the presence of superficial HIV target cells and a high incidence of STIs at this site. Both innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms are operative in the lower male genital region. The penile urethral mucosa contains accumulations of IgA(+) plasma cells and T lymphocytes and may provide a responsive target for future mucosal vaccines to prevent HIV sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Kalungi S, Wabinga H, Bostad L. Reactive lymphadenopathy in Ugandan patients and its relationship to EBV and HIV infection. APMIS 2009; 117:302-7. [PMID: 19338518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Uganda, a large number of biopsied enlarged lymph nodes is diagnosed as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) not indicative of a specific etiologic agent. The aim of this study was to examine the spectrum of RLH in lymph node biopsies in Ugandan patients and their possible association with HIV and EBV infection. Ninety biopsies were retrieved and included in the study. The predominant RLH type was follicular, found in 45 (50.0%) of the cases. Positive staining for LMP-1 was found in six cases (6.7%), EBNA-1 in 36 cases (40.0%) and HIV1-p24 in 15 cases (16.7%), respectively. A combination of EBV and HIV positivity was found in 46 (52.2%) of the cases. EBV infection was associated with hyperplastic germinal centers (p<0.01). HIV1-p24 positive staining was associated with follicle fragmentation (p<0.01) but not hyperplastic GC (p=0.08). In conclusion, RLH in Ugandan patients is frequently associated with EBV and HIV infection. The histologic features of the lymph nodes are not specific for any individual infection, but a high number of EBV-positive cases are associated with hyperplastic GC, and follicular fragmentation is characteristic of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalungi
- Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Norway
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Yoshitake H, Shirai Y, Mochizuki Y, Iwanari H, Tsubamoto H, Koyama K, Takamori K, Ogawa H, Hasegawa A, Kodama T, Hamakubo T, Araki Y. Molecular diversity of TEX101, a marker glycoprotein for germ cells monitored with monoclonal antibodies: variety of the molecular characteristics according to subcellular localization within the mouse testis. J Reprod Immunol 2008; 79:1-11. [PMID: 18620756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
TEX101 was characterized as a unique germ cell marker molecule using the specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), TES101. Although this mAb has strong affinity/specificity for TEX101, TES101 mAb loses its reactivity under reducing conditions. In this study, we have generated new mAbs against TEX101 to compensate for the shortcomings of the TES101 mAb using different approaches. First, we immunized mice with the antigen on a baculovirus expression system and isolated new anti-TEX101 mAbs, 6002 and 6035. Second, we raised the mAb Ts4 from spleen cells of an immunologically naive old mouse. Western blot analysis revealed that the new mAbs possess immunoreactivity under reducing/non-reducing conditions. Immunopositive staining of the mAbs against Bouin-fixed sections was observed in spermatocytes, spermatids and testicular spermatozoa, but not in other cells, similar to paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed frozen sections stained with TES101 as previously reported. However, whereas the mAbs 6002/6035 mainly showed immunoreactivity only in spermatocytes in PFA-fixed frozen sections, the reactivity of the mAbs to spermatids and testicular spermatozoa was clearly recovered when the PFA-fixed sections were autoclaved or treated with SDS. Peptide mapping and deglycosylation analysis indicated that the epitopes for TES101, 6002 and 6035 are located within TEX101(25-94), whereas Ts4 recognized N-linked carbohydrate moieties on TEX101 in Triton X-100-soluble mouse testicular extracts but not in the extracellular or water-soluble fractions. These results suggest strongly that the molecular association or structure of N-linked carbohydrate moieties of TEX101 varies according to its subcellular localization within the seminiferous tubules. These new mAbs will be valuable tools for further analysis of TEX101, including its function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshitake
- Institute for Environmental & Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu City, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Benavides J, García-Pariente C, Gelmetti D, Fuertes M, Ferreras MC, García-Marín JF, Pérez V. Effects of fixative type and fixation time on the detection of Maedi Visna virus by PCR and immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded ovine lung samples. J Virol Methods 2006; 137:317-24. [PMID: 16908077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In doubtful cases, the histopathological diagnosis of lesions induced by Maedi Visna virus (MVV), a chronic multisystemic lentiviral disease of sheep, needs to be confirmed by the demonstration of MVV in the tissues. The influence of fixatives and the duration of fixation on the detection of MVV by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR in paraffin-embedded tissues was assessed in lung samples with lesions in different degree, from five sheep serologically positive. Samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), Bouin's solution (BS) and a zinc salts-based fixative (ZSF), for different periods of time between 24 h and 30 days. The three fixatives preserved the morphology of the tissues, although in ZSF-fixed samples an increase in the number of desquamated cells was seen in the alveoli. Tissues showed a similar degree of immunolabelling, irrespective of the duration of fixation using ZSF and NBF fixatives. MVV nucleic acids could be detected in samples fixed up to 14 days in NBF and 30 days in ZSF. However, in BS fixed tissues, immunostaining was weak and non-specific signals were observed after 4 days of fixation. Amplification of proviral DNA could not be obtained by PCR in these samples. IHC detected viral antigens in all sheep whereas one sheep with mild lesions was always negative by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Benavides
- Departamento de Patología Animal: Medicina Animal (Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Podkletnova I, Rothstein JD, Helén P, Alho H. Microglial response to the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine in neonatal rat cerebellum. Int J Dev Neurosci 2001; 19:47-52. [PMID: 11226754 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of noradrenaline in newborn rats by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) affects the postnatal development and reduces the granular cell area in the neocerebellum (lobules V-VII). During the first postnatal month, Bergmann glial fibers guide the migration of immature granule cells to the internal granule cell layer. Microglia and Bergmann glia may play an important role in this process, but the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon is not known. We studied the effect of systemic administration of 6-OHDA on the expression and localization on microglia and Bergmann glia in the neonatal cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. In the neocerebellum, 6-OHDA treatment caused a significant increase in the number of activated microglia. The increase was observed mainly in the granule cell layer and the cerebellar medulla. Bergmann glial cells in treated brains were abnormally located, did not form intimate associations with Purkinje cells, and the glial fibers were structurally different. Our findings indicate that a noradrenergic influence may be necessary for the normal maturation and migration of granule cells, and abnormal migration may be the result of Bergmann glia destruction and the activation of microglia. Activated microglia in the granule cell layer may be used as a marker for an injured cerebellar area.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podkletnova
- University of Tampere, Medical School, PO Box 607, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
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Pajak B, De Smedt T, Moulin V, De Trez C, Maldonado-López R, Vansanten G, Briend E, Urbain J, Leo O, Moser M. Immunohistowax processing, a new fixation and embedding method for light microscopy, which preserves antigen immunoreactivity and morphological structures: visualisation of dendritic cells in peripheral organs. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:518-24. [PMID: 10961175 PMCID: PMC1731227 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.53.7.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe a new fixation and embedding method for tissue samples, immunohistowax processing, which preserves both morphology and antigen immunoreactivity, and to use this technique to investigate the role of dendritic cells in the immune response in peripheral tissues. METHODS This technique was used to stain a population of specialised antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells) that have the unique capacity to sensitise naive T cells, and therefore to induce primary immune responses. The numbers of dendritic cells in peripheral organs of mice either untreated or injected with live Escherichia coli were compared. RESULTS Numbers of dendritic cells were greatly decreased in heart, kidney, and intestine after the inoculation of bacteria. The numbers of dendritic cells in the lung did not seem to be affected by the injection of E coli. However, staining of lung sections revealed that some monocyte like cells acquired morphological and phenotypic features of dendritic cells, and migrated into blood vessles. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the injection of bacteria induces the activation of dendritic cells in peripheral organs, where they play the role of sentinels, and/or their movement into lymphoid organs, where T cell priming is likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pajak
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Pudney J, Nguyen H, Xu C, Anderson DJ. Microscopic evidence against HIV-1 infection of germ cells or attachment to sperm. J Reprod Immunol 1998; 41:105-25. [PMID: 10213304 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For a number of years we have intensively investigated the localization of HIV-1 in male genital tract tissues and secretions using a variety of microscopy techniques including immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and electron microscopy. Our studies have failed to demonstrate an association between HIV-1 and either testicular germ cells or spermatozoa. In this article we present our results in the context of other related studies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques that have been used to address this important research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pudney
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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