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Shi B, Sharifi HJ, DiGrigoli S, Kinnetz M, Mellon K, Hu W, de Noronha CMC. Inhibition of HIV early replication by the p53 and its downstream gene p21. Virol J 2018; 15:53. [PMID: 29587790 PMCID: PMC5870690 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tumor suppressor gene p53 has been found to suppress HIV infection by various mechanisms, but the inhibition of HIV at an early stage of replication by host cell p53 and its downstream gene p21 has not been well studied. Method VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1 or HIV-2 viruses with GFP or luciferase reporter gene were used to infect HCT116 p53+/+ cells, HCT116 p53−/− cells and hMDMs. The infections were detected by flow cytometry or measured by luciferase assay. Reverse transcription products were quantified by a TaqMan real time PCR. siRNA knockdown experiments were applied to study potential roles of p53 and p21 genes in their restriction to HIV infection. Western blot experiments were used to analyze changes in gene expression. Results The infection of HIV-1 was inhibited in HCT116 p53+/+ cells in comparison to HCT116 p53−/− cells. The fold of inhibition was largely increased when cell cycle switched from cycling to non-cycling status. Further analysis showed that both p53 and p21 expressions were upregulated in non-cycling HCT116 p53+/+ cells and HIV-1 reverse transcription was subsequently inhibited. siRNA knockdown of either p53 or p21 rescued HIV-1 reverse transcription from the inhibition in non-cycling HCT116 p53+/+ cells. It was identified that the observed restrictions by p53 and p21 were associated with the suppression of RNR2 expression and phosphorylation of SAMHD1. These observations were confirmed by using siRNA knockdown experiments. In addition, p53 also inhibited HIV-2 infection in HCT116 p53+/+ cells and siRNA knockdown of p21 increased HIV-2 infection in hMDMs. Finally the expressions of p53 and p21 were found to be induced in hMDMs shortly after HIV-1 infection. Conclusions The p53 and its downstream gene p21 interfere with HIV early stage of replication in non-cycling cells and hMDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binshan Shi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Hamayun J Sharifi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Sara DiGrigoli
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Michaela Kinnetz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Katie Mellon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Carlos M C de Noronha
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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2
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Abstract
The Leishmaniases are a group of diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of a sandfly, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Various Leishmania species infect humans, producing a spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is estimated that 350 million people are at risk, with a global yearly incidence of 1-1.5 million for cutaneous and 500,000 for visceral Leishmaniasis (VL). VL is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in East Africa, Brazil and the Indian subcontinent. Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) alters the immune response to the disease. Here we review the immune response to Leishmania in the setting of HIV co-infection. Improved understanding of the immunology involved in co-infections may help in designing prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Ezra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
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Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy regimens can effectively suppress HIV in patients for prolonged periods of time, but do not constitute a cure, since they are incapable of eradicating viral reservoirs. It is, therefore, necessary for us to refocus on the partially understood pathogenesis of HIV, on the issue of viral persistence, and on the development of strategies for a temporally contained therapy capable of purging HIV from the body. Macrophages play a pivotal role in all three of these scenarios. This review summarizes important aspects of macrophage biology as they relate to HIV and discusses conceptual challenges for virus suppression and eradication in this cell type. We highlight a number of significant recent advances in understanding differences in HIV replication and pharmacotherapy between macrophages and CD4 T cells, as well as the role of macrophages in various aspects of the disease process and in different anatomical compartments. Finally, the importance of infected macrophages in the persistence of HIV, regarding both pathogenesis and advancement of eradication strategies, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Venzke
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Haine V, Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the pathogenesis of HIV infection: potential target for therapeutic intervention. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2007; 1:32-40. [PMID: 18040789 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-005-9003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) appears to play a major role in promoting and maintaining reservoirs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. HIV-1 infection induces production of M-CSF by macrophages, which in turn promotes further infection of macrophages via increases in CD4 and CCR5 receptors, as well as increases in virus gene expression. M-CSF promotes the ontogeny and survival of macrophages, contributing to both the number and longevity of these infected cells. M-CSF dysregulation promotes the differentiation of monocytes toward macrophages and osteoclasts and at the same time may inhibit differentiation toward dendritic cells, resulting in immune impairment. The potential role of M-CSF in HIV-associated end organ diseases including HIV-associated dementia, HIV-associated nephropathy, and osteoporosis is discussed. This review emphasizes the need for developing M-CSF antagonists for treatment of HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Haine
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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5
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Peng G, Greenwell-Wild T, Nares S, Jin W, Lei KJ, Rangel ZG, Munson PJ, Wahl SM. Myeloid differentiation and susceptibility to HIV-1 are linked to APOBEC3 expression. Blood 2007; 110:393-400. [PMID: 17371941 PMCID: PMC1896122 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-051763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 recognition by, interaction with, and/or infection of CD4(+)CCR5(+) tissue macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. By comparison, circulating CD4(+)CCR5(+) monocytes appear relatively resistant to HIV-1, and a fundamental unresolved question involves deciphering restriction factors unique to this precursor population. Not only do monocytes, relative to macrophages, possess higher levels of the innate resistance factor APOBEC3G, but we uncovered APOBEC3A, not previously associated with anti-HIV activity, as being critical in monocyte resistance. Inversely correlated with susceptibility, silencing of APOBEC3A renders monocytes vulnerable to HIV-1. Differences in promiscuity of monocytes, macrophages, and DCs can be defined, at least partly, by disparities in APOBEC expression, with implications for enhancing cellular defenses against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Peng
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4352, USA
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6
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Goffinet C, Allespach I, Keppler OT. HIV-susceptible transgenic rats allow rapid preclinical testing of antiviral compounds targeting virus entry or reverse transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1015-20. [PMID: 17209012 PMCID: PMC1783356 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607414104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current testing of anti-HIV drugs is hampered by the lack of a small animal that is readily available and easy to handle; can be infected systemically with HIV type 1 (HIV-1); harbors the major HIV-1 target cells in a physiological frequency, organ distribution, and activation state; and is established as a pharmacological model. Here, we explored the potential of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats that transgenically express the HIV-1 receptor complex on CD4 T cells and macrophages as a model for the preclinical evaluation of inhibitors targeting virus entry or reverse transcription. The concentrations of the peptidic fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide or the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz required to inhibit HIV-1 infection of cultured primary CD4 T cells and macrophages from human CD4 and CCR5-transgenic rats differed by no more than 3-fold from those required for human reference cultures. Prophylactic treatment of double-transgenic rats with a weight-adapted pediatric dosing regimen for either enfuvirtide (s.c., twice-daily) or efavirenz (oral, once-daily) achieved a 92.5% or 98.8% reduction, respectively, of the HIV-1 cDNA load in the spleen 4 days after i.v. HIV-1 challenge. Notably, a once-daily dosing regimen for enfuvirtide resulted in a approximately 5-fold weaker inhibition of infection, unmasking the unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics of the synthetic peptide in the context of an efficacy trial. This work provides proof of principle that HIV-susceptible transgenic rats can allow a rapid and predictive preclinical evaluation of the inhibitory potency and of the pharmacokinetic properties of antiviral compounds targeting early steps in the HIV replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Goffinet
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Allespach
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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7
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Shiramizu B, Ratto-Kim S, Sithinamsuwan P, Nidhinandana S, Thitivichianlert S, Watt G, deSouza M, Chuenchitra T, Sukwit S, Chitpatima S, Robertson K, Paul R, Shikuma C, Valcour V. HIV DNA and dementia in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bangkok, Thailand. Int J Med Sci 2006; 4:13-8. [PMID: 17211496 PMCID: PMC1752231 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High HIV-1 DNA (HIV DNA) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlate with HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). If this relationship also exists among HAART-naïve patients, then HIV DNA may be implicated in the pathogenesis of HAD. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between HIV DNA and cognition in subjects naïve to HAART in a neuro AIDS cohort in Bangkok, Thailand. Subjects with and without HAD were recruited and matched for age, gender, education, and CD4 cell count. PBMC and cellular subsets were analyzed for HIV DNA using real-time PCR. The median log(10) HIV DNA copies per 10(6) PBMC for subjects with HAD (n=15) was 4.27, which was higher than that found in subjects without dementia (ND; n=15), 2.28, p<0.001. This finding was unchanged in a multivariate model adjusting for plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. From a small subset of individuals, in which adequate number of cells were available, more HIV DNA was in monocytes/macrophages from those with HAD compared to those with ND. These results are consistent with a previous report among HAART-experienced subjects, thus further implicating HIV DNA in the pathogenesis of HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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Peng G, Lei KJ, Jin W, Greenwell-Wild T, Wahl SM. Induction of APOBEC3 family proteins, a defensive maneuver underlying interferon-induced anti-HIV-1 activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:41-6. [PMID: 16418394 PMCID: PMC2118075 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), a cytidine deaminase, is a recently recognized innate intracellular protein with lethal activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Packaged into progeny virions, APOBEC3G enzymatic activity leads to HIV DNA degradation. As a counterattack, HIV virion infectivity factor (Vif) targets APOBEC3G for proteasomal proteolysis to exclude it from budding virions. Based on the ability of APOBEC3G to antagonize HIV infection, considerable interest hinges on elucidating its mechanism(s) of regulation. In this study, we provide the first evidence that an innate, endogenous host defense factor has the potential to promote APOBEC3G and rebuke the virus-mediated attempt to control its cellular host. We identify interferon (IFN)-α as a potent inducer of APOBEC3G to override HIV Vif neutralization of APOBEC3 proteins that pose a threat to efficient macrophage HIV replication. Our data provide a new dimension by which IFN-α mediates its antiviral activity and suggest a means to render the host nonpermissive for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Peng
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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9
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Vázquez N, Greenwell-Wild T, Marinos NJ, Swaim WD, Nares S, Ott DE, Schubert U, Henklein P, Orenstein JM, Sporn MB, Wahl SM. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced macrophage gene expression includes the p21 gene, a target for viral regulation. J Virol 2005; 79:4479-91. [PMID: 15767448 PMCID: PMC1061522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4479-4491.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to CD4+ T cells, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected macrophages typically resist cell death, support viral replication, and consequently, may facilitate HIV-1 transmission. To elucidate how the virus commandeers the macrophage's intracellular machinery for its benefit, we analyzed HIV-1-infected human macrophages for virus-induced gene transcription by using multiple parameters, including cDNA expression arrays. HIV-1 infection induced the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with host defense, signal transduction, apoptosis, and the cell cycle, among which the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A/p21) gene was the most prominent. p21 mRNA and protein expression followed a bimodal pattern which was initially evident during the early stages of infection, and maximum levels occurred concomitant with active HIV-1 replication. Mechanistically, viral protein R (Vpr) independently regulates p21 expression, consistent with the reduced viral replication and lack of p21 upregulation by a Vpr-negative virus. Moreover, the treatment of macrophages with p21 antisense oligonucleotides or small interfering RNAs reduced HIV-1 infection. In addition, the synthetic triterpenoid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), which is known to influence p21 expression, suppressed viral replication. These data implicate p21 as a pivotal macrophage facilitator of the viral life cycle. Moreover, regulators of p21, such as CDDO, may provide an interventional approach to modulate HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vázquez
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Shiramizu B, Gartner S, Williams A, Shikuma C, Ratto-Kim S, Watters M, Aguon J, Valcour V. Circulating proviral HIV DNA and HIV-associated dementia. AIDS 2005; 19:45-52. [PMID: 15627032 PMCID: PMC1557628 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200501030-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals continue to develop HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) despite treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Monocytes/macrophages (M/MPhi) can harbor proviral DNA that is not eradicated by HAART. To determine if HAD is associated with the level of HIV-1 infection within circulating leukocytes, we quantified HIV-1 DNA copy number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and in PBMC subsets. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis within the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort comparing participants with HAD to those with normal cognition (NC). METHODS Real-time PCR assays assessing HIV DNA copy number/1 x 10 cells were performed on PBMC and subsets. RESULTS Individuals with HAD (n = 27) had a median (interquartile range) of 9.11 (37.20) HIV DNA per 1 x 10 PBMC compared to 0.49 (0.89) HIV DNA per 1 x 10 PBMC in individuals with NC (n = 22). Using a univariate analysis in the subset of individuals with undetectable viral load (HAD, n = 11; NC, n = 13), the odds of HAD attributable to HIV DNA copy number was 2.76 (1.28-5.94), P < 0.01. Preliminary analysis of a small subset of patients (n = 5) suggested that the primary source of HIV DNA may be the activated M/MPhi (CD14/CD16) subset. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a potentially important association between circulating provirus and HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawaii AIDS Clinical Research Program, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
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11
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Coberley CR, Kohler JJ, Brown JN, Oshier JT, Baker HV, Popp MP, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM. Impact on genetic networks in human macrophages by a CCR5 strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2004; 78:11477-86. [PMID: 15479790 PMCID: PMC523249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.21.11477-11486.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) impacts multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, either by direct infection or indirectly by perturbations of cell networks, leading to generalized immune deficiency. We designed a study to discover, in primary human macrophages, sentinel genetic targets that are impacted during replication over the course of 7 days by a CCR5-using virus. Expression of mRNA and proteins in virus- or mock-treated macrophages from multiple donors was evaluated. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis grouped into distinct temporal expression patterns >900 known human genes that were induced or repressed at least fourfold by virus. Expression of more than one-third of the genes was induced rapidly by day 2 of infection, while other genes were induced at intermediate (day 4) or late (day 7) time points. More than 200 genes were expressed exclusively in either virus- or mock-treated macrophage cultures, independent of the donor, providing an unequivocal basis to distinguish an effect by virus. HIV-1 altered levels of mRNA and/or protein for diverse cellular programs in macrophages, including multiple genes that can contribute to a transition in the cell cycle from G(1) to G(2)/M, in contrast to expression in mock-treated macrophages of genes that maintain G(0)/G(1). Virus treatment activated mediators of cell cycling, including PP2A, which is impacted by Vpr, as well as GADD45 and BRCA1, potentially novel targets for HIV-1. The results identify interrelated programs conducive to optimal HIV-1 replication and expression of genes that can contribute to macrophage dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter R Coberley
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Box 100275, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 S.W. Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Tirado G, Jove G, Kumar R, Noel RJ, Reyes E, Sepulveda G, Yamamura Y, Kumar A. Differential virus evolution in blood and genital tract of HIV-infected females: evidence for the involvement of drug and non-drug resistance-associated mutations. Virology 2004; 324:577-86. [PMID: 15207642 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 01/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that male or female genital tract represent a distinct replication compartment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and that such compartments may serve as a virus reservoir. Forty-four paired plasma and vaginal samples from HIV-infected females undergoing HAART were collected to examine the viral responses to antiretroviral therapy and to assess the possible role of the vaginal tract as a reservoir for drug-resistant variants. Twenty-one females had detectable viral RNA both in plasma and vaginal fluid, whereas 14 females had detectable virus only in plasma. Twelve paired samples were used to analyze HIV-1 pol sequences for the presence of drug resistance-associated mutations. Nine of the twelve paired samples exhibited discordant drug resistance mutation patterns. The other three females showed identical drug resistance-associated mutations. However, further examination of protease and RT showed numerous non-drug-associated mutations that corresponded to predefined CTL epitopes. These non-drug-associated mutations were different between plasma and vaginal viruses, suggesting that evolution of HIV-1 was independent in these two compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissell Tirado
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce 00732, Puerto Rico
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13
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Keppler OT, Welte FJ, Ngo TA, Chin PS, Patton KS, Tsou CL, Abbey NW, Sharkey ME, Grant RM, You Y, Scarborough JD, Ellmeier W, Littman DR, Stevenson M, Charo IF, Herndier BG, Speck RF, Goldsmith MA. Progress toward a human CD4/CCR5 transgenic rat model for de novo infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Exp Med 2002; 195:719-36. [PMID: 11901198 PMCID: PMC2193739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a permissive small animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV)-1 pathogenesis and the testing of antiviral strategies has been hampered by the inability of HIV-1 to infect primary rodent cells productively. In this study, we explored transgenic rats expressing the HIV-1 receptor complex as a susceptible host. Rats transgenic for human CD4 (hCD4) and the human chemokine receptor CCR5 (hCCR5) were generated that express the transgenes in CD4(+) T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia. In ex vivo cultures, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, macrophages, and microglia from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats were highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1 R5 viruses leading to expression of abundant levels of early HIV-1 gene products comparable to those found in human reference cultures. Primary rat macrophages and microglia, but not lymphocytes, from double-transgenic rats could be productively infected by various recombinant and primary R5 strains of HIV-1. Moreover, after systemic challenge with HIV-1, lymphatic organs from hCD4/hCCR5 transgenic rats contained episomal 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) circles, integrated provirus, and early viral gene products, demonstrating susceptibility to HIV-1 in vivo. Transgenic rats also displayed a low-level plasma viremia early in infection. Thus, transgenic rats expressing the appropriate human receptor complex are promising candidates for a small animal model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Keppler
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94141, USA
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Sonza S, Crowe SM. Reservoirs for HIV infection and their persistence in the face of undetectable viral load. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001; 15:511-8. [PMID: 11689138 DOI: 10.1089/108729101753205676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Sonza
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
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