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Mahdifar M, Boostani R, Taylor GP, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H. Comprehensive Insight into the Functional Roles of NK and NKT Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Diseases and Asymptomatic Carriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8. [PMID: 38436833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first human oncogenic retrovirus to be discovered and causes two major diseases: a progressive neuro-inflammatory disease, termed HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and an aggressive malignancy of T lymphocytes known as adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Innate and acquired immune responses play pivotal roles in controlling the status of HTLV-1-infected cells and such, the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. Natural killer cells (NKCs) are the effector cells of the innate immune system and are involved in controlling viral infections and several types of cancers. The ability of NKCs to trigger cytotoxicity to provide surveillance against viruses and cancer depends on the balance between the inhibitory and activating signals. In this review, we will discuss NKC function and the alterations in the frequency of these cells in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Ruggieri M, Ducasa N, Juraske C, Polo VG, Berini C, Quiroga MF, Christopoulos P, Minguet S, Biglione M, Schamel WW. Phenotypic and functional analysis of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920888. [PMID: 36032168 PMCID: PMC9403740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of serious malignant and inflammatory diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. The potential protective role of γδ T cells in HTLV-1 infection remains unclear. Here, demonstrate that there is a decrease in the amount of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in patients with HTLV-1, especially in those with HTLV-1 associated pathologies. This suggests that γδ T cells could be involved in controlling the virus. Indeed, we found that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, expanded from non-infected individuals, can kill cells expressing the viral proteins HBZ and Tax and this phenotype is reversed in the presence of mevastatin. Cytotoxicity by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was not associated with an increase of INF-γ production. In sharp contrast, killing by NK cells was reduced by Tax expression. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for a potential protective role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against HTLV-1 infection. Therapeutic exploitation of these insights is feasible with current technologies of T-cell therapies and could provide novel tools to prevent and treat HTLV-1-associated malignancies and neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Ruggieri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Matias Ruggieri,
| | - Nicolás Ducasa
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Virginia Gonzalez Polo
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Berini
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Florencia Quiroga
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoracic Clinic at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirna Biglione
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Institute for Biomedical Research in Retroviruses and AIDS (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wolfgang W. Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Huot N, Rascle P, Tchitchek N, Wimmer B, Passaes C, Contreras V, Desjardins D, Stahl-Hennig C, Le Grand R, Saez-Cirion A, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. Role of NKG2a/c +CD8 + T cells in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic SIV infections. iScience 2021; 24:102314. [PMID: 33870131 PMCID: PMC8040270 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Some viruses have established an equilibrium with their host. African green monkeys (AGM) display persistent high viral replication in the blood and intestine during Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection but resolve systemic inflammation after acute infection and lack intestinal immune or tissue damage during chronic infection. We show that NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells increase in the blood and intestine of AGM in response to SIVagm infection in contrast to SIVmac infection in macaques, the latter modeling HIV infection. NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells were not expanded in lymph nodes, and CXCR5+NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cell frequencies further decreased after SIV infection. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells from AGM revealed the expression of NK cell receptors, and of molecules with cytotoxic effector, gut homing, and immunoregulatory and gut barrier function, including CD73. NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with IL-23 in the intestine during SIVmac infection. The data suggest a potential regulatory role of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells in intestinal inflammation during SIV/HIV infections. Molecular determination of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells in two species of nonhuman primates Tissue distribution of NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cell is profoundly sculpted by SIV infections Intestinal NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells correlated negatively with IL-23 in SIV infection NKG2a/c+CD8+ T cells might play a protective gut barrier function in HIV/SIV infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Benedikt Wimmer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France
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4
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Epigenetics evaluation of the oncogenic mechanisms of two closely related bovine and human deltaretroviruses: A system biology study. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cavalcanti De Albuquerque R, Granato A, Silva Castro I, Carvalho Torres R, Santos Souza F, Lima MA, Celestino Bezerra Leite AC, de Melo Espíndola O, Echevarria-Lima J. Phenotypic and functional changes in gamma delta T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 carriers. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:607-618. [PMID: 31287591 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-467r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to gradual loss of motor movement as a result of the death of spinal cord cells through immune mediated mechanisms. The risk to develop HAM/TSP disease positively correlates with the magnitude of HTLV-1 proviral load. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes have been recognized as important players in a variety of infectious diseases. Therefore, we have investigated interactions between HTLV-1 infection and γδ T lymphocytes during HAM/TSP. Similar frequencies of total γδ T lymphocytes and their Vγ9δ2+ and Vγ9δ2neg subpopulations were observed in HAM/TSP patients. However, T lymphocytes obtained from HTLV-1 carriers displayed significantly higher rates of spontaneous proliferation and NKp30 expression when compared to cells from uninfected donors. In addition, an important decrease in the frequency of granzyme B+ γδ T lymphocytes (approximately 50%) was observed in HAM/TSP patients. Higher proportion of IFN-γ+ γδ T lymphocytes was found in HTLV-1-infected patients, which positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Collectively, our data indicates that HTLV-1 infection leads to phenotypic and functional changes in the population of γδ T lymphocyte population, suggesting that HTLV-1 infection modulates functions associated to these cells, which might be involved in controlling the infection or in the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cavalcanti De Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isabela Silva Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carvalho Torres
- Plataforma de Imuno-Análise, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Celestino Bezerra Leite
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Queiroz GAN, Mascarenhas REM, Vieillard V, Andrade RL, Galvão-Castro B, Grassi MFR. Functional capacity of natural killer cells in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:433. [PMID: 31101076 PMCID: PMC6525417 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and provide surveillance against viruses and cancers. The ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected cells depends on the balance between the effects of inhibitory and activating NK cell receptors. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic profile and the functional capacity of NK cells in the context of HTLV-1 infection. Methods This cross-sectional study sequentially recruited HTLV-1 infected individuals with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and asymptomatic HTLV-1 (AS) from the Integrated and Multidisciplinary HTLV Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples from healthy blood donors served as controls. NK cell surface receptors (NKG2D, KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3, NKp30, NKG2A, NKp46, TIM-3 and PD-1), intracellular cytolytic (Granzyme B, perforin) and functional markers (CD107a for degranulation, IFN-γ) were assayed by flow cytometry in the presence or absence of standard K562 target cells. In addition, cytotoxicity assays were performed in the presence or absence of anti-NKp30. Results The frequency of NKp30+ NK cells was significantly decreased in HAM/TSP patients [58%, Interquartile Range (IQR) 30–61] compared to controls (73%, IQR 54–79, p = 0.04). The production of cytolytic (perforin, granzyme B) and functional markers (CD107a and IFN-γ) was higher in unstimulated NK cells from HAM/TSP and AS patients compared to controls. By contrast, stimulation with K562 target cells did not alter the frequency of CD107a+ NK cells in HAM/TSP subjects compared to the other groups. Blockage of the NKp30 receptor was shown to decrease cytotoxic activity (CD107a) and IFN-γ expression only in asymptomatic HTLV-1-infected individuals. Conclusions NK cells from individuals with a diagnosis of HAM/TSP present decreased expression of the activating receptor NKp30, in addition to elevated degranulation activity that remained unaffected after blocking the NKp30 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Andrade Nonato Queiroz
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Elizabeth Moreira Mascarenhas
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi
- Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Instituto Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. .,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Bangham CRM, Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1: parasitism and pathogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0272. [PMID: 28893939 PMCID: PMC5597739 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes not only adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATL), but also inflammatory diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-1 transmits primarily through cell-to-cell contact, and generates abundant infected cells in the host in order to survive and transmit to a new host. The resulting high proviral load is closely associated with the development of ATL and inflammatory diseases. To increase the number of infected cells, HTLV-1 changes the immunophenotype of infected cells, induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through the cooperative actions of two viral genes, tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). As a result, infected cells survive, proliferate and infiltrate into the tissues, which is critical for transmission of the virus. Thus, the strategy of this virus is indivisibly linked with its pathogenesis, providing a clue for prevention and treatment of HTLV-1-induced diseases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Faculty of Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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8
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How does HTLV-1 cause adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL)? Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:93-100. [PMID: 26414684 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A typical person infected with the retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carries tens of thousands of clones of HTLV-1-infected T lymphocytes, each clone distinguished by a unique integration site of the provirus in the host genome. However, only 5% of infected people develop the malignant disease adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma, usually more than 50 years after becoming infected. We review the host and viral factors that cause this aggressive disease.
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9
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disease of the CNS that causes weakness or paralysis of the legs, lower back pain and urinary symptoms. HAM/TSP was first described in Jamaica in the nineteenth century, but the aetiology of the condition, infection with the retrovirus HTLV-1, was only identified in the 1980s. HAM/TSP causes chronic disability and, accordingly, imposes a substantial health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Since the discovery of the cause of HAM/TSP, considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the virology, immunology, cell biology and pathology of HTLV-1 infection and its associated diseases. However, progress has been limited by the lack of accurate animal models of the disease. Moreover, the treatment of HAM/TSP remains highly unsatisfactory: antiretroviral drugs have little impact on the infection and, although potential disease-modifying therapies are widely used, their value is unproved. At present, clinical management is focused on symptomatic treatment and counselling. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of HAM/TSP and identify areas in which further research is needed. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/tjZCFM.
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Saito M. Neuroimmunological aspects of human T cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:164-74. [PMID: 23943469 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus etiologically associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Only approximately 0.25-4 % of infected individuals develop HAM/TSP; the majority of infected individuals remain lifelong asymptomatic carriers. Recent data suggest that immunological aspects of host-virus interactions might play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. This review outlines and discusses the current understanding, ongoing developments, and future perspectives of HAM/TSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan,
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11
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Katsurada T, Kobayashi W, Tomaru U, Baba T, Furukawa S, Ishizu A, Takeda K, Sakamoto N, Asaka M, Takeda H, Kasahara M. Decrease of peripheral and intestinal NKG2A-positive T cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44113. [PMID: 22970169 PMCID: PMC3435414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of inhibitory natural killer receptors (iNKRs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we analyzed the expression of NKG2A, one of the iNKRs, on T cells in a mouse colitis model and human IBD. During the active phase of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis, the frequency of NKG2A+ T cells was significantly decreased in the peripheral blood, and increased in the intestine, suggesting the mobilization of this T cell subset to the sites of inflammation. Administration of anti-NKG2A antibody increased the number of inflammatory foci in DSS-induced colitis, suggesting the involvement of NKG2A+ T cells in this colitis model. In ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, the frequency of peripheral blood NKG2A+ T cells was significantly decreased, compared with Crohn's disease (CD) patients and healthy controls, regardless of clinical conditions such as treatment modalities and disease activity. Notably, in sharp contrast to the DSS-induced mouse colitis model, the frequency of NKG2A+ cells among intestinal T cells was also decreased in UC patients. These results suggest that inadequate local infiltration of NKG2A+ T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Katsurada
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Waka Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ishizu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Immunopathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: recent perspectives. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012. [PMID: 23198155 PMCID: PMC3505925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a replication-competent human retrovirus associated with two distinct types of disease only in a minority of infected individuals: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic progressive myelopathy characterized by spastic paraparesis, sphincter dysfunction, and mild sensory disturbance in the lower extremities. Although the factors that cause these different manifestations of HTLV-1 infection are not fully understood, accumulating evidence from host population genetics, viral genetics, DNA expression microarrays, and assays of lymphocyte function suggests that complex virus-host interactions and the host immune response play an important role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Especially, the efficiency of an individual's cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response to HTLV-1 limits the HTLV-1 proviral load and the risk of HAM/TSP. This paper focuses on the recent advances in HAM/TSP research with the aim to identify the precise mechanisms of disease, in order to develop effective treatment and prevention.
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Kirk PDW, Witkover A, Courtney A, Lewin AM, Wait R, Stumpf MPH, Richardson S, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. Plasma proteome analysis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Retrovirology 2011; 8:81. [PMID: 21992623 PMCID: PMC3210102 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM) which resembles chronic spinal forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathogenesis of HAM remains uncertain. To aid in the differential diagnosis of HAM and to identify pathogenetic mechanisms, we analysed the plasma proteome in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs), patients with HAM, uninfected controls, and patients with MS. We used surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry to analyse the plasma proteome in 68 HTLV-1-infected individuals (in two non-overlapping sets, each comprising 17 patients with HAM and 17 ACs), 16 uninfected controls, and 11 patients with secondary progressive MS. Candidate biomarkers were identified by tandem Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Results The concentrations of three plasma proteins - high [β2-microglobulin], high [Calgranulin B], and low [apolipoprotein A2] - were specifically associated with HAM, independently of proviral load. The plasma [β2-microglobulin] was positively correlated with disease severity. Conclusions The results indicate that monocytes are activated by contact with activated endothelium in HAM. Using β2-microglobulin and Calgranulin B alone we derive a diagnostic algorithm that correctly classified the disease status (presence or absence of HAM) in 81% of HTLV-1-infected subjects in the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D W Kirk
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
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Sato T, Azakami K, Ando H, Araya N, Yamano Y. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and innate immunity. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Talledo M, López G, Huyghe JR, Verdonck K, González E, Clark D, Senitzer D, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E, Van Camp G, Van Laer L. Role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene content and human leukocyte antigen-C group in susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in Peru. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:804-8. [PMID: 20483367 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) affects approximately 5% of HTLV-1-infected individuals. It is poorly understood why only some infected subjects develop this disease, but host genetic factors may determine susceptibility. The innate immune system may influence disease outcome in HTLV-1-infected individuals because of its role in early immune responses to viral infections. Variation in genes encoding killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule ligands may affect the risk of HAM/TSP. We performed a two-stage case-control study to examine the distribution of KIR genes and HLA-Cw groups in Peruvian HTLV-1-infected HAM/TSP individuals and asymptomatic carriers. We also tested for epistatic effects between specific KIR genes and HLA-Cw groups. In the first stage, we found several trends toward association with HAM/TSP or proviral load (PVL). However, these results were not replicated in the second stage. In conclusion, this is the first report on KIR gene frequencies in the Peruvian population and may be of significance in hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. Our study did not reveal significant associations between KIR genes and HLA-Cw groups and HAM/TSP or PVL. However, because our study was powered to detect only larger effects, additional studies using larger cohorts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Talledo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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16
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Neuroimmunity of HTLV-I Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:310-25. [PMID: 20437106 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic retrovirus and its infection is associated with a variety of human diseases including HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropic spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Large numbers of epidemiological, virological, immunological, and clinical studies on HTLV-I- and HTLV-I-associated diseases have been published, although the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP remains to be fully understood. In the last several years, researchers have shown that several key factors are important in HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease including high HTLV-I proviral load and a strong immune response to HTLV-I. Here, we review pathophysiological findings on HAM/TSP and focus on viral-host immune responses to the virus in HTLV-I infected individuals. In particular, the role of HTLV-I-specific CD8+ T cell response is highlighted.
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Immunogenetics and the Pathological Mechanisms of Human T-Cell Leukemia VirusType 1- (HTLV-1-)Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2010; 2010:478461. [PMID: 20169122 PMCID: PMC2821641 DOI: 10.1155/2010/478461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a replication-competent human retrovirus associated with two distinct types of disease only in a minority of infected individuals: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the factors that cause these different manifestations of HTLV-1 infection are not fully understood, accumulating evidence suggests that complex virus-host interactions play an important role in determining the risk of HAM/TSP. This review focuses on the role of the immune response in controlling or limiting viral persistence in HAM/TSP patients, and the reason why some HTLV-1-infected people develop HAM/TSP whereas the majority remains asymptomatic carriers of the virus.
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18
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Saito M. Immunogenetics of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Inflamm Regen 2009. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.29.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Graham CM, Christensen JR, Thomas DB. Differential induction of CD94 and NKG2 in CD4 helper T cells. A consequence of influenza virus infection and interferon-gamma? Immunology 2007; 121:238-47. [PMID: 17462078 PMCID: PMC2265943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes worldwide epidemics and pandemics and the investigation of memory T helper (Th) cells that help maintain serological memory following infection is important for vaccine design. In this study we investigated CD94 and NKG2 gene expression in memory CD4 T-cell clones established from the spleens of C57BL/10 (H-2(b)) and BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice infected with influenza A virus (H3N2). CD94 and NKG2A/C/E proteins form heterodimeric membrane receptors that are involved in virus recognition. CD94 and NKG2 expression have been well characterized in natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cells. Despite CD94 being potentially an important marker for Th1 cells involved in virus infection, however, there has been little investigation of its expression or function in the CD4 T-cell lineage and no studies have looked at in-vivo-generated Th cells or memory cells. We show in this study that in-vivo-generated CD4 Th1 cells, but not Th2 cells, exhibited full-length CD94 and NKG2A gene expression following activation with viral peptide. For NKG2A, a novel 'short' (possibly redundant) truncated isoform was detectable in a Th2 cell clone. Another member of the NK receptor family, NKG2D, but not NKG2C or E, was also differentially expressed in Th1 cells. We show here that CD94 and NKG2A may exist as multiple isoforms with the potential to distinguish helper T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Graham
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, UK.
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Matsuzaki T, Saito M, Usuku K, Nose H, Izumo S, Arimura K, Osame M. A prospective uncontrolled trial of fermented milk drink containing viable Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in the treatment of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurol Sci 2005; 237:75-81. [PMID: 15961107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ten patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) were treated in an uncontrolled preliminary trial by oral administration of viable Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) containing fermented milk. HTLV-1 provirus load, motor function, neurological findings, and immunological parameters were evaluated after 4 weeks. Although LcS did not change the frequencies or absolute numbers of all the examined cell surface phenotypes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, NK cell activity was significantly increased after 4 weeks of oral administration of LcS preparation. Improvements in spasticity (modified Ashworth Scale scores) and urinary symptoms were also seen after LcS treatment. No adverse effect was observed in all the 10 patients throughout the study period. Our results indicated that LcS may be a safe and beneficial agent for the treatment of HAM/TSP; therefore randomized controlled studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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21
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Abstract
There is strong evidence at the individual level and the population level that an efficient cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to HTLV-1 limits the proviral load and the risk of associated inflammatory diseases such as HAM/TSP. This evidence comes from host population genetics, viral genetics, DNA expression microarrays and assays of lymphocyte function. However, until now there has been no satisfactory and rigorous means to define or to measure the efficiency of an antiviral CTL response. Recently, methods have been developed to quantify lymphocyte turnover rates in vivo and the efficiency of anti-HTLV-1 CTLs ex vivo. Data from these new techniques appear to substantiate the conclusion that variation between individual hosts in the rate at which a single CTL kills HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes is an important determinant, perhaps the decisive determinant, of the proviral load and the risk of HAM/TSP. With these experimental data, it is becoming possible to refine, parameterize and test mathematical models of the immune control of HTLV-1, which are a necessary part of an understanding of this complex dynamic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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22
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Mosley AJ, Asquith B, Bangham CRM. Cell-mediated immune response to human T-lymphotropic virus type I. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:293-305. [PMID: 16035941 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus that causes persistent infection in many populations in tropical and subtropical regions. HTLV-I chronically activates the cell-mediated arm of the host adaptive immune response. There has been much debate about the role of the immune response in determining the outcome of HTLV-I infection: most seropositive individuals remain lifelong asymptomatic carriers of the virus, whereas a small proportion-usually those with higher equilibrium proviral loads-develop an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system known as HAM/TSP. Here we discuss the cell-mediated immune response to HTLV-I infection. We summarize recent data on the HTLV-I-specific CD4(+) cell response and explore its potential role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. We also explore the controversy surrounding the role of the CD8(+) cell response in controlling HTLV-I infection and/or contributing to HAM/TSP disease, highlighting recent studies of T cell gene expression profiles and a newly developed assay of CD8(+) cell functional efficiency. Finally, we introduce a possible role for cellular innate immune effectors in HTLV-I infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina J Mosley
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Jinushi M, Takehara T, Tatsumi T, Kanto T, Miyagi T, Suzuki T, Kanazawa Y, Hiramatsu N, Hayashi N. Negative regulation of NK cell activities by inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A leads to altered NK cell-induced modulation of dendritic cell functions in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 173:6072-81. [PMID: 15528343 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are potent activators of dendritic cells (DCs), but it remains obscure how third-party cells affect the ability of NK cells to modulate DC functions. We show here that NK cells derived from healthy donors (N-NK), when cocultured with human liver epithelial cells, induced maturation as well as activation of DCs, such as increased migratory capacity as well as T cell stimulatory activity. In contrast, NK cells from chronic hepatitis C virus-infected donors (HCV-NK) were not capable of activating DCs under the same conditions. In comparison to N-NK, HCV-NK showed higher expression of CD94/NKG2A and produced IL-10 and TGFbeta when cultured with hepatic cells, most of which express HLA-E, a ligand for CD94/NKG2A. Blockade of NKG2A restored the ability of HCV-NK to activate DCs, which appeared to result from the reduced NK cell production of IL-10 and TGFbeta. The blockade also endowed HCV-NK with an ability to drive DCs to generate Th1-polarized CD4+ T cells. These findings show that NK cell modulation of DCs is regulated by third-party cells through NK receptor and its ligand interaction. Aberrant expression of NK receptors may have an impact on the magnitude and direction of DC activation of T cells under pathological conditions, such as chronic viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell-Free System/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- HLA Antigens/biosynthesis
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- K562 Cells
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily C
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- HLA-E Antigens
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Vine AM, Heaps AG, Kaftantzi L, Mosley A, Asquith B, Witkover A, Thompson G, Saito M, Goon PKC, Carr L, Martinez-Murillo F, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. The role of CTLs in persistent viral infection: cytolytic gene expression in CD8+ lymphocytes distinguishes between individuals with a high or low proviral load of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5121-9. [PMID: 15470056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The proviral load in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is typically constant in each infected host, but varies by >1000-fold between hosts and is strongly correlated with the risk of HTLV-1-associated inflammatory disease. However, the factors that determine an individual's HTLV-1 proviral load remain uncertain. Experimental evidence from studies of host genetics, viral genetics, and lymphocyte function and theoretical considerations suggest that a major determinant of the equilibrium proviral load is the CD8+ T cell response to HTLV-1. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the gene expression profile in circulating CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes distinguishes between individuals with a low proviral load of HTLV-1 and those with a high proviral load. We show that circulating CD8+ lymphocytes from individuals with a low HTLV-1 proviral load overexpressed a core group of nine genes with strong functional coherence: eight of the nine genes encode granzymes or other proteins involved in cell-mediated lysis or Ag recognition. We conclude that successful suppression of the HTLV-1 proviral load is associated with strong cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocyte activity in the peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Vine
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, UK
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25
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Abstract
The human retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two distinct types of disease: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia and a range of chronic inflammatory conditions including the central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Until recently, it was believed that HTLV-1 was largely latent in vivo. However, evidence from a number of types of experiments shows that HTLV-1 persistently expresses its genes, and that the "set point" of an individual's proviral load of HTLV-1 is mainly determined by the efficiency of that individual's cellular immune response to the virus. These conclusions have two main consequences. First, HTLV-1 may be vulnerable to antiretroviral drug therapy or immunotherapy. Second, HTLV-1 infection has become a useful system to analyze the determinants of the efficiency of the antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Braud VM, Aldemir H, Breart B, Ferlin WG. Expression of CD94-NKG2A inhibitory receptor is restricted to a subset of CD8+ T cells. Trends Immunol 2003; 24:162-4. [PMID: 12697440 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)-cell receptors (NKRs) on CD8+ T cells can modulate antigen-specific T-cell activity but their function and rules that govern their expression remain unclear. Recent work has provided new insight into CD94-NKG2A expression on T cells. Whereas upregulation on the cell surface is induced following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, commitment to CD94-NKG2A expression is a clonal attribute. NKRs can therefore shape cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses and should be considered in designing vaccine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique M Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis 06 560, France.
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