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Kusuda M, Nakasone H, Yoshimura K, Okada Y, Tamaki M, Matsuoka A, Ishikawa T, Meno T, Nakamura Y, Kawamura M, Takeshita J, Kawamura S, Yoshino N, Misaki Y, Gomyo A, Tanihara A, Kimura SI, Kako S, Kanda Y. Gene expression and TCR amino acid sequences selected by HLA-A02:01-restricted CTLs specific to HTLV-1 in ATL patients. Br J Haematol 2023; 202:578-588. [PMID: 37317804 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of peripheral T cells caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Tax is the most important regulatory protein for HTLV-1. We aimed to reveal a unique amino acid sequence (AA) of complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the T-cell receptor (TCR)β and TCRα chains of HLA-A*02:01-restricted Tax11-19 -specific cytotoxic T cells (Tax-CTLs). The gene expression profiles (GEP) of Tax-CTLs were assessed by the next-generation sequence (NGS) method with SMARTer technology. Tax-CTLs seemed to be oligoclonal, and their gene compositions were skewed. The unique motifs of 'DSWGK' in TCRα and 'LAG' in TCRβ at CDR3 were observed in almost all patients. Tax-CTL clones harbouring the 'LAG' motif with BV28 had a higher binding score than those without either of them, besides a higher binding score associated with longer survival. Tax-CTLs established from a single cell showed killing activities against Tax-peptide-pulsed HLA-A2+ T2 cell lines. GEP of Tax-CTLs revealed that genes associated with immune response activity were well preserved in long-term survivors with stable status. These methods and results can help us better understand immunity against ATL, and should contribute to future studies on the clinical application of adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machiko Kusuda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medicial University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okada
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tamaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akari Matsuoka
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuto Ishikawa
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Meno
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nakamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junko Takeshita
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunto Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshino
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Misaki
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Gomyo
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Aki Tanihara
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kako
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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Freitas NL, Gomes YCP, Souza FDS, Torres RC, Echevarria-Lima J, Leite ACCB, Lima MASD, Araújo AQC, Silva MTT, Espíndola ODM. Lessons from the Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis of HTLV-1-Infected Individuals: Biomarkers of Inflammation for HAM/TSP Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102146. [PMID: 36298702 PMCID: PMC9609689 DOI: 10.3390/v14102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to motor impairment due to a chronic inflammatory process in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the HAM/TSP pathogenesis is not completely clear, and biomarkers to define the disease prognosis are still necessary. Thus, we aimed to identify biomarkers for HAM/TSP and potential mechanisms involved in disease development. To that end, the concentrations of VILIP-1, BDNF, VEGF, β-NGF, TGF-β1, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α, and the soluble forms of TREM-1, TREM-2, and RAGE, were assessed using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from HAM/TSP patients (n = 20), asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (AC) (n = 13), and HTLV-1-seronegative individuals (n = 9), with the results analyzed according to the speed of HAM/TSP progression. HAM/TSP patients had elevated fractalkine in the serum but not in the CSF, particularly those with low neuroinflammatory activity (CSF/serum ratio of neopterin <1 and of CXCL10 < 2). HAM/TSP patients with normal CSF levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) showed elevated β-NGF in serum, and serum BDNF levels were increased in HTLV-1-infected individuals, particularly in HTLV-1 AC. Both HTLV-1 AC and HAM/TSP patients had lower TGF-β1 levels in CSF compared to uninfected individuals, and HAM/TSP patients with active CNS inflammation showed higher CSF levels of IL-18, which correlated with markers of inflammation, neuronal death, and blood−brain-barrier permeability. Although none of the factors evaluated were associated with the speed of HAM/TSP progression, reduced TGF-β1 levels in CSF suggest that suppressive responses to control subclinical and/or active neurodegeneration are impaired, while increased CSF IL-18 indicates the involvement of inflammasome-mediated mechanisms in HAM/TSP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lardini Freitas
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Yago Côrtes Pinheiro Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia dos Santos Souza
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carvalho Torres
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, Brazil
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abelardo Queiroz Campos Araújo
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tulius Teixeira Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Vieira BA, Bidinotto AB, Dartora WJ, Pedrotti LG, de Oliveira VM, Wendland EM. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infection in pregnant women in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15367. [PMID: 34321555 PMCID: PMC8319321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection may cause serious disease, while pathogenicity of HTLV-2 is less certain. There are no screening or surveillance programs for HTLV-1/-2 infection in Brazil. By performing this systematic review, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infections in pregnant women in Brazil. This review included cohort and cross-sectional studies that assessed the presence of either HTLV-1/-2 infection in pregnant women in Brazil. We searched BVS/LILACS, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature from inception to August 2020. We identified 246 records in total. Twenty-six of those were included in the qualitative synthesis, while 17 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of HTLV-1 in Brazilian pregnant women, as diagnosed by a positive screening test and a subsequent positive confirmatory test, was 0.32% (95% CI 0.19-1.54), while of HTLV-2 was 0.04% (95% CI 0.02-0.08). Subgroup analysis by region showed the highest prevalence in the Northeast region (0.60%; 95% CI 0.37-0.97) for HTLV-1 and in the South region (0.16%; 95% CI 0.02-1.10) for HTLV-2. The prevalence of HTLV-1 is much higher than HTLV-2 infection in pregnant Brazilian women with important differences between regions. The prevalence of both HTLV-1/-2 are higher in the Northeast compared to Center-West region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliana Márcia Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Public Health Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158001. [PMID: 34360767 PMCID: PMC8347336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Kim Y, Mensah GA, Al Sharif S, Pinto DO, Branscome H, Yelamanchili SV, Cowen M, Erickson J, Khatkar P, Mahieux R, Kashanchi F. Extracellular Vesicles from Infected Cells Are Released Prior to Virion Release. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040781. [PMID: 33916140 PMCID: PMC8066806 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have attempted to address the timing of EV and virion release from virally infected cells. Uninfected (CEM), HIV-1-infected (J1.1), and human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1)-infected (HUT102) cells were synchronized in G0. Viral latency was reversed by increasing gene expression with the addition of serum-rich media and inducers. Supernatants and cell pellets were collected post-induction at different timepoints and assayed for extracellular vesicle (EV) and autophagy markers; and for viral proteins and RNAs. Tetraspanins and autophagy-related proteins were found to be differentially secreted in HIV-1- and HTLV-1-infected cells when compared with uninfected controls. HIV-1 proteins were present at 6 h and their production increased up to 24 h. HTLV-1 proteins peaked at 6 h and plateaued. HIV-1 and HTLV-1 RNA production correlated with viral protein expression. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showed increase of EV concentration over time in both uninfected and infected samples. Finally, the HIV-1 supernatant from the 6-h samples was found not to be infectious; however, the virus from the 24-h samples was successfully rescued and infectious. Overall, our data indicate that EV release may occur prior to viral release from infected cells, thereby implicating a potentially significant effect of EVs on uninfected recipient cells prior to subsequent viral infection and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Gifty A. Mensah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Daniel O. Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Sowmya V. Yelamanchili
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Maria Cowen
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - James Erickson
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Fondation Pour La Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; (Y.K.); (G.A.M.); (S.A.S.); (D.O.P.); (H.B.); (M.C.); (J.E.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +703-993-9160; Fax: +703-993-7022
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Akkouche A, Moodad S, Hleihel R, Skayneh H, Chambeyron S, El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. In vivo antagonistic role of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 regulatory proteins Tax and HBZ. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009219. [PMID: 33471856 PMCID: PMC7817025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic infection by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, play central roles in ATL leukemogenesis. Tax expression transforms T cells in vitro and induces ATL-like disease in mice. Tax also induces a rough eye phenotype and increases hemocyte count in Drosophila melanogaster, indicative of transformation. Among multiple functions, Tax modulates the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), leading to H3K27me3-dependent reprogramming of around half of cellular genes. HBZ is a negative regulator of Tax-mediated viral transcription. HBZ effects on epigenetic signatures are underexplored. Here, we established an hbz transgenic fly model, and demonstrated that, unlike Tax, which induces NF-κB activation and enhanced PRC2 activity creating an activation loop, HBZ neither induces transformation nor NF-κB activation in vivo. However, overexpression of Tax or HBZ increases the PRC2 activity and both proteins directly interact with PRC2 complex core components. Importantly, overexpression of HBZ in tax transgenic flies prevents Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation and totally rescues Tax-induced transformation and senescence. Our results establish the in vivo antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation and cellular effects. This study helps understanding long-term HTLV-1 persistence and cellular transformation and opens perspectives for new therapeutic strategies targeting the epigenetic machinery in ATL. Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma is an aggressive hematological malignancy, caused by the retroviral infection with HTLV-1. Tax and HBZ play critical roles in leukemia development. Tax activates the NF-κB pathway and modulates the epigenetic machinery to induce cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. We generated hbz or tax/hbz transgenic fly models and explored the phenotypes and epigenetic changes in vivo. Unlike Tax, HBZ expression failed to activate NF-κB or to induce transformation or senescence in vivo, yet activated PRC2 core components resulting in subsequent epigenetic changes. HBZ expression in tax Tg flies inhibits Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation, resulting in inhibition of malignant cellular proliferation and its consequent senescence. Our study proves the antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation in vivo, providing further understanding on ATL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Akkouche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moodad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Skayneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Séverine Chambeyron
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, UMR 9002, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
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Umekita K, Hashiba Y, Iwao K, Iwao C, Kimura M, Kariya Y, Kubo K, Miyauchi S, Kudou R, Rikitake Y, Takajo K, Kawaguchi T, Matsuda M, Takajo I, Inoue E, Hidaka T, Okayama A. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 may invalidate T-SPOT.TB assay results in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A retrospective case-control observational study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233159. [PMID: 32459801 PMCID: PMC7252607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4-positive T cells are the main target of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Interferon-γ release assays rely on the fact that T-lymphocytes release this cytokine when exposed to tuberculosis-specific antigens and are useful in testing for latent tuberculosis infection before initiating biologic therapy, such as anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. However, the reliability of interferon-γ release assays in detecting tuberculosis infection among HTLV-1-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of the T-SPOT.TB assay in HTLV-1-positive RA patients. Methods Overall, 29 HTLV-1-positive RA patients and 87 age- and sex-matched HTLV-1-negative RA patients (controls) were included from the HTLV-1 RA Miyazaki Cohort Study. Results of the T-SPOT.TB assay for latent tuberculosis infection screening were collected from medical records of patients. Results Approximately 55% of the HTLV-1-positive RA patients showed invalid T-SPOT.TB assay results (odds ratio: 108, 95% confidence interval: 13.1–890, p < 0.0001) owing to a spot count of >10 in the negative controls. HTLV-1 proviral load values were significantly higher in patients with invalid results compared with those without invalid results (p = 0.003). Conclusion HTLV-1 infection affects T-SPOT.TB assay results in RA patients. Assay results in HTLV-1 endemic regions should be interpreted with caution when screening for latent tuberculosis infection before initiation of biologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yayoi Hashiba
- Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-no-Mori Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kosho Iwao
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Chihiro Iwao
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kimura
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Kariya
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kubo
- Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-no-Mori Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shunichi Miyauchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Risa Kudou
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Rikitake
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Katoko Takajo
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Motohiro Matsuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takajo
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Eisuke Inoue
- Showa University Research Administration Center, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hidaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Zenjinkai Shimin-no-Mori Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Zhi H, Guo X, Ho YK, Pasupala N, Engstrom HAA, Semmes OJ, Giam CZ. RNF8 Dysregulation and Down-regulation During HTLV-1 Infection Promote Genomic Instability in Adult T-Cell Leukemia. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008618. [PMID: 32453758 PMCID: PMC7274470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic instability associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is causally linked to Tax, the HTLV-1 viral oncoprotein, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We have previously shown that Tax hijacks and aberrantly activates ring finger protein 8 (RNF8) — a lysine 63 (K63)-specific ubiquitin E3 ligase critical for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair signaling — to assemble K63-linked polyubiquitin chains (K63-pUbs) in the cytosol. Tax and the cytosolic K63-pUbs, in turn, initiate additional recruitment of linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) to produce hybrid K63-M1 pUbs, which trigger a kinase cascade that leads to canonical IKK:NF-κB activation. Here we demonstrate that HTLV-1-infected cells are impaired in DNA damage response (DDR). This impairment correlates with the induction of microscopically visible nuclear speckles by Tax known as the Tax-speckle structures (TSS), which act as pseudo DNA damage signaling scaffolds that sequester DDR factors such as BRCA1, DNA-PK, and MDC1. We show that TSS co-localize with Tax, RNF8 and K63-pUbs, and their formation depends on RNF8. Tax mutants defective or attenuated in inducing K63-pUb assembly are deficient or tempered in TSS induction and DDR impairment. Finally, our results indicate that loss of RNF8 expression reduces HTLV-1 viral gene expression and frequently occurs in ATL cells. Thus, during HTLV-1 infection, Tax activates RNF8 to assemble nuclear K63-pUbs that sequester DDR factors in Tax speckles, disrupting DDR signaling and DSB repair. Down-regulation of RNF8 expression is positively selected during infection and progression to disease, and further exacerbates the genomic instability of ATL. Approximately 3–5% of HTLV-1-infected individuals develop an intractable malignancy called adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) decades after infection. Unlike other leukemia, ATL is characterized by extensive genomic instability. Here we show that the genomic instability of ATL is associated with the hijacking and aberrant activation of a molecule known as ring finger protein 8 (RNF8) by HTLV-1 for viral replication. RNF8 is crucial for initiating the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the most deleterious DNA damage. Its dysregulation in HTLV-1-infected cells results in the formation of pseudo DNA damage signaling scaffolds known as Tax speckle structures that sequester critical repair factors, causing an inability to repair DSBs efficiently. We have further found that loss of RNF8 expression reduces HTLV-1 viral replication and frequently occurs in ATL of all types. This likely facilitates the immune evasion of virus-infected cells, but degrades their ability to repair DSBs and exacerbates the genomic instability of ATL cells. Since DDR defects impact cancer response to DNA-damaging radiation and chemotherapies, RNF8 deficiency in ATL may be exploited for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zhi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology The Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Yik-Khuan Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nagesh Pasupala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hampus Alexander Anders Engstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology The Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Oliver John Semmes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology The Leroy T. Canoles Jr Cancer Research Center Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OJS); (C-ZG)
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OJS); (C-ZG)
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Parkin DM, Hämmerl L, Ferlay J, Kantelhardt EJ. Cancer in Africa 2018: The role of infections. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:2089-2103. [PMID: 31254479 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We estimate the fractions of cancer attributed to infections in Africa in 2018. The number of new cancer cases occurring was taken from Globocan2018 with some additional estimations based on data from African population-based registries. Population attributable fractions were calculated using prevalence of infection and relative risk in exposed vs. nonexposed. The greatest share of infection-associated cancers is due to the human papillomaviruses (12.1% of all cancers in Africa and 15.4% in sub-Saharan Africa [SSA]); of these, cervical cancer is by far the most common. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is responsible for 3.1% of all cancers in Africa, the hepatitis viruses (B and C) for 2.9% and Helicobacter pylori for 2.7% (non-Cardia Gastric cancer and primary gastric lymphomas). Two percent of cancers are attributable to the Epstein-Barr virus, Schistosoma haematobium increases the risk of bladder cancer resulting in 1.0% of all cancers. HIV-related NHL and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva account for 0.6% of cancers. Altogether 24.5% of cancers in Africa and 28.7% in SSA are due to infectious agents. Infections are by far the most common cancer risk factor for cancer in Africa-the traditional risk factors (smoking, alcohol and unhealthy diet) probably cause only one in eight cancers in Africa. Prevention should focus on those infectious diseases preventable through vaccination (HPV and hepatitis B) which could reduce two-thirds of the burden. Helicobacter pylori and schistosomiasis are treatable with antibiotics and praziquantel, with a potential reduction of one in eight infection-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Parkin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- African Cancer Registry Network, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Hämmerl
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jacques Ferlay
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eva J Kantelhardt
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Batista ES, Oliveira PD, Primo J, Varandas CMN, Nunes AP, Bittencourt AL, Farre L. HTLV-1 proviral load in infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 does not increase after the development of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and does not decrease after IDH remission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007705. [PMID: 31851683 PMCID: PMC6946163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH) is a recurrent eczema which affects children vertically infected with HTLV-1. In Bahia, Brazil, we recently reported that 47% of IDH patients also develop juvenile HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a progressive disabling disorder which is typically reported in adult HTLV-1 carriers. IDH may also predispose to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a neoplasm associated with HTLV-1. The factors relating to the development of HTLV-1-associated juvenile diseases have not yet been defined. HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) is one of the main parameters related to the development of HTLV-1 associated diseases in adults. In the current study, we investigated the role of PVL in IDH and juvenile HAM/TSP. Methodology/Principal findings This is a cohort study that included fifty-nine HTLV-1 infected children and adolescents, comprising 16 asymptomatic carriers, 18 IDH patients, 20 patients with IDH and HAM/TSP (IDH/HAM/TSP) and five with HAM/TSP. These patients were followed-up for up to 14 years (median of 8 years). We found that PVL in IDH and IDH/HAM/TSP patients were similarly higher than PVL in juvenile asymptomatic carriers (p<0.0001). In those IDH patients who developed HAM/TSP during follow-up, PVL levels did not vary significantly. HAM/TSP development did not occur in those IDH patients who presented high levels of PVL. IDH remission was associated with an increase of PVL. Inter-individual differences in PVL were observed within all groups. However, intra-individual PVL did not fluctuate significantly during follow-up. Conclusions/Significance High PVL in IDH patients was not necessary indicative of progression to HAM/TSP. PVL did not decrease after IDH remission. The maintenance of high PVL after remission could favor early development of ATL. Therefore, IDH patients would have to be followed-up even after remission of IDH and for a long period of time. IDH is a recurrent eczema caused by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) that occurs mainly in children and adolescents. IDH disappears in adulthood but may predispose to the early development of other HTLV-1 associated diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). In Bahia, Brazil, 47% of the IDH patients develop HAM/TSP. In this study, we evaluated HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in a cohort of children and adolescents with HTLV-1 infection who were followed-up during 14 years in the different clinical settings of IDH and HAM/TSP. IDH is considered a risk factor for HTLV-1 associated diseases in adults. We observed that PVLs in patients with IDH and in those with IDH and HAM/TSP were similar and, in both groups, higher than in asymptomatic carriers. Moreover, high PVL in these patients did not predispose necessarily to HAM/TSP. PVL remained high after IDH remission. Intra-individual PVL did not fluctuate significantly during the 14 years of follow-up. Our results indicate the importance of monitoring IDH patients even after remission because they remain with high levels of PVL that can favor the development of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton S. Batista
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPQGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro D. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janeusa Primo
- Neuropediatric Department, Santo Antonio Hospital of Sister Dulce's Social Work, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Nunes
- Department of Pathology, Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Achiléa L. Bittencourt
- Department of Pathology, Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ALB); , (LF)
| | - Lourdes Farre
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPQGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, l’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (ALB); , (LF)
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Abstract
An 81-year-old Jamaican man who has been resident in the UK for many years presented with one week history of generalised abdominal pain, postprandial vomiting, anorexia, weight loss and abdominal distension. He was managed conservatively for acute small bowel obstruction. Investigations revealed a duodenal stricture. Live Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were observed in stool samples and duodenal biopsy confirmed the presence of the parasite at multiple life cycle stages within the lamina propria. He was diagnosed with Strongyloides hyperinfection with underlying human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and treated with a prolonged course of ivermectin with ongoing monitoring for relapse. This case demonstrates a rare but potentially fatal cause of small bowel obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Martyn
- Microbiology Department, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Betty Gration
- Division of Infection, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Chitra Somasundaram
- Gastroenterology Department, North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter L Chiodini
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, UK
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Malpica L, White AC, Leguia C, Freundt N, Barros N, Chian C, Antunez EA, Montes M. Regulatory T cells and IgE expression in duodenal mucosa of Strongyloides stercoralis and human T lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infected patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007415. [PMID: 31170141 PMCID: PMC6581271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode unique in its ability to replicate in the human host, allowing ongoing cycles of autoinfection, persisting for decades within the same host. Although usually asymptomatic, overwhelming infections can occur in Strongyloides and HTLV-1 co-infected individuals (SS/HTLV-1). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are able to blunt specific Th2 responses necessary to control the parasite. We previously reported that peripheral blood Tregs are increased in SS/HTLV-1 and correlate with low Th2 responses. We hypothesized that Tregs are also increased at the site of infection in duodenal mucosa. Methods Paraffin embedded duodenal biopsies were obtained from 10 SS/HTLV-1 patients, 3 controls with non-parasitic chronic duodenitis, and 2 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against human CD3, CD8, IgE and FoxP3. The number of cells were counted using a conventional light microscope. The number of CD3+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and IgE positive cells per 0.35 mm2 was measured using ImagePro Plus software comparing areas adjacent or distant from parasite material. Results In patients with SS/HTLV-1, T lymphocyte counts and CD8+ cells were lower in areas adjacent to the parasite compared to non-adjacent areas (CD3+: adjacent: 6.5 [Interquartile range (IQR: 2.8–12.3)]; non-adjacent: 24.5 [IQR: 20.9–34.4]; Mann-Whitney p = 0.0003; CD8+: adjacent: 4.5 [IQR: 2.3–11.8]; non-adjacent: 21 [IQR: 15.3–42.9]; Mann-Whitney p = 0.0011). Tregs cells in the intestines (FoxP3+ expressing cells) were increased in patients with SS/HTLV-1 compared with patients with chronic duodenitis (SS/HTLV-1: 1.5 [IQR: 0.7–2.3]; duodenitis controls: 0 [range 0–0.7]; healthy controls: 0; Mann-Whitney p = 0.034). There was also a trend towards fewer eosinophils adjacent to the parasites. Among SS/HTLV-1 patients the number of IgE expressing cells was increased for in areas not adjacent to the parasite compared to non-adjacent areas (ANOVA, p = 0.001). Conclusions Our data shows increased Treg cell numbers localized adjacent to the parasites in the duodenum SS/HTLV-1 patients. In addition, other T lymphocytes and IgE expressing cells were decreased adjacent to the parasites, suggesting an important role for Tregs in down-regulating local parasite effector responses. Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic infection found worldwide in warm, moist climates. In most people, Strongyloides causes a mild and chronic infection with few symptoms. However, some patients, including those infected with the Human T Lymphotrophic Virus 1 (HTLV-1), can get uncontrolled disease called hyperinfection, which can be fatal. To help determine why this infection is so serious in co-infected patients, we studied biopsies obtained from the small intestine from patients with both infections and compared them to control biopsies. The biopsies from patients with both Strongyloides and HTLV-1 had increased numbers of white blood cells in their biopsies. In particular they displayed a type of lymphocyte that downregulates immune responses. Some of them had increased numbers of cells called eosinophils in the intestines. These cells can help eliminate Strongyloides. However, they were not found near the parasite, suggesting that something near the parasite was suppressing the host response that would control infection. These studies provide more evidence that HTLV-1 suppresses the host response that controls Strongyloides and that the suppression occurs at the site of infection in the small intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Malpica
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - A. Clinton White
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cristina Leguia
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Natalia Freundt
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nicolas Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Chian
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza in Lima, Peru
| | - E. Antonio Antunez
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza in Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Montes
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical ‘Alexander von Humboldt’, Facultad de Medicina “Alberto Hurtado”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pérès E, Blin J, Ricci EP, Artesi M, Hahaut V, Van den Broeke A, Corbin A, Gazzolo L, Ratner L, Jalinot P, Duc Dodon M. PDZ domain-binding motif of Tax sustains T-cell proliferation in HTLV-1-infected humanized mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006933. [PMID: 29566098 PMCID: PMC5882172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), an aggressive malignant proliferation of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. The viral Tax oncoprotein is critically involved in both HTLV-1-replication and T-cell proliferation, a prerequisite to the development of ATLL. In this study, we investigated the in vivo contribution of the Tax PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) to the lymphoproliferative process. To that aim, we examined T-cell proliferation in humanized mice (hu-mice) carrying a human hemato-lymphoid system infected with either a wild type (WT) or a Tax PBM-deleted (ΔPBM) provirus. We observed that the frequency of CD4+ activated T-cells in the peripheral blood and in the spleen was significantly higher in WT than in ΔPBM hu-mice. Likewise, human T-cells collected from WT hu-mice and cultivated in vitro in presence of interleukin-2 were proliferating at a higher level than those from ΔPBM animals. We next examined the association of Tax with the Scribble PDZ protein, a prominent regulator of T-cell polarity, in human T-cells analyzed either after ex vivo isolation or after in vitro culture. We confirmed the interaction of Tax with Scribble only in T-cells from the WT hu-mice. This association correlated with the presence of both proteins in aggregates at the leading edge of the cells and with the formation of long actin filopods. Finally, data from a comparative genome-wide transcriptomic analysis suggested that the PBM-PDZ association is implicated in the expression of genes regulating proliferation, apoptosis and cytoskeletal organization. Collectively, our findings suggest that the Tax PBM is an auxiliary motif that contributes to the sustained growth of HTLV-1 infected T-cells in vivo and in vitro and is essential to T-cell immortalization. The viral Tax oncoprotein is a critical contributor to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, an aggressive malignant proliferation of T lymphocytes. Tax contains a PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that favors the interaction with several cellular PDZ proteins. Here, we compare the in vivo involvement of the Tax PBM in humanized mice infected with either a full-length provirus or a Tax PBM-deleted provirus. We observe that the establishment of the sustained lymphoproliferation in the peripheral blood of infected mice is dependent on the Tax PBM. Furthermore, binding of the Tax PBM to the PDZ Scribble protein correlated with perturbations of cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity. In addition, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses strongly suggest that the association of Tax PBM with cellular PDZ proteins results in the expression of several genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis and cytoskeletal organization. Collectively, these results indicate that the Tax PBM is an auxiliary motif that contributes to the growth of HTLV-1 infected T-cells. As a consequence, targeting the PBM/PDZ nodes using small peptides may have the potential to antagonize the Tax-induced lymphoproliferation, offering a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléonore Pérès
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Juliana Blin
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Artesi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincent Hahaut
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne Van den Broeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Unit of Animal Genomics, Groupe Interdisciplinaire Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Antoine Corbin
- International Center for Infectiology Research, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Louis Gazzolo
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Pierre Jalinot
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Laboratory of Biology and Modeling of the Cell, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, INSERM U1210, CNRS UMR5239, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Kagdi H, Demontis MA, Ramos JC, Taylor GP. Switching and loss of cellular cytokine producing capacity characterize in vivo viral infection and malignant transformation in human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006861. [PMID: 29444188 PMCID: PMC5828519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) arises from chronic non-malignant human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection which is characterized by high plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines whereas ATL is characterized by high plasma anti-inflammatory (IL-10) concentrations. The poor prognosis of ATL is partly ascribed to disease-associated immune suppression. ATL cells have a CD4+CCR4+CD26-CD7- immunophenotype but infected cells with this immunophenotype (‘ATL-like’ cells) are also present in non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. We hypothesized that ‘ATL-like’ and ATL cells have distinct cytokine producing capacity and a switch in the cytokines produced occurs during leukemogenesis. Seventeen asymptomatic carriers (ACs), 28 patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) and 28 with ATL were studied. Plasma IL-10 concentration and the absolute frequency of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in patients with ATL compared to AC. IL-10-producing ATL cells were significantly more frequent than ‘ATL-like’ cells. The cytokine-producing cells were only a small fraction of ATL cells. Clonality analysis revealed that even in patients with ATL the ATL cells were composed not only of a single dominant clone (putative ATL cells) but also tens of non-dominant infected clones (‘ATL-like’ cells). The frequency of cytokine-producing cells showed a strong inverse correlation with the relative abundance of the largest clone in ATL cells suggesting that the putative ATL cells were cytokine non-producing and that the ‘ATL-like’ cells were the primary cytokine producers. These findings were confirmed by RNAseq with cytokine mRNA expression in ATL cells in patients with ATL (confirmed to be composed of both putative ATL and ‘ATL-like’ cells by TCR analysis) significantly lower compared to ‘ATL-like’ cells in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection (confirmed to be composed of hundreds of non-dominant clones by TCR analysis). A significant inverse correlation between the relative abundance of the largest clone and cytokine mRNA expression was also confirmed. Finally, ‘ATL-like’ cells produced less pro- and more anti-inflammatory cytokines than non ‘ATL-like’ CD4+ cells (which are predominantly HTLV uninfected). In summary, HTLV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells is associated with a change in cytokine producing capacity and dominant malignant clonal growth is associated with loss of cytokine producing capacity. Non-dominant clones with ‘ATL-like’ cells contribute to plasma cytokine profile in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection and are also present in patient with ATL. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection of CD4+ T cells is associated with a change in their cytokine producing capacity and is responsible for the different plasma cytokine profiles in patients with adult T-cell leukaemia/Lymphoma (ATL) and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Dominant malignant clonal growth of the infected CD4+ T cells is associated with loss of cytokine producing capacity. ACs, patients with HAM and patients with ATL have a common cytokine cluster with positive correlations between pro- (TNFα and IL-6) and anti- (IL-10) inflammatory cytokines. Plasma IL-10 was higher in the HAM and ATL states compared to AC whilst there was no difference in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with HAM have raised plasma concentrations of IFNγ, IL-10 and IL-17 suggesting a complex interaction between these cytokine in HAM which was not seen in ATL. Aggressive ATL is associated with raised plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to indolent ATL. This cytokine profile did not precede or predict aggressive ATL. The ‘ATL-like’ infected cells in ACs and in patients with HAM have lower pro- and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion than non- ‘ATL-like’ cells which are predominantly HTLV-1 uninfected. Putative ATL cells have little or no cytokine producing capacity. ‘ATL-like’ infected cells from non-dominant infected clones were present not only in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection but also ATL. ‘ATL-like’ cells have cytokine producing capacity and contribute to plasma cytokine profile in patients with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection and possibly also in ATL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology
- Clonal Evolution/physiology
- Cohort Studies
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Female
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseini Kagdi
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ramos
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Mozhgani SH, Jaberi N, Rezaee SA, Bustani R, Jazayeri SM, Akbarin MM, Milani S, Tarokhian H, Norouzi M. Evaluation of HTLV-1 HBZ and proviral load, together with host IFN λ3, in pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1102-1107. [PMID: 27787900 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with two progressive diseases: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Although HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) has been introduced as a risk factor for these diseases' progression, it is not sufficient on its own to yield an accurate estimation of the outcome of the infection. In the present study, PVL and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) expression level as viral factors, and IFN λ3 as a host factor, were evaluated in HAM/TSP patients and HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (ACs). During 2014-2015, 12 HAM/TSP patients and 18 ACs who had been referred to the HTLV-1 Clinic, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran, were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and the DNA and mRNA were extracted for quantification of HBZ, IFN λ3 expression, and PVL using real-time PCR (TaqMan method). Although the PVL was higher in the HAM/TSP group, with a 94% confidence interval, there were no considerable differences in terms of HBZ mRNA and PVL between ACs and HAM patients. IFN λ3 expression in the HAM/TSP group was significantly higher than in the ACs (P = 0.02). To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the expression level of IFN λ3 in HTLV-1 positive patients. The immune response against HTLV-1 viral antigens and virulent factors will therefore further refine our knowledge of interactions between the virus and host in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-related disorders. The virus PVL and the host IFN λ3 can be used as pathogenic factors of HTLV-1 infected patients at risk of HAM/TSP manifestation. J. Med. Virol. 89:1102-1107, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmeh Jaberi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Bustani
- Department of Neurology and HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeideh Milani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid-Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Tarokhian
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Paquin-Proulx D, Greenspun BC, Costa EAS, Segurado AC, Kallas EG, Nixon DF, Leal FE. MAIT cells are reduced in frequency and functionally impaired in human T lymphotropic virus type 1 infection: Potential clinical implications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175345. [PMID: 28384290 PMCID: PMC5383303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develop HAM/TSP. The cellular immune response has been implicated in the development of inflammatory alterations in these patients; however the pathogenic mechanisms for disease progression remain unclear. Furthermore, HTLV-1-infected individuals have an increase incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, suggesting that immunological defect are associated with HTLV-1 infection. Evidence suggests an important role for Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the early control of Mtb infection. Chronic viral infections like HIV and HCV have been associated with decreased frequency and functionality of MAIT cells. We hypothesized that HTLV-1 infection is associated with similar perturbations in MAIT cells. We investigated MAIT cell frequency, phenotype, and function by flow cytometry in a cohort of 10 asymptomatic and 10 HAM/TSP HTLV-1 infected patients. We found that MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects were reduced and showed high co-expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR but normal levels of CCR6 and CD127. MAIT cells had a lower expression of the transcription factor PLZF in HAM/TSP patients. Unlike Tax-specific CD8+T cells, which are hyperfunctional, MAIT cells from HTLV-1-infected subjects had a poor IFNγ response following antigen stimulation. MAIT cell perturbations in HTLV-1 infection were not associated with HTLV-1 proviral load and MAIT cells were not infected by HTLV-1 in vivo. Rather, MAIT cells loss was associated with immune activation. Overall, our results do not support a role for MAIT cells in HAM/TSP pathogenesis but reduced numbers of MAIT cells, together with their poor functionality, could contribute to the increased susceptibility of HTLV-1-infected individuals to other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin C. Greenspun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Emanuela A. S. Costa
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aluisio C. Segurado
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Fabio E. Leal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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17
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Rajaei T, Farajifard H, Rafatpanah H, Bustani R, Valizadeh N, Rajaei B, Rezaee SA. Role of IL-21 in HTLV-1 infections with emphasis on HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:195-201. [PMID: 28378248 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) enhances the survival and cytotoxic properties of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and exhibits essential roles in controlling chronic viral infections. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the nervous system. The main determinant of disease progression is efficiency of the CTL response to Human T lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV-1). In this study, the expression of host IL-21 and HTLV-I Tax and proviral load (PVL) was evaluated to understand the role and mechanism of IL-21 in HTLV-1 infections and the subsequent development of HAM/TSP. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 20 HAM/TSP patients, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the expression of IL-21 and Tax and PVL in non-activated and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-ionomycin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The mean mRNA expression of IL-21 in the non-activated and activated PBMCs was higher (by 5-13 times) in the HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between ACs and HCs. In contrast to the IL-21 mRNA expression, the serum level of the IL-21 protein was significantly lower in the HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, higher expression of Tax and PVL was observed in the HAM/TSP subjects than ACs (p < 0.05). In addition, Tax gene expression was positively correlated with PVL (R = 0.595, p = 0.000) and IL-21 gene expression (R = 0.395, p = 0.021) in the HTLV-1-infected subjects. In conclusion, the increase in IL-21 mRNA expression may reflect the attempt of infected T cells to induce an appropriate antiviral response, and the decrease in IL-21 protein expression may reflect the inhibition of IL-21 mRNA translation by viral factors in favour of virus evasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Rajaei
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Bustani
- Department of Neurology and HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rajaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first retrovirus discovered to cause adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a highly aggressive blood cancer. HTLV-1 research in the past 35 years has been most revealing in the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis. HTLV-1 establishes a lifelong persistent infection in CD4+ T lymphocytes. The infection outcome is governed by host immunity. ATL develops in 2-5% of infected individuals 30-50 years after initial exposure. HTLV-1 encodes two oncoproteins Tax and HBZ, which are required for initiation of cellular transformation and maintenance of cell proliferation, respectively. HTLV-1 oncogenesis is driven by a clonal selection and expansion process during which both host and viral factors cooperate to impair genome stability, immune surveillance, and other mechanisms of tumor suppression. A better understanding of HTLV-1 biology and leukemogenesis will reveal new strategies and modalities for ATL prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 145 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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19
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Usadi B, Bruhn R, Lin J, Lee TH, Blackburn E, Murphy EL. Telomere Length, Proviral Load and Neurologic Impairment in HTLV-1 and HTLV-2-Infected Subjects. Viruses 2016; 8:v8080221. [PMID: 27529270 PMCID: PMC4997583 DOI: 10.3390/v8080221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Short or damaged telomeres have been implicated in degenerative conditions. We hypothesized that analysis of telomere length (TL) in human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection and HTLV-associated neuropathy might provide clues to the etiology of HTLV-associated disease and viral dynamics. A subset of 45 human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), 45 human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2), and 45 seronegative subjects was selected from the larger HTLV Outcomes Study (HOST) cohort, matched on age, sex and race/ethnicity. Telomere-to-single-copy gene (T/S) ratio (a measure of TL) and HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 proviral loads were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Vibration sensation measured by tuning fork during neurologic examinations performed as part of the HOST study allowed for an assessment of peripheral neuropathy. TL was compared between groups using t-tests, linear and logistic regression. Mean T/S ratio was 1.02 ± 0.16 in HTLV-1, 1.03 ± 0.17 in HTLV-2 and 0.99 ± 0.18 in HTLV seronegative subjects (p = 0.322). TL was not associated with HTLV-1 or -2 proviral load. Shorter TL was significantly associated with impaired vibration sense in the HTLV-2 positive group only. Overall, we found no evidence that telomere length was affected by chronic HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection. That TL was only associated with peripheral neuropathy in the HTLV-2-positive group is intriguing, but should be interpreted cautiously. Studies with larger sample size and telomere length measurement in lymphocyte subsets may clarify the relationship between TL and HTLV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Usadi
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA.
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Jue Lin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Blackburn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Edward L Murphy
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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20
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Wu W, Cheng W, Chen M, Xu L, Zhao T. [HTLV-1 bZIP Factor (HBZ): Roles in HTLV-1 Oncogenesis]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:235-242. [PMID: 27396170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus demonstrated to be associated with human disease. Infection by the HTLV-1 can cause T-cell leukemia (ATL) in adults. HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) is a viral protein encoded by the minus strand of the HTLV-1 provirus. Among the regulatory and accessory genes of HTLV-1, HBZ is the only gene that remains intact and which is expressed consistently in all patients with ATL. Moreover, HBZ has a critical role in the leukemogenesis of ATL. Here, we review the function of HBZ in the oncogenesis of HTLV-1 and its molecular mechanism of action.
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21
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Yamakawa H, Yoshida M, Yabe M, Ishikawa T, Takagi M, Tanoue S, Sano K, Nishiwaki K, Sato S, Shimizu Y, Kuwano K. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1)-associated Bronchioloalveolar Disorder Presenting with Mosaic Perfusion. Intern Med 2015; 54:3039-43. [PMID: 26631889 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-associated bronchioloalveolar disorder (HABA) is a specific state with chronic and progressive respiratory symptoms caused by bronchiolar or alveolar disorder characterized by smoldering adult T-cell leukemia or the HTLV-I carrier state. We herein report a rare case of HABA with an initial presentation of mosaic perfusion in the lung. The diagnosis was made according to the results of a flow cytometry analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pathological findings. Clinicians must be careful to recognize that mosaic perfusion may be a radiological finding of HABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Japan
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22
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Olagnier D, Sze A, Bel Hadj S, Chiang C, Steel C, Han X, Routy JP, Lin R, Hiscott J, van Grevenynghe J. HTLV-1 Tax-mediated inhibition of FOXO3a activity is critical for the persistence of terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004575. [PMID: 25521510 PMCID: PMC4270795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the persistence of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes following primary human T leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein modulates phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of the FOXO3a transcription factor, via upstream activation of the AKT pathway. De novo HTLV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells or direct lentiviral-mediated introduction of Tax led to AKT activation and AKT-dependent inactivation of FOXO3a, via phosphorylation of residues Ser253 and Thr32. Inhibition of FOXO3a signalling led to the long-term survival of a population of highly activated, terminally differentiated CD4+Tax+CD27negCCR7neg T cells that maintained the capacity to disseminate infectious HTLV-1. CD4+ T cell persistence was reversed by chemical inhibition of AKT activity, lentiviral-mediated expression of a dominant-negative form of FOXO3a or by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of FOXO3a. Overall this study provides new mechanistic insight into the strategies used by HTLV-1 to increase long-term maintenance of Tax+CD4+ T lymphocytes during the early stages of HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olagnier
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- VGTI Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Sze
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samar Bel Hadj
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cindy Chiang
- VGTI Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Courtney Steel
- VGTI Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaoying Han
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Haematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Hiscott
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- VGTI Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (JvG)
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- VGTI Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JH); (JvG)
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23
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Pise-Masison CA, de Castro-Amarante MF, Enose-Akahata Y, Buchmann RC, Fenizia C, Washington Parks R, Edwards D, Fiocchi M, Alcantara LC, Bialuk I, Graham J, Walser JC, McKinnon K, Galvão-Castro B, Gessain A, Venzon D, Jacobson S, Franchini G. Co-dependence of HTLV-1 p12 and p8 functions in virus persistence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004454. [PMID: 25375128 PMCID: PMC4223054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 orf-I is linked to immune evasion, viral replication and persistence. Examining the orf-I sequence of 160 HTLV-1-infected individuals; we found polymorphism of orf-I that alters the relative amounts of p12 and its cleavage product p8. Three groups were identified on the basis of p12 and p8 expression: predominantly p12, predominantly p8 and balanced expression of p12 and p8. We found a significant association between balanced expression of p12 and p8 with high viral DNA loads, a correlate of disease development. To determine the individual roles of p12 and p8 in viral persistence, we constructed infectious molecular clones expressing p12 and p8 (D26), predominantly p12 (G29S) or predominantly p8 (N26). As we previously showed, cells expressing N26 had a higher level of virus transmission in vitro. However, when inoculated into Rhesus macaques, cells producing N26 virus caused only a partial seroconversion in 3 of 4 animals and only 1 of those animals was HTLV-1 DNA positive by PCR. None of the animals exposed to G29S virus seroconverted or had detectable viral DNA. In contrast, 3 of 4 animals exposed to D26 virus seroconverted and were HTLV-1 positive by PCR. In vitro studies in THP-1 cells suggested that expression of p8 was sufficient for productive infection of monocytes. Since orf-I plays a role in T-cell activation and recognition; we compared the CTL response elicited by CD4+ T-cells infected with the different HTLV-1 clones. Although supernatant p19 levels and viral DNA loads for all four infected lines were similar, a significant difference in Tax-specific HLA.A2-restricted killing was observed. Cells infected with Orf-I-knockout virus (12KO), G29S or N26 were killed by CTLs, whereas cells infected with D26 virus were resistant to CTL killing. These results indicate that efficient viral persistence and spread require the combined functions of p12 and p8. HTLV-1 persists despite a vigorous host immune response. We found that polymorphism of HTLV-1 orf-I alter the relative amounts of the p12 precursor and its cleavage product p8, and is associated with differences in blood virus levels in humans, a correlate of disease risk. Reverse genetics in 160 HTLV-1 infected individuals demonstrated that equivalent levels of p8 and p12 are associated with high virus levels and, accordingly, genetically engineered HTLV-1s that express either predominantly p12 or p8 are poorly infectious in macaques. We found that expression of p8 is sufficient for productive infection of monocytes. Expression of either p12 alone or p8 alone is insufficient to protect infected cells from MHC-class-I restricted CTL killing. However, the balanced expression of both provides resistance of infected cells to CTL killing. Together, our findings provide the rationale to explore novel approaches to target the cleavage of the p12 protein, an essential step for viral infectivity and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - R. Cody Buchmann
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robyn Washington Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dustin Edwards
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martina Fiocchi
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Izabela Bialuk
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University in Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jhanelle Graham
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean-Claude Walser
- Evolutionary Biology, Genetic Diversity Centre, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Batiment Lwoff, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Ezinne CC, Yoshimitsu M, White Y, Arima N. HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cell function augmented by blockade of 2B4/CD48 interaction in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87631. [PMID: 24505299 PMCID: PMC3914814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell response is important in the response to viral infections; this response though is regulated by inhibitory receptors. Expression of inhibitory receptors has been positively correlated with CD8+ T cell exhaustion; the consequent effect of simultaneous blockade of these inhibitory receptors on CD8+ T cell response in viral infections have been studied, however, the role of individual blockade of receptor-ligand pair is unclear. 2B4/CD48 interaction is involved in CD8+T cell regulation, its signal transducer SAP (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein) is required for stimulatory function of 2B4/CD244 on lymphocytes hence, we analyzed 2B4/CD244 (natural killer cell receptor) and SAP (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule(SLAM)-associated protein) on total CD8+ and HTLV-1 specific CD8+T cells in HTLV-1 infection and the effect of blockade of interaction with ligand CD48 on HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cell function. We observed a high expression of 2B4/CD244 on CD8+ T cells relative to uninfected and further upregulation on HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cells. 2B4+ CD8+ T cells exhibited more of an effector and terminally differentiated memory phenotype. Blockade of 2B4/CD48 interaction resulted in improvement in function via perforin expression and degranulation as measured by CD107a surface mobilization on HTLV-1 specific CD8+ T cells. In the light of these findings, we thus propose an inhibitory role for 2B4/CD48 interaction on CD8+T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibueze Chioma Ezinne
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yohann White
- Department of Medicine, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Naomichi Arima
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
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Einsiedel L, Spelman T, Goeman E, Cassar O, Arundell M, Gessain A. Clinical associations of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 infection in an indigenous Australian population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2643. [PMID: 24454973 PMCID: PMC3894183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In resource-poor areas, infectious diseases may be important causes of morbidity among individuals infected with the Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). We report the clinical associations of HTLV-1 infection among socially disadvantaged Indigenous adults in central Australia. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS HTLV-1 serological results for Indigenous adults admitted 1(st) January 2000 to 31(st) December 2010 were obtained from the Alice Springs Hospital pathology database. Infections, comorbid conditions and HTLV-1 related diseases were identified using ICD-10 AM discharge morbidity codes. Relevant pathology and imaging results were reviewed. Disease associations, admission rates and risk factors for death were compared according to HTLV-1 serostatus. HTLV-1 western blots were positive for 531 (33.3%) of 1595 Indigenous adults tested. Clinical associations of HTLV-1 infection included bronchiectasis (adjusted Risk Ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.14-1.60), blood stream infections (BSI) with enteric organisms (aRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.05-1.77) and admission with strongyloidiasis (aRR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.64). After adjusting for covariates, HTLV-1 infection remained associated with increased numbers of BSI episodes (adjusted negative binomial regression, coefficient, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.02-0.41) and increased admission numbers with strongyloidiasis (coefficient, 0.563; 95% CI, 0.17-0.95) and respiratory conditions including asthma (coefficient, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.27-1.7), lower respiratory tract infections (coefficient, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04-0.34) and bronchiectasis (coefficient, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.02-1.18). Two patients were admitted with adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma, four with probable HTLV-1 associated myelopathy and another with infective dermatitis. Independent predictors of mortality included BSI with enteric organisms (aRR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.15-2.74) and bronchiectasis (aRR 2.07; 95% CI, 1.45-2.98). CONCLUSION HTLV-1 infection contributes to morbidity among socially disadvantaged Indigenous adults in central Australia. This is largely due to an increased risk of other infections and respiratory disease. The spectrum of HTLV-1 related diseases may vary according to the social circumstances of the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
- SAPathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim Spelman
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Emma Goeman
- Remote Health, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Mick Arundell
- Clinical Information Analyst, Central Australian Health Network, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
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Abstract
IL-15 is recognized as a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy and has been described as both a promoter of cancer and a promoter of anti-cancer immunity. IL-15 was discovered in cells transformed by HTLV-1, the etiologic agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and the human retrovirus that carries the Tax oncogene. We have developed the TAX-LUC mouse model of ATL in which Tax expression drives both malignant transformation and luciferase expression, enabling non-invasive imaging of tumorigenesis in real time. To identify the role of IL-15 in spontaneous development of lymphoma in vivo, an IL-15−/− TAX-LUC strain was developed and examined. The absence of IL-15 resulted in aggressive tumor growth and accelerated mortality and demonstrated that IL-15 was not required for Tax-mediated lymphoma but was essential for anti-tumor immunity. Further analysis revealed a unique transcriptional profile in tumor cells that arise in the absence of IL-15 that included a significant increase in the expression of IL-1α and IL-1α-regulated cytokines. Moreover, anti-IL-1α antibodies and an IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) were used to interrogate the potential of IL-1α targeted therapies in this model. Taken together, these findings identify IL-15 and IL-1α as therapeutic targets in lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Genes, Reporter
- HTLV-I Infections/genetics
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-1alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1alpha/genetics
- Interleukin-1alpha/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Imaging
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Harding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto-Taguchi N, Satou Y, Miyazato P, Ohshima K, Nakagawa M, Katagiri K, Kinashi T, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 bZIP factor induces inflammation through labile Foxp3 expression. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003630. [PMID: 24068936 PMCID: PMC3777874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes both a neoplastic disease and inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene is encoded in the minus strand of the proviral DNA and is constitutively expressed in infected cells and ATL cells. HBZ increases the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells by inducing the Foxp3 gene transcription. Recent studies have revealed that some CD4+Foxp3+ T cells are not terminally differentiated but have a plasticity to convert to other T-cell subsets. Induced Treg (iTreg) cells tend to lose Foxp3 expression, and may acquire an effector phenotype accompanied by the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ). In this study, we analyzed a pathogenic mechanism of chronic inflammation related with HTLV-1 infection via focusing on HBZ and Foxp3. Infiltration of lymphocytes was observed in the skin, lung and intestine of HBZ-Tg mice. As mechanisms, adhesion and migration of HBZ-expressing CD4+ T cells were enhanced in these mice. Foxp3−CD4+ T cells produced higher amounts of IFN-γ compared to those from non-Tg mice. Expression of Helios was reduced in Treg cells from HBZ-Tg mice and HAM/TSP patients, indicating that iTreg cells are predominant. Consistent with this finding, the conserved non-coding sequence 2 region of the Foxp3 gene was hypermethylated in Treg cells of HBZ-Tg mice, which is a characteristic of iTreg cells. Furthermore, Treg cells in the spleen of HBZ-transgenic mice tended to lose Foxp3 expression and produced an excessive amount of IFN-γ, while Foxp3 expression was stable in natural Treg cells of the thymus. HBZ enhances the generation of iTreg cells, which likely convert to Foxp3−T cells producing IFN-γ. The HBZ-mediated proinflammatory phenotype of CD4+ T cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated inflammation. Viral infection frequently induces tissue inflammation in the host. HTLV-1 infection is associated with chronic inflammation in the CNS, skin, and lung, but the inflammatory mechanism is not fully understood yet. Since HTLV-1 directly infects CD4+ T cells, central player of the host immune regulation, HTLV-1 should modulate the host immune response not only via viral antigen stimulation but also via CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune deregulation. It has been reported that Foxp3+CD4+ T cells are increased in HTLV-1 infection. It remains a central question in HTLV-1 pathogenesis why HTLV-1 induces inflammation despite of increase of FoxP3+ cells, which generally possess immune suppressive function. We have elucidated here that most of the increased Foxp3+ cells in HBZ-Tg mice or HAM/TSP patients is not thymus-derived naturally occurring Treg cells but induced Treg cells. Since the iTreg cells are prone to lose FoxP3 expression and then become cytokine-producing cells, the increase of iTreg cells could serve as a source of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells. Thus HTLV-1 causes abnormal CD4+ T-cell differentiation by expressing HBZ, which should play a crucial role in chronic inflammation related with HTLV-1. This study has provided new insights into the mechanism of chronic inflammation accompanied with viral infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Methylation
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/physiopathology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Mice, Transgenic
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/etiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae Proteins
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Gland/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Yamamoto-Taguchi
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Leal FE, Ndhlovu LC, Hasenkrug AM, Bruno FR, Carvalho KI, Wynn-Williams H, Neto WK, Sanabani SS, Segurado AC, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. Expansion in CD39⁺ CD4⁺ immunoregulatory t cells and rarity of Th17 cells in HTLV-1 infected patients is associated with neurological complications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2028. [PMID: 23409198 PMCID: PMC3566991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develops HAM/TSP. CD4⁺ T cells are the main target of infection and play a pivotal role in regulating immunity to HTLV and are hypothesized to participate in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. The CD39 ectonucleotidase receptor is expressed on CD4⁺ T cells and based on co-expression with CD25, marks T cells with distinct regulatory (CD39⁺CD25⁺) and effector (CD39⁺CD25⁻) function. Here, we investigated the expression of CD39 on CD4⁺ T cells from a cohort of HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), and matched uninfected controls. The frequency of CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cells was increased in HTLV-1 infected patients, regardless of clinical status. More importantly, the proportion of the immunostimulatory CD39⁺CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T-cell subset was significantly elevated in HAM/TSP patients as compared to AC and phenotypically had lower levels of the immunoinhibitory receptor, PD-1. We saw no difference in the frequency of CD39⁺CD25⁺ regulatory (Treg) cells between AC and HAM/TSP patients. However, these cells transition from being anergic to displaying a polyfunctional cytokine response following HTLV-1 infection. CD39⁻CD25⁺ T cell subsets predominantly secreted the inflammatory cytokine IL-17. We found that HAM/TSP patients had significantly fewer numbers of IL-17 secreting CD4⁺ T cells compared to uninfected controls. Taken together, we show that the expression of CD39 is upregulated on CD4⁺ T cells HAM/TSP patients. This upregulation may play a role in the development of the proinflammatory milieu through pathways both distinct and separate among the different CD39 T cell subsets. CD39 upregulation may therefore serve as a surrogate diagnostic marker of progression and could potentially be a target for interventions to reduce the development of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio E. Leal
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Hasenkrug
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda R. Bruno
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina I. Carvalho
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harry Wynn-Williams
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Walter K. Neto
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabri S. Sanabani
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio C. Segurado
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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29
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/virology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, KIR/genetics
- Receptors, KIR/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B Cook
- Section of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
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30
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Sanabani SS, Nukui Y, Pereira J, da Costa AC, de Oliveira ACS, Pessôa R, Leal FE, Segurado AC, Kallas EG, Sabino EC. Lack of evidence to support the association of a single IL28B genotype SNP rs12979860 with the HTLV-1 clinical outcomes and proviral load. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:374. [PMID: 23259930 PMCID: PMC3547796 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Interleukin 28B (IL28B) rs12979860 polymorphisms was recently reported to be associated with the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (PvL) and the development of the HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHODS In an attempt to examine this hypothesis, we assessed the association of the rs12979860 genotypes with HTLV-1 PvL levels and clinical status in 112 unrelated Brazilian subjects (81 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers, 24 individuals with HAM/TSP and 7 with Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)). RESULTS All 112 samples were successfully genotyped and their PvLs compared. Neither the homozygote TT nor the heterozygote CT mutations nor the combination genotypes (TT/CT) were associated with a greater PvL. We also observed no significant difference in allele distribution between asymptomatic carriers and patients with HTLV-1 associated HAM/TSP. CONCLUSIONS Our study failed to support the previously reported positive association between the IL28B rs12979860 polymorphisms and an increased risk of developing HAM/TSP in the Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LIM 03, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- São Paulo Inistitute of Tropical Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Youko Nukui
- Department of Hematology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LIM 03, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Soares de Oliveira
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LIM 03, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessôa
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, LIM 03, Hospital das Clínicas (HC), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Eudes Leal
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio C Segurado
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper Georges Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Blas MM, Alva IE, Garcia PJ, Carcamo C, Montano SM, Muñante R, Zunt JR. Association between human papillomavirus and human T-lymphotropic virus in indigenous women from the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44240. [PMID: 22952937 PMCID: PMC3430640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No association between the Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), an oncogenic virus that alters host immunity, and the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has previously been reported. Examining the association between these two viruses may permit the identification of a population at increased risk for developing cervical cancer. Methods and Findings Between July 2010 and February 2011, we conducted a cross-sectional study among indigenous Amazonian Peruvian women from the Shipibo-Konibo ethnic group, a group with endemic HTLV infection. We recruited women between 15 and 39 years of age who were living in the cities of Lima and Ucayali. Our objectives were to determine the association between HTLV and: (i) HPV infection of any type, and (ii) high-risk HPV type infection. Sexually active Shipibo-Konibo women were screened for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections. All HTLV-1 or -2 positive women, along with two community-matched HTLV negative sexually active Shipibo-Konibo controls were later tested for the presence of HPV DNA, conventional cytology, and HIV. We screened 1,253 Shipibo-Konibo women, observing a prevalence of 5.9% (n = 74) for HTLV-1 and 3.8% (n = 47) for HTLV-2 infections. We enrolled 62 (60.8%) HTLV-1 positive women, 40 (39.2%) HTLV-2 positive women, and 205 community-matched HTLV negative controls. HTLV-1 infection was strongly associated with HPV infection of any type (43.6% vs. 29.3%; Prevalence Ratio (PR): 2.10, 95% CI: 1.53–2.87), and with high-risk HPV infection (32.3% vs. 22.4%; PR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.04–3.59). HTLV-2 was not significantly associated with either of these HPV infections. Conclusions HTLV-1 infection was associated with HPV infection of any type and with high-risk HPV infection. Future longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the incidence of high-risk HPV infection as well as the incidence of cervical neoplasia among HTLV-1 positive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaly M Blas
- Epidemiology, STD and HIV Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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32
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Abstract
Recent efforts to understand the molecular networks governing normal T cell development and driving the neoplastic transformation of T cells have brought to light the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In the present review, we compare the expression profiles of miRNAs in normal T cell development to that of transformed T cells using as a model adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, an aggressive malignancy of mature CD4+ T cells that is caused by infection with human T cell leukemia virus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M D'Agostino
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Tanaka Y, Nakasone H, Yamazaki R, Wada H, Ishihara Y, Kawamura K, Sakamoto K, Ashizawa M, Machishima T, Sato M, Terasako K, Kimura SI, Kikuchi M, Okuda S, Kako S, Kanda J, Tanihara A, Nishida J, Kanda Y. Long-term persistence of limited HTLV-I Tax-specific cytotoxic T cell clones in a patient with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1340-52. [PMID: 22763862 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a highly aggressive malignancy of T cells caused by human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Recent clinical studies have suggested that allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) improves the clinical course of ATL by harnessing a graft-versus-ATL effect, and that donor-derived HTLV-1 Tax-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) contribute to the graft-versus-ATL effect after HSCT. However, little is known about the immunological characteristics of Tax-specific CTLs in ATL patients who underwent HSCT. METHODS We serially analyzed frequencies, differentiation, functions and clonal dynamics of Tax-specific CTLs in paired samples of peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) from an ATL patient after HSCT at the single-cell level. We used flowcytometric and single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis methods without culture steps. RESULTS Donor-derived Tax-specific CTLs effectively suppressed HTLV-1 replication in both PB and BM at least during chronic graft-versus-host disease after HSCT. Furthermore, Tax-specific CTLs had comparable properties between BM and PB, except for preferential accumulation in BM rather than PB. Tax-specific CTLs persistently existed as less-differentiated CD45RA(-)CCR7(-) effector memory CTLs based on predominant phenotypes of CD27(+), CD28(+/-) and CD57(+/-). Our approach using single-cell TCR repertoire analysis method showed highly restricted oligoclonal responses of Tax-specific CTLs, and TCR BV7- or BV30- expressing two predominant CTL clones persistently existed and maintained strong cytotoxic activities against HTLV-1 in both PB and BM over three years after HSCT. CONCLUSIONS These findings about Tax-specific CTLs provide insights into future directions for studies on immunotherapy against ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Tanaka
- Division of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, 1-847 Amanuma, Omiya-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 330-8503, Japan
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Villaudy J, Wencker M, Gadot N, Gillet NA, Scoazec JY, Gazzolo L, Manz MG, Bangham CRM, Dodon MD. HTLV-1 propels thymic human T cell development in "human immune system" Rag2⁻/⁻ gamma c⁻/⁻ mice. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002231. [PMID: 21909275 PMCID: PMC3164654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of early haematopoietic development is thought to be responsible for the onset of immature leukemias and lymphomas. We have previously demonstrated that Tax(HTLV-1) interferes with ß-selection, an important checkpoint of early thymopoiesis, indicating that human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection has the potential to perturb thymic human αβ T-cell development. To verify that inference and to clarify the impact of HTLV-1 infection on human T-cell development, we investigated the in vivo effects of HTLV-1 infection in a "Human Immune System" (HIS) Rag2⁻/⁻γ(c)⁻/⁻ mouse model. These mice were infected with HTLV-1, at a time when the three main subpopulations of human thymocytes have been detected. In all but two inoculated mice, the HTLV-1 provirus was found integrated in thymocytes; the proviral load increased with the length of the infection period. In the HTLV-1-infected mice we observed alterations in human T-cell development, the extent of which correlated with the proviral load. Thus, in the thymus of HTLV-1-infected HIS Rag2⁻/⁻γc⁻/⁻ mice, mature single-positive (SP) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells were most numerous, at the expense of immature and double-positive (DP) thymocytes. These SP cells also accumulated in the spleen. Human lymphocytes from thymus and spleen were activated, as shown by the expression of CD25: this activation was correlated with the presence of tax mRNA and with increased expression of NF-kB dependent genes such as bfl-1, an anti-apoptotic gene, in thymocytes. Finally, hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and lymphoma/thymoma, in which Tax was detected, were observed in HTLV-1-infected mice, several months after HTLV-1 infection. These results demonstrate the potential of the HIS Rag2⁻/⁻γ(c)⁻/⁻ animal model to elucidate the initial steps of the leukemogenic process induced by HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Villaudy
- Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U758, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
- UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U758, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
- UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute and King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Anipath, UFR Médecine Lyon-RTH Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas A. Gillet
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Louis Gazzolo
- Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U758, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
- UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona, Switzerland
- University and University Hospital Zürich, Division of Hematology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine Duc Dodon
- Virologie Humaine, INSERM-U758, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon, France
- UMS3444 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The NF-κB pathway is intimately linked to the survival of mammalian cells, and its activation by Tax has consequently been considered important for human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected cell resistance to death. Very little emphasis has been given to other mechanisms, although Tax regulates the expression and activity of several cellular genes. The finding that CREB protein is activated in HTLV-1 infected cells underlines the possibility that other mechanisms of survival may be implicated in HTLV-1 infection. Indeed, CREB activation or overexpression plays a role in normal hematopoiesis, as well as in leukemia development, and CREB is considered as a survival factor in various cell systems. A better understanding of the different molecular mechanisms used by Tax to counteract cell death will also help in the development of new therapeutic strategies for HTLV-1 associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Saggioro
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Stewart DM, Ramanathan R, Mahanty S, Fedorko DP, Janik JE, Morris JC. Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis infection in HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Acta Haematol 2011; 126:63-7. [PMID: 21474923 DOI: 10.1159/000324799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 55-year-old woman with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-associated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a history of previously treated Strongyloides stercoralis infection received anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody therapy with alemtuzumab on a clinical trial. After an initial response, she developed ocular involvement by ATL. Alemtuzumab was stopped and high-dose corticosteroid therapy was started to palliate her ocular symptoms. Ten days later, the patient developed diarrhea, vomiting, fever, cough, skin rash, and a deteriorating mental status. She was diagnosed with disseminated S. stercoralis. Corticosteroids were discontinued and the patient received anthelmintic therapy with ivermectin and albendazole with complete clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donn M Stewart
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gharibi L, Marouan S, Zouhair K, Benchekroun M, Benchikhi H. [Fatal erythroderma in a young Moroccan]. Med Trop (Mars) 2011; 71:189-191. [PMID: 21695884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to describe a case involving a young Moroccan who abruptly developed pruritic papulo-vesicular lesions with erythroderma. Secondary development of jaundice and tumoral syndrome lead to diagnosis of an acute form of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma associated with HTLV-1 infection. The patient died within three months. To o ur knowledge, this is the first such case reported in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gharibi
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénérdologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Maroc.
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38
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Maeda Y, Sasakawa A, Hirase C, Yamaguchi T, Morita Y, Miyatake JI, Urase F, Nomura S, Matsumura I. Senescence induction therapy for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 52:150-2. [PMID: 21067445 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.527406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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MacNamara A, Rowan A, Hilburn S, Kadolsky U, Fujiwara H, Suemori K, Yasukawa M, Taylor G, Bangham CRM, Asquith B. HLA class I binding of HBZ determines outcome in HTLV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001117. [PMID: 20886101 PMCID: PMC2944806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells can exert both protective and harmful effects on the virus-infected host. However, there is no systematic method to identify the attributes of a protective CD8(+) T cell response. Here, we combine theory and experiment to identify and quantify the contribution of all HLA class I alleles to host protection against infection with a given pathogen. In 432 HTLV-1-infected individuals we show that individuals with HLA class I alleles that strongly bind the HTLV-1 protein HBZ had a lower proviral load and were more likely to be asymptomatic. We also show that in general, across all HTLV-1 proteins, CD8(+) T cell effectiveness is strongly determined by protein specificity and produce a ranked list of the proteins targeted by the most effective CD8(+) T cell response through to the least effective CD8(+) T cell response. We conclude that CD8(+) T cells play an important role in the control of HTLV-1 and that CD8(+) cells specific to HBZ, not the immunodominant protein Tax, are the most effective. We suggest that HBZ plays a central role in HTLV-1 persistence. This approach is applicable to all pathogens, even where data are sparse, to identify simultaneously the HLA Class I alleles and the epitopes responsible for a protective CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan MacNamara
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aileen Rowan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silva Hilburn
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Kadolsky
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, and Ehime University Proteomedicine Research Center, Toh-on city, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suemori
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, and Ehime University Proteomedicine Research Center, Toh-on city, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Bioregulatory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, and Ehime University Proteomedicine Research Center, Toh-on city, Ehime, Japan
| | - Graham Taylor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Becca Asquith
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Haynes RAH, Zimmerman B, Millward L, Ware E, Premanandan C, Yu L, Phipps AJ, Lairmore MD. Early spatial and temporal events of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 spread following blood-borne transmission in a rabbit model of infection. J Virol 2010; 84:5124-30. [PMID: 20219918 PMCID: PMC2863820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01537-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is associated with a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 transmission occurs by transmission of infected cells via breast-feeding by infected mothers, sexual intercourse, and contaminated blood products. The route of exposure and early virus replication events are believed to be key determinants of virus-associated spread, antiviral immune responses, and ultimately disease outcomes. The lack of knowledge of early events of HTLV-1 spread following blood-borne transmission of the virus in vivo hinders a more complete understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1 infections. Herein, we have used an established animal model of HTLV-1 infection to study early spatial and temporal events of the viral infection. Twelve-week-old rabbits were injected intravenously with cell-associated HTLV-1 (ACH-transformed R49). Blood and tissues were collected at defined intervals throughout the study to test the early spread of the infection. Antibody and hematologic responses were monitored throughout the infection. HTLV-1 intracellular Tax and soluble p19 matrix were tested from ex vivo cultured lymphocytes. Proviral copy numbers were measured by real-time PCR from blood and tissue mononuclear leukocytes. Our data indicate that intravenous infection with cell-associated HTLV-1 targets lymphocytes located in both primary lymphoid and gut-associated lymphoid compartments. A transient lymphocytosis that correlated with peak virus detection parameters was observed by 1 week postinfection before returning to baseline levels. Our data support emerging evidence that HTLV-1 promotes lymphocyte proliferation preceding early viral spread in lymphoid compartments to establish and maintain persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashade A. H. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Bevin Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Laurie Millward
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Evan Ware
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Christopher Premanandan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Andrew J. Phipps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Ohmatsu H, Sugaya M, Fujita H, Miyagaki T, Kadono T, Maeda D, Takazawa Y, Fukayama M, Tamaki K, Sato S. Primary cutaneous CD8+ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma in a human T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 carrier. Acta Derm Venereol 2010; 90:324-5. [PMID: 20526566 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Biopsy
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- HTLV-I Infections/complications
- HTLV-I Infections/immunology
- HTLV-I Infections/pathology
- HTLV-I Infections/therapy
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/virology
- Middle Aged
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/virology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Virus Infections/complications
- Tumor Virus Infections/immunology
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/therapy
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42
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Ghez D, Renand A, Lepelletier Y, Sibon D, Suarez F, Rubio MT, Delarue R, Buzyn A, Beljord K, Tanaka Y, Varet B, Hermine O. Tax unleashed: fulminant Tax-positive Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma after failed allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 2010; 46:378-80. [PMID: 19836302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The human retrovirus HTLV-1 causes Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL), a malignant lymphoproliferative disease of CD4+ T cells of dismal prognosis, in 3-5% of the 20 million infected individuals (Proietti et al.(1) and Bazarbachi et al.(2)). Infection with HTLV-1 represents a prototypical model of virus-mediated oncogenesis by virtue of the viral transactivator Tax, a potent oncogenic protein that exerts pleiotropic effects through its ability to deregulate the transcription of various cellular genes and signal transduction pathways and inhibit DNA repair enzymes, which are critical for T-cell homeostasis and genetic stability (Matsuoka and Jeang(3)) (et Boxus Retrovirology 2009). However, the oncogenic potential of Tax remains a conundrum. Tax protein expression is undetectable using conventional methods in freshly harvested ATLL cells and in non-malignant infected CD4+ T cells (Furukawa et al.(4)) but is up regulated after only a few hours of culture in vitro (Hanon et al.(5)). These observations strongly suggest that a host-derived mechanism is able to either actively repress the transcription of viral proteins in vivo or refrain the emergence of Tax-expressing cells, which would have a growth advantage. We report herein a unique case of CD4+ T-cell leukemia highly expressing Tax following rejection of an allogenic peripheral blood stem cell graft for an HTLV-1 associated lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ghez
- Service d'Hématologie Adultes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Gudo ES, Bhatt NB, Bila DR, Abreu CM, Tanuri A, Savino W, Silva-Barbosa SD, Jani IV. Co-infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1): does immune activation lead to a faster progression to AIDS? BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:211. [PMID: 20028500 PMCID: PMC2813852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data have shown that HTLV-1 is prevalent among HIV positive patients in Mozambique, although the impact of HTLV-1 infection on HIV disease progression remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the phenotypic profile of T lymphocytes subsets among Mozambican patients co-infected by HIV and HTLV-1. METHODS We enrolled 29 patients co-infected by HTLV-1 and HIV (co-infected), 59 patients mono-infected by HIV (HIV) and 16 healthy controls (HC), respectively.For phenotypic analysis, cells were stained with the following fluorochrome-labeled anti-human monoclonal antibodies CD4-APC, CD8-PerCP, CD25-PE, CD62L-FITC, CD45RA-FITC. CD45RO-PE, CD38-PE; being analysed by four-colour flow cytometry. RESULTS We initially found that CD4+ T cell counts were significantly higher in co-infected, as compared to HIV groups. Moreover, CD4+ T Lymphocytes from co-infected patients presented significantly higher levels of CD45RO and CD25, but lower levels of CD45RA and CD62L, strongly indicating that CD4+ T cells are more activated under HTLV-1 plus HIV co-infection. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that HTLV-1/HIV co-infected patients progress with higher CD4+ T cell counts and higher levels of activation markers. In this context, it is conceivable that in co-infected individuals, these higher levels of activation may account for a faster progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Samo Gudo
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nilesh B Bhatt
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulce Ramalho Bila
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Celina Monteiro Abreu
- Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Tanuri
- Departament of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suse Dayse Silva-Barbosa
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilesh V Jani
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
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Shanmugam H, Eow GI, Nadarajan VS. A case report of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma. Malays J Pathol 2009; 31:63-66. [PMID: 19694316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare T lymphoproliferative disorder which is aetiologically linked with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is endemic in Japan, Caribbean and Africa. The highest incidence of ATLL is in Japan although sporadic cases have been reported elsewhere in the world. We describe a case of ATLL with an unusual presentation which we believe is the first reported case of ATLL in Malaysia based on our literature search. A 51-year-old Indian lady was referred to University Malaya Medical Centre for an incidental finding of lymphocytosis while being investigated for pallor and giddiness. Clinical examination revealed bilateral shotty cervical lymph nodes with no hepato-splenomegaly or skin lesions. Laboratory investigations showed absolute lymphocytosis (38 x 10(9)/L) with a mildly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase. The peripheral blood smear showed the presence of predominantly small to medium sized, non-flower lymphocytes. The bone marrow showed similar findings of prominent lymphocytosis. Immunophenotyping of the bone marrow mononuclear cells showed CD3+, CD4+, CD5+, CD7- and CD25+ which is characteristic of ATLL phenotype. HTLV-1 infection was confirmed by the presence of HTLV-1 proviral DNA in the tumor cells using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Here, we discuss the pathogenesis and characteristics of ATLL as well as the detection of HTLV-1 by real time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemalatha Shanmugam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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45
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Carod-Artal FJ. [Immunopathogenesis and treatment of the myelopathy associated to the HTLV-I virus]. Rev Neurol 2009; 48:147-155. [PMID: 19206063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) causes tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). Immunopathogenesis and available treatments for TSP/HAM are reviewed. DEVELOPMENT At least 20 million people are infected worldwide and 0.3-4% will develop TSP/HAM. Incidence in endemic areas is around 2 cases/ 100,000 inhabitants and year. The 50% of TSP/HAM patients suffer from clinical progression during their first ten years. Progression is associated with high proviral load and ager than 50 years at onset. HTLV-I proviral DNA and m-RNA load are significantly raised in TSP/HAM patients compared to asymptomatic carriers. This antigenic load activates T cells CD8+ specific for Tax-protein, which up-regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. Corticoids, plasma-exchange, intravenous immunoglobulins, danazol, pentoxifilline, green-tea polyphenols, lactobacillus fermented milk, zidovudine, lamivudine, monoclonal antibodies (daclizumab), interferon, and valproic acid have been used in open trials in a small number of patients. Nevertheless, their clinical efficacy is limited. Interferon alpha and beta-1a have cytostatic properties and may cause a reduction in HTLV-I proviral load. CONCLUSIONS High HTLV-I proviral load and an exaggerated pro-inflammatory cellular response are involved in the pathogenesis of TSP/HAM. No therapy has been conclusively shown to alter long-term disability associated with TSP/HAM. Multicentric clinical trials are necessary to assess long-term efficacy of interferon in TSP/HAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Carod-Artal
- Servicio de Neurología,Hospital Sarah, Red Sarah de Hospitales de Rehabilitacion, Brasilia DF, Brazil.
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46
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Domínguez MC, Torres M, Tamayo O, Criollo W, Quintana M, Sánchez A, García F. [Autoimmune syndrome in the tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy associated with human T-lymphotropic virus infections]. Biomedica 2008; 28:510-522. [PMID: 19462556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous reports have given evidence that in tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)/human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (HAM), an autoimmune process occurs as part of its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The roles of autoimmunity and the molecular mimicry was evaluated in TSP/HAM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma samples were characterized from patients in the Pacific coastal region of Colombia. Thirty-seven were identified as TSP/HAM, 10 were diagnosed with adult T-cell leukemia virus, 22 were asymptomatic carriers but seropositive for HTLV-I and 20 were seronegative and served as negative controls. Plasmatic levels of the following were determined: antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels, anticardiolipine-2 (ACL-2), interferon- (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Using Western blot, the crossreactivity of the seropositive and seronegative samples was evaluated against proteins extracted from several central nervous system components of non infected Wistar rats. The HTLV-I seropositive plasmas were crossreacted with a monoclonal tax (LT4 anti-taxp40) from spinal cord neurons of non infected Wistar rats. RESULTS Of the TSP/HAM patients, 70.2% were reactive against ANA and 83.8% against ACL-2, in contrast with those ATL and asymptomatic seropositives subjects that were not reactive (P<0.001). Moreover, 70.3% had detectable levels of IFN and 43.2% had detectable IL-4. LT4 anti-taxp40 and plasma of TSP/HAM exhibited cross reactivity with a MW 33-35 kDa protein from the rat spinal cord nuclei. CONCLUSION Support was provided for the existence of an autoimmune syndrome mediated by molecular mimicry; the syndrome was responsible for some of the axonal degeneration observed in TSP/HAM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Patogénesis, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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Nakamura H, Takagi Y, Kawakami A, Ida H, Nakamura T, Nakamura T, Eguchi K. HTLV-I infection results in resistance toward salivary gland destruction of Sjögren's syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26:653-655. [PMID: 18799099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of HTLV-I infection in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remains unclear. In this study, we clinically compared radiographic imaging with histological cellular infiltration between HTLV-I-seropositive and HTLV-I-sero-negative SS. METHODS Sixty primary SS patients were divided into two age-matched groups based on the seropositivity of the anti-HTLV-I antibody. We evaluated the two groups through labial salivary gland biopsy-proven cellular infiltration and sialography-proven radiographic gland destruction. RESULTS In these 60 pSS patients, the incidence of abnormalities as determined by salivary gland biopsy and sialography was 51.7% (31/60) and 76.7% (46/60), respectively. Although there was no difference in the prevalence of abnormal findings between salivary gland biopsy and sialography in the whole 60 patients, there were significantly fewer abnormalities determined by sialography in HTLV-I-seropositive SS patients in comparison with HTLV-I-seronegative SS patients. Also, these findings were strengthened by the results that none of HTLV-I-seropositive SS patients with focus score 0 had abnormal sialography findings. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HTLV-I infection results in resistance toward salivary gland destruction of Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakamura
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan.
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Yukitake M, Takase Y, Nanri Y, Kosugi M, Eriguchi M, Yakushiji Y, Okada R, Mizuta H, Kuroda Y. Incidence and clinical significances of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy with T2 hyperintensity on spinal magnetic resonance images. Intern Med 2008; 47:1881-6. [PMID: 18981631 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the incidence and clinical significance of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) showing T2 hyperintensity in the spinal cord on magnetic resonance images (MRI). PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed the spinal cord MRI of 38 HAM/TSP patients and analyzed them in relation to clinical and laboratory findings. Analyzed data were: age at onset, disease duration, disability status, responsiveness to interferon therapy, brain abnormalities on MRI, serum anti-HTLV-I titers, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. RESULTS MRI findings of the spinal cord were classified into 3 types, "normal" (n=22, 57.9%), "atrophy" (n=13, 34.2%) and "T2-hyperintensity" (n=3, 7.9%). Patients in the normal and atrophy types showed slowly progressive paraparesis. Significant differences were not found between the normal and atrophy types in any clinical or laboratory data, including disease duration, disability status and responsiveness to interferon-alpha therapy. Meanwhile, all patients showing T2-hyperintensity had severe paraparesis of a rapid progressive nature, with CSF IgG elevation. CONCLUSION HAM/TSP with T2-hyperintensity on spinal MRI shows a rapid progressive clinical course with severe motor impairment. The incidence of this malignant form of HAM/TSP is estimated to be around 7.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Yukitake
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine.
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Takajo I, Umeki K, Morishita K, Yamamoto I, Kubuki Y, Hatakeyama K, Kataoka H, Okayama A. Engraftment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers in NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2205-11. [PMID: 17657714 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) occurs mainly via breast-feeding, sexual intercourse and blood transfusions. After transmission, the HTLV-1 infection is predominantly maintained by cell-to-cell infection and clonal expansion; however, the details have not yet been clarified. To investigate how HTLV-1 infected cells act in an environment without an effective immune reaction, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers were inoculated into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)/gammac(null) (NOG) mice, which have immunological dysfunctions of T- and B-lymphocytes and NK cells. Human mononuclear cells including both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were found to have infiltrated into various organs, including the liver, kidney, spleen and lung, when the mice were sacrificed 1 month after inoculation. The copy numbers of HTLV-1 provirus detected in the tissue-infiltrating human cells were much higher than those in the original PBMCs from the carriers. The expression of HTLV-1 mRNA was demonstrated in the tissue-infiltrating cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Inverse-long polymerase chain reaction showed that the pattern of HTLV-1 proviral integration was different from that of the original carrier and that it varied among NOG mice inoculated with PBMCs from the same carrier. These results suggest the selective proliferation of particular clones of HTLV-1 infected cells in NOG mice. Alternatively, transmission and new integration of HTLV-1 from infected cells to noninfected cells might have occurred in an environment without an effective immune reaction. The NOG mouse is considered a good animal model for the patho-physiological study of HTLV-1 infection with immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Takajo
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Shimizu K, Karube K, Arakawa F, Nomura Y, Komatani H, Yamamoto K, Yoshida S, Aoki R, Sugita Y, Takeshita M, Ohshima K. Upregulation of CC chemokine ligand 18 and downregulation of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 expression in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated lymph node lesions: Results of chemokine and chemokine receptor DNA chip analysis. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1875-80. [PMID: 17900259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a human malignancy associated with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The pathological features of the lymph nodes of ATLL change from those of lymphadenitis to Hodgkin's-like features and those of lymphoma. Chemokines and their receptors are closely associated with T-cell subgroups and immune responses. To clarify the relationship between chemokines and their receptor expression, as well as the development of ATLL, 17 cases with ATLL were analyzed using DNA chips of chemokines and their receptors. All cases showed a varied and mixed pattern of upregulated and downregulated gene expression of Th1, Th2, naïve, and cytotoxic cell-associated chemokine genes. As CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) accounted for the most upregulated gene and CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) for the most downregulated gene, they were selected for immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of the two genes in immunological cells, with a positive expression for reticulum cells, but not for ATLL cells. HTLV-1-associated lymphadenitis type (n = 13) and Hodgkin's-like type (n = 12) cases showed significantly higher CCL18 expression than the non-specific lymphadenitis cases (n = 10) (P < 0.05). However, all HTLV-1-associated cases showed significantly lower CX3CR1 expression than the non-specific lymphadenitis cases (P < 0.05). These results suggest that upregulation of CCL18 expression and downregulation of CX3CR1 expression play a role in immune responses against the ATLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
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