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Yang Y, Liu L, Tucker HO. The malignant transformation potential of the oncogene STYK1/NOK at early lymphocyte development in transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101709. [PMID: 38638675 PMCID: PMC11024497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) is a malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of mature B lymphocytes bearing a CD5+CD19+ (B1) phenotype. However, the origin of B-CLL remains controversial. We showed previously that STYK1/NOK transgenic mice develop a CLL-like disease. Using this model system in this study, we attempt to define the stage of CLL initiation. Here, we show that the phenotype of STYK1/NOK-induced B-CLL is heterogeneous. The expanded B1 lymphocyte pool was detected within peripheral lymphoid organs and was frequently associated with the expansions of memory B cells. Despite this immunophenotypic heterogeneity, suppression of B cell development at an early stage consistently occurred within the bone marrow (BM) of STYK1/NOK-tg mice. Overall, we suggest that enforced expression of STYK1/NOK in transgenic mice might significantly predispose BM hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) towards the development of B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Haley O. Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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2
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Filipek-Gorzała J, Kwiecińska P, Szade A, Szade K. The dark side of stemness - the role of hematopoietic stem cells in development of blood malignancies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1308709. [PMID: 38440231 PMCID: PMC10910019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1308709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) produce all blood cells throughout the life of the organism. However, the high self-renewal and longevity of HSCs predispose them to accumulate mutations. The acquired mutations drive preleukemic clonal hematopoiesis, which is frequent among elderly people. The preleukemic state, although often asymptomatic, increases the risk of blood cancers. Nevertheless, the direct role of preleukemic HSCs is well-evidenced in adult myeloid leukemia (AML), while their contribution to other hematopoietic malignancies remains less understood. Here, we review the evidence supporting the role of preleukemic HSCs in different types of blood cancers, as well as present the alternative models of malignant evolution. Finally, we discuss the clinical importance of preleukemic HSCs in choosing the therapeutic strategies and provide the perspective on further studies on biology of preleukemic HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Filipek-Gorzała
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kwiecińska
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Szade
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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3
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Pérez-Escurza O, Flores-Montero J, Óskarsson JÞ, Sanoja-Flores L, Del Pozo J, Lecrevisse Q, Martín S, Reed ER, Hákonardóttir GK, Harding S, Þorsteinsdóttir S, Rögnvaldsson S, Love TJ, Durie B, Kristinsson SY, Orfao A. Immunophenotypic assessment of clonal plasma cells and B-cells in bone marrow and blood in the diagnostic classification of early stage monoclonal gammopathies: an iSTOPMM study. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:182. [PMID: 38072838 PMCID: PMC10711003 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the earliest discernible stage of multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). Early diagnosis of MG may be compromised by the low-level infiltration, undetectable to low-sensitive methodologies. Here, we investigated the prevalence and immunophenotypic profile of clonal (c) plasma cells (PC) and/or cB-lymphocytes in bone marrow (BM) and blood of subjects with a serum M-component from the iSTOPMM program, using high-sensitive next-generation flow cytometry (NGF), and its utility in the diagnostic classification of early-stage MG. We studied 164 paired BM and blood samples from 82 subjects, focusing the analysis on: 55 MGUS, 12 smoldering MM (SMM) and 8 smoldering WM (SWM). cPC were detected in 84% of the BM samples and cB-lymphocytes in 45%, coexisting in 39% of cases. In 29% of patients, the phenotypic features of cPC and/or cB-lymphocytes allowed a more accurate disease classification, including: 19/55 (35%) MGUS, 1/12 (8%) SMM and 2/8 (25%) SWM. Blood samples were informative in 49% of the BM-positive cases. We demonstrated the utility of NGF for a more accurate diagnostic classification of early-stage MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Pérez-Escurza
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Flores-Montero
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Luzalba Sanoja-Flores
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Department of Hematology, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Julio Del Pozo
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Quentin Lecrevisse
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Martín
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elín Ruth Reed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | | | - Sigrún Þorsteinsdóttir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sæmundur Rögnvaldsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thorvardur Jon Love
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Brian Durie
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sigurður Yngvi Kristinsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca); Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS; Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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4
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van den Brand M, Möbs M, Otto F, Kroeze LI, Gonzalez de Castro D, Stamatopoulos K, Davi F, Bravetti C, Kolijn PM, Vlachonikola E, Stewart JP, Pott C, Hummel M, Darzentas N, Langerak AW, Fend F, Groenen PJTA. EuroClonality-NGS Recommendations for Evaluation of B-Cell Clonality Analysis by Next-Generation Sequencing: A Structured Approach with the DEPART Algorithm. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:729-739. [PMID: 37467928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based clonality analysis allows in-depth assessment of the clonal composition of a sample with high sensitivity for detecting small clones. Within the EuroClonality-NGS Working Group, a protocol for NGS Ig clonality analysis was developed and validated previously. This NGS-based approach was designed to generate small amplicons, making it suitable for samples with suboptimal DNA quality, especially material derived from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Using expert assessment of NGS Ig clonality results as a reference, a structured algorithmic approach to the assessment of NGS-amplicon-based B-cell clonality analysis was developed. A structured approach with the Detection of clonality through Evaluation of sample quality and assessment of Pattern, Abundance and RaTio (DEPART) algorithm was proposed, which consecutively evaluates sample quality, the pattern of the clonotypes present, the abundance of the most dominant clonotypes, and the ratio between the dominant clonotypes and the background to evaluate the different Ig gene targets. Specific issues with respect to evaluation of the various Ig targets as well as the integration of results of individual targets into a molecular clonality conclusion are discussed and illustrated with case examples. Finally, the importance of interpretation of NGS-based clonality results in clinical and histopathologic contexts is discussed. It is expected that these recommendations will have clinical utility to facilitate proper evaluation of clonality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van den Brand
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Möbs
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Otto
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonie I Kroeze
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Gonzalez de Castro
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frederic Davi
- Hematology Department, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Bravetti
- Hematology Department, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - P Martijn Kolijn
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Peter Stewart
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Pott
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patricia J T A Groenen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Yamamoto K, Kawamoto S, Chijiki R, Watanabe M, Matsumoto S, Kitao A, Mizutani Y, Kajimoto K, Hayashi Y, Yakushijin K, Minami H. Biclonal Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Commonly Characterized by Partial Trisomy 18q Involving MALT1 and BCL2. Intern Med 2023; 62:285-292. [PMID: 35705274 PMCID: PMC9908399 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9711-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old man was admitted because of a left shoulder mass and swollen right testis. Pathological examinations indicated a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with the CD20+BCL6+MUM1+BCL2+CD10-MYC- phenotype in both lesions. G-banding of soft tissue showed 47,XY,+18, whereas testicular cells showed 47,X,+X,-Y,der (4) t (4;18) (p15;?),del (5) (q?),+13. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detected additional MALT1 and BCL2 signals in both lesions. Southern blot demonstrated different IGH rearrangements between the soft tissue and testis. The patient was diagnosed with biclonal DLBCL with different karyotypes but similar immunophenotypes. Partial trisomy 18q involving MALT1 and BCL2 may be commonly involved in the pathogenesis of this biclonal DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kawamoto
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kobe University Hospital, Japan
| | - Ruri Chijiki
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Marika Watanabe
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sakuya Matsumoto
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akihito Kitao
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Mizutani
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kajimoto
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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6
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TAKEUCHI I, TANEI T, KUWABARA K, KATO T, NAITO T, KOKETSU Y, HIRAYAMA K, HASEGAWA T. Primary Dural Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma Mimicking Falx Meningioma: A Case Report. NMC Case Rep J 2022; 9:123-128. [PMID: 35756189 PMCID: PMC9217145 DOI: 10.2176/jns-nmc.2021-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An 85-year-old woman presented with ataxia and deterioration of cognitive functions. She had no history of autoimmune diseases or viral infections. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a solitary mass lesion at the cerebral falx on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Gross total resection of the lesion involving the dura mater was performed by bifrontal craniotomy. Histological examination showed diffuse infiltration of small lymphocytes and plasma cells. There was also some proliferation of large lymphocytes with folded nuclei, high-density chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. The large atypical B lymphocytes did not demonstrate diffuse dense sheet findings. Meningothelial components were not detected. Immunohistochemistry was positive for pan B-cell antigens. The analysis of the kappa/lambda ratio indicated kappa immunoglobulin light chain-restricted B-cell proliferation. The final histopathological diagnosis was mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Systemic screening examinations were then performed. Histological findings of the bone marrow showed normal findings without atypical lymphocytes. A chromosomal study of the bone marrow showed 46, XX. 18F fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed high accumulations at the left pterygoid muscle and the right transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae, and mild accumulation at the right ilium bone, which indicated disseminated lesions. One year later, thickening of the dura mater was detected. Therefore, gamma knife surgery was performed. Two years later, she was alive without neurological deterioration, and magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoko KUWABARA
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Komaki City Hospital
| | | | | | - Yuta KOKETSU
- Department of Neurosurgery, Komaki City Hospital
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7
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Matos DM. Concomitant monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) and CD5 -/CD10 - mature B-cell neoplasm. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022:S2531-1379(22)01459-6. [PMID: 36517397 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mazza Matos
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Ceara, (HEMOCE), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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8
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van Bladel DAG, van der Last-Kempkes JLM, Scheijen B, Groenen PJTA. Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Clonality Detection of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements in B-Cell Lymphoma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2453:7-42. [PMID: 35622318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2115-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) clonality assessment is a widely used supplementary test for the diagnosis of suspected lymphoid malignancies. The specific rearrangements of the immunoglobulin (IG) heavy and light chain genes act as a unique hallmark of a B-cell lymphoma, a feature that is used in clonality assessment. The widely used BIOMED-2/EuroClonality IG clonality assay, visualized by GeneScanning or heteroduplex analysis, has an unprecedented high detection rate because of the complementarity of this approach. However, the BIOMED-2/EuroClonality clonality assays have been developed for the assessment of specimens with optimal DNA quality. Further improvements for the assessment of samples with suboptimal DNA quality, such as from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens or specimens with a limited tumor burden, are required. The EuroClonality-NGS Working Group recently developed a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based clonality assay for the detection of the IG heavy and kappa light chain rearrangements, using the same complementary approach as in the conventional assay. By employing next-generation sequencing, both the sensitivity and specificity of the clonality assay have increased, which not only is very useful for diagnostic clonality testing but also allows robust comparison of clonality patterns in a patient with multiple lymphoma's that have suboptimal DNA quality. Here, we describe the protocols for IG-NGS clonality assessment that are compatible for Ion Torrent and Illumina sequencing platforms including pre-analytical DNA isolation, the analytical phase, and the post-analytical data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede A G van Bladel
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Agathangelidis A, Chatzidimitriou A, Chatzikonstantinou T, Tresoldi C, Davis Z, Giudicelli V, Kossida S, Belessi C, Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Langerak AW, Davi F, Stamatopoulos K; ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL. Immunoglobulin gene sequence analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: the 2022 update of the recommendations by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL. Leukemia 2022. [PMID: 35614318 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The somatic hypermutation (SHM) status of the clonotypic immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) gene is a critical biomarker for assessing the prognosis of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Importantly, independent studies have documented that IGHV SHM status is also a predictor of responses to therapy, including both chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) and novel, targeted agents. Moreover, immunogenetic analysis in CLL has revealed that different patients may express (quasi)identical, stereotyped B cell receptor immunoglobulin (BcR IG) and are classified into subsets based on this common feature. Patients in certain stereotyped subsets display consistent biology, clinical presentation, and outcome that are distinct from other patients, even with concordant IGHV gene SHM status. All of the above highlights the relevance of immunogenetic analysis in CLL, which is considered a cornerstone for accurate risk stratification and clinical decision making. Recommendations for robust immunogenetic analysis exist thanks to dedicated efforts by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL, covering all test phases, from the pre-analytical and analytical to the post-analytical, pertaining to the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of the findings. That said, these recommendations apply to Sanger sequencing, which is increasingly being superseded by next generation sequencing (NGS), further underscoring the need for an update. Here, we present an overview of the clinical utility of immunogenetics in CLL and update our analytical recommendations with the aim to assist in the refined management of patients with CLL.
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10
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Öztürk S, Paul Y, Afzal S, Gil-Farina I, Jauch A, Bruch PM, Kalter V, Hanna B, Arseni L, Roessner PM, Schmidt M, Stilgenbauer S, Dietrich S, Lichter P, Zapatka M, Seiffert M. Longitudinal analyses of CLL in mice identify leukemia-related clonal changes including a Myc gain predicting poor outcome in patients. Leukemia 2022; 36:464-475. [PMID: 34417556 PMCID: PMC8807396 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy mainly occurring at an advanced age with no single major genetic driver. Transgenic expression of TCL1 in B cells leads after a long latency to a CLL-like disease in aged Eµ-TCL1 mice suggesting that TCL1 overexpression is not sufficient for full leukemic transformation. In search for secondary genetic events and to elucidate the clonal evolution of CLL, we performed whole exome and B-cell receptor sequencing of longitudinal leukemia samples of Eµ-TCL1 mice. We observed a B-cell receptor stereotypy, as described in patients, confirming that CLL is an antigen-driven disease. Deep sequencing showed that leukemia in Eµ-TCL1 mice is mostly monoclonal. Rare oligoclonality was associated with inability of tumors to develop disease upon adoptive transfer in mice. In addition, we identified clonal changes and a sequential acquisition of mutations with known relevance in CLL, which highlights the genetic similarities and therefore, suitability of the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model for progressive CLL. Among them, a recurrent gain of chromosome 15, where Myc is located, was identified in almost all tumors in Eµ-TCL1 mice. Interestingly, amplification of 8q24, the chromosomal region containing MYC in humans, was associated with worse outcome of patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yashna Paul
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saira Afzal
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- GeneWerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irene Gil-Farina
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- GeneWerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter-Martin Bruch
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bola Hanna
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lavinia Arseni
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Roessner
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- GeneWerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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van Bladel DAG, van den Brand M, Rijntjes J, Pamidimarri Naga S, Haacke DLCM, Luijks JACW, Hebeda KM, van Krieken JHJM, Groenen PJTA, Scheijen B. Clonality assessment and detection of clonal diversity in classic Hodgkin lymphoma by next-generation sequencing of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:757-766. [PMID: 34862451 PMCID: PMC9174053 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00983-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clonality analysis in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is of added value for correctly diagnosing patients with atypical presentation or histology reminiscent of T cell lymphoma, and for establishing the clonal relationship in patients with recurrent disease. However, such analysis has been hampered by the sparsity of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in a background of reactive immune cells. Recently, the EuroClonality-NGS Working Group developed a novel next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay and bioinformatics platform (ARResT/Interrogate) to detect immunoglobulin (IG) gene rearrangements for clonality testing in B-cell lymphoproliferations. Here, we demonstrate the improved performance of IG-NGS compared to conventional BIOMED-2/EuroClonality analysis to detect clonal gene rearrangements in 16 well-characterized primary cHL cases within the IG heavy chain (IGH) and kappa light chain (IGK) loci. This was most obvious in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens, where three times more clonal cases were detected with IG-NGS (9 cases) compared to BIOMED-2 (3 cases). In total, almost four times more clonal rearrangements were detected in FFPE with IG-NGS (N = 23) as compared to BIOMED-2/EuroClonality (N = 6) as judged on identical IGH and IGK targets. The same clonal rearrangements were also identified in paired fresh frozen cHL samples. To validate the neoplastic origin of the detected clonotypes, IG-NGS clonality analysis was performed on isolated HRS cells, demonstrating identical clonotypes as detected in cHL whole-tissue specimens. Interestingly, IG-NGS and HRS single-cell analysis after DEPArray™ digital sorting revealed rearrangement patterns and copy number variation profiles indicating clonal diversity and intratumoral heterogeneity in cHL. Our data demonstrate improved performance of NGS-based detection of IG gene rearrangements in cHL whole-tissue specimens, providing a sensitive molecular diagnostic assay for clonality assessment in Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede A. G. van Bladel
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van den Brand
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.415930.aPathology-DNA, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Rijntjes
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samhita Pamidimarri Naga
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Demi L. C. M. Haacke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A. C. W. Luijks
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Konnie M. Hebeda
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Han J. M. van Krieken
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia J. T. A. Groenen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Takezawa S, Maezawa M, Tsuzuku S, Kawakami J, Oouci Y, Inokuma H. Abnormal clonalities of B-lymphocytes in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with persistent lymphocytosis. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1928-1932. [PMID: 34719608 PMCID: PMC8762424 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral B-lymphocyte clonality of 274 bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with
lymphocytosis was analyzed using clonality PCR based on sequences of the variable region
of the bovine immunoglobulin H chain. None of the cattle showed monoclonal proliferation,
while 10, 31, and 233 showed minor-clonal, oligoclonal, and polyclonal proliferation,
respectively. A total of 163 cattle were analyzable the following year, and lymphocytosis
was maintained in 157, indicating persistent lymphocytosis (PL). B-lymphocyte clonality of
the 157 PL cattle was minor-clonal in 6 (3.8%), oligoclonal in 8 (5.1%), and polyclonal in
143 (91.1%). A higher rate of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) onset within a year was
observed in PL cattle with minor-clonal (50.0% (3/6)) and oligoclonal (25.0% (2/8))
proliferation compared to those with polyclonal (5.6% (8/143)) proliferation. Minor-clonal
and oligoclonal proliferation in PL cattle may be a prognosis factor for developing
EBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Takezawa
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masaki Maezawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Satoko Tsuzuku
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Junko Kawakami
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Yoshinao Oouci
- Ibaraki Prefectural Kenpoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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13
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Steiner M, Gassner FJ, Parigger T, Neureiter D, Egle A, Geisberger R, Greil R, Zaborsky N. A POLE Splice Site Deletion Detected in a Patient with Biclonal CLL and Prostate Cancer: A Case Report. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179410. [PMID: 34502317 PMCID: PMC8431722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered a clonal B cell malignancy. Sporadically, CLL cases with multiple productive heavy and light-chain rearrangements were detected, thus leading to a bi- or oligoclonal CLL disease with leukemic cells originating either from different B cells or otherwise descending from secondary immunoglobulin rearrangement events. This suggests a potential role of clonal hematopoiesis or germline predisposition in these cases. During the screening of 75 CLL cases for kappa and lambda light-chain rearrangements, we could detect a single case with CLL cells expressing two distinct kappa and lambda light chains paired with two separate immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable regions. Furthermore, this patient also developed a prostate carcinoma. Targeted genome sequencing of highly purified light-chain specific CLL clones from this patient and from the prostate carcinoma revealed the presence of a rare germline polymorphism in the POLE gene. Hence, our data suggest that the detected SNP may predispose for cancer, particularly for CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- DNA Polymerase II/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/complications
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Steiner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Franz J. Gassner
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Thomas Parigger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Alexander Egle
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Nadja Zaborsky
- Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute—Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (LIMCR), Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (M.S.); (F.J.G.); (T.P.); (A.E.); (R.G.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Mozas P, Pineyroa JA, Nadeu F, Magnano L, Rivero A, Rivas-Delgado A, Bataller A, Fabregat A, Gine E, Baumann T, Villamor N, Arostegui JI, Aymerich M, Lopez-Guillermo A, Campo E, Delgado J. Serum monoclonal component in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: baseline correlations and prognostic impact. Haematologica 2021; 106:1754-1757. [PMID: 33147939 PMCID: PMC8168485 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.263228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mozas
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | | | - Ferran Nadeu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Laura Magnano
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona
| | - Andrea Rivero
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | | | - Alex Bataller
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | - Aleix Fabregat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | - Eva Gine
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
| | - Tycho Baumann
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | - Neus Villamor
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | | | - Marta Aymerich
- Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona
| | - Armando Lopez-Guillermo
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Elias Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona
| | - Julio Delgado
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid
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15
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Quirós C, Fonseca A, Alonso-Álvarez S, Moro-García MA, Alonso-Arias R, Morais LR, Álvarez-Menendez FV, Colado E. Development of an algorithm for the identification of leukemic hematolymphoid neoplasms in Primary Care patients. Diagnosis (Berl) 2021; 8:239-247. [PMID: 32284442 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis of hematolymphoid neoplasm (HLN) requires different technologies which are performed on a patient basis instead of per protocol. We hypothesize that integration of hematimetric and cytological analysis along with multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) provides a framework to evaluate peripheral blood (PB) samples from Primary Care. METHODS Samples from patients with persistent (>3 months) lymphocytosis (>5 × 109/L) and/or monocytosis (>109/L) or the presence of atypical and/or blast cells upon the smear review were analyzed by MFC concurrent to cytological analysis. MFC studies were carried out following standardized procedures. RESULTS In a 3-year period, smear review and MFC were performed simultaneously in 350 samples, demonstrating HLN in 194 cases (55.4%). In 156 cases, reactive cell populations were found. The combination of age, absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), hemoglobin and platelets provided the best correlation with MFC for the presence of a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder (CLPD) in lymphocytosis [area under the curve (AUC) 0.891, p < 0.05]. A model evaluating the probability of CLPD has been proposed and validated in an independent cohort. CONCLUSIONS A strategy to perform MFC studies following standardized procedures has proven to be useful to evaluate samples from patients in Primary Care centers for HLN diagnosis or reactive conditions, providing a sensitive and rapid clinical orientation and avoiding unnecessary consultations in routine clinical practice. The probability for the presence of CLPD in PB can be calculated and help guide decision-making regarding further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga Quirós
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ariana Fonseca
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Alonso-Álvarez
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Alonso-Arias
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lucía-Rita Morais
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco V Álvarez-Menendez
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Enrique Colado
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avda. Roma s/n - 33011 Oviedo, Spain; Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avda. Roma s/n - 33011 Oviedo, Spain; and Hematology and Haemotherapy Department, Laboratory of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain, Phone: +34 985 10 80 00, Ext 37138
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16
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Leenders AM, Kroeze LI, Rijntjes J, Luijks J, Hebeda KM, Darzentas N, Langerak AW, van den Brand M, Groenen PJTA. Multiple Immunoglobulin κ Gene Rearrangements within a Single Clone Unraveled by Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Clonality Assessment. J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1097-1104. [PMID: 34020040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonality assessment of the Ig heavy- and light-chain genes (IGH and IGK) using GeneScan analysis is an important supplemental assay in diagnostic testing for lymphoma. Occasionally cases with an IGK rearrangement pattern that cannot readily be assigned to a monoclonal lymphoma are encountered, whereas the occurrence of biclonal lymphomas is rare, and the result of the IGH locus of these cases is in line with monoclonality. Three such ambiguous cases were assessed for clonality using next-generation sequencing. Information on the sequences of the rearrangements, combined with knowledge of the complex organization of the IGK locus, pointed to two explanations that can attribute seemingly biclonal IGK rearrangements to a single clone. In two cases, this explanation involved inversion rearrangements on the IGK locus, whereas in the third case, the cross-reactivity of primers generated an additional clonal product. In conclusion, next-generation sequencing-based clonality assessment allows for the detection of both inversion rearrangements and the cross-reactivity of primers, and can therefore facilitate the interpretation of cases of lymphoma with complex IGK rearrangement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meilinde Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie I Kroeze
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Rijntjes
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Luijks
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Konnie M Hebeda
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anton W Langerak
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel van den Brand
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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17
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Mendoza H, Tormey CA, Rinder HM, Howe JG, Siddon AJ. The utility and limitations of B- and T-cell gene rearrangement studies in evaluating lymphoproliferative disorders. Pathology 2020; 53:157-165. [PMID: 33358756 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of lymphoid malignancies is the presence of a monoclonal lymphocyte population. Monoclonality of B- and T-cell populations can be established through immunoglobulin (IG) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement analysis, respectively. The biological rationale of IG and TCR gene rearrangement analysis is that due to the extensive combinatorial repertoire made possible by V(D)J recombination in lymphocytes, it is unlikely that any substantive lymphocyte population would share the same IG or TCR gene rearrangement pattern unless there is an underlying neoplastic or reactive origin. Modern IG and TCR gene rearrangement analysis is typically performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using commercially available primer sets followed by gel capillary electrophoresis. This process is highly sensitive in the detection of nearly all lymphoid malignancies. Several pitfalls and limitations, both biological and technical, apply to IG/TCR gene rearrangement analysis, but these can be minimised with high quality controls, performance of assays in duplicate, and adherence to strict criteria for interpreting and reporting results. Next generation sequencing (NGS) will likely replace PCR based methods of IG/TCR gene rearrangement analysis but is not yet widespread due to the absence of standardised protocols and multicentre validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadrian Mendoza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Henry M Rinder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Hematology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John G Howe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexa J Siddon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western countries
and is characterized by the clonal expansion of mature CD5+ B cells. There have
been substantial advances in the field of CLL research in the last decade, including the
identification of recurrent mutations, and clarification of clonal architectures,
signaling molecules, and the multistep leukemogenic process, providing a comprehensive
understanding of CLL pathogenesis. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic approaches,
especially that of molecular target therapies against CLL, has markedly improved the
standard of care for CLL. This review focuses on the recent insights made in CLL
leukemogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Fogarty H, Dowling A, O'Brien D, Langabeer S, Bacon CL, Flavin R, O'Dwyer M, Hennessy B, O'Leary H, Crotty G, Henderson R, Nolan J, Thornton P, Vandenberghe E, Quinn F. Biclonal lymphoproliferative disorders: another association with NOTCH1-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukaemias. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 190:1087-1094. [PMID: 33068240 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biclonal lymphoid disorders, when two distinct lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) co-exist, are rare (incidence of 1.4%) and associated with a poor prognosis. NOTCH1 mutations occur in 10% of CLL at diagnosis, associated with a short disease-free interval and increased risk of Richter's transformation. We hypothesised that the incidence of NOTCH1 mutations in CLL with a second LPD may be increased, because the mutation occurs early in leukaemogenesis, permitting clonal divergence. METHODS We identified 19 patients with biclonal LPD at diagnosis: 11 with CLL and a second LPD (group A) and 8 with a second distinct CLL (group B). NOTCH1 mutation analysis was performed and clinical outcome investigated. RESULTS Ten of 19 (52%) were NOTCH1 mutated: 5 in group A (45%) and 5 in group B (62.5%) with a favourable clinical outcome observed among this cohort with 28.7 (range 1-99) months of follow-up. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we identified a significant (52%) incidence of NOTCH1 mutations in CLL in the context of biclonal LPD, associated with an indolent clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fogarty
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Haematology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. .,Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Anita Dowling
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Haematology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David O'Brien
- Department of Haematology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steve Langabeer
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Richard Flavin
- Department of Pathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Brian Hennessy
- Department of Haematology, Waterford University Hospital, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Hilary O'Leary
- Department of Haematology, Limerick University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gerard Crotty
- Department of Haematology, Midlands Regional Hospital, Tullamore, Ireland
| | - Robert Henderson
- Department of Haematology, Midlands Regional Hospital, Tullamore, Ireland
| | - James Nolan
- Department of Haematology, Limerick University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Elisabeth Vandenberghe
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Haematology, St James's Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Quinn
- Department of Cancer Molecular Diagnostics, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Hengeveld PJ, Levin MD, Kolijn PM, Langerak AW. Reading the B-cell receptor immunome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revelations and applications. Exp Hematol 2021; 93:14-24. [PMID: 32976948 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.09.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B-Cell receptor (BCR) sequencing has been the force driving many recent advances in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) research. Here, we discuss the general principles, revelations, and applications of reading the BCR immunome in the context of CLL. First, IGHV mutational status, obtained by measuring the mutational imprint on the IGHV gene of the CLL clonotype, is the cornerstone of CLL risk stratification. Furthermore, the discovery of "BCR-stereotyped" groups of unrelated patients that share not only a highly similar BCR on their leukemic clone, but also certain clinical characteristics has provided insights key to understanding disease ontogeny. Additionally, whereas the BCR repertoire of most CLL patients is characterized by a single dominant rearrangement, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revealed a rich subclonal landscape in a larger than previously expected proportion of CLL patients. We review the mechanisms underlying these "multiple dominant" cases, including V(D)J-recombination errors, failure of allelic exclusion, intraclonal diversification, and "true" bi- or oligoclonality, and their implications, in detail. Finally, BCR repertoire sequencing can be used for sensitive quantification of minimal residual disease to potentially unprecedented depth. To surmount pitfalls inherent to this approach and develop internationally harmonized protocols, the EuroClonality-NGS Working Group has been established.
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Goshaw JM, Gao Q, Wardrope J, Dogan A, Roshal M. 14-Color single tube for flow cytometric characterization of CD5+ B-LPDs and high sensitivity automated minimal residual disease quantitation of CLL/SLL. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2020; 100:509-518. [PMID: 32896973 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of CLL/SLL relies on flow cytometric immunophenotyping. Increasing emphasis is being placed on precise detection of the minimal residual disease. Following antigen recommendations of ERIC and ESCCA's Harmonization Project, we validated a 14-color assay for the characterization CD5+ lymphoproliferative neoplasms and CLL MRD with a sensitivity of at least 10-4 . METHODS The assay was designed based on ERIC/ESCCA recommended antigens with the addition of CD40 for alternate gating when CD19 expression is reduced. Lower limit of quantitation/lower limit of detection, assay procedural precision, linearity, and limit of blank were established. Then, 52 CD5+ B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms (41 CLL/11 non-CLL) and 29 normal samples were used for parallel evaluation. Automated cluster identification and quantitation of CLL clones in MRD setting was performed using Barned-Hutt SNE. Separation analysis between CLL and non-CLL phenotypes was performed by PCA and bh-SNE. RESULTS Separation ratios for each antigen exceeded ERIC/ESCCA guidelines. Precision was <20% at LLOQ (0.01%). The limit of blank was <10/500,000 cells. Concordance between the 14-color and legacy assay (Deming regression y = 1.01x, r2 = .99) was seen. All 20 samples with MRD levels 0.5%-0.006% (median 0.04%) showed an abnormal cell cluster by bh-SNE, with concordant results between manual and automated quantitation (y = x, r2 = 1). CLL cases clustered together and away from mantle cell lymphoma by bh-SNE and PCA with outlier atypical phenotype CLL cases posing diagnostic challenges by both manual and automated analysis. CONCLUSION The 14-color CD5+ LPD assay provides a robust standardization platform for MRD and disease characterization using both manual and automated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Goshaw
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Service, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Service, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica Wardrope
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Service, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ahmet Dogan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Service, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mikhail Roshal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Hematopathology Service, New York, New York, USA
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22
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Magnano L, Navarro A, López-Guerra M, Clot G, Beà S, Bastidas G, Costa D, Rivero A, Garrote M, Giné E, Rozman M, Aymerich M, Colomer D, López-Guillermo A, Campo E, Villamor N, Matutes E. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and prolymphocytic leukaemia. Two coins or two sides of the same coin? Haematologica 2020; 105:e484. [PMID: 33054069 PMCID: PMC7556621 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.253062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Navarro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Guillem Clot
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva Giné
- Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Parikh SA, Meacham PJ, Zent CS, Evans AG. Multiple B cell malignancies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: epidemiology, pathology, and clinical implications. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:1037-1051. [PMID: 31928278 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1709830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) is associated with increased risk for certain cancers, but relatively little is known about the risk for these patients to develop additional B cell malignancies. Here, we review the available epidemiological data on multiple B cell malignancies in CLL, discuss diagnostic methods and proper pathologic evaluation to distinguish CLL from other B cell malignancies, and address clinical challenges and unmet needs in caring for CLL patients with unrelated B cell malignancies and disease transformation. Considerations include CLL patients with unrelated monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis, biclonal CLL, secondary B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and Richter syndrome - both clonally related transformation and de novo large B cell lymphoma. We address the challenges that remain in order to better understand the underlying risk factors and biology that may put CLL patients at increased risk of developing multiple B cell neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A Parikh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew G Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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24
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Kikushige Y. Pathophysiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and human B1 cell development. Int J Hematol 2019; 111:634-641. [PMID: 31797231 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most frequent type of leukemia in adults, is a lymphoproliferative disease characterized by the clonal expansion of mature CD5+ B cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and secondary lymphoid tissues. Over the past decade, substantial advances have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of CLL, including the identification of recurrent mutations, and clarification of clonal architectures, transcriptome analyses, and the multistep leukemogenic process. The biology of CLL is now better understood. The present review focuses on recent insights into CLL leukemogenesis, emphasizing the role of genetic lesions, and the multistep process initiating from very immature hematopoietic stem cells. Finally, we also review progress in the study of human B1 B cells, the putative normal counterparts of CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Gupta A, Gabbard A, Smith MD, Micale M, Boyanton BL, Huang J. Biclonal splenic marginal zone lymphoma with T cell-rich background and aggressive transformation to large cell lymphoma. J Hematop 2019; 12:91-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-019-00351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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26
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Criado I, Rodríguez-Caballero A, Gutiérrez ML, Pedreira CE, Alcoceba M, Nieto W, Teodosio C, Bárcena P, Romero A, Fernández-Navarro P, González M, Almeida J, Orfao A. Low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis persists after seven years of follow up and is associated with a poorer outcome. Haematologica 2018; 103:1198-1208. [PMID: 29567775 PMCID: PMC6029554 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.183954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis is defined by the presence of very low numbers of circulating clonal B cells, usually phenotypically similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, whose biological and clinical significance remains elusive. Herein, we re-evaluated 65/91 low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis cases (54 chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like and 11 non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like) followed-up for a median of seven years, using high-sensitivity flow cytometry and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Overall, the clone size significantly increased in 69% of low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis cases, but only one subject progressed to high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. In parallel, the frequency of cytogenetic alterations increased over time (32% vs. 61% of cases, respectively). The absolute number of the major T-cell and natural killer cell populations also increased, but only among chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like cases with increased clone size vs. age- and sex-matched controls. Although progression to chronic lymphocytic leukemia was not observed, the overall survival of low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis individuals was significantly reduced vs. non-monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis controls (P=0.03) plus the general population from the same region (P≤0.001), particularly among females (P=0.01); infection and cancer were the main causes of death in low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. In summary, despite the fact that mid-term progression from low-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to high-count monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia appears to be unlikely, these clones persist at increased numbers, usually carrying more genetic alterations, and might thus be a marker of an impaired immune system indirectly associated with a poorer outcome, particularly among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Criado
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Arancha Rodríguez-Caballero
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - M Laura Gutiérrez
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Carlos E Pedreira
- Systems and Computing Department (PESC), COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Miguel Alcoceba
- Hematology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBMCC, IBSAL, CIBERONC and Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Wendy Nieto
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Cristina Teodosio
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Paloma Bárcena
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Alfonso Romero
- Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud Miguel Armijo, Salamanca, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Spain
| | - Paulino Fernández-Navarro
- Centro de Atención Primaria de Salud de Ledesma, Salamanca, Sanidad de Castilla y León (SACYL), Spain
| | - Marcos González
- Hematology Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBMCC, IBSAL, CIBERONC and Department of Nursery and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julia Almeida
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC, USAL-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Spain
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Abstract
The chronic behavior of mature lymphoid malignancies, with relapses occurring years apart in many patients, has until recently been unexplained. Patterns of relapse also differ vastly between disease entities, with some being highly curable by chemotherapy whereas others are destined to reemerge after treatment. Lately, the use of next-generation sequencing techniques has revealed essential information on the clonal evolution of lymphoid malignancies. Also, experimental xenograft transplantation point to the possible existence of an ancestral (stem) cell. Such a malignant lymphoid stem cell population could potentially evade current therapies and be the cause of chronicity and death in lymphoma patients; however, the evidence is divergent across disease entities and between studies. In this review we present an overview of genetic studies, case reports, and experimental evidence of the source of mature lymphoid malignancy and discuss the perspectives.
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29
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Brazdilova K, Plevova K, Skuhrova Francova H, Kockova H, Borsky M, Bikos V, Malcikova J, Oltova A, Kotaskova J, Tichy B, Brychtova Y, Mayer J, Doubek M, Pospisilova S. Multiple productive IGH rearrangements denote oligoclonality even in immunophenotypically monoclonal CLL. Leukemia 2017; 32:234-236. [PMID: 28937682 PMCID: PMC5770588 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Brazdilova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - K Plevova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H Skuhrova Francova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - H Kockova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Borsky
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - V Bikos
- Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Malcikova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A Oltova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Kotaskova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Tichy
- Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Y Brychtova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Doubek
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S Pospisilova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Center of Molecular Medicine, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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30
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Rosenquist R, Ghia P, Hadzidimitriou A, Sutton LA, Agathangelidis A, Baliakas P, Darzentas N, Giudicelli V, Lefranc MP, Langerak AW, Belessi C, Davi F, Stamatopoulos K. Immunoglobulin gene sequence analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: updated ERIC recommendations. Leukemia 2017; 31:1477-81. [PMID: 28439111 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Díez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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32
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Wren D, Walker BA, Brüggemann M, Catherwood MA, Pott C, Stamatopoulos K, Langerak AW, Gonzalez D. Comprehensive translocation and clonality detection in lymphoproliferative disorders by next-generation sequencing. Haematologica 2016; 102:e57-e60. [PMID: 27846615 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.155424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dörte Wren
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Brian A Walker
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Monika Brüggemann
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Pott
- Second Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anton W Langerak
- Deptartment of Immunology, Laboratory for Medical Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Gonzalez
- The Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK .,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, UK
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33
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Mimmi S, Vecchio E, Iaccino E, Rossi M, Lupia A, Albano F, Chiurazzi F, Fiume G, Pisano A, Ceglia S, Pontoriero M, Golino G, Tassone P, Quinto I, Scala G, Palmieri C. Evidence of shared epitopic reactivity among independent B-cell clones in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leukemia 2016; 30:2419-2422. [PMID: 27568521 PMCID: PMC5155031 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - E Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - E Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Lupia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University 'Federico II' of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - S Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M Pontoriero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Golino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - P Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - I Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - G Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - C Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Mahdi T, Rajab A, Padmore R, Porwit A. Characteristics of Lymphoproliferative Disorders with More Than One Aberrant Cell Population as Detected by 10-Color Flow Cytometry. Cytometry 2016; 94:230-238. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talal Mahdi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; the Ottawa Hospital and Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association and University of Ottawa; ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Amr Rajab
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Ruth Padmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; the Ottawa Hospital and Eastern Ontario Regional Laboratory Association and University of Ottawa; ON Canada
| | - Anna Porwit
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Laboratory Medicine Program; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
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35
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Hernández-Sánchez M, Rodríguez-Vicente AE, Hernández JÁ, Lumbreras E, Sarasquete ME, Martín AÁ, Benito R, Vicente-Gutiérrez C, Robledo C, Heras NDL, Rodríguez JN, Alcoceba M, Coca AGD, Aguilar C, González M, Hernández-Rivas JM. MiRNA expression profile of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with 13q deletion. Leuk Res 2016; 46:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Porwit A, Fend F, Kremer M, Orazi A, Safali M, van der Walt J. Issues in diagnosis of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms involving the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Report on the Bone Marrow Workshop of the XVIIth meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology. Histopathology 2016; 69:349-73. [PMID: 27208429 DOI: 10.1111/his.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Small B cell lymphoid neoplasms are the most common lymphoproliferative disorders involving peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM). The Bone Marrow Workshop (BMW) organized by the European Bone Marrow Working Group (EBMWG) of the European Association for Haematopathology (EAHP) during the XVIIth EAHP Meeting in Istanbul, October 2014, was dedicated to discussion of cases illustrating how the recent advances in immunophenotyping, molecular techniques and cytogenetics provide better understanding and classification of these entities. Submitted cases were grouped into following categories: (i) cases illustrating diagnostic difficulties in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); (ii) cases of BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms other than CLL; (iii) transformation of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms in the BM; and (iv) multiclonality and composite lymphomas in the BM. This report summarizes presented cases and conclusions of the BMW and provides practical recommendations for classification of the BM manifestations of small B cell lymphoid neoplasms based on the current state of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porwit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Previous address: Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Kremer
- Institute of Pathology, Staedtisches Klinikum, München, Germany
| | - Attilio Orazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jon van der Walt
- Department of Histopathology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
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Kriangkum J, Motz SN, Mack T, Beiggi S, Baigorri E, Kuppusamy H, Belch AR, Johnston JB, Pilarski LM. Single-Cell Analysis and Next-Generation Immuno-Sequencing Show That Multiple Clones Persist in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137232. [PMID: 26353109 PMCID: PMC4564241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) provides a unique molecular signature; however, we demonstrate that 26/198 CLL patients (13%) had more than one IGH rearrangement, indicating the power of molecular technology over phenotypic analysis. Single-cell PCR analysis and next-generation immuno-sequencing identified IGH-defined clones. In 23% (18/79) of cases whose clones carried unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes (U-CLL), IGH rearrangements were bialleic with one productive (P) and one non-productive (NP) allele. Two U-CLL were biclonal, each clone being monoallelic (P). In 119 IGHV-mutated (M-CLL) cases, one had biallelic rearrangements in their CLL (P/NP) and five had 2–4 distinct clones. Allelic exclusion was maintained in all B-clones analyzed. Based on single-cell PCR analysis, 5/11 partner clones (45%) reached levels of >5x109 cells/L, suggesting second CLL clones. Partner clones persisted over years. Conventional IGH characterization and next-generation sequencing of 13 CLL, 3 multiple myeloma, 2 Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and 3 age-matched healthy donors consistently identified the same rearranged IGH sequences. Most multiple clones occurred in M-CLL, perhaps indicative of weak clonal dominance, thereby associating with a good prognosis. In contrast, biallelic CLL occurred primarily in U-CLL thus being associated with poor prognosis. Extending beyond intra-clonal diversity, molecular analysis of clonal evolution and apparent subclones in CLL may also reflect inter-clonal diversity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Single-Cell Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitra Kriangkum
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sarah N. Motz
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Tanner Mack
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sara Beiggi
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Eva Baigorri
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hemalatha Kuppusamy
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Belch
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Linda M. Pilarski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Strati P, Shanafelt TD. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis, natural history, and risk stratification. Blood 2015; 126:454-62. [PMID: 26065657 PMCID: PMC4624440 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-585059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal B lymphocytosis (MBL) is defined as the presence of a clonal B-cell population in the peripheral blood with fewer than 5 × 10(9)/L B-cells and no other signs of a lymphoproliferative disorder. The majority of cases of MBL have the immunophenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). MBL can be categorized as either low count or high count based on whether the B-cell count is above or below 0.5 × 10(9)/L. Low-count MBL can be detected in ∼5% of adults over the age of 40 years when assessed using standard-sensitivity flow cytometry assays. A number of biological and genetic characteristics distinguish low-count from high-count MBL. Whereas low-count MBL rarely progresses to CLL, high-count MBL progresses to CLL requiring therapy at a rate of 1% to 2% per year. High-count MBL is distinguished from Rai 0 CLL based on whether the B-cell count is above or below 5 × 10(9)/L. Although individuals with both high-count MBL and CLL Rai stage 0 are at increased risk of infections and second cancers, the risk of progression requiring treatment and the potential to shorten life expectancy are greater for CLL. This review highlights challenging questions regarding the classification, risk stratification, management, and supportive care of patients with MBL and CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Strati
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rochester, MN
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rochester, MN
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Kikushige Y, Miyamoto T. Pre-malignant lymphoid cells arise from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:528-35. [PMID: 25644149 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies progress through a multistep process that includes the development of critical somatic mutations over the clinical course. Recent novel findings have indicated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the potential to self-renew and differentiate into multilineage hematopoietic cells, are an important cellular target for the accumulation of critical somatic mutations in hematological malignancies and play a central role in myeloid malignancy development. In contrast to myeloid malignancies, mature lymphoid malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), are thought to originate directly from differentiated mature lymphocytes; however, recent compelling data have shown that primitive HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells contribute to the pathogenesis of mature lymphoid malignancies. Several representative mutations of hematological malignancies have been identified within the HSCs of CLL and lymphoma patients, indicating that the self-renewing long-lived fraction of HSCs can serve as a reservoir for the development of oncogenic events. Novel mice models have been established as human mature lymphoma models, in which specific oncogenic events target the HSCs and immature progenitor cells. These data collectively suggest that HSCs can be the cellular target involved in the accumulation of oncogenic events in the pathogenesis of mature lymphoid and myeloid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is by far the most common mature B-cell leukemia in Western countries. Some patients with CLL present with manifestations of extra medullary disease. We report a case of biclonal CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma in an elderly patient who initially presented with skin lesions, no other systemic symptoms, and normal white cell count. Skin biopsy revealed concurrence of basal cell carcinoma and a nodular dermal infiltrate with immunophenotype consistent with CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Polymerase chain reaction assay for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement revealed the presence of 2 distinct B-cell clones in the peripheral blood. The clinicopathological characterization of this case is presented here.
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41
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Kikushige Y, Miyamoto T. Hematopoietic stem cell aging and chronic lymphocytic leukemia pathogenesis. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:335-40. [PMID: 25100497 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human malignancies develop through the multistep acquisition of critical somatic mutations during the clinical course. Regarding hematological malignancies, recent novel findings have indicated that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have the potential to self-renew and differentiate into multilineage hematopoietic cells, are an important cellular target for the accumulation of critical somatic mutations and play a central role in myeloid malignancy development. In contrast to myeloid malignancies, mature lymphoid malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), are considered to directly originate from differentiated mature lymphocytes; however, we previously reported that the propensity to generate clonal B cells had already been acquired at the HSC stage in CLL patients. Similarly, HSC involvement has been reported in the pathogenesis of mature T cell lymphomas. These studies indicate that, in mature lymphoid, if not all, malignancies, HSCs should be considered as the critical cellular target in the oncogenic process. The prevalence of these hematological malignancies dramatically increases with age, and the effect of aging HSCs should thus be taken into account when investigating the stepwise malignant transformation process of these age-associated malignancies.
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Bashford-Rogers RJM, Palser AL, Idris SF, Carter L, Epstein M, Callard RE, Douek DC, Vassiliou GS, Follows GA, Hubank M, Kellam P. Capturing needles in haystacks: a comparison of B-cell receptor sequencing methods. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:29. [PMID: 25189176 PMCID: PMC4243823 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deep-sequencing methods are rapidly developing in the field of B-cell receptor (BCR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. These promise to revolutionise our understanding of adaptive immune dynamics, identify novel antibodies, and allow monitoring of minimal residual disease. However, different methods for BCR and TCR enrichment and amplification have been proposed. Here we perform the first systematic comparison between different methods of enrichment, amplification and sequencing for generating BCR and TCR repertoires using large sample numbers. Results Resampling from the same RNA or cDNA pool results in highly correlated and reproducible repertoires, but resampling low frequency clones leads to stochastic variance. Repertoires generated by different sequencing methods (454 Roche and Illumina MiSeq) and amplification methods (multiplex PCR, 5’ Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5’RACE), and RNA-capture) are highly correlated, and resulting IgHV gene frequencies between the different methods were not significantly different. Read length has an impact on captured repertoire structure, and ultimately full-length BCR sequences are most informative for repertoire analysis as diversity outside of the CDR is very useful for phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, we show RNA-based BCR repertoires are more informative than using DNA. Conclusions Repertoires generated by different sequencing and amplification methods are consistent, but we show that read lengths, depths and error profiles should be considered in experimental design, and multiple sampling approaches could be employed to minimise stochastic sampling variation. This detailed investigation of immune repertoire sequencing methods is essential for informing basic and clinical research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-014-0029-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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43
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Gazzola A, Mannu C, Rossi M, Laginestra MA, Sapienza MR, Fuligni F, Etebari M, Melle F, Sabattini E, Agostinelli C, Bacci F, Sagramoso Sacchetti CA, Pileri SA, Piccaluga PP. The evolution of clonality testing in the diagnosis and monitoring of hematological malignancies. Ther Adv Hematol 2014; 5:35-47. [PMID: 24688753 PMCID: PMC3949299 DOI: 10.1177/2040620713519729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, distinguishing between benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations is based on a combination of clinical characteristics, cyto/histomorphology, immunophenotype and the identification of well-defined chromosomal aberrations. However, such diagnoses remain challenging in 10-15% of cases of lymphoproliferative disorders, and clonality assessments are often required to confirm diagnostic suspicions. In recent years, the development of new techniques for clonality detection has allowed researchers to better characterize, classify and monitor hematological neoplasms. In the past, clonality was primarily studied by performing Southern blotting analyses to characterize rearrangements in segments of the IG and TCR genes. Currently, the most commonly used method in the clinical molecular diagnostic laboratory is polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is an extremely sensitive technique for detecting nucleic acids. This technique is rapid, accurate, specific, and sensitive, and it can be used to analyze small biopsies as well as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. These advantages make PCR-based approaches the current gold standard for IG/TCR clonality testing. Since the completion of the first human genome sequence, there has been a rapid development of technologies to facilitate high-throughput sequencing of DNA. These techniques have been applied to the deep characterization and classification of various diseases, patient stratification, and the monitoring of minimal residual disease. Furthermore, these novel approaches have the potential to significantly improve the sensitivity and cost of clonality assays and post-treatment monitoring of B- and T-cell malignancies. However, more studies will be required to demonstrate the utility, sensitivity, and benefits of these methods in order to warrant their adoption into clinical practice. In this review, recent developments in clonality testing are examined with an emphasis on highly sensitive systems for improving diagnostic workups and minimal residual disease assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gazzola
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Mannu
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maura Rossi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Laginestra
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Sapienza
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Melle
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Sabattini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Bacci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Sagramoso Sacchetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Aldo Pileri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University Medical School, Unit of Hematopathology, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Hernández-Sánchez M, Rodríguez AE, Kohlmann A, Benito R, García JL, Risueño A, Fermiñán E, De Las Rivas J, González M, Hernández-Rivas JM. TET2 overexpression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is unrelated to the presence of TET2 variations. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:814294. [PMID: 24693539 DOI: 10.1155/2014/814294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TET2 is involved in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies, mainly in myeloid malignancies. Most mutations of TET2 have been identified in myeloid disorders, but some have also recently been described in mature lymphoid neoplasms. In contrast to the large amount of data about mutations of TET2, some data are available for gene expression. Moreover, the role of TET2 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is unknown. This study analyzes both TET2 expression and mutations in 48 CLL patients. TET2 expression was analyzed by exon arrays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was applied to investigate the presence of TET2 variations. Overexpression of TET2 was observed in B-cell lymphocytes from CLL patients compared with healthy donors (P = 0.004). In addition, in CLL patients, an overexpression of TET2 was also observed in the clonal B cells compared with the nontumoral cells (P = 0.002). However, no novel mutations were observed. Therefore, overexpression of TET2 in CLL seems to be unrelated to the presence of genomic TET2 variations.
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45
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Henriques A, Rodríguez-Caballero A, Criado I, Langerak AW, Nieto WG, Lécrevisse Q, González M, Cortesão E, Paiva A, Almeida J, Orfao A. Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of expanded B-cell clones from multiclonal versus monoclonal B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Haematologica 2014; 99:897-907. [PMID: 24488564 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.098913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic antigen-stimulation has been recurrently involved in the earlier stages of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. The expansion of two or more B-cell clones has frequently been reported in individuals with these conditions; potentially, such coexisting clones have a greater probability of interaction with common immunological determinants. Here, we analyzed the B-cell receptor repertoire and molecular profile, as well as the phenotypic, cytogenetic and hematologic features, of 228 chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like and non-chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like clones comparing multiclonal (n=85 clones from 41 cases) versus monoclonal (n=143 clones) monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. The B-cell receptor of B-cell clones from multiclonal cases showed a slightly higher degree of HCDR3 homology than B-cell clones from mono clonal cases, in association with unique hematologic (e.g. lower B-lymphocyte counts) and cytogenetic (e.g. lower frequency of cytogenetically altered clones) features usually related to earlier stages of the disease. Moreover, a subgroup of coexisting B-cell clones from individual multiclonal cases which were found to be phylogenetically related showed unique molecular and cytogenetic features: they more frequently shared IGHV3 gene usage, shorter HCDR3 sequences with a greater proportion of IGHV mutations and del(13q14.3), than other unrelated B-cell clones. These results would support the antigen-driven nature of such multiclonal B-cell expansions, with potential involvement of multiple antigens/epitopes.
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46
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Kern W, Bacher U, Schnittger S, Dicker F, Alpermann T, Haferlach T, Haferlach C. Flow cytometric identification of 76 patients with biclonal disease among 5523 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and its genetic characterization. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:565-9. [PMID: 24236747 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) identifies rare cases of biclonal disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). By MFC, we identified 76 patients with biclonal disease in a cohort of 5523 CLL patients (1·4%). Fluorescence in situ hybridization and chromosome banding analysis revealed five and six cases, respectively, with two different cytogenetic aberrations due to clonal evolution. Two different B-cell receptor rearrangements and IGHV subtypes were more frequent in biclonal than in monoclonal CLL by MFC (37·1% vs. 2·7%; P < 0·001). Patients with biclonal CLL by MFC showed a trend to a shorter time to treatment than monoclonal CLL (P = 0·080).
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47
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Perković S, Bašić-Kinda S, Aurer I, Ugrina I, Duletić-Načinović A, Lozić D, Batinić D. Multiparameter flow cytometry is necessary for detection, characterization and diagnostics of composite mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms. Int J Hematol 2013; 98:589-96. [PMID: 24061774 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-013-1432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Composite mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms are rare entities characterized by the simultaneous presence of two or more distinctive B-cell derived monoclonal malignancies. This retrospective study used multiparametric flow cytometric analysis aimed at immunophenotypic profiling of composite mature B-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms in a cohort of 413 subsequent patients with de novo leukemic B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders diagnosed in our institution during a 30-month period. Biclonality was found in 16 (3.9 %) patients. The vast majority (88 %) of the cases had one of the clones phenotypically corresponding to chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Only when composite cases were categorized by phenotype of the non-CLL/SLL malignant population did we find a statistically significant (P = 0.001) higher frequency of biclonality among cases with hairy cell leukemia (22 %). Biclonal cases had the overall B-cell membrane κ to λ ratio within the normal range (median, 1.9; reference interval 0.5-4.0), making recognition of malignancy somewhat challenging. Our analysis strategy was therefore based on the detection of aberrant B-cell phenotypes, with subsequent confirmation of the monoclonal nature of neoplastic clones with regards to light chain restriction analysis. Discrimination of the coexisting clones in biclonal cases was possible on the basis of the expression of other antigen(s) (63 %), light scatter properties (44 %), different surface light chain restriction (69 %) and/or pattern of expression (44 %). The most informative cell surface antigens proved to be CD22, CD20, surface IgM, and CD23. In conclusion, historic κ/λ ratio is not a reliable approach and is a poor measurement for the detection of composite lymphomas. More creative analysis techniques should be utilized for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Perković
- Clinical Unit for Cellular Immunodiagnostics and In Vitro Procedures, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia,
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48
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Plevova K, Francova HS, Burckova K, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Pavlova S, Malcikova J, Mayer J, Tichy B, Pospisilova S. Multiple productive immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are mostly derived from independent clones. Haematologica 2013; 99:329-38. [PMID: 24038023 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.087593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, usually a monoclonal disease, multiple productive immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements are identified sporadically. Prognostication of such cases based on immunoglobulin heavy variable gene mutational status can be problematic, especially if the different rearrangements have discordant mutational status. To gain insight into the possible biological mechanisms underlying the origin of the multiple rearrangements, we performed a comprehensive immunogenetic and immunophenotypic characterization of 31 cases with the multiple rearrangements identified in a cohort of 1147 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For the majority of cases (25/31), we provide evidence of the co-existence of at least two B lymphocyte clones with a chronic lymphocytic leukemia phenotype. We also identified clonal drifts in serial samples, likely driven by selection forces. More specifically, higher immunoglobulin variable gene identity to germline and longer complementarity determining region 3 were preferred in persistent or newly appearing clones, a phenomenon more pronounced in patients with stereotyped B-cell receptors. Finally, we report that other factors, such as TP53 gene defects and therapy administration, influence clonal selection. Our findings are relevant to clonal evolution in the context of antigen stimulation and transition of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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49
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Liptrot S, O' Brien D, Langabeer SE, Quinn F, Mackarel AJ, Elder P, Vandenberghe E, Hayden PJ. An immunophenotypic and molecular diagnosis of composite hairy cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Med Oncol 2013; 30:692. [PMID: 23979856 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) are distinct clinicopathological B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPD). Both diseases have characteristic immunophenotypic and molecular features. The co-existence of two B-CLPD is perhaps more common than previously thought but a composite HCL and CLL has been rarely documented. A case is reported in which the morphology, integrated with an extensive immunophenotyping panel, and incorporation of the recently described HCL-associated BRAF V600E mutation, enabled the prompt diagnosis of composite HCL and CLL thus allowing appropriate treatment selection. This case serves to highlight the benefit of a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of bi-clonal B-CLPD.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping/methods
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/diagnosis
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pathology, Molecular/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Liptrot
- Department of Haematology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland,
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Bashford-Rogers RJ, Palser AL, Huntly BJ, Rance R, Vassiliou GS, Follows GA, Kellam P. Network properties derived from deep sequencing of human B-cell receptor repertoires delineate B-cell populations. Genome Res 2013; 23:1874-84. [PMID: 23742949 DOI: 10.1101/gr.154815.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response selectively expands B- and T-cell clones following antigen recognition by B- and T-cell receptors (BCR and TCR), respectively. Next-generation sequencing is a powerful tool for dissecting the BCR and TCR populations at high resolution, but robust computational analyses are required to interpret such sequencing. Here, we develop a novel computational approach for BCR repertoire analysis using established next-generation sequencing methods coupled with network construction and population analysis. BCR sequences organize into networks based on sequence diversity, with differences in network connectivity clearly distinguishing between diverse repertoires of healthy individuals and clonally expanded repertoires from individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other clonal blood disorders. Network population measures defined by the Gini Index and cluster sizes quantify the BCR clonality status and are robust to sampling and sequencing depths. BCR network analysis therefore allows the direct and quantifiable comparison of BCR repertoires between samples and intra-individual population changes between temporal or spatially separated samples and over the course of therapy.
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