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Zhao Y, Chen W, Liu Y, Li H, Chi J, Chang Q, Shen L, Yan R, Li J, Yin X, Fu Y. Promoting plaque stability by gene silencing of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 or overexpression of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in ApoE-/- mice. J Drug Target 2021; 29:669-675. [PMID: 33472448 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1878363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines may promote the formation and instability of atherosclerotic plaque, which is the most common cause of acute coronary syndrome. The aim of this study was to clarify the function of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) in the stability of atherosclerotic plaque, to determine the role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the development and stability of atherosclerotic plaques, and to further elucidate the anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of TFPI with the emphasis on chemokine MCP-3. We constructed an adenovirus-mediated shRNA against mouse MCP-3 (Ad-MCP-3-shRNA) and an adenovirus-containing TFPI (Ad-TFPI), and tranferred them in a model of vulnerable plaque in ApoE-/- mice respectively. Here, we reported that MCP-3-shRNA and TFPI could both reduce the plaque area and decrease the content of lipids and macrophages, on the contrary, the fibrous cap thickness and content of collagen and smooth muscle cells were increased. In addition, the expression of MCP-3 and CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) was decreased by TFPI transfer. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that MCP-3 is a major contributor to the unstability of atherosclerotic plaque and TFPI may exert its anti-atherosclerotic effects and promote stabilisation of plaque at least partly through inhibiting MCP-3/CCR2 pathway, which may be a new therapeutic method for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Hospital in Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Jinyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Runan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiashu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinhua Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Ten Cate H, Guzik TJ, Eikelboom J, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic actions of factor Xa inhibition in cardiovascular prevention: mechanistic insights and implications for anti-thrombotic treatment. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:2030-2044. [PMID: 32931586 PMCID: PMC8318102 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which atherothrombotic complications lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. At advanced stages, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and peripheral artery disease, including major adverse limb events, are caused either by acute occlusive atherothrombosis or by thromboembolism. Endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell activation, and vascular inflammation are essential in the development of acute cardiovascular events. Effects of the coagulation system on vascular biology extend beyond thrombosis. Under physiological conditions, coagulation proteases in blood are pivotal in maintaining haemostasis and vascular integrity. Under pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, the same coagulation proteases (including factor Xa, factor VIIa, and thrombin) become drivers of atherothrombosis, working in concert with platelets and vessel wall components. While initially atherothrombosis was attributed primarily to platelets, recent advances indicate the critical role of fibrin clot and plasma coagulation factors. Mechanisms of atherothrombosis and hypercoagulability vary depending on plaque erosion or plaque rupture. In addition to contributing to thrombus formation, factor Xa and thrombin can affect endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, vascular smooth muscle cell function as well as immune cell activation and vascular inflammation. By these mechanisms, they promote atherosclerosis and contribute to plaque instability. In this review, we first discuss the postulated vasoprotective mechanisms of protease-activated receptor signalling induced by coagulation enzymes under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss preclinical studies linking coagulation with endothelial cell dysfunction, thromboinflammation, and atherogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the introduction of novel strategies in cardiovascular prevention and therapy. We therefore translate these findings to clinical studies of direct oral anticoagulant drugs and discuss the potential relevance of dual pathway inhibition for atherothrombosis prevention and vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ten Cate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - John Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital and McMaster University, Hamilton, L8L 2x2, ON, Canada
| | - Henri M H Spronk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Thrombosis Expertise Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Yuan HQ, Hao YM, Ren Z, Gu HF, Liu FT, Yan BJ, Qu SL, Tang ZH, Liu LS, Chen DX, Jiang ZS. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:97-102. [PMID: 30695687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) reduces the development of atherosclerosis by regulating tissue factor (TF) mediated coagulation pathway. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the inhibitory effects of TFPI on endothelial cell activation, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, inflammatory cell recruitment and extracellular matrix which are associated with the development of atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, we are also concerned about the impact of TFPI levels and genetic polymorphisms on clinical atherogenesis. This article aims to explain the mechanism in inhibiting the development of atherosclerosis and clinical effects of TFPI, and provide new ideas for the clinical researches and mechanism studies of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Qin Yuan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Ya-Meng Hao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Hong-Feng Gu
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Feng-Tao Liu
- Center of Functional Laboratory, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 42100, PR China
| | - Bin-Jie Yan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Han Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
| | - Da-Xing Chen
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China.
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Yeh YH, Chang SH, Chen SY, Wen CJ, Wei FC, Tang R, Achilefu S, Wun TC, Chen WJ. Bolus injections of novel thrombogenic site-targeted fusion proteins comprising annexin-V and Kunitz protease inhibitors attenuate intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240:339-346. [PMID: 28433556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic administrations of conventional antithrombotics reduce neointima formation after angioplasty in experimental animals. However, clinical translation of these results has not been successful due to high risk for bleeding. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether novel annexin-V (ANV)-Kunitz protease inhibitor fusion proteins, TAP-ANV and ANV-6L15, can specifically target to vascular injury site and limit neointima formation without inducing systemic hypo-coagulation in a rat carotid artery balloon angioplasty injury model. METHODS Near infrared imaging was carried out after balloon-injury and injection of fluorescent ANV or ANV-6L15 to examine their bio-distributions. For peri-procedure treatment, TAP-ANV or ANV-6L15 was administered as i.v. boluses 3 times: 30-minutes before balloon-injury, immediate after procedure, and 120-minutes post-balloon-injury. For extended treatment, additional i.v. bolus injection was given on day-2, day-3 and every other day thereafter. Carotid arteries were collected on day-7 and day-14 for analysis. Blood was collected for measurement of clotting parameters. RESULTS Near infrared imaging and immunochemistry showed that fluorescent ANV and ANV-6L15 specifically localized to injured carotid artery and significant amount of ANV-6L15 remained bound to the injured artery after 24-h. Peri-procedure injections of TAP-ANV or ANV-6L15 resulted in decrease of intima/media ratio by 56%. Extended injections of both yielded similar results. Both decreased the expression of PCNA on day-7 and increased the expression calponin on day-14 in the intima post-balloon-injury. CONCLUSIONS TAP-ANV and ANV-6L15 can specifically localize to balloon injured carotid arteries after i.v. bolus injections, resulting in substantial attenuation of intimal hyperplasia without inducing a state of systemic hypo-coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Wen
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang-Gung Medical Foundation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chan Wei
- College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang-Gung Medical Foundation, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Center for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sam Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tze-Chein Wun
- EVAS Therapeutics, LLC, 613 Huntley Heights Drive, Ballwin, MO 63021, USA
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Cardiovascular Division, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Li Y. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts prevent hyperglycemia-induced monocyte adhesion to aortic endothelial cells and ameliorates vascular inflammation in high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:524-34. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2016.1154020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene transfer prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1246-57. [PMID: 26302185 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation substantially contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. The importance of inflammation in VSMC proliferation is now being recognized. Preventing the inflammatory response is one therapeutic strategy that can be used to inhibit atherosclerosis in the clinic. The present study, using RNA interference and gene transfer techniques, was conducted to investigate the effect of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) on VSMC proliferation that is a result of TNF-α stimulation, and whether overexpression of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene could prevent VSMC proliferation by blocking the MCP-3/CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway. Mouse VSMCs were infected in vitro with recombinant adenoviruses containing either mouse MCP-3-shRNA (Ad-MCP-3-shRNA), the TFPI gene (Ad-TFPI), or the negative control, which was shRNA encoding the sequence for EGFP (Ad-EGFP) or DMEM only. The cells were then stimulated with TNF-α for different time periods on the third day after gene transfer. The data show that VSMC proliferation in the Ad-MCP-3-shRNA and Ad-TFPI groups was markedly decreased using BrdU ELISA and MTT assays; MCP-3-shRNA and TFPI inhibited the expression of MCP-3 and CCR2 after long-term stimulation and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT after short-term stimulation, as shown by ELISA and western blot analysis. This study provides convincing evidence that clarifies the effect of the proinflammatory factor MCP-3 in promoting VSMC proliferation. Our data also show, for the first time, that TFPI has an anti-proliferative role in TNF-α stimulated-VSMCs at least partly by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway and then via suppression of the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. We conclude that TFPI gene transfer may be a safe and effective therapeutic tool for treating atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia.
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Wang J, Xiao J, Wen D, Wu X, Mao Z, Zhang J, Ma D. Endothelial cell-anchored tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulates tumor metastasis to the lung in mice. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:882-96. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Jiajun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Danping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Xie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zuohua Mao
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University; Shanghai China
- Children's Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Lv L, Meng Q, Ye M, Wang P, Xue G. STAT4 deficiency protects against neointima formation following arterial injury in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:284-94. [PMID: 24933129 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) has been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Intriguingly, we previously reported that STAT4 might play a critical role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The present study therefore investigated the impact of STAT4 on VSMC migration, apoptosis and neointimal hyperplasia postinjury, as well as the underlying mechanisms. Guide-wire injury was associated with development of intimal neointima, STAT4 and phosphorylated STAT4 (p-STAT4) expressions were apparently up-regulated in the injured arteries. Neointima was greatly blocked in STAT4 knockout (KO) mice compared with wild type (WT) mice. A marked loss of inflammatory cells was identified in the vasculature postinjury in STAT4 KO mice. VSMC apoptosis was enhanced in the vasculature postinjury in STAT4 KO mice compared with WT mice. Cultured primary STAT4 KO VSMCs displayed reduced migration in comparison with WT controls. Mechanically, the deletion of STAT4 potently decreased the level of MCP-1, and its downstream targets MMP1 and MMP2. The effect of STAT4 on VSMC apoptosis was mainly mediated by the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as manifested by increased cytochrome c release and the activation of caspase-3. STAT4 therefore represents a promising molecular target to limit restenosis after artery intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Qiurong Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
| | - Guanhua Xue
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Breitenstein A, Akhmedov A, Camici GG, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC. p27(Kip1) inhibits tissue factor expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:559-63. [PMID: 24021283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p27(Kip1) regulates cell proliferation and thus inhibits atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling. Expression of tissue factor (TF), the key initator of the coagulation cascade, is associated with atherosclerosis. Yet, it has not been studied whether p27(Kip1) influences the expression of TF. METHODS AND RESULTS p27(Kip1) overexpression in human aortic endothelial cells was achieved by adenoviral transfection. Cells were rendered quiescent for 24h in 0.5% fetal-calf serum. After stimulation with TNF-α (5 ng/ml), TF protein expression and activity was significantly reduced (n=4; P<0.001) in cells transfected with p27(Kip1). In line with this, p27(Kip1) overexpression reduced cytokine-induced TF mRNA expression (n=4; P<0.01) and TF promotor activity (n=4; P<0.05). In contrast, activation of the MAP kinases p38, ERK and JNK was not affected by p27(Kip1) overexpression. CONCLUSION This in vitro study suggests that p27(Kip1) inhibits TF expression at the transcriptional level. These data indicate an interaction between p27(Kip1) and TF in important pathological alterations such as atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Breitenstein
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZHIP), University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Winckers K, ten Cate H, Hackeng TM. The role of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis. Blood Rev 2013; 27:119-32. [PMID: 23631910 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is the main inhibitor of tissue factor (TF)-mediated coagulation. In atherosclerotic plaques TFPI co-localizes with TF, where it is believed to play an important role in attenuating TF activity. Findings in animal models such as TFPI knockout models and gene transfer models are consistent on the role of TFPI in arterial thrombosis as they reveal an active role for TFPI in attenuating arterial thrombus formation. In addition, ample experimental evidence exists indicating that TFPI has inhibitory effects on both smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, both which are recognized as important pathological features in atherosclerosis development. Nonetheless, the clinical relevance of these antithrombotic and atheroprotective effects remains unclear. Paradoxically, the majority of clinical studies find increased instead of decreased TFPI antigen and activity levels in atherothrombotic disease, particularly in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Increased TFPI levels in cardiovascular disease might result from complex interactions with established cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and smoking. Moreover, it is postulated that increased TFPI levels reflect either the amount of endothelial perturbation and platelet activation, or a compensatory mechanism for the increased procoagulant state observed in cardiovascular disease. In all, the prognostic value of plasma TFPI in cardiovascular disease remains to be established. The current review focuses on TFPI in clinical studies of asymptomatic and symptomatic atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke, and discusses potential atheroprotective actions of TFPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Winckers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Zhao Y, Fu Y, Hu J, Liu Y, Yin X. The effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor on the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 and IκB-α stimulated by tumour necrosis factor-α in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 106:4-11. [PMID: 23374966 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the importance of inflammation in restenosis has been recognized gradually. When vascular injury occurs, NF-κB, which controls transcription of many inflammatory genes in restenosis (such as monocyte chemotactic protein-3 [MCP-3]), is activated by IκB degradation, leaving the NF-κB dimer-free to translocate to the nucleus to activate specific target genes. AIMS To investigate the effect of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on MCP-3 expression and IκB-α degradation stimulated by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), thus further elucidating the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of TFPI on restenosis. METHODS Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or human recombinant adenoviruses expressing TFPI or bacterial β-galactosidase (LacZ) were used to infect rat aortic VSMCs in vitro. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect exogenous TFPI expression and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used to detect MCP-3 expression after TNF-α stimulation in transfected cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to examine IκB-α expression. RESULTS TFPI protein was detected in the TFPI group after gene transfer. The cells were stimulated with TNF-α for 6 hours on the third day after gene transfer. MCP-3 messenger ribonucleic acid expression was lower in the TFPI group than in the LacZ group (P<0.05) and IκB-α degradation was lower in the TFPI group than in the LacZ group in the cytoplasm (P<0.05). CONCLUSION TFPI inhibited MCP-3 expression induced by TNF-α; this effect may be propagated through the NF-κB pathway. TFPI gene transfer may be a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting restenosis in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Plays an Important Role in the Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Neointimal Hyperplasia after Vascular Injury. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:970525. [PMID: 22966226 PMCID: PMC3395272 DOI: 10.1155/2012/970525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. It modulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines in vitro. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PPARα would decrease the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tissue factor, and inhibit neointimal formation in a murine double carotid artery injury model. Carotid artery injury was performed in the PPARα knockout and wild type (WT) mice, treated and untreated with Wy14643, a PPARα activator. Up-regulated MCP-1 and TF expression and more neointimal formation were observed in the PPARα−/− mice compared with WT mice. The activation of PPARα resulted in further decreased neointimal formation. Our data further suggest that the decrease in neointimal formation is due to down-regulation of MCP-1 by PPARα resulting in decreased leukocyte infiltration and TF expression.
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Fu Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chi J, Hu J, Zhang X, Yin X. Adenovirus-mediated tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene transfer induces apoptosis by blocking the phosphorylation of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1909-17. [PMID: 22709828 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our previous study, we have demonstrated that tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene could induce vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate whether the overexpression of the TFPI gene can induce VSMC apoptosis by inhibiting JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway phosphorylation and thereby inhibiting the expression of such downstream targets as the apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and cell cycle protein cyclin D1. The effect of TFPI on the expression of survivin, a central molecule in cell survival, was also investigated. METHODS Rat VSMCs were infected with recombinant adenovirus containing either the TFPI (Ad-TFPI) or LacZ (Ad-LacZ) gene or DMEM in vitro. TFPI expression was detected by ELISA. TUNEL staining and electron microscope were carried out to determine the apoptosis of VSMCs. The expression levels of JAK-2, p-JAK-2, STAT-3, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and survivin were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS TFPI protein was detected in the TFPI group after gene transfer and the peak expression was at the 3rd day. At the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer, the apoptotic rates by TUNEL assay in the TFPI group were 10.91 ± 1.66%, 13.46 ± 1.28% and 17.04 ± 1.95%, respectively, whereas those in the LacZ group were 3.28 ± 0.89%, 4.01 ± 0.72% and 4.89 ± 1.17%, respectively. We observed cell contraction, slight mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pyknosis and apoptotic body formation in TFPI-treated VSMCs using electron microscopy. JAK-2, p-JAK-2, STAT-3, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, which are all involved in the JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway, were detected in the VSMCs on the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer, which is consistent with previously demonstrated time points when VSMCs apoptosis occurred. The expression levels of p-JAK-2, p-STAT-3, cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 were significantly decreased over time in the TFPI group (each P<0.05) but not in the Ad-LacZ and DMEM groups. However, this attenuation of expression was not observed for JAK-2 and STAT-3 in any of the groups at any time points after gene transfer (each P>0.05). The expression level of survivin in the TFPI group also weakened significantly over time compared with the levels in the Ad-LacZ and DMEM groups (each P<0.05) at the 3rd, 5th and 7th days after gene transfer. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that TFPI played an apoptosis-inducing role in VSMCs in a manner that involves both the suppression of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway phosphorylation and the down-regulation of survivin. Our data show for the first time that targeting the JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway and survivin by overexpressing TFPI may be a new avenue for the treatment of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China.
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Song Z, Jin R, Yu S, Nanda A, Granger DN, Li G. Crucial role of CD40 signaling in vascular wall cells in neointimal formation and vascular remodeling after vascular interventions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:50-64. [PMID: 21998133 PMCID: PMC3241889 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.238329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been shown that CD40-TRAF6 axis in leukocytes plays a significant role in neointimal formation after carotid ligation. Because CD40 and TRAF6 are expressed not only in leukocytes but also in vascular cells, we examined the role of CD40 contributed by vascular wall cells in neointimal formation after carotid ligation in an atherogenic environment. METHODS AND RESULTS Both CD40 and TRAF6 in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) was upregulated significantly at 3 days and more prominently at 7 days after injury in wildtype mice, but the TRAF6 upregulation was abolished in CD40(-/-) mice. In vitro, TRAF6 expression was induced by cytokines (tumor necrosis factor -α, interleukin-1β) via a NF-κB-dependent manner in wildtype SMCs, but this induction was blocked in CD40-deficient SMCs. Bone marrow chimeras revealed a comparable reduction in neointimal formation and lumen stenosis in mice lacking either vascular wall- or bone marrow-associated CD40. Lacking vascular wall-associated CD40 resulted in a significant reduction in monocyte/macrophage accumulation, NF-κB activation, and multiple proinflammatory mediators (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, MMP-9, tissue factor). In vitro data confirmed that CD40 deficiency or TRAF6 knockdown suppressed CD40L-induced proinflammatory phenotype of SMCs by inhibition of NF-κB activation. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro data showed that CD40 deficiency prevented injury-induced SMC apoptosis but did not affect SMC proliferation and migration. CONCLUSIONS CD40 signaling through TRAF6 in vascular SMCs seems to be centrally involved in neointimal formation in a NF-κB-dependent manner. Modulating CD40 signaling on local vascular wall may become a new therapeutic target against vascular restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Arderiu G, Peña E, Aledo R, Juan-Babot O, Badimon L. Tissue Factor Regulates Microvessel Formation and Stabilization by Induction of Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 Expression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2607-15. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.233536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Tissue factor (TF) triggers arterial thrombosis. TF is also able to initiate cellular signaling mechanisms leading to angiogenesis. Because high cardiovascular risk atherosclerotic plaques show significant angiogenesis, our objective was to investigate whether TF is able to trigger and stabilize atherosclerotic plaque neovessel formation.
Methods and Results—
In this study, we showed, by real-time confocal microscopy in 3-dimensional basement membrane cocultures, that TF in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and in human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMCs) plays an important role in the formation of capillary-like networks. TF silencing in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells inhibits the formation of tube-like structures with stable phenotype. Using an in vivo model, we observed that TF inhibition in either HMEC-1 or HVSMCs reduced their shared ability to form new capillaries. The phenotypic changes induced by TF silencing were linked to reduced chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) expression in endothelial cells. Wound healing and chemotactic assays demonstrated that TF-induced release of CCL2 stimulated HVSMC migration to HMEC-1.
Conclusion—
Endogenous TF regulates CCL2 production in endothelial cells. Secreted CCL2 mediates the angiogenic effect of TF by recruiting smooth muscle cells toward endothelial cells and facilitates the maturation of newly formed microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Arderiu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CiberOBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CiberOBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Aledo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CiberOBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Juan-Babot
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CiberOBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau and Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, CiberOBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Chu AJ. Tissue factor, blood coagulation, and beyond: an overview. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:367284. [PMID: 21941675 PMCID: PMC3176495 DOI: 10.4061/2011/367284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows a broad spectrum of biological functions of tissue factor (TF). TF classical role in initiating the extrinsic blood coagulation and its direct thrombotic action in close relation to cardiovascular risks have long been established. TF overexpression/hypercoagulability often observed in many clinical conditions certainly expands its role in proinflammation, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, angiogenesis, tumor metastasis, wound repairs, embryonic development, cell adhesion/migration, innate immunity, infection, pregnancy loss, and many others. This paper broadly covers seminal observations to discuss TF pathogenic roles in relation to diverse disease development or manifestation. Biochemically, extracellular TF signaling interfaced through protease-activated receptors (PARs) elicits cellular activation and inflammatory responses. TF diverse biological roles are associated with either coagulation-dependent or noncoagulation-mediated actions. Apparently, TF hypercoagulability refuels a coagulation-inflammation-thrombosis circuit in “autocrine” or “paracrine” fashions, which triggers a wide spectrum of pathophysiology. Accordingly, TF suppression, anticoagulation, PAR blockade, or general anti-inflammation offers an array of therapeutical benefits for easing diverse pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chu
- Division of Biological and Physical Sciences, Delta State University, Cleveland, MS 38733, USA
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Evaluation of plaque stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apo E-deficient mice after treatment with the oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:432080. [PMID: 21772662 PMCID: PMC3134269 DOI: 10.1155/2011/432080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. Thrombin not only plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, but also in induction of inflammatory processes. Activated factor X (FXa) is traditionally known as an important player in the coagulation cascade responsible for thrombin generation. We assessed the hypothesis that rivaroxaban, a direct FXa inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in an in vivo model. Methods and Results. Rivaroxaban (1 or 5 mg/kg body weight/day) or standard chow diet was administered for 26 weeks to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n = 20 per group) with already established atherosclerotic lesions. There was a nonsignificant reduction of lesion progression in the high-concentration group, compared to control mice. FXa inhibition with 5 mg Rivaroxaban/kg/day resulted in increased thickness of the protective fibrous caps (12.3 ± 3.8 μm versus 10.1 ± 2.7 μm; P < .05), as well as in fewer medial erosions and fewer lateral xanthomas, indicating plaque stabilizing properties. Real time-PCR from thoracic aortas revealed that rivaroxaban (5 mg/kg/day) treatment reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, such of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and Egr-1 (P < .05). Conclusions. Chronic administration of rivaroxaban does not affect lesion progression but downregulates expression of inflammatory mediators and promotes lesion stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ilcheff Borissoff
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wu CJ, Chou YC, Cheng YW, Hsiao CJ, Wang CH, Wang HY, Sheu JR, Hsiao G. Aristolochic acid downregulates monocytic matrix metalloproteinase-9 by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB activation. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:209-19. [PMID: 21453692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA)-associated nephropathy was described as being characterized by a rapid progressive enhancement of interstitial renal fibrosis. Renal tissue fibrosis occurs because of an imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation. Much evidence indicates that inflammatory renal disease including monocyte and mesangial interactions is linked to the development and progression of renal remodeling. In this study, we found that AA showed concentration-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced MMP-9 activation with an IC(50) value of 6.4±0.5μM in human monocytic THP-1 cells. A similar effect was also noted with different ratios of AAs (types I and II). However, AA had no inhibitory effect on the intact enzymatic activity of MMP-9 at a concentration of 20μM. On the other hand, the level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 was not induced by AA, but it suppressed TNF-α-induced MMP-9 protein and messenger RNA expressions. AA also significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced IκBα degradation. Furthermore, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a reported gene study, respectively, revealed that AA inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB translocation and activation. In addition, compared to other NF-κB inhibitors, AA exerted significant inhibition of MMP-9 activation and monocyte chemotactic protein-1-directed invasion. From these results, we concluded that AA, a natural compound, inhibits TNF-α-induced MMP-9 in human monocytic cells possibly through the NF-κB signal pathway. These results also imply that AA may be involved in alteration of matrix homeostasis during renal fibrosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Factor (F)Xa is well-known as an important player in the coagulation cascade responsible for thrombin generation. More recently, FXa emerged as an essential player in cell biology via activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR)-1 and -2. This pleiotropic role of FXa forms the basis for its potential contribution to the pathogenesis of several diseases. AREAS COVERED The role of FXa in pathophysiology is reviewed with special emphasis on its signal transduction properties. To this end, we first discuss the important role of FXa in the coagulation cascade, we continue with recent data on FXa induced signaling in pathophysiology with special emphasis on tissue remodeling and fibrosis and discuss the potential of FXa as an emerging drug target. EXPERT OPINION FXa is more than a passive intermediate in the coagulation cascade and FXa may in fact orchestrate fundamental processes during pathophysiology. Targeting FXa may be an exciting new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of (fibro)proliferative diseases for which current treatment options are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, NL-1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yin X, Fu Y, Yutani C, Ikeda Y, Enjyoji K, Kato H. HVJ-AVE liposome-mediated Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) gene transfer with recombinant TFPI (rTFPI) irrigation attenuates restenosis in atherosclerotic arteries. Int J Cardiol 2009; 135:245-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang HW, Wang X, Zong ZH, Huo X, Zhang Q. AP-1 inhibits expression of MMP-2/9 and its effects on rat smooth muscle cells. J Surg Res 2009; 157:e31-7. [PMID: 19524937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We designed AP-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) to study the relationship between AP-1 expression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activation. METHODS To suppress the expression of AP-1 gene, we used RNA interference to silence the AP-1 gene post-transcriptionally in rat smooth muscle cells. Effects of AP-1 siRNA on mRNA expression of AP-1 were examined using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phosphorylation levels of c-Jun, c-Fos, and the activity of AP-1 were determined by Western blotting and AP-1 DNA-binding activity assay. To observe the expression of SM alpha-actin and downstream genes of AP-1, we simultaneously examined the activity of cell matrix metal proteinases and the migration ability of smooth muscle cells using a modified Boyden-chamber assay. Effects of AP-1 siRNA on rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro were evaluated using cell cycle analysis, MTT-tests, BrdU-ELISA and immunofluorescence. RESULTS AP-1 siRNA decreased not only AP-1 mRNA and AP-1 binding activity, but also c-Jun and c-Fos phosphorylation levels and the expression levels of urokinase-type plasminogen (u-PA), MMPs, TGF-beta1 and bFGF in VSMCs. The AP-1 siRNA also significantly inhibited PDGF/IL-1-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity in VSMCs. The invasion and migration of VSMC were also induced greatly. CONCLUSIONS AP-1 inhibited expression of MMP-2/9 and AP-1 siRNA was able to effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration and de-differentiation of rat smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Zhang
- Veteran Carder Clinic, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning, China
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Borensztajn K, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. Factor Xa: at the crossroads between coagulation and signaling in physiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Transcriptomic analysis of responses to infectious salmon anemia virus infection in macrophage-like cells. Virus Res 2008; 136:65-74. [PMID: 18534703 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is an important pathogen for salmonid aquaculture, however little is known about protective and pathological host responses to infection. We have investigated intracellular responses during cytopathic ISAV infection in the macrophage-like Atlantic salmon kidney (ASK) cell line by microarray analysis (1.8k SFA2.0 immunochip) and a functional assay for glutathione. Gene transcription changed rapidly and consistently with time and with minor differences between two virus isolates. While several pro-inflammatory and antiviral immune genes were induced, genes involved in cell signaling and integrity were down-regulated, suggesting isolation of infected cells from cell-to-cell interaction and responses to external signals. Differential expression of genes regulating cell cycle and apoptosis implied opposite cues from host cell and virus. This was in pace with massive down-regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis and processing of nucleotides and nucleic acids. Significant down-regulation of several genes involved in metabolism of reactive oxygen species suggested increased oxidative stress, which was confirmed by a functional assay showing reduced levels of glutathione during infection. Testing of expression data against a microarray database containing diverse experiments revealed candidate marker genes for ISAV infection. Our findings provide novel insight into cellular host responses and determinants for acute cytopathic ISAV infection.
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Comparison of anticoagulant effects on vein grafts between human TFPI gene transfection and aspirin oral administration. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2008; 28:147-51. [PMID: 18480984 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-008-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop a more efficient antithrombotic way after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), the anticoagulant effects were compared of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene transfection and aspirin oral administration (traditional method) on vein grafts. An eukaryotic expression plasmid pCMV-(Kozak) TFPI was prepared. Animal model of carotid artery bypass grafting was constructed. In operation, endothelial cells of vein grafts in TFPI group and empty plasmid control group were transfected with pCMV-(Kozak) TFPI and empty plasmid pCMV respectively, while no transfection was conducted in aspirin control group. After operation, aspirin (2 mg.kg(-1).(-1)) was administered (i.g.) in aspirin control group. Three days later, grafts (n=10) were harvested for RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses of exogenous gene expression and for pathological, scanning electron microscopic observation of thrombus. Thirty days later, the patency rates of remnant grafts (n=10) were recorded by vessel Doppler ultrasonography. Human TFPI gene products were detected in gene transferred vein grafts. Three days later, thrombi were found in 7 animals of aspirin control group and in 8 animals of empty plasmid control group, but in only 1 of TFPI group (P<0.01). Thirty days later, 5 grafts were occluded in empty plasmid control group, but none of grafts was occluded in the other groups (P<0.05). The endothelial surfaces of grafts in both of the control groups were covered with aggregated erythrocytes and platelets, and it were not seen in TFPI group. It was suggested that the anticoagulant effects on vein grafts of human TFPI gene transfection are better than those of aspirin.
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Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of tissue factor pathway inhibitor induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis 2008; 13:634-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Binder
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre for Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Chen D, Weber M, Shiels PG, Dong R, Webster Z, McVey JH, Kemball-Cook G, Tuddenham EGD, Lechler RI, Dorling A. Postinjury vascular intimal hyperplasia in mice is completely inhibited by CD34+ bone marrow-derived progenitor cells expressing membrane-tethered anticoagulant fusion proteins. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2191-8. [PMID: 16803463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coagulation proteins promote neointimal hyperplasia and vascular remodelling after vessel injury, but the precise mechanisms by which they act in vivo remain undetermined. OBJECTIVES This study, using an injury model in which the neointima is derived from bone marrow (BM)-derived cells, compared inhibition of tissue factor or thrombin on either BM-derived or existing vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS Two transgenic (Tg) mouse strains expressing membrane-tethered tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) or hirudin (Hir) fusion proteins driven by an alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) promoter were generated (alpha-TFPI-Tg and alpha-Hir-Tg) and the phenotype after wire-induced endovascular injury was compared with that in wild-type (WT) controls. RESULTS WT mice developed progressive neointimal expansion, whereas injury in either Tg was followed by repair back to a preinjured state. This was also seen when WT mice were reconstituted with BM from Tg mice but not when Tgs were reconstituted with WT BM, in which injury was followed by slowly progressive neointimal expansion. Injection of CD34+ cells from Tg mice into injured WT mice resulted in the accumulation of fusion protein-expressing cells from day 3 onwards and an absence of neointimal hyperplasia in those areas. CONCLUSIONS Neointimal development after wire-induced endovascular injury in mice was completely inhibited when BM-derived cells infiltrating the damaged artery expressed membrane tethered anticoagulant fusion proteins under an alpha-SMA promoter. These findings enhance our understanding of the pathological role that coagulation proteins play in vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Streit M, Ecker RC, Osterreicher K, Steiner GE, Bischof H, Bangert C, Kopp T, Rogojanu R. 3D parallel coordinate systems--a new data visualization method in the context of microscopy-based multicolor tissue cytometry. Cytometry A 2006; 69:601-11. [PMID: 16680710 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presentation of multiple interactions is of vital importance in the new field of cytomics. Quantitative analysis of multi- and polychromatic stained cells in tissue will serve as a basis for medical diagnosis and prediction of disease in forthcoming years. A major problem associated with huge interdependent data sets is visualization. Therefore, alternative and easy-to-handle strategies for data visualization as well as data meta-evaluation (population analysis, cross-correlation, co-expression analysis) were developed. METHODS To facilitate human comprehension of complex data, 3D parallel coordinate systems have been developed and used in automated microscopy-based multicolor tissue cytometry (MMTC). Frozen sections of human skin were stained using the combination anti-CD45-PE, anti-CD14-APC, and SytoxGreen as well as the appropriate single and double negative controls. Stained sections were analyzed using automated confocal laser microscopy and semiquantitative MMTC-analysis with TissueQuest 2.0. The 3D parallel coordinate plots are generated from semiquantitative immunofluorescent data of single cells. The 2D and 3D parallel coordinate plots were produced by further processing using the Matlab environment (Mathworks, USA). RESULTS Current techniques in data visualization primarily utilize scattergrams, where two parameters are plotted against each other on linear or logarithmic scales. However, data evaluation on cartesian x/y-scattergrams is, in general, only of limited value in multiparameter analysis. Dot plots suffer from serious problems, and in particular, do not meet the requirements of polychromatic high-context tissue cytometry of millions of cells. The 3D parallel coordinate plot replaces the vast amount of scattergrams that are usually needed for the cross-correlation analysis. As a result, the scientist is able to perform the data meta-evaluation by using one single plot. On the basis of 2D parallel coordinate systems, a density isosurface is created for representing the event population in an intuitive way. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method opens new possibilities to represent and explore multidimensional data in the perspective of cytomics and other life sciences, e.g., DNA chip array technology. Current protocols in immunofluorescence permit simultaneous staining of up to 17 markers. Showing the cross-correlation between these markers requires 136 scattergrams, which is a prohibitively high number. The improved data visualization method allows the observation of such complex patterns in only one 3D plot and could take advantage of the latest developments in 3D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Streit
- Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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Miyake T, Aoki M, Nakashima H, Kawasaki T, Oishi M, Kataoka K, Tanemoto K, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Morishita R. Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysms by simultaneous inhibition of NFkappaB and ets using chimeric decoy oligonucleotides in a rabbit model. Gene Ther 2006; 13:695-704. [PMID: 16397509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the major vascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. Because treatment for AAA mainly consists of surgery to prevent deaths from AAA rupture and there is a conspicuous absence of alternative therapeutic strategies, the development of minimally invasive treatment is needed. To develop a novel therapeutic approach, we examined the simultaneous inhibition of the transcription factors NFkappaB and ets, which regulate inflammation and matrix degradation, in a rabbit AAA model. In this study, we employed chimeric decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing the consensus sequences of both the NFkappaB- and ets-binding sites, to inhibit both the transcription factors simultaneously. Using a delivery sheet, we examined the inhibitory effect of chimeric decoy ODN on aortic dilatation. Ultrasound and angiographic analysis demonstrated that treatment with chimeric decoy ODN significantly prevented the progression of elastase-induced aortic dilatation. The inhibitory effect of chimeric decoy ODN on aortic dilatation was also confirmed by histological studies. Treatment with chimeric decoy ODN reduced the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and markedly inhibited the proteolysis of elastin as compared to scrambled decoy ODN. Interestingly, treatment with chimeric decoy ODN also suppressed VCAM-1 and MCP-1 gene expression, leading to inhibition of macrophage infiltration in the adventitia and media. The present study in a rabbit model provides a novel strategy to treat AAA by the simultaneous inhibition of both NFkappaB and ets using chimeric decoy ODN. Further modification of chimeric decoy ODN would be useful to treat AAA as a decoy-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyake
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The simplistic view of atherosclerosis as a disorder of pathological lipid deposition has been redefined by the more complex concept of an ongoing inflammatory response. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-deficient mice develop accelerated atherosclerosis allowing in-depth pathophysiological investigations. Atherosclerotic plaques in these mice contain large numbers of T cells and macrophages. Crossbreeding apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with T-cell-deficient mice and mice with impaired macrophage function (osteopetrotic op/op mice) disclosed the important impact of immune cells on atherosclerotic lesion development. In contrast to the detrimental role of T cells and macrophages, B cells appear to be atheroprotective. These basic experimental findings have partly been confirmed in studies of the human carotid artery system. Inflammation is not only instrumental in the development of human atheromatous plaques, but, importantly, plays a crucial role in the destabilization of internal carotid artery plaques, thus converting chronic atherosclerosis into an acute thrombo-embolic disorder. Humoral factors involved in internal carotid artery destabilization include cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue factor. Antibodies to oxidized LDL can reflect disease activity on one hand, but can also confer atheroprotection. Novel MRI techniques may aid in the in vivo assessment of acute plaque inflammation in humans. CONCLUSIONS The impact of inflammation on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and their destabilization opens new avenues for treatment. The effects of statins, acetylsalicyclic acid and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on stroke prevention may partly be attributable to their profound anti-inflammatory actions. Vaccination against modified LDL and heat shock proteins halt plaque progression in experimental atherosclerosis. Their potential for prevention of human atherosclerosis is currently under investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/complications
- Carotid Artery Diseases/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/injuries
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Female
- Heart Transplantation
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Animal
- Osteopetrosis/genetics
- Osteopetrosis/immunology
- Postoperative Complications/immunology
- Postoperative Complications/pathology
- Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Stroke/etiology
- Stroke/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Thromboembolism/etiology
- Thromboembolism/prevention & control
- Vaccination
- Vasculitis/complications
- Vasculitis/drug therapy
- Vasculitis/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany.
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Collin B, Busseuil D, Korandji C, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Duvillard L, Rioufol G, Pitois-Merli I, Rochette L. Short-term atorvastatin treatment does not modify neointimal morphology but reduces MMP-2 expression in normocholesterolemic rabbit stented arteries. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 47:428-36. [PMID: 16633086 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000211706.64993.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to explore some potential pleïotropic effects of atorvastatin, after stenting in the iliac arteries of normocholesterolemic rabbits. On day 0, 27 rabbits underwent stent implantation and were randomized into either the control group (standard chow, CTRL, n = 15) or the atorvastatin group (10 mg/kg/d per os, Ator, n = 12). On day 30, the stented arteries were harvested for histomorphometry and neointimal analysis [macrophages, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, vascular smooth muscle cells, and collagen]. Atorvastatin did not induce significant histomorphometric and inflammatory modifications but reduced neointimal expression of MMP-2 with no modification of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, and also induced higher neointimal collagen content (Ator vs. CTRL: MMP-2: 0.05 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.70 +/- 0.20, P < 0.01; collagen: 17.0+/-0.7%/mm vs. 12.0 +/- 1.2%/mm(2) P < 0.01). Atorvastatin treatment also induced a significant decrease in neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells and cellular density (respectively: 2.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05; 5406 +/- 241 nuclei/mm(2) vs. 4402 +/- 163 nuclei/mm(2), P < 0.001). Our study provides new insights into the field of MMP response to stenting and the effects of statin therapy, which could have important implications in the field of in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Collin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Experimental Physiopathology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy, 7 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, France.
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Lwaleed BA, Bass PS. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: structure, biology and involvement in disease. J Pathol 2006; 208:327-39. [PMID: 16261634 DOI: 10.1002/path.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)-initiated coagulation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of many diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a plasma Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, which modulates initiations of coagulation induced by TF. In a factor (F) Xa-dependent feedback system, TFPI binds directly and inhibits the TF-FVII/FVIIa complex. Normally, TFPI exists in plasma both as a full-length molecule and as variably carboxy-terminal truncated forms. TFPI also circulates in complex with plasma lipoproteins. The levels and the dual inhibitor effect of TFPI on FXa and TF-FVII/FVIIa complex offers insight into the mechanisms of various pathological conditions triggered by TF. The use of selective pharmacological inhibitors has become an indispensable tool in experimental haemostasis and thrombosis research. In vivo administration of recombinant TFPI (rTFPI) in an experimental animal model prevents thrombosis (and re-thrombosis after thrombolysis), reduces mortality from E. coli-induced-septic shock, prevents fibrin deposition on subendothelial human matrix and protects against disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Thus, TFPI may play an important role in modulating TF-induced thrombogenesis and it may also provide a unique therapeutic approach for prophylaxis and/or treatment of various diseases. In this review, we consider structural and biochemical aspects of the TFPI molecule and detail its inhibitory mechanisms and therapeutic implications in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir A Lwaleed
- Department of Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Wang M, Zhang J, Spinetti G, Jiang LQ, Monticone R, Zhao D, Cheng L, Krawczyk M, Talan M, Pintus G, Lakatta EG. Angiotensin II activates matrix metalloproteinase type II and mimics age-associated carotid arterial remodeling in young rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 167:1429-42. [PMID: 16251426 PMCID: PMC1603787 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased angiotensin II (Ang II), matrix metalloproteinase type II (MMP2), and sympathetic activity accompany age-associated arterial remodeling. To analyze this relationship, we infused a low subpressor dose of Ang II into young (8 months old) rats. This increased carotid arterial MMP2 transcription, translation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor-beta1 activity and collagen deposition. A higher Ang II concentration, which increased arterial pressure to that of old (30 months old) untreated rats, produced carotid media thickening and intima infiltration by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ex vivo, Ang II increased MMP2 activity in carotid rings from young rats to that of untreated old rats. Ang II also increased the ability of early passage VSMCs from young rats to invade a synthetic basement membrane, similar to that of untreated VSMCs from old rats. The MMP inhibitor GM6001 and the AT1 receptor antagonist Losartan inhibited these effects. The alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine increased arterial Ang II protein, causing MMP2 activation and intima and media thickening. Exposure of young VSMCs to phenylephrine in vitro increased Ang II protein and MMP2 activity to the levels of old VSMCs; Losartan abolished these effects. Thus, Ang II-induced effects on MMP2, transforming growth factor-beta1, collagen, and VSMCs are central to the arterial remodeling that accompanies advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., 3-B-03, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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35
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Chu AJ. Tissue factor mediates inflammation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:123-32. [PMID: 16036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of tissue factor (TF) in inflammation is mediated by blood coagulation. TF initiates the extrinsic blood coagulation that proceeds as an extracellular signaling cascade by a series of active serine proteases: FVIIa, FXa, and thrombin (FIIa) for fibrin clot production in the presence of phospholipids and Ca2+. TF upregulation resulting from its enhanced exposure to clotting factor FVII/FVIIa often manifests not only hypercoagulable but also inflammatory state. Coagulant mediators (FVIIa, FXa, and FIIa) are proinflammatory, which are largely transmitted by protease-activated receptors (PAR) to elicit inflammation including the expression of tissue necrosis factor, interleukins, adhesion molecules (MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, selectins, etc.), and growth factors (VEGF, PDGF, bFGF, etc.). In addition, fibrin, and its fragments are also able to promote inflammation. In the event of TF hypercoagulability accompanied by the elevations in clotting signals including fibrin overproduction, the inflammatory consequence could be enormous. Antagonism to coagulation-dependent inflammation includes (1) TF downregulation, (2) anti-coagulation, and (3) PAR blockade. TF downregulation and anti-coagulation prevent and limit the proceeding of coagulation cascade in the generation of proinflammatory coagulant signals, while PAR antagonists block the transmission of such signals. These approaches are of significance in interrupting the coagulation-inflammation cycle in contribution to not only anti-inflammation but also anti-thrombosis for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Chu
- MRC, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
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Sakurai K, Matsuo Y, Sudo T, Takuwa Y, Kimura S, Kasuya Y. Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Thrombus Formation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2004; 24:283-96. [PMID: 15648447 DOI: 10.1081/rrs-200040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to elucidate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in thrombus formation. We used p38alpha heterozygous (p38alpha+/-) mice and used ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced carotid artery injury as a model of thrombus formation. The time to thrombotic occlusion induced by FeCl3 in p38alpha+/- mice was prolonged compared to that in wild-type (WT) mice. Platelets prepared from p38alpha+/- mice showed impairment of the aggregatory response to a low concentration of U46619, a thromboxane A2 analogue. Furthermore, platelets prepared from p38alpha+/- mice and activated by U46619 were poorly bound to fibrinogen compared with those from WT mice. Both the expression and activity of tissue factor induced by FeCl3 in WT mice were higher than those in p38alpha+/- mice. These results suggest that p38 plays an important role in thrombus formation by regulating platelet function and tissue factor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sakurai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Ecker RC, Steiner GE. Microscopy-based multicolor tissue cytometry at the single-cell level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 59:182-90. [PMID: 15170597 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytomics is a novel perspective from which to look at life. As with genomics and proteomics before, this discipline requires novel and innovative techniques and technologies to focus on its substrate of research--the cytome. With cytomics being the discipline that analyzes cellular systems and their interdependencies, advanced microscopy represents a key technology in cytomics research. Yet, conventional microscopy-based investigations, i.e., "look and conclude" analyses, do not meet the major cytomics criteria of 1) relating multiple parameters to each other, 2) within large populations of cells, 3) on a single-cell basis, and 4) in a quantitative and observer-independent manner. However, emerging improvements in the fields of fluorophore technology, sensitive fluorescence detection devices, and sophisticated image analysis procedures, are important and necessary steps into the cytomics era. Tissue represents an important class of cytomes, hence tissue cytometry--on the single cell level--can be expected to become an important cytomics technology. In this report, the techniques and technologies of microscopy-based multicolor tissue cytometry (MMTC) are outlined and applications are discussed, including the phenotypic characterization of tissue infiltrating leukocytes, in situ quantification of proliferation markers and tumor suppressors, and in situ quantification of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert C Ecker
- Competence Center BioMolecular Therapeutics, Vienna, Austria.
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