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Zhou Y, Liao L, Wang C, Li J, Chi P, Xiao Q, Liu Q, Guo L, Sun L, Deng D. Cryo-EM structure of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT3. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000790. [PMID: 32776918 PMCID: PMC7440666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), members of the solute carrier (SLC) 28 transporter family, facilitate the salvage of nucleosides and therapeutic nucleoside derivatives across the plasma membrane. Despite decades of investigation, the structures of human CNTs remain unknown. We determined the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of human CNT (hCNT) 3 at an overall resolution of 3.6 Å. As with its bacterial homologs, hCNT3 presents a trimeric architecture with additional N-terminal transmembrane helices to stabilize the conserved central domains. The conserved binding sites for the substrate and sodium ions unravel the selective nucleoside transport and distinct coupling mechanism. Structural comparison of hCNT3 with bacterial homologs indicates that hCNT3 is stabilized in an inward-facing conformation. This study provides the molecular determinants for the transport mechanism of hCNTs and potentially facilitates the design of nucleoside drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhou
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianghuan Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengliang Chi
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingjie Xiao
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingting Liu
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Guo
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (DD)
| | - Dong Deng
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (LS); (DD)
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2
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Guerra G, Deaglio S. Ectonucleotidases in Blood Malignancies: A Tale of Surface Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2301. [PMID: 31636635 PMCID: PMC6788384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia develops as the result of intrinsic features of the transformed cell, such as gene mutations and derived oncogenic signaling, and extrinsic factors, such as a tumor-friendly, immunosuppressed microenvironment, predominantly in the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. There, high extracellular levels of nucleotides, mainly NAD+ and ATP, are catabolized by different ectonucleotidases, which can be divided in two families according to substrate specificity: on one side those that metabolize NAD+, including CD38, CD157, and CD203a; on the other, those that convert ATP, namely CD39 (and other ENTPDases) and CD73. They generate products that modulate intracellular calcium levels and that activate purinergic receptors. They can also converge on adenosine generation with profound effects, both on leukemic cells, enhancing chemoresistance and homing, and on non-malignant immune cells, polarizing them toward tolerance. This review will first provide an overview of ectonucleotidases expression within the immune system, in physiological and pathological conditions. We will then focus on different hematological malignancies, discussing their role as disease markers and possibly pathogenic agents. Lastly, we will describe current efforts aimed at therapeutic targeting of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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3
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Vukovic V, Karan-Djurasevic T, Antic D, Tosic N, Kostic T, Marjanovic I, Dencic-Fekete M, Djurasinovic V, Pavlovic S, Mihaljevic B. Association of SLC28A3 Gene Expression and CYP2B6*6 Allele with the Response to Fludarabine Plus Cyclophosphamide in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:743-752. [PMID: 30778771 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide (FC) chemotherapy is the basis of treatment protocols used in management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In some patients, response to therapy may be affected by aberrant function of genes involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drugs. The aim of this research was to assess the impact of pharmacogenetic variability, namely expression of SLC28A3 gene and the presence of CYP2B6*6 variant allele, on the FC treatment efficacy. Forty-four CLL patients with functional TP53 gene at the time of FC initiation were enrolled in this study. CYP2B6 genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. SLC28A3 expression was measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Significantly higher pretreatment levels of SLC28A3 mRNA were detected in patients who failed to respond to FC in comparison to patients who achieved complete and partial response (p = 0.01). SLC28A3 high-expressing cases were almost ten times more likely not to respond to FC than low-expressing cases (OR = 9.8; p = 0.046). However, association of SLC28A3 expression with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was not observed. CYP2B6*6 allele, detected in 24 patients (54.6%), exerted no association with the attainment of response to FC, as well as with PFS and OS. The results of this study demonstrate that SLC28A3 expression is a significant predictor of FC efficacy in CLL patients with intact TP53. Elevated SLC28A3 mRNA levels are associated with inferior short-term response to FC, suggesting that, if validated on larger cohorts, SLC28A3 expression may become a biomarker useful for pretreatment stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojin Vukovic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Teodora Karan-Djurasevic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Antic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Tosic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Kostic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Marjanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Dencic-Fekete
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladislava Djurasinovic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Pavlovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Mihaljevic
- Clinic for Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Deaglio S. Targeting the Adenosinergic Axis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Way to Disrupt the Tumor Niche? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041167. [PMID: 29649100 PMCID: PMC5979564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism and adenosinergic signaling in cancer is gaining momentum, as increasing evidence is showing their relevance in tumor immunology and biology. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) results from the expansion of a population of mature B cells that progressively occupies the bone marrow (BM), the blood, and peripheral lymphoid organs. Notwithstanding significant progress in the treatment of these patients, the cure remains an unmet clinical need, suggesting that novel drugs or drug combinations are needed. A unique feature of CLL is its reliance on micro-environmental signals for proliferation and cell survival. We and others have shown that the lymphoid niche, an area of intense interactions between leukemic and bystander non-tumor cells, is a typically hypoxic environment. Here adenosine is generated by leukemic cells, as well as by cells of myeloid origin, acting through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms, ultimately affecting tumor growth, limiting drug responses, and skewing the immune cells towards a tolerant phenotype. Hence, understanding the mechanisms through which this complex network of enzymes, receptors, and metabolites functions in CLL, will pave the way to the use of pharmacological agents targeting the system, which, in combination with drugs targeting leukemic cells, may get us one step closer to curing these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Gene Regulatory Networks/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stem Cell Niche
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin School of Medicine & Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), via Nizza, 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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5
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Ivaturi V, Dvorak CC, Chan D, Liu T, Cowan MJ, Wahlstrom J, Stricherz M, Jennissen C, Orchard PJ, Tolar J, Pai SY, Huang L, Aweeka F, Long-Boyle J. Pharmacokinetics and Model-Based Dosing to Optimize Fludarabine Therapy in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1701-1713. [PMID: 28684371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A prospective multicenter study was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of fludarabine plasma (f-ara-a) and intracellular triphosphate (f-ara-ATP) in children undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and receiving fludarabine with conditioning. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected over the course of therapy for quantitation of f-ara-a and f-ara-ATP. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to develop the PK model, including identification of covariates impacting drug disposition. Data from a total of 133 children (median age, 5 years; range, .2 to 17.9) undergoing HCT for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders were available for PK-PD modeling. The implementation of allometric scaling of PK parameters alone was insufficient to describe drug clearance, particularly in very young children. Renal impairment was predicted to increase drug exposure across all ages. The rate of f-ara-a entry into PBMCs (expressed in pmoles per million cells) decreased over the course of therapy, resulting in 78% lower f-ara-ATP after the fourth dose (1.7 pmoles/million cells [range, .2 to 7.2]) compared with first dose (7.9 pmoles/million cells [range, .7 to 18.2]). The overall incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM) was low at 3% and 8% at days 60 and 360, respectively, and no association with f-ara-a exposure and TRM was found. In the setting of malignancy, disease-free survival was highest at 1 year after HCT in subjects achieving a systemic f-ara-a cumulative area under the curve (cAUC) greater than 15 mg*hour/L compared to patients with a cAUC less than 15 mg*hour/L (82.6% versus 52.8% P = .04). These results suggest that individualized model-based dosing of fludarabine in infants and young children may reduce morbidity and mortality through improved rates of disease-free survival and limiting drug-related toxicity. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01316549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Ivaturi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Danna Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland, Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Wahlstrom
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Melisa Stricherz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cathryn Jennissen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liusheng Huang
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Janel Long-Boyle
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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6
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Stecula A, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Sali A. Human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 (hCNT3, SLC28A3) Forms a Cyclic Homotrimer. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3475-3483. [PMID: 28661652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer and antiviral drugs are purine or pyrimidine analogues, which use membrane transporters to cross cellular membranes. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) mediate the salvage of nucleosides and the transport of therapeutic nucleoside analogues across plasma membranes by coupling the transport of ligands to the sodium gradient. Of the three members of the human CNT family, CNT3 has the broadest selectivity and the widest expression profile. However, the molecular mechanisms of the transporter, including how it interacts with and translocates structurally diverse nucleosides and nucleoside analogues, are unclear. Recently, the crystal structure of vcCNT showed that the prokaryotic homologue of CNT3 forms a homotrimer. In this study, we successfully expressed and purified the wild type human homologue, hCNT3, demonstrating the homotrimer by size exclusion profiles and glutaraldehyde cross-linking. Further, by creating a series of cysteine mutants at highly conserved positions guided by comparative structure models, we cross-linked hCNT3 protomers in a cell-based assay, thus showing the existence of hCNT3 homotrimers in human cells. The presence and absence of cross-links at specific locations along TM9 informs us of important structural differences between vcCNT and hCNT3. Comparative modeling of the trimerization domain and sequence coevolution analysis both indicate that oligomerization is critical to the stability and function of hCNT3. In particular, trimerization appears to shorten the translocation path for nucleosides across the plasma membrane and may allow modulation of the transport function via allostery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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7
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Pandzic T, Larsson J, He L, Kundu S, Ban K, Akhtar-Ali M, Hellström AR, Schuh A, Clifford R, Blakemore SJ, Strefford JC, Baumann T, Lopez-Guillermo A, Campo E, Ljungström V, Mansouri L, Rosenquist R, Sjöblom T, Hellström M. Transposon Mutagenesis Reveals Fludarabine Resistance Mechanisms in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6217-6227. [PMID: 26957556 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify resistance mechanisms for the chemotherapeutic drug fludarabine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as innate and acquired resistance to fludarabine-based chemotherapy represents a major challenge for long-term disease control. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used piggyBac transposon-mediated mutagenesis, combined with next-generation sequencing, to identify genes that confer resistance to fludarabine in a human CLL cell line. RESULTS In total, this screen identified 782 genes with transposon integrations in fludarabine-resistant pools of cells. One of the identified genes is a known resistance mediator DCK (deoxycytidine kinase), which encodes an enzyme that is essential for the phosphorylation of the prodrug to the active metabolite. BMP2K, a gene not previously linked to CLL, was also identified as a modulator of response to fludarabine. In addition, 10 of 782 transposon-targeted genes had previously been implicated in treatment resistance based on somatic mutations seen in patients refractory to fludarabine-based therapy. Functional characterization of these genes supported a significant role for ARID5B and BRAF in fludarabine sensitivity. Finally, pathway analysis of transposon-targeted genes and RNA-seq profiling of fludarabine-resistant cells suggested deregulated MAPK signaling as involved in mediating drug resistance in CLL. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first forward genetic screen for chemotherapy resistance in CLL. The screen pinpointed novel genes and pathways involved in fludarabine resistance along with previously known resistance mechanisms. Transposon screens can therefore aid interpretation of cancer genome sequencing data in the identification of genes modifying sensitivity to chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6217-27. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Pandzic
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Ban
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Akhtar-Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders R Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schuh
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Clifford
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Blakemore
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tycho Baumann
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elias Campo
- Unitat de Hematología, Hospital Clíınic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Viktor Ljungström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hellström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lorkova L, Scigelova M, Arrey TN, Vit O, Pospisilova J, Doktorova E, Klanova M, Alam M, Vockova P, Maswabi B, Klener P, Petrak J. Detailed Functional and Proteomic Characterization of Fludarabine Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135314. [PMID: 26285204 PMCID: PMC4540412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a chronically relapsing aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma considered incurable by currently used treatment approaches. Fludarabine is a purine analog clinically still widely used in the therapy of relapsed MCL. Molecular mechanisms of fludarabine resistance have not, however, been studied in the setting of MCL so far. We therefore derived fludarabine-resistant MCL cells (Mino/FR) and performed their detailed functional and proteomic characterization compared to the original fludarabine sensitive cells (Mino). We demonstrated that Mino/FR were highly cross-resistant to other antinucleosides (cytarabine, cladribine, gemcitabine) and to an inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) ibrutinib. Sensitivity to other types of anti-lymphoma agents was altered only mildly (methotrexate, doxorubicin, bortezomib) or remained unaffacted (cisplatin, bendamustine). The detailed proteomic analysis of Mino/FR compared to Mino cells unveiled over 300 differentially expressed proteins. Mino/FR were characterized by the marked downregulation of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and BTK (thus explaining the observed crossresistance to antinucleosides and ibrutinib), but also by the upregulation of several enzymes of de novo nucleotide synthesis, as well as the up-regulation of the numerous proteins of DNA repair and replication. The significant upregulation of the key antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in Mino/FR cells was associated with the markedly increased sensitivity of the fludarabine-resistant MCL cells to Bcl-2-specific inhibitor ABT199 compared to fludarabine-sensitive cells. Our data thus demonstrate that a detailed molecular analysis of drug-resistant tumor cells can indeed open a way to personalized therapy of resistant malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lorkova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Ondrej Vit
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pospisilova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Doktorova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Klanova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmudul Alam
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vockova
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bokang Maswabi
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Department of Medicine—Department of Hematology, General University Hospital and Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Petrak
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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9
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Song JH, Cho KM, Kim HJ, Kim YK, Kim NY, Kim HJ, Lee TH, Hwang SY, Kim TS. Concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 as a prognostic indicator for favorable outcome of t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukemia patients after cytarabine-based chemotherapy. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:488-94. [PMID: 25955569 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) exhibits diverse responses to chemotherapy, patients harboring the t(8;21) translocation are part of a favorable risk group. However, the reason why this subgroup is more responsive to cytarabine-based therapy has not been elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed expression levels of cytarabine metabolism-related genes in patients diagnosed with AML with or without t(8;21) and investigated their correlation with clinical outcomes after cytarabine-based therapy. Among the 8 genes studied, expression of the concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) gene was significantly higher in t(8;21)-positive patients compared to the others in the test population and the validation cohort (P<0.001 in Mann-Whitney U test; P<0.002 in Pearson's correlation analysis). Additionally, in both multivariate and univariate analyses, t(8;21)-positive patients categorized in a higher CNT3 expression tertile had longer disease-free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.025-0.557; P=0.008] and overall survival (HR, 0.062; 95% CI, 0.007-0.521; P=0.010) compared to t(8;21)-positive patients in a lower CNT3 expression tertile. Notably, these trends did not occur in t(8;21)-negative patients. Our results demonstrate that CNT3 expression is associated with overall favorable outcomes and is predictive of clinical outcomes in AML patients with t(8;21). This suggests that CNT3 expression can be used to optimize treatment strategies for AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Han Song
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Kyeoung Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Young Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Diseases, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyang Lee
- Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yong Hwang
- Division of Molecular and Life Science and GenoCheck Co., Ltd., Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Rein LAM, Rizzieri DA. Clinical potential of elacytarabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2014; 5:211-20. [PMID: 25469211 DOI: 10.1177/2040620714552615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been treated for over four decades with standard induction chemotherapy including seven days of cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine, ara-C) infusion. Cytarabine, while effective in killing leukemic cells, is subject to development of several resistance mechanisms rendering the drug ineffective in many patients. Elacytarabine, a lipophilic 5'-elaidic acid ester or nucleoside analogue of cytosine arabinoside, was created with the intent of overcoming resistance mechanisms including reduced expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) required for cytarabine entry into cells, as well as increased activity of cytidine deaminase (CDA) which breaks down the active metabolite of cytarabine, ara-CTP. Elacytarabine enters cells independently of transporters, has a longer half life compared with cytarabine and is not subject to deactivation by CDA. Preclinical data were encouraging although subsequent clinical studies have failed to show superiority of elacytarabine compared with standard of care as monotherapy in patients with AML. Clinical trials utilizing elacytarabine in combination with anthracyclines are ongoing. Use of hENT1 expression as a predictive marker for cytarabine or elacytarabine response has been studied with no conclusive validation to date. Despite promising early results, the jury is still out in regards to this novel agent as an effective alternative to standard cytarabine therapy in acute leukemias, especially in combination with additional agents such as anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Rizzieri
- Duke University Medical Center - Medicine, 1149 North Pavilion Duke University Durham, NC 27710, USA
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11
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Stashkevych MA. Distribution of 5-fluorouracil between lymphocytes and blood plasma. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj85.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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DiNardo CD, O'Brien S, Gandhi VV, Ravandi F. Elacytarabine (CP-4055) in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1073-82. [PMID: 23902239 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elacytarabine (formerly CP-4055) is a lipid-conjugated derivative of the nucleoside analog cytarabine. Elacytarabine was rationally designed to circumvent cytarabine resistance related to decreased cellular uptake, due to the ability of the lipophilic drug moiety to enter the cell without the requirement of specialized nuclear transport proteins, including the hENT1. In preclinical and clinical studies, elacytarabine has demonstrated both safety and efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with noteworthy activity among the cytarabine-refractory AML population. Elacytarabine was granted orphan drug designation status from the European Commission in 2007 and from the US FDA in 2008, with a fast-track approval designation from the FDA in 2010. Results of a recent randomized Phase III clinical trial, however, failed to show superiority of elacytarabine over the investigator's choice of therapy for relapsed or refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D DiNardo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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O'Brien S, Rizzieri DA, Vey N, Ravandi F, Krug UO, Sekeres MA, Dennis M, Venditti A, Berry DA, Jacobsen TF, Staudacher K, Bergeland T, Giles FJ. Elacytarabine has single-agent activity in patients with advanced acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2012; 158:581-8. [PMID: 22702906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Elacytarabine is a novel cytotoxic nucleoside analogue, independent of nucleoside transporters (e.g. human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 [hENT1]) for cell uptake, and mechanisms of action similar to those of cytarabine. This Phase II study assessed the efficacy and safety of elacytarabine in patients with advanced stage acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Patients received 2000 mg/m(2) per d continuously i.v. during days 1-5 every 3 weeks. Patients were matched by six risk factors with historical controls; remission rate (assessed after 1 or 2 cycles) and 6-month survival were compared. Sixty-one patients, median age 58 years, were enrolled; 52% had five or six risk factors. The remission rate was 18% (95% confidence interval: 9-30%) vs. 4% in controls (P < 0·0001), 6-month survival rate was 43%, median overall survival was 5·3 months (vs. 1·5 months); 10 patients (16%) were referred for stem cell transplantation after treatment. Side effects were predictable and manageable. The most common grade 3/4 non-haematological adverse events were febrile neutropenia, hypokalemia, fatigue, hyponatraemia, dyspnoea and pyrexia. Thirty-day all-cause mortality, after start of treatment, was 13% vs. 25% in controls. Elacytarabine has monotherapy activity in patients with advanced AML. This study provides proof-of-concept that lipid esterification of nucleoside analogues is clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
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14
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High TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis correlates with favourable outcome for standard chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:108-15. [PMID: 22627319 PMCID: PMC3389410 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cytosine arabinoside-based chemotherapy coupled with anthracycline is currently the first-line treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but diverse responses to the regimen constitute obstacles to successful treatment. Therefore, outcome prediction to chemotherapy at diagnosis is believed to be a critical consideration. Methods: The mRNA expression of 12 genes closely involved in the actions of cytosine arabinoside and anthracycline was evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT–PCR), in 54 diagnostic bone marrow specimens of M2-subtype AML. Results: Low expression levels of ribonucleotide reductase M2 (RRM2) and high expression levels of topoisomerase 2 beta (TOP2B) were correlated with longer survival in a univariate analysis. Another interesting finding is that high ratios of TOP2B/RRM2 and TOP2B/TOP2 alpha (TOP2A) in a combined analysis were also shown to have a prognostic impact for longer survival with improved accuracy. Among the four markers, when adjusted for the influence of other clinical factors in multivariate analysis, the TOP2B/TOP2A ratio was significantly correlated with treatment outcomes; patients with high ratios trended toward longer disease-free survival (HR, 0.24; P=0.002) and overall survival (HR, 0.29; P=0.005). Conclusion: Genes with distinct expression profiles such as TOP2B/TOP2A expression ratio at diagnosis can be employed for outcome prediction after the treatment with standard regimens in AML patients with M2 subtype.
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15
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Fernández-Calotti PX, Colomer D, Pastor-Anglada M. Translocation of nucleoside analogs across the plasma membrane in hematologic malignancies. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:1324-40. [PMID: 22132993 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.597372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are currently used in the treatment of various hematologic malignancies due to their ability to induce apoptosis of lymphoid cells. For nucleoside-derived drugs to exert their action, they must enter cells via nucleoside transporters from two gene families, SLC28 and SLC29 (CNT and ENT, respectively). Once inside the cell, these drugs must be phosphorylated to their active forms. In contrast, some members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein family have been identified as responsible for the efflux of the phosphorylated forms of these nucleoside-derived drugs. Here, we review the main nucleoside analogs used in hematologic malignancies and focus especially on those that are currently used in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Moreover, we discuss the pharmacological profile of the nucleoside transporters, which determines the bioavailability of and cell sensitivity to these nucleoside-derived drugs. We also discuss the expression of nucleoside transporters and their activities in CLL as well as the possibility of modulating these transporter activities as a means of modulating intracellular drug availability and, consequently, responsiveness to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula X Fernández-Calotti
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona & CIBER EHD, Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Fernández-Calotti PX, Lopez-Guerra M, Colomer D, Pastor-Anglada M. Enhancement of fludarabine sensitivity by all-trans-retinoic acid in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2011; 97:943-51. [PMID: 22180426 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.051557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of patients with fludarabine-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia has previously been shown to express elevated intracellular levels of the concentrative high-affinity fludarabine transporter hCNT3, without any detectable related activity. We have recently shown that all-trans-retinoic acid is capable of inducing hCNT3 trafficking to plasma membrane in the MEC1 cell line. We, therefore, evaluated the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on hCNT3 in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as a suitable mechanism to improve fludarabine-based therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS Cells from 23 chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients wild-type for P53 were analyzed for ex vivo sensitivity to fludarabine. hCNT3 activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell samples was evaluated by measuring the uptake of [8-(3)H]-fludarabine. The amounts of transforming growth factor-β1 and hCNT3 messenger RNA were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on hCNT3 subcellular localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy and its effect on fludarabine-induced apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis using annexin V staining. RESULTS Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases showing higher ex vivo basal sensitivity to fludarabine also had a greater basal hCNT3-associated fludarabine uptake capacity compared to the subset of patients showing ex vivo resistance to the drug. hCNT3 transporter activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from the latter patients was either negligible or absent. Treatment of the fludarabine-resistant subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with all-trans-retinoic acid induced increased fludarabine transport via hCNT3 which was associated with a significant increase in fludarabine sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Improvement of ex vivo fludarabine sensitivity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is associated with increased hCNT3 activity after all-trans-retinoic acid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula X Fernández-Calotti
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB & CIBER EHD Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Pulte D, Furman RR, Broekman MJ, Drosopoulos JHF, Ballard HS, Olson KE, Kizer JR, Marcus AJ. CD39 expression on T lymphocytes correlates with severity of disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11:367-72. [PMID: 21816376 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell disorder, but it is also associated with abnormalities in T-lymphocyte function. In this study we examine changes in T-lymphocyte CD39 and CD73 expression in patients with CLL. METHODS Blood samples were drawn from 34 patients with CLL and 31 controls. The cells were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD39, and CD73 and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Overall, patients with CLL had a higher percentage of CD39(+) T lymphocytes than did controls. The percentage of cells expressing CD39 was higher in both CD4(+) cells and CD8(+) cells. Higher CD3/CD39 expression was associated with a later disease stage. No correlations between T-lymphocyte CD39 levels and CD38 or Zap-70 expression were observed. In contrast, the percentage of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that expressed CD73 was decreased in patients with CLL. Average B-lymphocyte CD73 expression was decreased in CLL because the majority of CLL clones were CD73. However a minority of CLL clones were CD73(+), and patients with CD73(+) clones tended to have earlier stage disease. CONCLUSION T-lymphocyte CD39 and CD73 expression may be useful prognostic markers in patients with CLL. Expression of CD73 on the malignant cell population in CLL may be a marker of better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Pulte
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA
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18
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Serra S, Horenstein AL, Vaisitti T, Brusa D, Rossi D, Laurenti L, D'Arena G, Coscia M, Tripodo C, Inghirami G, Robson SC, Gaidano G, Malavasi F, Deaglio S. CD73-generated extracellular adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia creates local conditions counteracting drug-induced cell death. Blood 2011; 118:6141-52. [PMID: 21998208 PMCID: PMC3342854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine (ADO), generated from ATP or ADP through the concerted action of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73, elicits autocrine and paracrine effects mediated by type 1 purinergic receptors. We have tested whether the expression of CD39 and CD73 by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells activates an adenosinergic axis affecting growth and survival. By immunohistochemistry, CD39 is widely expressed in CLL lymph nodes, whereas CD73 is restricted to proliferation centers. CD73 expression is highest on Ki-67(+) CLL cells, adjacent to T lymphocytes, and is further localized to perivascular areas. CD39(+)/CD73(+) CLL cells generate ADO from ADP in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In peripheral blood, CD73 expression occurs in 97/299 (32%) CLL patients and pairs with CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. CD73-generated extracellular ADO activates type 1 purinergic A2A receptors that are constitutively expressed by CLL cells and that are further elevated in proliferating neoplastic cells. Activation of the ADO receptors increases cytoplasmic cAMP levels, inhibiting chemotaxis and limiting spontaneous drug-induced apoptosis of CLL cells. These data are consistent with the existence of an autocrine adenosinergic loop, and support engraftment of leukemic cells in growth-favorable niches, while simultaneously protecting from the action of chemotherapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apyrase/metabolism
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Extracellular Space/metabolism
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Paracrine Communication/drug effects
- Paracrine Communication/physiology
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Serra
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
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19
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A novel PKC-ι inhibitor abrogates cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:784-94. [PMID: 21315177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C-iota (PKC-ι), an atypical protein kinase C isoform manifests its potential as an oncogene by targeting various aspects of cancer cells such as growth, invasion and survival. PKC-ι confers resistance to drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. The acquisition of drug resistance is a major obstacle to good prognosis in neuroblastoma. The focus of this research was to identify the efficacy of [4-(5-amino-4-carbamoylimidazol-1-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl] methyl dihydrogen phosphate (ICA-1) as a novel PKC-ι inhibitor in neuroblastoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. ICA-1 specifically inhibits the activity of PKC-ι but not that of PKC-zeta (PKC-ζ), the closely related atypical PKC family member. The IC(50) for the kinase activity assay was approximately 0.1μM which is 1000 times less than that of aurothiomalate, a known PKC-ι inhibitor. Cyclin dependent kinase 7 (Cdk7) phosphorylates cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) and promotes cell proliferation. Our data shows that PKC-ι is an in vitro Cdk7 kinase and the phosphorylation of Cdk7 by PKC-ι was potently inhibited by ICA-1. Furthermore, our data shows that neuroblastoma cells proliferate via a PKC-ι/Cdk7/cdk2 cell signaling pathway and ICA-1 mediates its antiproliferative effects by inhibiting this pathway. ICA-1 (0.1μM) inhibited the in vitro proliferation of BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells by 58% (P=0.01). Additionally, ICA-1 also induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Interestingly, ICA-1 did not affect the proliferation of normal neuronal cells suggesting its potential as chemotherapeutic with low toxicity. Hence, our results emphasize the potential of ICA-1 as a novel PKC-ι inhibitor and chemotherapeutic agent for neuroblastoma.
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Cano-Soldado P, Pastor-Anglada M. Transporters that translocate nucleosides and structural similar drugs: structural requirements for substrate recognition. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:428-57. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cano-Soldado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD; Barcelona Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD; Barcelona Spain
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Damaraju VL, Smith KM, Mowles D, Nowak I, Karpinski E, Young JD, Robins MJ, Cass CE. Interaction of fused-pyrimidine nucleoside analogs with human concentrative nucleoside transporters: High-affinity inhibitors of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Paproski RJ, Wuest M, Jans HS, Graham K, Gati WP, McQuarrie S, McEwan A, Mercer J, Young JD, Cass CE. Biodistribution and Uptake of 3′-Deoxy-3′-Fluorothymidine in ENT1-Knockout Mice and in an ENT1-Knockdown Tumor Model. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:1447-55. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.076356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Casado FJ, Pastor-Anglada M. Different N-terminal motifs determine plasma membrane targeting of the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 in polarized and nonpolarized cells. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:795-803. [PMID: 20643903 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) is a broad-selectivity, high-affinity protein implicated in the uptake of most nucleoside-derived anticancer and antiviral drugs. Regulated trafficking of hCNT3 has been recently postulated as a suitable way to improve nucleoside-based therapies. Moreover, the recent identification of a putative novel hCNT3-type transporter lacking the first 69 amino acids and retained at the endoplasmic reticulum anticipated that the N terminus of hCNT3 contains critical motifs implicated in trafficking. In the current study, we have addressed this issue by using deletions and site-directed mutagenesis and plasma membrane expression and nucleoside uptake kinetic analysis. Data reveal that 1) a segment between amino acids 50 and 62 contains plasma membrane-sorting determinants in nonpolarized cells; 2) in particular, the Val(57)-Thr(58)-Val(59) tripeptide seems to be the core of the export signal, whereas acidic motifs upstream and downstream of it seem to be important for the kinetics of the process; and 3) in polarized epithelia, the β-turn-forming motif (17)VGFQ(20) is necessary for proper apical expression of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER EHD, Avda Diagonal 645, Edifici annex, Planta-1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Molina-Arcas M, Pastor-Anglada M. Role of Nucleoside Transporters in Nucleoside-Derived Drug Sensitivity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:335-46. [DOI: 10.1080/15257771003729823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Errasti-Murugarren E, Pastor-Anglada M. Drug transporter pharmacogenetics in nucleoside-based therapies. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:809-41. [PMID: 20504255 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the different types of transporter proteins that have been implicated in the influx and efflux of nucleoside-derived drugs currently used in the treatment of cancer, viral infections (i.e., AIDS) and other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetic variations in nucleoside-derived drug transporter proteins encoded by the gene families SLC15, SLC22, SLC28, SLC29, ABCB, ABCC and ABCG will be specifically considered. Variants known to affect biological function are summarized, with a particular emphasis on those for which clinical correlations have already been established. Given that relatively little is known regarding the genetic variability of the players involved in determining nucleoside-derived drug bioavailability, it is anticipated that major challenges will be faced in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti-Murugarren
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network in the Subject Area of Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Barcelona 08071, Spain
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26
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Damaraju VL, Sawyer MB, Mackey JR, Young JD, Cass CE. Human nucleoside transporters: biomarkers for response to nucleoside drugs. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:450-63. [PMID: 20183595 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903044499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in developing human nucleoside transporters (hNTs) as biomarkers to predict response to nucleoside analog drugs with clinical activity. Understanding processes that contribute to drug response or lack thereof will provide strategies to potentiate efficacy or avoid toxicities of nucleoside analog drugs. hNT abundance, evaluated by immunohistochemical methods, has shown promise as a predictive marker to assess clinical drug response that could be used to identify patients who would most likely benefit from nucleoside analog drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Damaraju
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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High fludarabine exposure and relationship with treatment-related mortality after nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:20-6. [PMID: 20383215 PMCID: PMC2904846 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its common use in nonmyeloablative preparative regimens, the pharmacokinetics of fludarabine are poorly characterized in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients and exposure-response relationships remain undefined. Our objective of this study was to evaluate the association between plasma F-ara-A exposure, the systemically circulating moiety of fludarabine, and engraftment, acute graft vs host disease (GVHD), treatment-related mortality (TRM) and survival after HCT. The preparative regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg/day i.v. day −6; plus fludarabine 30-40 mg/m2/day i.v. on days −6 to −2 and TBI 200 cGy on day −1. F-ara-A pharmacokinetics were performed with the first dose of fludarabine in 87 adult patients. Median (range) F-ara-A AUC (0-∞) was 5.0 ug*hr/mL (2.0-11.0), clearance 15.3 L/hour (6.2-36.6), Cmin 55 ng/mL (17-166), and concentration on dayzero 16.0 ng/mL (0.1-144.1). Despite dose reductions, patients with renal insufficiency had higher F-ara-A exposures. There was strong association between high plasma concentrations of F-ara-A and increased risk of TRM and reduced overall survival. Patients with an AUC(0-∞) greater than 6.5 ug*hr/mL had 4.56 greater risk of TRM and significantly lower survival. These data suggest that clinical strategies are needed to optimize dosing of fludarabine to prevent overexposure and toxicity in HCT.
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Temmink OH, Bijnsdorp IV, Prins HJ, Losekoot N, Adema AD, Smid K, Honeywell RJ, Ylstra B, Eijk PP, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Trifluorothymidine resistance is associated with decreased thymidine kinase and equilibrative nucleoside transporter expression or increased secretory phospholipase A2. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1047-57. [PMID: 20371715 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trifluorothymidine (TFT) is part of the novel oral formulation TAS-102, which is currently evaluated in phase II studies. Drug resistance is an important limitation of cancer therapy. The aim of the present study was to induce resistance to TFT in H630 colon cancer cells using two different schedules and to analyze the resistance mechanism. Cells were exposed either continuously or intermittently to TFT, resulting in H630-cTFT and H630-4TFT, respectively. Cells were analyzed for cross-resistance, cell cycle, protein expression, and activity of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), thymidine kinase (TK), thymidylate synthase (TS), equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT), gene expression (microarray), and genomic alterations. Both cell lines were cross-resistant to 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (>170-fold). Exposure to IC(75)-TFT increased the S/G(2)-M phase of H630 cells, whereas in the resistant variants, no change was observed. The two main target enzymes TS and TP remained unchanged in both TFT-resistant variants. In H630-4TFT cells, TK protein expression and activity were decreased, resulting in less activated TFT and was most likely the mechanism of TFT resistance. In H630-cTFT cells, hENT mRNA expression was decreased 2- to 3-fold, resulting in a 5- to 10-fold decreased TFT-nucleotide accumulation. Surprisingly, microarray-mRNA analysis revealed a strong increase of secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2; 47-fold), which was also found by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR; 211-fold). sPLA2 inhibition reversed TFT resistance partially. H630-cTFT had many chromosomal aberrations, but the exact role of sPLA2 in TFT resistance remains unclear. Altogether, resistance induction to TFT can lead to different mechanisms of resistance, including decreased TK protein expression and enzyme activity, decreased hENT expression, as well as (phospho)lipid metabolism. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 1047-57. (c)2010 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf H Temmink
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Fernández-Calotti P, Pastor-Anglada M. All-trans-retinoic acid promotes trafficking of human concentrative nucleoside transporter-3 (hCNT3) to the plasma membrane by a TGF-beta1-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13589-98. [PMID: 20172853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human concentrative nucleoside transporter-3 (hCNT3) is a sodium-coupled nucleoside transporter that exhibits high affinity and broad substrate selectivity, making it the most suitable candidate for mediating the uptake and cytotoxic action of most nucleoside-derived drugs. The drug of this class most commonly used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the pro-apoptotic nucleoside analog fludarabine (Flu), which enters CLL cells primarily through human equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENTs). Although CLL cells lack hCNT3 activity, they do express this transporter protein, which is located mostly in the cytosol. The aim of our study was to identify agents and mechanisms capable of promoting hCNT3 trafficking to the plasma membrane. Here, we report that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), currently used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), increases hCNT3-related activity through a mechanism that involves trafficking of pre-existing hCNT3 proteins to the plasma membrane. This effect is mediated by the autocrine action of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, which is transcriptionally activated by ATRA in a p38-dependent manner. TGF-beta1 acts through activation of ERK1/2 and the small GTPase RhoA to promote plasma membrane trafficking of the hCNT3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández-Calotti
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, the Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, and CIBER EHD, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Paproski RJ, Young JD, Cass CE. Predicting gemcitabine transport and toxicity in human pancreatic cancer cell lines with the positron emission tomography tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:587-95. [PMID: 19788890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) has recently been shown to be a predictive marker of benefit from gemcitabine therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. Since hENT1 is also important for the uptake of positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) in various cultured human cell lines, this study was undertaken to determine if FLT uptake predicts gemcitabine uptake and/or toxicity in a panel of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-2, AsPC-1, BxPC-3, PL45, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1). Capan-2 cells displayed the lowest levels of (1) extracellular nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR) binding, which represents cell-surface hENT1, (2) FLT and gemcitabine uptake during short (1-45s) and prolonged (1h) periods, and (3) gemcitabine sensitivity. Exposure to NBMPR (inhibits only hENT1) or dilazep (inhibits hENT1 and hENT2) reduced FLT and gemcitabine uptake and gemcitabine sensitivity, with dilazep having greater effects than NBMPR. Gemcitabine permeation was almost completely mediated, primarily by hENT1 and to a lesser extent by hENT2, whereas FLT permeation included a substantial component of passive diffusion. In five of six cell lines, correlations were observed between (1) FLT and gemcitabine initial rates of uptake, (2) gemcitabine uptake and gemcitabine toxicity, (3) FLT uptake and gemcitabine toxicity, and (4) ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 expression and gemcitabine toxicity. FLT and gemcitabine uptake were comparable for predicting gemcitabine toxicity in the tested pancreatic cancer cell lines suggesting that FLT PET may provide clinically useful information about tumor gemcitabine transport capacity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Paproski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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31
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Li L, Koo SH, Hong IHK, Lee EJD. Identification of functional promoter haplotypes of human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2, hCNT2 (SLC28A2). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:161-6. [PMID: 19430172 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hCNT2) plays a major role in the intestinal absorption of naturally occurring nucleosides as well as some nucleoside analog drugs. To determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of hCNT2 affect gene expression, we examined approximately 1 kb upstream the hCNT2 transcription start site. Ninety Chinese samples were screened and seven SNPs were identified: -115T>G, -146T>A, -264A>G, -564G>A, -861A>C, -880T>C and -906C>T. Based on these seven variants and their relative positions, eight haplotypes were identified using PHASE v2.1.1. Three naturally occurring haplotypes were cloned into the pGL3-Basic vector and transfected into HEK293 cells. Dual luciferase assay revealed that haplotype 4 (GTAGACC) and 7 (GAGAACT) exhibited significantly lower expression levels compared to the published haplotype 1 (TTAGATC). Results from our in-vitro study showed that the hCNT2 promoter region haplotype may modulate gene expression and cause different drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Development of gene therapy in association with clinically used cytotoxic deoxynucleoside analogues. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:541-50. [PMID: 19343063 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2009.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of cytotoxic deoxynucleoside analogues is often limited by resistance mechanisms due to enzymatic deficiency, or high toxicity in nontumor tissues. To improve the use of these drugs, gene therapy approaches have been proposed and studied, associating clinically used deoxynucleoside analogues such as araC and gemcitabine and suicide genes or myeloprotective genes. In this review, we provide an update of recent results in this area, with particular emphasis on human deoxycytidine kinase, the deoxyribonucleoside kinase from Drosophila melanogaster, purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Escherichia coli, and human cytidine deaminase. Data from literature clearly show the feasibility of these systems, and clinical trials are warranted to conclude on their use in the treatment of cancer patients.
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33
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Robak T, Korycka A, Lech-Maranda E, Robak P. Current status of older and new purine nucleoside analogues in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases. Molecules 2009; 14:1183-226. [PMID: 19325518 PMCID: PMC6253893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past few years more and more new cytotoxic agents active in the treatment of hematological malignancies have been synthesized and become available for either in vitro studies or clinical trials. Among them the class of antineoplastic drugs belonging to the purine nucleoside analogues group (PNAs) plays an important role. Three of them: pentostatin (DCF), cladribine (2-CdA) and fludarabine (FA) were approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Recently three novel PNAs: clofarabine (CAFdA), nelarabine (ara-G) and forodesine (immucillin H, BCX-1777) have been synthesized and introduced into preclinical studies and clinical trials. These agents seem to be useful mainly for the treatment of human T-cell proliferative disorders and they are currently undergoing clinical trials in lymphoid malignancies. However, there are also several studies suggesting the role of these drugs in B-cell malignancies. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, clinical activity and toxicity of PNAs accepted for use in clinical practice, as well as new agents available for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz and Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Ciolkowskiego 2 Str., Poland.
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34
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Reduced ribavirin antiviral efficacy via nucleoside transporter-mediated drug resistance. J Virol 2009; 83:4538-47. [PMID: 19244331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02280-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for hepatitis C virus infection currently consists of pegylated interferon and ribavirin (RBV), a nucleoside analog. Although RBV clearly plays a role in aiding the treatment response, its antiviral mechanism is unclear. Regardless of the specific mechanism of RBV, we hypothesize that differences in levels of cellular uptake of RBV may affect antiviral efficacy and treatment success and that cells may become RBV resistant through reduced uptake. We monitored RBV uptake in various cell lines and determined the effect of uptake capacity on viral replication. RBV-resistant cells demonstrated reduced RBV uptake and increased growth of a model RNA virus, poliovirus, in the presence of RBV. Overexpression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) or concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) increased RBV uptake in RBV-sensitive cell lines and restored the uptake defect in most RBV-resistant cell lines. However, CNT3 is not expressed in Huh-7 liver cells, and inhibition of concentrative transport did not affect RBV uptake. Blocking equilibrative transport using the inhibitor nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside recapitulated the RBV-resistant phenotype in RBV-sensitive cell lines, with a reduction in RBV uptake and increased poliovirus growth. Taken together, these results indicate that RBV uptake is restricted primarily to ENT1 in the cell lines examined. Interestingly, some RBV-resistant cell lines may compensate for reduced ENT1-mediated nucleoside uptake by increasing the activity of an alternative nucleoside transporter, ENT2. It is possible that RBV uptake affects the antiviral treatment response, either through natural differences in patients or through acquired resistance.
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35
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Pastor-Anglada M, Cano-Soldado P, Errasti-Murugarren E, Casado FJ. SLC28 genes and concentrative nucleoside transporter (CNT) proteins. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:972-94. [PMID: 18668436 DOI: 10.1080/00498250802069096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human concentrative nucleoside transporter (hCNT) protein family has three members, hCNT1, 2, and 3, encoded by SLC28A1, A2, and A3 genes, respectively. hCNT1 and hCNT2 translocate pyrimidine- and purine-nucleosides, respectively, by a sodium-dependent mechanism, whereas hCNT3 shows broad substrate selectivity and the unique ability of translocating nucleosides both in a sodium- and a proton-coupled manner. hCNT proteins are also responsible for the uptake of most nucleoside-derived antiviral and anticancer drugs. Thus, hCNTs are key pharmacological targets. This review focuses on several crucial aspects of hCNT biology and pharmacology: protein structure-function, structural determinants for transportability, pharmacogenetics of hCNT-encoding genes, role of hCNT proteins in nucleoside-based therapeutics, and finally hCNT physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pastor-Anglada
- Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Tsang RY, Santos C, Ghosh S, Dabbagh L, King K, Young J, Cass CE, Mackey JR, Lai R. Immunohistochemistry for human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 protein predicts fludarabine sensitivity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:1387-93. [PMID: 18604194 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fludarabine (F-ara-A) is widely used as palliative treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Clinical resistance is frequently observed, and adverse effects are common. To date, no practical assay exists to identify patients likely to derive benefit from F-ara-A. We previously reported that high mRNA levels encoding human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (hCNT3) protein in CLL correlated with clinical resistance to F-ara-A. This study explores the value of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for hCNT3 as a marker of F-ara-A resistance in CLL. We studied 36 CLL patients who received F-ara-A monotherapy and had suitable pre-F-ara-A tissue available. IHC was performed with validated hCNT3-specific monoclonal antibodies and quantitatively scored by a hematopathologist blinded to clinical outcomes. Relationships between hCNT3 staining in CLL cells and time to progression (TTP), overall response (OR), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Dichotomization of quantitative hCNT3 staining showed that subjects with high hCNT3 IHC scores had a significantly shorter TTP with F-ara-A treatment compared to those with a low score (hazard ratio, HR, 3.16; P=0.006). Median TTP was 4.7 vs 11.2 months, respectively. On multivariate analysis, hCNT3 score was the only clinical parameter independently associated with TTP (HR, 3.12; P=0.01). OR and OS did not differ significantly between the dichotomized groups. We found a strong relationship between IHC staining of hCNT3 and clinical resistance to F-ara-A therapy in CLL. If confirmed, IHC for hCNT3 may be routinely used to predict those patients unlikely to benefit from F-ara-A, thereby avoiding F-ara-A-related toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Tsang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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37
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Molina-Arcas M, Trigueros-Motos L, Casado FJ, Pastor-Anglada M. Physiological and pharmacological roles of nucleoside transporter proteins. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:769-78. [PMID: 18600539 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802145819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside transporter proteins, CNT and ENT, encoded by gene families SLC28 and SLC29, respectively, mediate the uptake of natural nucleosides (among them adenosine) and are major routes of entry for a variety of nucleoside analogs used in anticancer and antiviral therapies. Expression of NT proteins is apparently redundant in most cell types, and the elucidation of their particular physiological roles still remains elusive. Moreover, transporter-mediated uptake of nucleoside-derived anticancer drugs is crucial for the pharmacogenomic response triggered by these molecules in tumor cells. This review focuses on recent data demonstrating that nucleoside transporters, particularly CNTs, can play physiological roles other than salvage, whereas particular NT isoforms can significantly contribute to the transcriptomic response triggered by nucleoside analogs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Molina-Arcas
- Regulació dels Sistemes de Transport (RST), Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CIBER (EHD), Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Errasti‐Murugarren E, Molina‐Arcas M, Casado FJ, Pastor‐Anglada M. A splice variant of the
SLC28A3
gene encodes a novel human concentrative nucleoside transporter‐3 (hCNT3) protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. FASEB J 2008; 23:172-82. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaitz Errasti‐Murugarren
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaInstitut de Biomedicina, CIBER EHD, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Miriam Molina‐Arcas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaInstitut de Biomedicina, CIBER EHD, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fco Javier Casado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaInstitut de Biomedicina, CIBER EHD, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcal Pastor‐Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de BiologiaInstitut de Biomedicina, CIBER EHD, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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39
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Berger MG, Berger J, Richard C, Jeanpierre S, Nicolini FE, Tournilhac O, Michallet M, Satta VM. Preferential sensitivity of hematopoietic (HPs) and mesenchymal (MPs) progenitors to fludarabine suggests impaired bone marrow niche and HP mobilization. Leukemia 2008; 22:2131-4. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Elwi AN, Damaraju VL, Kuzma ML, Baldwin SA, Young JD, Sawyer MB, Cass CE. Human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 is a determinant of fludarabine transportability and cytotoxicity in human renal proximal tubule cell cultures. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 63:289-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Woodahl EL, Wang J, Heimfeld S, Sandmaier BM, O'Donnell PV, Phillips B, Risler L, Blough DK, McCune JS. A novel phenotypic method to determine fludarabine triphosphate accumulation in T-lymphocytes from hematopoietic cell transplantation patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 63:391-401. [PMID: 18398611 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-008-0748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fludarabine is an integral anticancer agent for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and those receiving conditioning regimens prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). An individual's response to fludarabine may be influenced by the amount of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocyte suppression. Fludarabine undergoes cellular uptake and activation to form the cytotoxic metabolite, fludarabine triphosphate (F-ara-ATP). METHODS We have previously developed a highly sensitive LC-MS method to quantitate intracellular F-ara-ATP concentrations in a leukemic cell line. However, quantitation of F-ara-ATP concentrations within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes from pharmacokinetic blood samples obtained from patients receiving fludarabine therapy is not feasible because of the limited number of T-lymphocytes that can be isolated from each blood sample. Thus, we sought to determine F-ara-ATP accumulation after ex vivo exposure of freshly isolated human CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-lymphocytes to fludarabine. The method was optimized in T-lymphocytes obtained from healthy volunteers, and proved to be a feasible method to determine F-ara-ATP accumulation in patients undergoing HCT. RESULTS Considerable variability was observed in F-ara-ATP accumulation in HCT patients (10.5- and 12.5-fold in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, respectively), compared to healthy volunteers (1.6- and 1.9-fold in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, respectively). Larger variability was also observed in gene expression of transporters and enzymes involved in F-ara-ATP accumulation in HCT patients; however, F-ara-ATP accumulation was not correlated with gene expression, which is in agreement with previous studies. CONCLUSIONS The quantitation of F-ara-ATP accumulation in T-lymphocytes provides a novel tool to evaluate patient sensitivity to fludarabine. This tool can be used in future studies to evaluate whether intracellular F-ara-ATP accumulation is associated with efficacy and/or toxicity in patients receiving fludarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Woodahl
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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42
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Leung GPH, Tse CM. The role of mitochondrial and plasma membrane nucleoside transporters in drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 3:705-18. [PMID: 17916056 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.5.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many anticancer and antiviral drugs are nucleoside analogues, which interfere with nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication to produce pharmacological effects. Clinical efficacy and toxicity of nucleoside drugs are closely associated with nucleoside transporters because they mediate the transport of nucleoside drugs across biological membranes. Two families of human nucleoside transporters (equilibrative nucleoside transporters and concentrative nucleoside transporters) have been extensively studied for several decades. They are widely distributed, from the plasma membrane to membranes of organelles such as mitochondria, and the distribution differs in different tissues. In addition, they have different specificities to nucleoside drugs. The characteristics of equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters affect the therapeutic outcomes achieved with anticancer and antiviral nucleoside drugs. In this review, an overview of the role of mitochondrial and plasma membrane nucleoside transporters in nucleoside drug toxicity is provided. Rational design and therapeutic application of nucleoside analogues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P H Leung
- The University of Hong Kong, Department of Pharmacology, Hong Kong.
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43
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Fernández Calotti P, Galmarini CM, Cañones C, Gamberale R, Saénz D, Avalos JS, Chianelli M, Rosenstein R, Giordano M. Modulation of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter1 (hENT1) activity by IL-4 and PMA in B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:857-65. [PMID: 18078872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters (NTs) are essential for the uptake of therapeutic nucleoside analogs, broadly used in cancer treatment. The mechanisms responsible for NT regulation are largely unknown. IL-4 is a pro-survival signal for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and has been shown to confer resistance to nucleoside analogs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IL-4 is able to modulate the expression and function of the human equilibrative NT1 (hENT1) in primary cultures of CLL cells and, consequently, to affect cytotoxicity induced by therapeutic nucleosides analogs. We found that treatment with IL-4 (20 ng/ml for 24 h) increased mRNA hENT1 expression in CLL cells without affecting that of normal B cells. Given that the enhanced mRNA levels of hENT1 in CLL cells did not result in increased transport activity, we examined the possibility that hENT1 induced by IL-4 may require post-translational modifications to become active. We found that the acute stimulation of PKC in IL-4-treated CLL cells by short-term incubation with PMA significantly increased hENT1 transport activity and favoured fludarabine-induced apoptosis. By contrast, and in line with previous reports, IL-4 plus PMA protected CLL cells from a variety of cytotoxic agents. Our findings indicate that the combined treatment with IL-4 and PMA enhances hENT1 activity and specifically sensitizes CLL cells to undergo apoptosis induced by fludarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Fernández Calotti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, IIHEMA, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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44
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Smal C, Van Den Neste E, Maerevoet M, Poiré X, Théate I, Bontemps F. Positive regulation of deoxycytidine kinase activity by phosphorylation of Ser-74 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes. Cancer Lett 2007; 253:68-73. [PMID: 17350163 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) activates several antileukaemic nucleoside analogues. We have recently reported that the activity of dCK, overexpressed in HEK 293T cells, correlates with its phosphorylation level on Ser-74. Here, we show that dCK from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) lymphocytes can be detected by an anti-phospho-Ser-74 antibody and that interindividual variability in dCK activity is related to its phosphorylation level on Ser-74. Moreover, pharmacological intervention modified Ser-74 phosphorylation, in close parallel with changes in dCK activity. These results suggest that activation of dCK via phosphorylation of Ser-74 might constitute a new therapeutic strategy to enhance activation and efficacy of nucleoside analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Smal
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Damaraju VL, Elwi AN, Hunter C, Carpenter P, Santos C, Barron GM, Sun X, Baldwin SA, Young JD, Mackey JR, Sawyer MB, Cass CE. Localization of broadly selective equilibrative and concentrative nucleoside transporters, hENT1 and hCNT3, in human kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F200-11. [PMID: 17409283 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters in kidney mediate renal reabsorption and secretion of nucleosides. Using RT-PCR, we demonstrated mRNAs encoding hENT1, hENT2, hCNT1, hCNT2, and hCNT3 in both cortex and medulla. Immunoblotting with crude membrane preparations revealed abundant hENT1 and hCNT3 in both cortex and medulla, and little, if any, hENT2, hCNT1, or hCNT2, indicating that the latter were either absent or below limits of detection of immunoassays. hENT1 immunostaining was observed on apical surfaces of proximal tubules and on both apical and basal surfaces of thick ascending loops of Henle and collecting ducts. Prominent hCNT3 immunostaining was observed on apical surfaces of proximal tubules and thick ascending loops of Henle in addition to some cytoplasmic staining. Equilibrium binding of [3H]nitrobenzylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (NBMPR), a high-affinity inhibitor of hENT1, to brush-border membrane vesicles from cortex confirmed the presence of hENT1 on apical surfaces of proximal tubules. Uptake of [3H]uridine by polarized renal proximal tubule cells exhibited a sodium-dependent component that was inhibited by thymidine and inosine as well as a sodium-independent component that was partially inhibited by NBMPR and completely inhibited by dilazep, indicating high levels of hENT1 and hCNT3 and low levels of hENT2 activities. The presence of 1) transcripts for hENT1/2 and hCNT1/2/3 and the hENT1 and hCNT3 proteins in human kidneys and 2) hENT1, hENT2, and hCNT3 activities in cultured proximal tubule cells suggest involvement of hENT1, hCNT3, and possibly also hENT2 in renal handling of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya L Damaraju
- Membrane Protein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Zhang J, Visser F, King KM, Baldwin SA, Young JD, Cass CE. The role of nucleoside transporters in cancer chemotherapy with nucleoside drugs. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 26:85-110. [PMID: 17345146 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs are important components of treatment regimens for various malignancies. Nucleoside-specific membrane transporters mediate plasma membrane permeation of physiologic nucleosides and most nucleoside analogs, for which the initial event is cellular conversion of nucleosides to active agents. Understanding of the roles of nucleoside transporters in nucleoside drug toxicity and resistance will provide opportunities for potentiating anticancer efficacy and avoiding resistance. Because transportability is a possible determinant of toxicity and resistance of many nucleoside analogs, nucleoside transporter abundance might be a prognostic marker to assess drug resistance. Elucidation of the structural determinants of nucleoside analogs for interaction with transporter proteins as well as the structural features of transporter proteins required for permeant interaction and translocation will lead to "transportability guidelines" for the rational design and therapeutic application of nucleoside analogs as anticancer drugs. It should eventually be possible to develop clinical assays that predict sensitivity and/or resistance to nucleoside anti-cancer drugs and thus to identify those patient populations that will most likely benefit from optimal nucleoside analog treatments. This review discusses recent results from structure/function studies of human nucleoside transporters, the role of nucleoside transport processes in the cytotoxicity and resistance of several anticancer nucleoside analogs and strategies to improve the nucleoside transporter-related anticancer effects of nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Membrane Protein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Parissenti AM, Hembruff SL, Villeneuve DJ, Veitch Z, Guo B, Eng J. Gene expression profiles as biomarkers for the prediction of chemotherapy drug response in human tumour cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:499-523. [PMID: 17414620 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3280262427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome profiling approaches such as cDNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction are playing ever-increasing roles in the classification of human cancers and in the discovery of biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis in cancer patients. Increasing research efforts are also being directed at identifying set of genes whose expression can be correlated with response to specific drugs or drug combinations. Such genes hold the prospect of tailoring chemotherapy regimens to the individual patient, based on tumour or host gene expression profiles. This review outlines recent advances and challenges in using genome profiling for the identification of tumour or host genes whose expression correlates with response to chemotherapy drugs both in vitro and in clinical studies. Genetic predictors of response to a variety of anticancer agents are discussed, including the anthracyclines, taxanes, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, nucleoside analogs, alkylating agents, and vinca alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo M Parissenti
- Tumour Biology Research Program, Sudbury Regional Hospital, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Abdulla P, Coe IR. Characterization and functional analysis of the promoter for the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter gene, hENT1. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:99-110. [PMID: 17162590 DOI: 10.1080/15257770601052331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are membrane proteins that transport nucleosides, nucleobases and analogs across membranes. ENT genes and the regulation of their expression are poorly understood. Therefore, we isolated and functionally characterized the promoter of the prototypic human ENT, hENT1. A single transcriptional initiation site 58 bp downstream of the TATA box and 272 bp upstream of the translation initiation site is present. Limited sequence similarity exists between the hENT1 and mouse ENT1 (mENT1) promoters suggesting conservation of ENT1 transcriptional regulators in mammals. Putative consensus sites for transcription factors exist within the hENT1 promoter. Reporter assays revealed similar but not identical transcriptional activity profiles in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parween Abdulla
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gloeckner-Hofmann K, Guillén-Gómez E, Schmidtgen C, Porstmann R, Ziegler R, Stoss O, Casado FJ, Rüschoff J, Pastor-Anglada M. Expression of the High-Affinity Fluoropyrimidine-Preferring Nucleoside Transporter hCNT1 Correlates with Decreased Disease-Free Survival in Breast Cancer. Oncology 2006; 70:238-44. [PMID: 16837820 DOI: 10.1159/000094541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nucleoside and nucleobase derivatives are currently used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors; however, the role of plasma membrane transporters as biomarkers of drug metabolism has not been fully addressed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 is a predictive marker of therapeutic response. METHODS We studied a cohort of 90 breast cancer patients who were treated with cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-5-fluorouracil after surgery and then monitored for up to 108 months. hCNT1 and enzymes associated with nucleotide metabolism (thymidine phosphorylase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthase) were assessed immunohistochemically in tissue samples. RESULTS Human CNT1 presence was mostly cytoplasmic, with some nuclear staining. The percentage of hCNT1-positive cells correlated positively with the expression of thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Nuclear staining correlated negatively with decreased disease-free survival, whereas the percentage of hCNT1-positive cells correlated positively with reduced long-term survival, with the hCNT1-positive index (>80%) being indicative of poor prognosis. A relative risk of relapse was associated with high hCNT1-positive indexes, whereas when this parameter was combined with the nodal status (positive), a high risk of relapse was found, suggesting that both parameters may reflect a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the expression of the high-affinity concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 has a prognostic value in determining disease-free survival and risk of relapse in breast cancer patients undergoing surgery followed by cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.
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Invited Lectures : Overviews Purinergic signalling: past, present and future. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:1-324. [PMID: 18404494 PMCID: PMC2096525 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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