1
|
Magrath JW, Flinchum DA, Hartono AB, Sampath SS, O'Grady TM, Baddoo M, Haoyang L, Xu X, Flemington EK, Lee SB. Transcriptomic analysis identifies B-lymphocyte kinase as a therapeutic target for desmoplastic small round cell tumor cancer stem cell-like cells. Oncogenesis 2024; 13:2. [PMID: 38177125 PMCID: PMC10767073 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive pediatric cancer caused by the EWSR1-WT1 fusion oncoprotein. The tumor is refractory to treatment with a 5-year survival rate of only 15-25%, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics, especially those able to target chemoresistant subpopulations. Novel in vitro cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) culture conditions increase the expression of stemness markers (SOX2, NANOG) and reduce DSRCT cell line susceptibility to chemotherapy while maintaining the ability of DSRCT cells to form xenografts. To gain insights into this chemoresistant model, RNA-seq was performed to elucidate transcriptional alterations between DSRCT cells grown in CSC-like spheres and normal 2-dimensional adherent state. Commonly upregulated and downregulated genes were identified and utilized in pathway analysis revealing upregulation of pathways related to chromatin assembly and disassembly and downregulation of pathways including cell junction assembly and extracellular matrix organization. Alterations in chromatin assembly suggest a role for epigenetics in the DSRCT CSC-like state, which was further investigated with ATAC-seq, identifying over 10,000 differentially accessible peaks, including 4444 sphere accessible peaks and 6,120 adherent accessible peaks. Accessible regions were associated with higher gene expression, including increased accessibility of the CSC marker SOX2 in CSC-like culture conditions. These analyses were further utilized to identify potential CSC therapeutic targets, leading to the identification of B-lymphocyte kinase (BLK) as a CSC-enriched, EWSR1-WT1-regulated, druggable target. BLK inhibition and knockdown reduced CSC-like properties, including abrogation of tumorsphere formation and stemness marker expression. Importantly, BLK knockdown reduced DSRCT CSC-like cell chemoresistance, making its inhibition a promising target for future combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Magrath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dane A Flinchum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alifiani B Hartono
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 630 Charles E Young Dr. S., Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Shruthi Sanjitha Sampath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tina M O'Grady
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Liang Haoyang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sean B Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lai P, Liu F, Liu X, Sun J, Wang Y. Differential molecular programs of cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and CD30-positive transformed mycosis fungoides. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270365. [PMID: 37790936 PMCID: PMC10544577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Discriminating between cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (cALCL) and CD30-positive transformed mycosis fungoides (CD30+ TMF) is challenging, particularly when they arise in the context of pre-existing mycosis fungoides. The development of molecular diagnostic tools was hampered by the rarity of both diseases and the limited understanding of their pathogenesis. Methods In this study, we established a cohort comprising 25 cALCL cases and 25 CD30+ TMF cases, with transcriptomic data obtained from 31 samples. We compared the clinicopathological information and investigated the gene expression profiling between these two entities. Furthermore, we developed an immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithm to differentiate these two entities clinically. Results Our investigation revealed distinct clinicopathological features and unique gene expression programs associated with cALCL and CD30+ TMF. cALCL and CD30+ TMF displayed marked differences in gene expression patterns. Notably, CD30+ TMF demonstrated enrichment of T cell receptor signaling pathways and an exhausted T cell phenotype, accompanied by infiltration of B cells, dendritic cells, and neurons. In contrast, cALCL cells expressed high levels of HLA class II genes, polarized towards a Th17 phenotype, and exhibited neutrophil infiltration. An IHC algorithm with BATF3 and TCF7 staining emerged as potential diagnostic markers for identifying these two entities. Conclusions Our findings provide valuable insights into the differential molecular signatures associated with cALCL and CD30+ TMF, which contribute to their distinct clinicopathological behaviors. An appropriate IHC algorithm could be used as a potential diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjie Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jingru Sun
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu T, Zuo Y, Xue G, Zhou D, Pan Z. Discovery of 2,5-diaminopyrimidine derivatives as the first series of selective monomeric degraders of B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115460. [PMID: 37163946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) is an important knot of B cell receptor signaling, and regulates the function and development of B cells subset. Dysfunction of BLK is correlated with autoimmune diseases and cancer. There is an urgent need to develop selective BLK modulators to facilitate the studies of BLK in biological processes. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of 2,5-diaminopyrimidine-based compounds capable of selectively degrading BLK. The optimized compounds 9-11 possess weak biochemical inhibitory activities against BLK, yet they effectively degrade BLK and show high selectivity for BLK over other structurally and functionally related SRC family and TEC family kinases. Furthermore, compounds 9 and 11 demonstrate potent inhibitory activities in several B-lymphoid cell lines. As the first series of effective and selective monomeric BLK degraders, compounds 9-11 serve as valuable tools for further investigation of the functions of BLK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingying Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Danli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ni J, Li X, Tu X, Zhu H, Wang S, Hou Y, Dou H. Halofuginone ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting Blk in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109487. [PMID: 36493694 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells participated in the pathogenesis of SLE. MDSCs has been considered a potential therapeutic target for lupus. As traditional Chinese medicine, Halofuginone (HF) has the extensive immunomodulatory effects on some autoimmune disorders. Our research was dedicated to discovering therapeutic efficacy of HF for lupus to explore novel mechanisms on MDSCs. We found that HF prominently alleviated the systemic symptoms especially nephritis in Imiquimod-induced lupus mice, and simultaneously repaired the immune system, reflected in the alteration of autoantibodies. HF diminished the quantity of MDSCs in lupus mice, and induced apoptosis of MDSCs. Through RNA sequencing performed on the sorted MDSC from lupus mice and HF-treated lupus mice, B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (Blk, a non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase) was screened as the target molecule of HF. It's proven that HF had two independent effects on Blk. On the one hand, HF increased the mRNA expression of Blk in MDSCs by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65/p50 heterodimer. On the other hand, HF enhanced the kinase activity of Blk in MDSCs through direct molecular binding. We further investigated that Blk suppressed the phosphorylation of downstream ERK signaling pathway to increase the apoptosis of MDSCs. In conclusion, our study illustrated that HF alleviated the disease progression of lupus mice by targeting Blk to promote the apoptosis of MDSCs, which indicated the immunotherapeutic potential of HF to treat lupus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ni
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Tu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Choi S, Lee YJ, Choi Y, Kim M, Kim HJ, Kim JE, Oh S, Chae SW, Cha HJ, Jo JC. Prognostic significance of BLK expression in R-CHOP treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Pathol Transl Med 2022; 56:281-288. [PMID: 36128864 PMCID: PMC9510039 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2022.07.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of B-cell lymphocyte kinase (BLK) expression for survival outcomes in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients treated with R-CHOP. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 89 patients from two tertiary referral hospitals. The expression of BLK, SYK, and CDK1 were evaluated in a semi-quantitative method using an H-score, and the proportions of BCL2 and C-MYC were evaluated. Results A total of 89 patients received R-CHOP chemotherapy as a first-line chemotherapy. The expression rates of BLK in tumor cells was 39.2% (n = 34). BLK expression status was not significantly associated with clinical variables; however, BLK expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with the expression of both C-MYC and BCL2 (p = .003). With a median follow-up of 60.4 months, patients with BLK expression had significantly lower 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival rates (49.8% and 60.9%, respectively) than patients without BLK expression (77.3% and 86.7%, respectively). In multivariate analysis for PFS, BLK positivity was an independent poor prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.208; p = .040). Conclusions Here, we describe the clinicopathological features and survival outcome according to expression of BLK in DLBCL. Approximately 39% of DLBCL patients showed BLK positivity, which was associated as a predictive marker for poor prognosis in patients who received R-CHOP chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yunsuk Choi
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Misung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sukjoong Oh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Jo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu T, Zuo Y, Zhong Z, Chen X, Pan Z. Discovery of selective irreversible inhibitors of B-Lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 229:114051. [PMID: 34952433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK), a member of the SRC family nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and B cell development and function. Dysregulation of BLK is associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, there is an absence of good tool compounds for BLK, and the molecular mechanisms by which BLK mediates physiological and pathological processes are poorly understood. Herein, we present the discovery of a novel series of selective and irreversible inhibitors of BLK with nanomolar potency against BLK in biochemical and cellular assays. Compound 25 demonstrated potent antiproliferative activities against several B cell lymphoma cell lines. These compounds constitute the first series of selective inhibitors developed for BLK and could help expedite the exploration of BLK functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingying Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenpeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Engineering Laboratory for Chiral Drug Synthesis, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Creeden JF, Alganem K, Imami AS, Henkel ND, Brunicardi FC, Liu SH, Shukla R, Tomar T, Naji F, McCullumsmith RE. Emerging Kinase Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Pancreatic Cancer Desmoplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228823. [PMID: 33233470 PMCID: PMC7700673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinase drug discovery represents an active area of therapeutic research, with previous pharmaceutical success improving patient outcomes across a wide variety of human diseases. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), innovative pharmaceutical strategies such as kinase targeting have been unable to appreciably increase patient survival. This may be due, in part, to unchecked desmoplastic reactions to pancreatic tumors. Desmoplastic stroma enhances tumor development and progression while simultaneously restricting drug delivery to the tumor cells it protects. Emerging evidence indicates that many of the pathologic fibrotic processes directly or indirectly supporting desmoplasia may be driven by targetable protein tyrosine kinases such as Fyn-related kinase (FRK); B lymphoid kinase (BLK); hemopoietic cell kinase (HCK); ABL proto-oncogene 2 kinase (ABL2); discoidin domain receptor 1 kinase (DDR1); Lck/Yes-related novel kinase (LYN); ephrin receptor A8 kinase (EPHA8); FYN proto-oncogene kinase (FYN); lymphocyte cell-specific kinase (LCK); tec protein kinase (TEC). Herein, we review literature related to these kinases and posit signaling networks, mechanisms, and biochemical relationships by which this group may contribute to PDAC tumor growth and desmoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Creeden
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-383-6474
| | - Khaled Alganem
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Ali S. Imami
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Nicholas D. Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - F. Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (F.C.B.); (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
| | - Rammohan Shukla
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Tushar Tomar
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Faris Naji
- PamGene International BV, 5200 BJ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands; (T.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.A.); (A.S.I.); (N.D.H.); (R.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH 6038, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kottaiswamy A, Kizhakeyil A, Padmanaban AM, Mirza FB, Vijay VR, Lee PS, Verma NK, Kalaiselvan P, Samuel S. The Citrus Flavanone Hesperetin Induces Apoptosis in CTCL Cells via STAT3/Notch1/NFκB-Mediated Signaling Axis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1459-1468. [DOI: 10.2174/1871521409666200324110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hesperetin is a natural compound known for its cholesterol-lowering effect and a wide
range of pharmacological activities.
Objectives:
Investigating the potential anticancer activities of Hesperetin in malignant hematolymphoid cell
lines HuT78 and MJ, derived from patients with Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL).
Methods:
The cytotoxic effect of Hesperetin on two different CTCL cell lines, HuT78 and MJ, was assessed by
MTS-based colorimetric assay. Apoptosis, cell cycle, ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and molecular analysis
were performed using flow-cytometry and immunoblotting.
Results:
Hesperetin-treated CTCL cells were arrested at the sub-G1 phase of cell cycle with the concomitant
decrease in the expression of the cell cycle regulator protein cyclin B. In addition, the study found that the cellular
treatment with Hesperetin caused an induction of apoptosis, which was independent of ROS generation. Hesperetin
caused a significant decrease in the expression level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and an increase in cleaved
caspase-3 and PARP proteins in CTCL cells. Furthermore, Hesperetin treatment in CTCL cells down-regulated
the expression of Notch1 and phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr705) and inhibited NFκBp65.
Conclusion:
This study highlights the anticancer properties of Hesperetin. Which induces apoptosis in CTCL
cells via STAT3/Notch1/NFκB mediated signaling pathway, suggesting that further development of this novel
class of flavonoid may contribute to new drug discovery for certain hematolymphoid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atish Kizhakeyil
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Nanyang Ave, Singapore
| | | | - Fathima B. Mirza
- VRR Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesh R. Vijay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Nanyang Ave, Singapore
| | - Pin S. Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Nanyang Ave, Singapore
| | - Navin K. Verma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Nanyang Ave, Singapore
| | | | - Shila Samuel
- VRR Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nielsen PR, Eriksen JO, Lindahl LM, Wehkamp U, Bzorek M, Andersen G, Woetmann A, Iversen L, Ødum N, Litman T, Gjerdrum LMR. Diagnostic Two-Gene Classifier in Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:213-217.e5. [PMID: 32454067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Rude Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark; Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ulrike Wehkamp
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Bzorek
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Gitte Andersen
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Litman
- Leo Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Mette Rahbek Gjerdrum
- Department of Pathology, Zealand University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soh PXY, Marin Cely JM, Mortlock SA, Jara CJ, Booth R, Natera S, Roessner U, Crossett B, Cordwell S, Singh Khatkar M, Williamson P. Genome-wide association studies of 74 plasma metabolites of German shepherd dogs reveal two metabolites associated with genes encoding their enzymes. Metabolomics 2019; 15:123. [PMID: 31493001 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION German shepherd dogs (GSDs) are a popular breed affected by numerous disorders. Few studies have explored genetic variations that influence canine blood metabolite levels. OBJECTIVES To investigate genetic variants affecting the natural metabolite variation in GSDs. METHODS A total of 82 healthy GSDs were genotyped on the Illumina CanineHD Beadchip, assaying 173,650 markers. For each dog, 74 metabolites were measured through liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS and GC-MS) and were used as phenotypes for genome-wide association analyses (GWAS). Sliding window and homozygosity analyses were conducted to fine-map regions of interest, and to identify haplotypes and gene dosage effects. RESULTS Summary statistics for 74 metabolites in this population of GSDs are reported. Forty-one metabolites had significant associations at a false discovery rate of 0.05. Two associations were located around genes which encode for enzymes for the relevant metabolites: 4-hydroxyproline was significantly associated to D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), and threonine to L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase (LOC477365). Three of the top ten haplotypes associated to 4-hydroxyproline included at least one SNP on DAO. These haplotypes occurred only in dogs with the highest 15 measurements of 4-hydroxyproline, ranging in frequency from 16.67 to 20%. None of the dogs were homozygous for these haplotypes. The top two haplotypes associated to threonine included SNPs on LOC477365 and were also overrepresented in dogs with the highest 15 measurements of threonine. These haplotypes occurred at a frequency of 90%, with 80% of these dogs homozygous for the haplotypes. In dogs with the lowest 15 measurements of threonine, the haplotypes occurred at a frequency of 26.67% and 0% homozygosity. CONCLUSION DAO and LOC477365 were identified as candidate genes affecting the natural plasma concentration of 4-hydroxyproline and threonine, respectively. Further investigations are needed to validate the effects of the variants on these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Xing Yi Soh
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juliana Maria Marin Cely
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Mortlock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher James Jara
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Booth
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siria Natera
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ben Crossett
- Sydney Mass Spectrometry, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart Cordwell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Mass Spectrometry, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mehar Singh Khatkar
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Williamson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Martini W, Rahman R, Ojegba E, Jungwirth E, Macias J, Ackerly F, Fowler M, Cottrell J, Chu T, Chang SL. Kinases: Understanding Their Role in HIV Infection. WORLD JOURNAL OF AIDS 2019; 9:142-160. [PMID: 32257606 PMCID: PMC7118713 DOI: 10.4236/wja.2019.93011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs currently on the market primarily target proteins encoded by specific viruses. The drawback of these drugs is that they lack antiviral mechanisms that account for resistance or viral mutation. Thus, there is a pressing need for researchers to explore and investigate new therapeutic agents with other antiviral strategies. Viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) alter canonical signaling pathways to create a favorable biochemical environment for infectivity. We used Qiagen Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software to review the function of several cellular kinases and the resulting perturbed signaling pathways during HIV infection such as NF-κB signaling. These host cellular kinases such as ADK, PKR, MAP3K11 are involved during HIV infection at various stages of the life cycle. Additionally IPA analysis indicated that these modified host cellular kinases are known to have interactions with each other especially AKT1, a serine/threonine kinase involved in multiple pathways. We present a list of cellular host kinases and other proteins that interact with these kinases. This approach to understanding the relationship between HIV infection and kinase activity may introduce new drug targets to arrest HIV infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Roksana Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Eduvie Ojegba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Emily Jungwirth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Jasmine Macias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Frederick Ackerly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Mia Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Tinchun Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fallacara AL, Passannanti R, Mori M, Iovenitti G, Musumeci F, Greco C, Crespan E, Kissova M, Maga G, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Gaudio E, Bertoni F, Botta M, Schenone S. Identification of a new family of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as multitarget Fyn-Blk-Lyn inhibitors active on B- and T-lymphoma cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111545. [PMID: 31400706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling plays a key role in the development of lymphoid malignancies, and could be reverted by the simultaneous inhibition of Lyn, Fyn and Blk, three members of the Src family kinase (SFK). Fyn and Blk are also promising targets for the treatment of some forms of T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma which point to the druggability of SFKs for the treatment of these cancers. We recently identified Si308 as a potent Fyn inhibitor, while preliminary data showed that it might also inhibit Lyn and Blk. Here, molecular modelling studies were coupled with enzymatic assays to further investigate the effect of Si308 on Lyn and Blk. A small library of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines structurally related to Si308 was synthesized and tested on human lymphoma cell lines. Compound 2h emerged as a new multitarget inhibitor of Lyn, Fyn and Blk endowed with remarkable antiproliferative effects on human B and T lymphoma cell lines. Its favorable ADME properties make the compound suitable for further developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Passannanti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Iovenitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslava Kissova
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), via Vela 6, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, "Department of Excellence 2018-2022", University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy; Biotechnology College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Biolife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, 53019, Castelnuovo, Berardenga, Italy.
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Manso R, Martínez-Magunacelaya N, Eraña-Tomás I, Monsalvez V, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Ortiz-Romero PL, Santonja C, Cristóbal I, Piris MA, Rodríguez-Pinilla SM. Mycosis fungoides progression could be regulated by microRNAs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198477. [PMID: 29894486 PMCID: PMC5997347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating early mycosis fungoides (MF) from inflammatory dermatitis is a challenge. We compare the differential expression profile of early-stage MF samples and benign inflammatory dermatoses using microRNA (miRNA) arrays. 114 miRNAs were found to be dysregulated between these entities. The seven most differentially expressed miRNAs between these two conditions were further analyzed using RT-PCR in two series comprising 38 samples of early MFs and 18 samples of inflammatory dermatitis. A series of 51 paraffin-embedded samples belonging to paired stages of 16 MF patients was also analyzed. MiRNAs 26a, 222, 181a and 146a were differentially expressed between tumoral and inflammatory conditions. Two of these miRNAs (miRNA-181a and miRNA-146a) were significantly deregulated between early and advanced MF stages. Bioinformatic analysis showed FOXP3 expression to be regulated by these miRNAs. Immunohistochemistry revealed the level of FOXP3 expression to be lower in tumoral MFs than in plaque lesions in paraffin-embedded tissue. A functional study confirmed that both miRNAs diminished FOXP3 expression when overexpressed in CTCL cells. The data presented here suggest that the analysis of a restricted number of miRNAs (26a, 222, 181a and 146a) could be sufficient to differentiate tumoral from reactive conditions. Moreover, these miRNAs seem to be involved in MF progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Manso
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Verónica Monsalvez
- Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Dermatology Department, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Santonja
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ion Cristóbal
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Piris
- Pathology Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim JE, Kim JH, Lee Y, Yang H, Heo YS, Bode AM, Lee KW, Dong Z. Bakuchiol suppresses proliferation of skin cancer cells by directly targeting Hck, Blk, and p38 MAP kinase. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14616-27. [PMID: 26910280 PMCID: PMC4924739 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bakuchiol is a meroterpene present in the medicinal plant Psoralea corylifolia, which has been traditionally used in China, India, Japan and Korea for the treatment of premature ejaculation, knee pain, alopecia spermatorrhea, enuresis, backache, pollakiuria, vitiligo, callus, and psoriasis. Here, we report the chemopreventive properties of bakuchiol, which acts by inhibiting epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic cell transformation. Bakuchiol also decreased viability and inhibited anchorage-independent growth of A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. Bakuchiol reduced A431 xenograft tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. Using kinase profiling, we identified Hck, Blk and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) as targets of bakuchiol, which directly bound to each kinase in an ATP-competitive manner. Bakuchiol also inhibited EGF-induced signaling pathways downstream of Hck, Blk and p38 MAPK, including the MEK/ERKs, p38 MAPK/MSK1 and AKT/p70S6K pathways. This report is the first mechanistic study identifying molecular targets for the anticancer activity of bakuchiol and our findings indicate that bakuchiol exhibits potent anticancer activity by targeting Hck, Blk and p38 MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55912, USA.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Heo
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55912, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Petersen DL, Berthelsen J, Willerslev-Olsen A, Fredholm S, Dabelsteen S, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Woetmann A. A novel BLK-induced tumor model. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317714196. [PMID: 28670978 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317714196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the SRC family kinases. BLK is known to be functionally involved in B-cell receptor signaling and B-cell development. New evidence suggests that B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase is ectopically expressed and is a putative oncogene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and other T-cell malignancies. However, little is known about the role of BLK in lymphomagenesis, and the oncogenic function seems to depend on the cellular context. Importantly, BLK is also ectopically expressed in other hematological and multiple non-hematological malignancies including breast, kidney, and lung cancers, suggesting that BLK could be a new potential target for therapy. Here, we studied the oncogenic potential of human BLK. We found that engrafted Ba/F3 cells stably expressing constitutive active human BLK formed tumors in mice, whereas neither Ba/F3 cells expressing wild type BLK nor non-transfected Ba/F3 cells did. Inhibition of BLK with the clinical grade and broadly reacting SRC family kinase inhibitor dasatinib inhibited growth of BLK-induced tumors. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that human BLK is a true proto-oncogene capable of inducing tumors, and we demonstrate a novel BLK activity-dependent tumor model suitable for studies of BLK-driven lymphomagenesis and screening of novel BLK inhibitors in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Leander Petersen
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Berthelsen
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Fredholm
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- 2 Department of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Carsten Geisler
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- 1 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Litvinov IV, Tetzlaff MT, Thibault P, Gangar P, Moreau L, Watters AK, Netchiporouk E, Pehr K, Prieto VG, Rahme E, Provost N, Gilbert M, Sasseville D, Duvic M. Gene expression analysis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) highlights disease heterogeneity and potential diagnostic and prognostic indicators. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638728 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1306618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas (CTCL) are rare, but potentially devastating malignancies, whose pathogenesis remains poorly elucidated. Unfortunately, currently it is not possible to predict based on the available criteria in which patients the cancer will progress and which patients will experience an indolent disease course. Furthermore, at early stages this malignancy often masquerades as psoriasis, chronic eczema or other benign inflammatory dermatoses. As a result, it takes on average 6 y to diagnose this lymphoma since its initial presentation. In this study, we performed transcription expression profiling using TruSeq targeted RNA gene expression on 181 fresh and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) skin samples from CTCL patients and patients affected by benign inflammatory dermatoses that often mimic CTCL clinically and on histology (e.g., psoriasis, chronic eczema, etc.) We also analyzed multiple longitudinal biopsies that were obtained from the same patients over time. Our results underscore significant molecular heterogeneity with respect to gene expression between different patients and even within the same patients over time. Our study also confirmed TOX, FYB, LEF1, CCR4, ITK, EED, POU2AF, IL26, STAT5, BLK, GTSF1 and PSORS1C2 genes as being differentially expressed between CTCL and benign skin biopsies. In addition, we found that differential expression for a subset of these markers (e.g., TOX, FYB, GTSF1 and CCR4) may be useful in prognosticating this disease. This research, combined with other molecular analyses, prepares the foundation for the development of personalized molecular approach toward diagnosis and management of CTCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Pamela Gangar
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew K Watters
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elham Rahme
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Provost
- Division of Dermatology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Division of Dermatology, Université Laval, Québec QC, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ion A, Popa IM, Papagheorghe LML, Lisievici C, Lupu M, Voiculescu V, Caruntu C, Boda D. Proteomic Approaches to Biomarker Discovery in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:9602472. [PMID: 27821903 PMCID: PMC5086377 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9602472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the most frequently encountered type of skin lymphoma in humans. CTCL encompasses multiple variants, but the most common types are mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS). While most cases of MF run a mild course over a period of many years, other subtypes of CTCL are very aggressive. The rapidly expanding fields of proteomics and genomics have not only helped increase knowledge concerning the carcinogenesis and tumor biology of CTCL but also led to the discovery of novel markers for targeted therapy. Although multiple biomarkers linked to CTCL have been known for a relatively long time (e.g., CD25, CD45, CD45RA, and CD45R0), compared to other cancers (lymphoma, melanoma, colon carcinoma, head and neck cancer, renal cancer, and cutaneous B-cell lymphoma), information about the antigenicity of CTCL remains relatively limited and no dependable protein marker for CTCL has been discovered. Considering the aggressive nature of some types of CTCL, it is necessary to identify circulating molecules that can help in the early diagnosis, differentiation from inflammatory skin diseases (psoriasis, nummular eczema), and aid in predicting the prognosis and evolution of this pathology. This review aims to bring together some of the information concerning protein markers linked to CTCL, in an effort to further the understanding of the convolute processes involved in this complex pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ion
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iris Maria Popa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, “Bagdasar Arseni” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cristina Lisievici
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Lupu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N. C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 020475 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Medical Center, 020915 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sibbesen NA, Kopp KL, Litvinov IV, Jønson L, Willerslev-Olsen A, Fredholm S, Petersen DL, Nastasi C, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Gniadecki R, Mongan NP, Sasseville D, Wasik MA, Iversen L, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Woetmann A, Odum N. Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 inhibit expression of miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor microRNA, in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20555-69. [PMID: 26244872 PMCID: PMC4653025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Janus kinase-3 (Jak3) and its key down-stream effectors, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) and STAT5, is a key feature of malignant transformation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, it remains only partially understood how Jak3/STAT activation promotes lymphomagenesis. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy. Here, we show that (i) malignant T cells display a decreased expression of a tumor suppressor miRNA, miR-22, when compared to non-malignant T cells, (ii) STAT5 binds the promoter of the miR-22 host gene, and (iii) inhibition of Jak3, STAT3, and STAT5 triggers increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Curcumin, a nutrient with anti-Jak3 activity and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) also trigger increased expression of pri-miR-22 and miR-22. Transfection of malignant T cells with recombinant miR-22 inhibits the expression of validated miR-22 targets including NCoA1, a transcriptional co-activator in others cancers, as well as HDAC6, MAX, MYCBP, PTEN, and CDK2, which have all been implicated in CTCL pathogenesis. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that de-regulated Jak3/STAT3/STAT5 signalling in CTCL cells represses the expression of the gene encoding miR-22, a novel tumor suppressor miRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Sibbesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina L Kopp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lars Jønson
- Departmen of Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Fredholm
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David L Petersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise M Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Departmen of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH, Litvinov IV, Nastasi C, Becker JC, Dabelsteen S, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Zhou Y, Sasseville D, Ødum N, Woetmann A. Ectopic expression of a novel CD22 splice-variant regulates survival and proliferation in malignant T cells from cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14374-84. [PMID: 25957418 PMCID: PMC4546473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD22 is a member of the Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec) family of lectins described to be exclusively present in B lymphocytes and B cell-derived neoplasms. Here, we describe a novel splice form of CD22 (designated CD22âN), which lacks the N-terminal domain as demonstrated by exon-specific RT-PCR and differential recognition by anti-CD22 antibodies. Importantly, CD22âN mRNA is expressed in skin lesions from 39 out of 60 patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), whereas few patients (6 out of 60) expresses full-length, wild type CD22 (CD22wt). In addition, IHC staining of tumor biopsies confirmed the expression of CD22 in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, four out of four malignant T cell lines express CD22: Two cell lines express CD22âN (MyLa2059 and PB2B) and two express CD22wt (MAC-1 and MAC-2A). siRNA-mediated silencing of CD22 impairs proliferation and survival of malignant T cells, demonstrating a functional role for both CD22âN and CD22wt in these cells.In conclusion, we provide the first evidence for an ectopic expression of CD22 and a novel splice variant regulating malignant proliferation and survival in CTCL. Analysis of expression and function of CD22 in cutaneous lymphomas may form the basis for development of novel targeted therapies for our patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- General Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ratner L, Rauch D, Abel H, Caruso B, Noy A, Barta SK, Parekh S, Ramos JC, Ambinder R, Phillips A, Harding J, Baydoun HH, Cheng X, Jacobson S. Dose-adjusted EPOCH chemotherapy with bortezomib and raltegravir for human T-cell leukemia virus-associated adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e408. [PMID: 27015285 PMCID: PMC4817103 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - D Rauch
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - H Abel
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - B Caruso
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Noy
- Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S K Barta
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S Parekh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - J C Ramos
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Ambinder
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Phillips
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Harding
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - H H Baydoun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - X Cheng
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) stimulates STAT3 activation and IL-17 expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016; 127:1287-96. [PMID: 26738536 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-662353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is characterized by proliferation of malignant T cells in a chronic inflammatory environment. With disease progression, bacteria colonize the compromised skin barrier and half of CTCL patients die of infection rather than from direct organ involvement by the malignancy. Clinical data indicate that bacteria play a direct role in disease progression, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. Here, we demonstrate that bacterial isolates containing staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) from the affected skin of CTCL patients, as well as recombinant SEA, stimulate activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and upregulation of interleukin (IL)-17 in immortalized and primary patient-derived malignant and nonmalignant T cells. Importantly, SEA induces STAT3 activation and IL-17 expression in malignant T cells when cocultured with nonmalignant T cells, indicating an indirect mode of action. In accordance, malignant T cells expressing an SEA-nonresponsive T-cell receptor variable region β chain are nonresponsive to SEA in monoculture but display strong STAT3 activation and IL-17 expression in cocultures with SEA-responsive nonmalignant T cells. The response is induced via IL-2 receptor common γ chain cytokines and a Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)-dependent pathway in malignant T cells, and blocked by tofacitinib, a clinical-grade JAK3 inhibitor. In conclusion, we demonstrate that SEA induces cell cross talk-dependent activation of STAT3 and expression of IL-17 in malignant T cells, suggesting a mechanism whereby SEA-producing bacteria promote activation of an established oncogenic pathway previously implicated in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2016 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:151-65. [PMID: 26607183 PMCID: PMC4715621 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral, or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic-response modifiers or histone deacetylase inhibitors before escalating therapy to include systemic, single-agent chemotherapy. In highly-selected patients, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered, as this may be curative in some patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Wilcox
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Room 4310 CC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5948
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Huang et al show that aberrant expression of TOX plays a central role in malignant survival, proliferation, and tumor formation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).
Collapse
|
24
|
Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box gene (TOX) is aberrantly over-expressed in mycosis fungoides and correlates with poor prognosis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4418-25. [PMID: 24947046 PMCID: PMC4147334 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) often mimics the common chronic inflammatory skin diseases and is difficult to be diagnosed with certainty, partly because of the lack of well-characterized molecular markers. Previously, we discovered that TOX, a key T cell development regulator,was aberrantly over-expressed in early stage MF. In the current multi-center study involving two independent patient cohorts, we determined the prevalence of TOX over-expression in the full spectrum of MF skin biopsies, and tested if TOX expression levels correlated with long term clinical outcomes. We examined TOX expression levels in 113 MF biopsies. We found that the MF biopsies expressed higher TOX mRNA than the controls in both cohorts (17.9 fold in cohort 1, P = 0.002; 5.8 fold in cohort 2, P < 0.0001). In addition, thicker skin lesions such as plaques and tumors expressed even higher TOX levels than thinner patches. Further, TOX over-expression differentiated MF from the controls (area under the curve [AUC]=0.87, P < 0.0001). Finally, high TOX mRNA levels correlated with increased risks of disease progression (P = 0.003) and disease-specific mortality (P = 0.008). In conclusion, TOX may be a useful marker for improving MF diagnosis and prognostication.
Collapse
|
25
|
Litvinov IV, Netchiporouk E, Cordeiro B, Zargham H, Pehr K, Gilbert M, Zhou Y, Moreau L, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Kupper TS, Sasseville D. Ectopic expression of embryonic stem cell and other developmental genes in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e970025. [PMID: 25941598 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.970025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a potentially devastating malignancy. The pathogenesis of this cancer remains poorly elucidated. Previous studies focused on analysis of expression and function of known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. However, emerging reports highlight that it is also important to analyze the expression of genes that are ectopically expressed in CTCL (e.g., embryonic stem cell genes (ESC), cancer testis (CT) genes, etc.). Currently, it is not known whether ESC genes are expressed in CTCL. In the current work, we analyze by RT-PCR the expression of 26 ESC genes, many of which are known to regulate pluripotency and promote cancer stem cell-like phenotype, in a historic cohort of 60 patients from Boston and in a panel of 11 patient-derived CTCL cell lines and compare such expression to benign inflammatory dermatoses that often clinically mimic CTCL. Our findings document that many critical ESC genes including NANOG, SOX2, OCT4 (POU5F1) and their upstream and downstream signaling members are expressed in CTCL. Similarly, polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) genes (i.e., EZH2, EED, and SUZ12) are also expressed in CTCL lesional skin. Furthermore, select ESC genes (OCT4, EED, TCF3, THAP11, CHD7, TIP60, TRIM28) are preferentially expressed in CTCL samples when compared to benign skin biopsies. Our work suggests that ESC genes are ectopically expressed together with CT genes, thymocyte development genes and B cell-specific genes and may be working in concert to promote tumorigenesis. Specifically, while ESC genes may be promoting cancer stem cell-like phenotype, CT genes may be contributing to aneuploidy and genomic instability by producing aberrant chromosomal translocations. Further analysis of ESC expression and function in this cancer will greatly enhance our fundamental understanding of CTCL and will help us identify novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Key Words
- ALCL, Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
- BLK, B-lymphoid kinase
- C-ALCL, Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
- CSC, Cancer Stem Cell
- CTCL, Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
- DMC1, Disrupted Meiotic cDNA 1
- ESC, Embryonic Stem Cell
- EVA1, Epithelial C-like antigen 1
- MF, Mycosis Fungoides
- PBMC, Peripheral Blood Mononucleated Cells
- PLS3, Plastin-3
- PRC1, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1
- PRC2, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
- SS, Sézary Syndrome
- SYCP1, Synaptonemal Complex Protein 1
- TOX, Thymocyte selection–associated high mobility group box
- ZFX, Zinc finger protein X-linked
- cancer testis genes
- cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL)
- embryonic stem cell genes
- mycosis fungoides (MF)
- polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)
- sézary syndrome (SS)
- thymocyte development genes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Brendan Cordeiro
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Hanieh Zargham
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Kevin Pehr
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Division of Dermatology; Université Laval ; Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia ; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard University ; Boston, MA USA
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre ; Montréal, QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2014 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:837-51. [PMID: 25042790 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, and blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic-response modifiers or histone deacetylase inhibitors prior to escalating therapy to include systemic, single-agent chemotherapy. Multiagent chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP) may be employed for those patients with extensive visceral involvement requiring rapid disease control. In highly selected patients, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Wilcox
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; University of Michigan Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Extracellular vesicles shed by glioma cells: pathogenic role and clinical value. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:8425-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
|
28
|
Petersen DL, Krejsgaard T, Berthelsen J, Fredholm S, Willerslev-Olsen A, Sibbesen NA, Bonefeld CM, Andersen MH, Francavilla C, Olsen JV, Hu T, Zhang M, Wasik MA, Geisler C, Woetmann A, Odum N. B-lymphoid tyrosine kinase (Blk) is an oncogene and a potential target for therapy with dasatinib in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Leukemia 2014; 28:2109-12. [PMID: 24919804 PMCID: PMC4190403 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Petersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Berthelsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Fredholm
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N A Sibbesen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M H Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - C Francavilla
- Proteomics Program, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J V Olsen
- Proteomics Program, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Hu
- Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - M Zhang
- Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - M A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Willerslev-Olsen A, Litvinov IV, Fredholm SM, Petersen DL, Sibbesen NA, Gniadecki R, Zhang Q, Bonefeld CM, Wasik MA, Geisler C, Zhou Y, Woetmann A, Sasseville D, Krejsgaard T, Odum N. IL-15 and IL-17F are differentially regulated and expressed in mycosis fungoides (MF). Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1306-12. [PMID: 24621498 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions from mycosis fungoides (MF) patients display an increased expression of interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-17F, and other cytokines implicated in inflammation and malignant cell proliferation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In the leukemic variant of CTCL, Sézary syndrome (SS), IL-2 and IL-15 trigger activation of the Jak-3/STAT3 pathway and transcription of IL17A gene, whereas it is unknown what causes IL-15 expression, Jak3/STAT3 activation, and production of IL-17F in MF. Here, we studied the expression and regulation of IL-15 and its relation to IL-17F in MF cell lines and skin lesions from 60 MF patients. We show that: (1) the spontaneous IL-15 mRNA expression is resistant to Jak3 and STAT3 inhibitors at concentrations that profoundly inhibit STAT3 activation and IL-17F mRNA expression; (2) anti-IL-15 antibody blocks STAT3 activation induced by exogenous IL-15 in non-malignant MF T cells, whereas the spontaneous STAT3 activation and IL-17F expression in malignant T cells is not inhibited; (3) patients display heterogeneous IL-15/IL-17F mRNA expression patterns in skin lesions; and (4) IL-15 expression (in contrast to IL-17F) is not associated with progressive disease. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-15 and IL-17F are differentially regulated and expressed in MF. We propose that IL-15 and IL-17F are markers for different inflammatory environments and play distinct roles in the development and progression of MF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon M Fredholm
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David L Petersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina A Sibbesen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Departmen of Dermatology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chang TP, Vancurova I. NFκB function and regulation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:433-445. [PMID: 24224122 PMCID: PMC3816964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activity of NFκB are constitutively increased in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells, and are responsible for their increased survival and proliferation. However, in addition to the anti-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes, NFκB induces expression of immunosuppressive genes, such as IL-10 and TGFβ, which inhibit the immune responses and are characteristic for the advanced stages of CTCL. While the mechanisms regulating NFκB-dependent transcription of anti-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes have been studied extensively, very little is known about the NFκB regulation of immunosuppressive genes. The specificity of NFκB-regulated responses is determined by the subunit composition of NFκB complexes recruited to the individual promoters, post-translational modifications of NFκB proteins, as well as by their interactions with other transcriptional factors and regulators. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms regulating the transcription of NFκB-dependent anti-apoptotic, pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive genes in CTCL cells, as potential targets for CTCL therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Pei Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University New York, NY 11439, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Persson JL. miRNA in mycosis fungoides and skin inflammation. APMIS 2013; 121:1017-9. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Liao Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Clinical Research Center; Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Willerslev-Olsen A, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Bonefeld CM, A. Wasik M, B. Koralov S, Geisler C, Kilian M, Iversen L, Woetmann A, Odum N. Bacterial toxins fuel disease progression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1402-21. [PMID: 23949004 PMCID: PMC3760043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) bacterial infections constitute a major clinical problem caused by compromised skin barrier and a progressive immunodeficiency. Indeed, the majority of patients with advanced disease die from infections with bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) have long been suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis in CTCL. Here, we review links between bacterial infections and CTCL with focus on earlier studies addressing a direct role of SE on malignant T cells and recent data indicating novel indirect mechanisms involving SE- and cytokine-driven cross-talk between malignant- and non-malignant T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Lise M. Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mails: (L.M.L.); (L.I.)
| | - Charlotte Menne Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mail:
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mails: (L.M.L.); (L.I.)
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +45-3532-7879
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Inappropriately regulated expression of interleukin (IL)-17A is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, little is known about the role of other IL-17 family members in carcinogenesis. Here, we show that a set of malignant T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) spontaneously secrete IL-17F and that inhibitors of Janus kinases and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are able to block that secretion. Other malignant T-cell lines produce IL-17A but not IL-17F. Upon activation, however, some of the malignant T-cell lines are able to coexpress IL-17A and IL-17F, leading to formation of IL-17A/F heterodimers. Clinically, we demonstrate that IL-17F messenger RNA expression is significantly increased in CTCL skin lesions compared with healthy donors and patients with chronic dermatitis. IL-17A expression is also increased and a significant number of patients express high levels of both IL-17A and IL-17F. Concomitantly, we observed that the expression of the IL-17 receptor is significantly increased in CTCL skin lesions compared with control subjects. Importantly, analysis of a historic cohort of 60 CTCL patients indicates that IL-17F expression is associated with progressive disease. These findings implicate IL-17F in the pathogenesis of CTCL and suggest that IL-17 cytokines and their receptors may serve as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
34
|
Pedersen IH, Willerslev-Olsen A, Vetter-Kauczok C, Krejsgaard T, Lauenborg B, Kopp KL, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Dabelsteen S, Woetmann A, Becker JC, Odum N. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 expression in mycosis fungoides. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:819-26. [PMID: 22946664 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.726720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have studied vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) expression in mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Immunohistochemistry revealed that in two-thirds of 34 patients, VEGFR-3 was expressed in situ by both tumor and stromal cells irrespective of the disease stage. The natural VEGFR-3 ligand, VEGF-C, partially protected malignant T-cell lines from growth inhibition by the histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Whereas the malignant T cells did not produce VEGF-C in vitro, its expression was induced during tumor formation in vivo in a xenograft mouse model of MF. In conclusion, malignant and stromal cells express high levels of VEGFR-3 in all stages of MF. Moreover, malignant T cells trigger enhanced VEGF-C expression in fibroblasts, suggesting that cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells plays a role in lymphangiogenesis and possibly disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Holst Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
A Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression Data Identifies a Molecular Signature Characteristic for Tumor-Stage Mycosis Fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2050-9. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
36
|
Simpfendorfer KR, Olsson LM, Manjarrez Orduño N, Khalili H, Simeone AM, Katz MS, Lee AT, Diamond B, Gregersen PK. The autoimmunity-associated BLK haplotype exhibits cis-regulatory effects on mRNA and protein expression that are prominently observed in B cells early in development. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3918-25. [PMID: 22678060 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene B lymphocyte kinase (BLK) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and several other autoimmune disorders. The disease risk haplotype is known to be associated with reduced expression of BLK mRNA transcript in human B cell lines; however, little is known about cis-regulation of BLK message or protein levels in native cell types. Here, we show that in primary human B lymphocytes, cis-regulatory effects of disease-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms in BLK are restricted to naïve and transitional B cells. Cis-regulatory effects are not observed in adult B cells in later stages of differentiation. Allelic expression bias was also identified in primary human T cells from adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood (UCB), thymus and tonsil, although mRNA levels were reduced compared with B cells. Allelic regulation of Blk expression at the protein level was confirmed in UCB B cell subsets by intracellular staining and flow cytometry. Blk protein expression in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was documented by western blot analysis; however, differences in protein expression levels by BLK genotype were not observed in any T cell subset. Blk allele expression differences at the protein level are thus restricted to early B cells, indicating that the involvement of Blk in the risk for autoimmune disease likely acts during the very early stages of B cell development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Simpfendorfer
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dummer R, Goldinger SM, Cozzio A, French LE, Karpova MB. Cutaneous Lymphomas: Molecular Pathways Leading to New Drugs. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:517-25. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
38
|
Wilcox RA. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:928-48. [PMID: 21990092 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS). DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY Tumor, node, metastasis, and blood (TNMB) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a "risk-adapted," multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin-directed therapies is preferred, as both disease-specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced-stage disease with significant nodal, visceral, or blood involvement are generally approached with biologic-response modifiers, denileukin diftitox, and histone deacetylase inhibitors before escalating therapy to include systemic, single-agent chemotherapy. Multiagent chemotherapy may be used for those patients with extensive visceral involvement requiring rapid disease control. In highly-selected patients with disease refractory to standard treatments, allogeneic stem-cell transplantation may be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, 48109-5948, USA. rywilcox@med. umich.edu
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Krejsgaard T, Odum N, Geisler C, Wasik MA, Woetmann A. Regulatory T cells and immunodeficiency in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Leukemia 2011; 26:424-32. [PMID: 21904385 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the term for diseases characterized by primary accumulation of malignant T cells in the skin. Patients with the two predominant clinical forms of CTCL called mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS) characteristically develop severe immunodeficiency during disease progression and consequently patients with advanced disease frequently die of infections and not from the tumor burden. For decades, it has been suspected that the malignant T cells actively drive the evolving immunodeficiency to avoid antitumor immunity, yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The identification of a subset of highly immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) triggered a variety of studies investigating if MF and SS are malignant proliferations of Tregs but seemingly discordant findings have been reported. Here, we review the literature to clarify the role of Tregs in MF and SS and discuss the potential mechanisms driving the immunodeficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Response to Shawn G. Kwatra. J Invest Dermatol 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are the most frequent primary skin lymphomas. Nevertheless, diagnosis of early disease has proven difficult because of a clinical and histologic resemblance to benign inflammatory skin diseases. To address whether microRNA (miRNA) profiling can discriminate CTCL from benign inflammation, we studied miRNA expression levels in 198 patients with CTCL, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTL), and benign skin diseases (psoriasis and dermatitis). Using microarrays, we show that the most induced (miR-326, miR-663b, and miR-711) and repressed (miR-203 and miR-205) miRNAs distinguish CTCL from benign skin diseases with > 90% accuracy in a training set of 90 samples and a test set of 58 blinded samples. These miRNAs also distinguish malignant and benign lesions in an independent set of 50 patients with PTL and skin inflammation and in experimental human xenograft mouse models of psoriasis and CTCL. Quantitative (q)RT-PCR analysis of 103 patients with CTCL and benign skin disorders validates differential expression of 4 of the 5 miRNAs and confirms previous reports on miR-155 in CTCL. A qRT-PCR-based classifier consisting of miR-155, miR-203, and miR-205 distinguishes CTCL from benign disorders with high specificity and sensitivity, and with a classification accuracy of 95%, indicating that miRNAs have a high diagnostic potential in CTCL.
Collapse
|
42
|
Krejsgaard T, Kopp K, Ralfkiaer E, Willumsgaard AE, Eriksen KW, Labuda T, Rasmussen S, Mathiesen AM, Geisler C, Lauenborg B, Becker JC, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Odum N, Woetmann A. A novel xenograft model of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:1096-102. [PMID: 20629733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are characterized by accumulation of malignant T cells in the skin. Early disease resembles benign skin disorders but during disease progression cutaneous tumors develop, and eventually the malignant T cells can spread to lymph nodes and internal organs. However, because of the lack of suitable animal models, little is known about the mechanisms driving CTCL development and progression in vivo. Here, we describe a novel xenograft model of tumor stage CTCL, where malignant T cells (MyLa2059) are transplanted to NOD/SCID-B2m(-/-) (NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) B2m(tm1Unc) /J) mice. Subcutaneous transplantation of the malignant T cells led to rapid tumor formation in 43 of 48 transplantations, whereas transplantation of non-malignant T cells isolated from the same donor did not result in tumor development. Importantly, the tumor growth was significantly suppressed in mice treated with vorinostat when compared to mice treated with vehicle. Furthermore, in most mice the tumors displayed subcutaneous and/or lymphatic dissemination. Histological, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses confirmed that both tumors at the inoculation site, as well as distant subcutaneous and lymphatic tumors, originated from the transplanted malignant T cells. In conclusion, we describe a novel mouse model of tumor stage CTCL for future studies of disease dissemination and preclinical evaluations of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
43
|
Krejsgaard T, Ralfkiaer U, Clasen-Linde E, Eriksen KW, Kopp KL, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Dabelsteen S, Wasik MA, Ralfkiaer E, Woetmann A, Odum N. Malignant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells express IL-17 utilizing the Jak3/Stat3 signaling pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1331-8. [PMID: 21346774 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IL-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is crucial for the host's protection against a range of extracellular pathogens. However, inappropriately regulated expression of IL-17 is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases and cancer. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), malignant T cells gradually accumulate in skin lesions characterized by massive chronic inflammation, suggesting that IL-17 could be involved in the pathogenesis. In this study we show that IL-17 protein is present in 10 of 13 examined skin lesions but not in sera from 28 CTCL patients. Importantly, IL-17 expression is primarily observed in atypical lymphocytes with characteristic neoplastic cell morphology. In accordance, malignant T-cell lines from CTCL patients produce IL-17 and the synthesis is selectively increased by IL-2 receptor β chain cytokines. Small-molecule inhibitors or small interfering RNA against Jak3 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) reduce the production of IL-17, showing that the Jak3/Stat3 pathway promotes the expression of the cytokine. In summary, our findings indicate that the malignant T cells in CTCL lesions express IL-17 and that this expression is promoted by the Jak3/Stat3 pathway.
Collapse
|
44
|
Lauenborg B, Kopp K, Krejsgaard T, Eriksen KW, Geisler C, Dabelsteen S, Gniadecki R, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Woetmann A, Odum N. Programmed cell death-10 enhances proliferation and protects malignant T cells from apoptosis. APMIS 2010; 118:719-28. [PMID: 20854465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The programmed cell death-10 (PDCD10; also known as cerebral cavernous malformation-3 or CCM3) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein associated with cell apoptosis. Mutations in PDCD10 result in cerebral cavernous malformations, an important cause of cerebral hemorrhage. PDCD10 is associated with serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and modulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway suggesting a role in the regulation of cellular growth. Here we provide evidence of a constitutive expression of PDCD10 in malignant T cells and cell lines from peripheral blood of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (Sezary syndrome) patients. PDCD10 is associated with protein phosphatase-2A, a regulator of mitogenesis and apoptosis in malignant T cells. Inhibition of oncogenic signal pathways [Jak3, Notch1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)] partly inhibits the constitutive PDCD10 expression, whereas an activator of Jak3 and NF-κB, interleukin-2 (IL-2), enhances PDCD10 expression. Functional data show that PDCD10 depletion by small interfering RNA induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation of the sensitive cells. To our knowledge, these data provide the first functional link between PDCD10 and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britt Lauenborg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Deregulation of Notch signaling has been linked to the development of T-cell leukemias and several solid malignancies. Yet, it is unknown whether Notch signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, the most common subtypes of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. By immunohistochemistry of 40 biopsies taken from skin lesions of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, we demonstrated prominent expression of Notch1 on tumor cells, especially in the more advanced stages. The γ-secretase inhibitor I blocked Notch signaling and potently induced apoptosis in cell lines derived from mycosis fungoides (MyLa) and Sézary syndrome (SeAx, HuT-78) and in primary leukemic Sézary cells. Specific down-regulation of Notch1 (but not Notch2 and Notch3) by siRNA induced apoptosis in SeAx. The mechanism of apoptosis involved the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, which is the most important prosurvival pathway in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Our data show that Notch is present in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and that its inhibition may provide a new way to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
|
46
|
Kopp KLM, Kauczok CS, Lauenborg B, Krejsgaard T, Eriksen KW, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Geisler C, Ralfkiaer E, Becker JC, Ødum N, Woetmann A. COX-2-dependent PGE(2) acts as a growth factor in mycosis fungoides (MF). Leukemia 2010; 24:1179-85. [PMID: 20428208 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer often originates from a site of persistent inflammation, and the mechanisms turning chronic inflammation into a driving force of carcinogenesis are intensely investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible key modulator of inflammation that carries out the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis. Aberrant COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production have been implicated in tumorigenesis. In this study we show that COX-2 is ectopically expressed in malignant T-cell lines from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as well as in situ in lymphocytic cells in 21 out of 22 patients suffering from mycosis fungoides (MF) in plaque or tumor stage. COX-2 is not expressed in lymphocytes of 11 patients with patch-stage MF, whereas sporadic COX-2 staining of stromal cells is observed in the majority of patients. COX-2 expression correlates with a constitutive production of PGE(2) in malignant T cells in vitro. These cells express prostaglandin receptors EP3 and EP4 and the receptor antagonist as well as small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against COX-2, and specific COX-2 inhibitors strongly reduce their spontaneous proliferation. In conclusion, our data indicate that COX-2 mediated PGE(2) exerts an effect as a tumor growth factor in MF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L M Kopp
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
IFN-alpha and skin-infiltrating activated T lymphocytes have important roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. T cells from psoriatic patients display an increased sensitivity to IFN-alpha, but the pathological mechanisms behind the hyperresponsiveness to IFN-alpha remained unknown. In this study, we show that psoriatic T cells display deficient expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 in response to IFN-alpha and a low baseline expression of the SH2-domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1 when compared with skin T cells from nonpsoriatic donors. Moreover, IFN-alpha-stimulated psoriatic T cells show enhanced activation of JAKs (JAK1 and TYK2) and signal transducers and activators of transcription. Increased expression of SOCS3 proteins resulting from proteasomal blockade partially inhibits IFN-alpha response. Similarly, forced expression of SOCS3 and SHP-1 inhibits IFN-alpha signaling in psoriatic T cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that loss of regulatory control is involved in the aberrant hypersensitivity of psoriatic T cells to IFN-alpha.
Collapse
|
48
|
[What's new in dermatological research?]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010; 136 Suppl 7:S407-16. [PMID: 20110056 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(09)73382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental research in Dermatology has been once more very active during the past year and more specifically focused on immunological grounds of inflammatory diseases, the identification of risk loci associated with psoriasis and tumors, cutaneous lymphomas and on the genodermatosis where large international collaborative studies provided with a molecular understanding of an increasing amount of conditions especially affecting pigmentation and differentiation. In silico investigations become increasingly prominent especially with the rising power of new actor, China, the demographical and resulting epidemiological weight of which can hardly be challenged. Some of these fundamental breakthroughs might result in practical interventions although in an undefined future.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ke J, Chelvarajan RL, Sindhava V, Robertson DA, Lekakis L, Jennings CD, Bondada S. Anomalous constitutive Src kinase activity promotes B lymphoma survival and growth. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:132. [PMID: 20043832 PMCID: PMC2814804 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we have shown that B cell receptor (BCR) expression and B cell receptor signaling pathways are important for the basal growth of B lymphoma cells. In particular we have shown that the activation of Syk, a non-src family protein tyrosine kinase and the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), ERK and JNK that mediate BCR signals are required for the constitutive growth of B lymphoma cells. Since src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) like Lyn are known to be needed for the phosphorylation of BCR co-receptors, Ig-α and Ig-β, we hypothesized that one or more SFKs will be constitutively activated in B lymphoma cells and may be necessary for B lymphoma growth. Results Src kinase activity was found to be constitutively high in many murine and human B lymphoma cell lines and primary lymphoma samples. The specific pharmacological inhibitors of SFKs, PP1 and PP2 inhibited the proliferation of a number of both murine and human B lymphomas in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, dasatinib (BMS-354825), an oral dual BCR-ABL and SFK specific inhibitor inhibited the growth of B lymphomas in the nanomolar range in vitro and strongly inhibited a mouse lymphoma growth in vivo. Among the SFKs, Lyn is predominantly phosphorylated and Lyn-specific small interfering RNA inhibited the growth of B lymphomas, supporting an important role for Lyn in B lymphoma growth. Suppression of SFK activity blocks BCR mediated signaling pathways. PMA or CpG can partially reverse the growth inhibition induced by SFK inhibition. Although blocking SFK activity inhibited the growth of a number of B lymphomas, some lymphomas such as SudHL-4, SudHL-6, OCI-Ly3 and OCI-Ly10 are more resistant due to an increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Conclusions These studies further support our concept that BCR signaling pathways are important for the continued growth of established B lymphoma cells. Some of the intermediates in this BCR pathway are potential immunotherapeutic targets. In particular, inhibition of SFK activity alone or in synergy with inhibition of the prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins holds promise in developing more effective treatments for B lymphoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Transforming potential of Src family kinases is limited by the cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomain. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:6462-72. [PMID: 19822664 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00941-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of Src family kinases (SFKs) has been implicated in cancer progression, but the molecular mechanisms regulating their transforming potentials remain unclear. Here we show that the transforming ability of all SFK members is suppressed by being distributed to the cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomain. All SFKs could induce cell transformation when overexpressed in C-terminal Src kinase (Csk)-deficient fibroblasts. However, their transforming abilities varied depending on their affinity for the microdomain. c-Src and Blk, with a weak affinity for the microdomain due to a single myristate modification at the N terminus, could efficiently induce cell transformation, whereas SFKs with both myristate and palmitate modifications were preferentially distributed to the microdomain and required higher doses of protein expression to induce transformation. In contrast, disruption of the microdomain by depleting cholesterol could induce a robust transformation in Csk-deficient fibroblasts in which only a limited amount of activated SFKs was expressed. Conversely, the addition of cholesterol or recruitment of activated SFKs to the microdomain via a transmembrane adaptor, Cbp/PAG1, efficiently suppressed SFK-induced cell transformation. These findings suggest that the membrane microdomain spatially limits the transforming potential of SFKs by sequestering them away from the transforming pathways.
Collapse
|