1
|
Gutowska A, Sarkis S, Rahman MA, Goldfarbmuren KC, Moles R, Bissa M, Doster M, Washington-Parks R, McKinnon K, Silva de Castro I, Schifanella L, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Complete Rescue of HTLV-1 p12KO Infectivity by Depletion of Monocytes Together with NK and CD8 + T Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38668247 PMCID: PMC11054408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient depletion of monocytes alone prior to exposure of macaques to HTLV-1 enhances both HTLV-1WT (wild type) and HTLV-1p12KO (Orf-1 knockout) infectivity, but seroconversion to either virus is not sustained over time, suggesting a progressive decrease in virus expression. These results raise the hypotheses that either HTLV-1 persistence depends on a monocyte reservoir or monocyte depletion provides a transient immune evasion benefit. To test these hypotheses, we simultaneously depleted NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes (triple depletion) prior to exposure to HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO. Remarkably, triple depletion resulted in exacerbation of infection by both viruses and complete rescue of HTLV-1p12KO infectivity. Following triple depletion, we observed rapid and sustained seroconversion, high titers of antibodies against HTLV-1 p24Gag, and frequent detection of viral DNA in the blood and tissues of all animals when compared with depletion of only CD8+ and NK cells, or monocytes alone. The infection of macaques with HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO was associated with higher plasma levels of IL-10 after 21 weeks, while IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-1β were only elevated in animals infected with HTLV-1WT. The repeat depletion of monocytes, NK, and CD8+ cells seven months following the first exposure to HTLV-1 did not further exacerbate viral replication. These results underscore the contribution of monocytes in orchestrating anti-viral immunity. Indeed, the absence of orf-1 expression was fully compensated by the simultaneous depletion of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and monocytes, underlining the primary role of orf-1 in hijacking host immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine C. Goldfarbmuren
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Melvin Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahdifar M, Boostani R, Taylor GP, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H. Comprehensive Insight into the Functional Roles of NK and NKT Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Diseases and Asymptomatic Carriers. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8. [PMID: 38436833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first human oncogenic retrovirus to be discovered and causes two major diseases: a progressive neuro-inflammatory disease, termed HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and an aggressive malignancy of T lymphocytes known as adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Innate and acquired immune responses play pivotal roles in controlling the status of HTLV-1-infected cells and such, the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. Natural killer cells (NKCs) are the effector cells of the innate immune system and are involved in controlling viral infections and several types of cancers. The ability of NKCs to trigger cytotoxicity to provide surveillance against viruses and cancer depends on the balance between the inhibitory and activating signals. In this review, we will discuss NKC function and the alterations in the frequency of these cells in HTLV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mohanty S, Harhaj EW. Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing of HTLV-1 and Viral Immune Evasion. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050735. [PMID: 37242405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) was the first identified oncoretrovirus, which infects and establishes a persistent infection in approximately 10-20 million people worldwide. Although only ~5% of infected individuals develop pathologies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a neuroinflammatory disorder termed HTLV-1-asssociated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), asymptomatic carriers are more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Furthermore, ATLL patients are severely immunosuppressed and prone to other malignancies and other infections. The HTLV-1 replication cycle provides ligands, mainly nucleic acids (RNA, RNA/DNA intermediates, ssDNA intermediates, and dsDNA), that are sensed by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger immune responses. However, the mechanisms of innate immune detection and immune responses to HTLV-1 infection are not well understood. In this review, we highlight the functional roles of different immune sensors in recognizing HTLV-1 infection in multiple cell types and the antiviral roles of host restriction factors in limiting persistent infection of HTLV-1. We also provide a comprehensive overview of intricate strategies employed by HTLV-1 to subvert the host innate immune response that may contribute to the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases. A more detailed understanding of HTLV-1-host pathogen interactions may inform novel strategies for HTLV-1 antivirals, vaccines, and treatments for ATLL or HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Edward W Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Itabashi K, Miyazawa T, Uchimaru K. How Can We Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086961. [PMID: 37108125 PMCID: PMC10138424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The perception of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTlV-1) infection as a "silent disease" has recently given way to concern that its presence may be having a variety of effects. HTLV-1 is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive cancer of peripheral CD4 T cells; however, it is also responsible for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Most patients develop ATL as a result of HTLV-1 mother-to-child transmission. The primary route of mother-to-child transmission is through the mother's milk. In the absence of effective drug therapy, total artificial nutrition such as exclusive formula feeding is a reliable means of preventing mother-to-child transmission after birth, except for a small percentage of prenatal infections. A recent study found that the rate of mother-to-child transmission with short-term breastfeeding (within 90 days) did not exceed that of total artificial nutrition. Because these preventive measures are in exchange for the benefits of breastfeeding, clinical applications of antiretroviral drugs and immunotherapy with vaccines and neutralizing antibodies are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Itabashi
- Aiseikai-Memorial Ibaraki Welfare and Medical Center, Ibaraki 3100836, Japan
| | - Tokuo Miyazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1428666, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Blackbourn DJ, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Pathogenicity and virulence of human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) in oncogenesis: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:189-211. [PMID: 36593730 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2157791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes caused by human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. HTLV-1 was brought to the World Health Organization (WHO) and researchers to address its impact on global public health, oncogenicity, and deterioration of the host immune system toward autoimmunity. In a minority of the infected population (3-5%), it can induce inflammatory networks toward HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), or hijacking the infected CD4+ T lymphocytes into T regulatory subpopulation, stimulating anti-inflammatory signaling networks, and prompting ATLL development. This review critically discusses the complex signaling networks in ATLL pathogenesis during virus-host interactions for better interpretation of oncogenicity and introduces the main candidates in the pathogenesis of ATLL. At least two viral factors, HTLV-1 trans-activator protein (TAX) and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), are implicated in ATLL manifestation, interacting with host responses and deregulating cell signaling in favor of infected cell survival and virus dissemination. Such molecules can be used as potential novel biomarkers for ATLL prognosis or targets for therapy. Moreover, the challenging aspects of HTLV-1 oncogenesis introduced in this review could open new venues for further studies on acute leukemia pathogenesis. These features can aid in the discovery of effective immunotherapies when reversing the gene expression profile toward appropriate immune responses gradually becomes attainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niazmand S, Gowhari Shabgah A, Hosseinian S, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Kamali A, Khazdair MR, Baghcheghi Y, Hedayati‐Moghadam M. The effect of HTLV1 infection on inflammatory and oxidative parameters in the liver, kidney, and pancreases of BALB/c mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15243. [PMID: 35373925 PMCID: PMC8978595 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are linked to the progression of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress that play pivotal roles in systemic diseases. To confirm this phenomenon, in the present study, TNF‐α level and oxidative stress markers were examined in the liver, kidney, and pancreas of HTLV1‐infected male BALB/c mice. To this end, twenty BALB/c mice were divided into HTLV1‐infected mice that were inoculated with 1‐million HTLV1‐infected cells (MT‐2), and the control groups. Two months after inoculation, the peripheral blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, kidney, and pancreas were collected after deep anesthetization of mice (ketamine, 30 mg/kg). The extracted DNA of mesenteric lymph nodes was obtained to quantify proviral load (PVL) using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The levels of lipid peroxidation, total thiol (SH), nitric oxide (NO), TNF‐α, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were examined in the liver, kidney, and pancreases. Furthermore, histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were evaluated. In liver tissue, the levels of MDA, TNF‐α, and blood cell infiltration were significantly increased, and the levels of CAT and SOD were significantly decreased. In the kidney, a reduction in SOD, CAT, and total SH and an increase in MDA and NO were observed. In the pancreas, CAT activity, total SH, and SOD were decreased, and the levels of MDA and NO were enhanced. In terms of TNF‐α production, it has been shown that the level of this inflammatory cytokine was increased in the liver, kidney, and pancreas. The HTLV1 may have a role in inducing inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress pathways in the tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Niazmand
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Sara Hosseinian
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Ali Kamali
- Department of Infectious Diseases School of Medicine Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center Birjand University of Medical Science Birjand Iran
| | - Yousef Baghcheghi
- Student Research Committee Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Hedayati‐Moghadam
- Student Research Committee Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran
- Department of Physiology School of Medicine Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Enose-Akahata Y, Ngouth N, Ohayon J, Mandel M, Chavin J, Turner TJ, Jacobson S. Effect of Teriflunomide on Cells From Patients With Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Neurologic Disease. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/3/e986. [PMID: 33837058 PMCID: PMC8054963 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To test the hypothesis that teriflunomide can reduce ex vivo spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Methods PBMCs from patients with HAM/TSP were cultured in the presence and absence of teriflunomide and assessed for cell viability, lymphocyte proliferation, activation markers, HTLV-1 tax and HTLV-1 hbz messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, and HTLV-1 Tax protein expression. Results In culture, teriflunomide did not affect cell viability. A concentration-dependent reduction in spontaneous proliferation of PBMCs was observed with 25 μM (38.3% inhibition), 50 μM (65.8% inhibition), and 100 μM (90.7% inhibition) teriflunomide. The inhibitory effects of teriflunomide were detected in both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell subsets, which are involved in the immune response to HTLV-1 infection and the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. There was no significant change in HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) or tax mRNA/Tax protein expression in these short-term cultures, but there was a significant reduction of HTLV-1 PVL due to inhibition of proliferation of CD4+ T cells obtained from a subset of patients with HAM/TSP. Conclusions These results suggest that teriflunomide inhibits abnormal T-cell proliferation associated with HTLV-1 infection and may have potential as a therapeutic option in patients with HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Nyater Ngouth
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Joan Ohayon
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Matt Mandel
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeffrey Chavin
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Timothy J Turner
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- From the Viral Immunology Section (Y.E.-A., N.N., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Joan Ohayon, Neuroimmunology Clinic (J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Sanofi (M.M., J.C., T.J.T.), Cambridge, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hirons A, Khoury G, Purcell DFJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1: a lifelong persistent infection, yet never truly silent. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e2-e10. [PMID: 32986997 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) has a large global burden and in some key communities, such as Indigenous Australians living in remote areas, greater than 45% of people are infected. Despite HTLV-1 causing serious malignancy and myelopathic paraparesis, and a significant association with a range of inflammatory comorbidities and secondary infections that shorten lifespan, few biomedical interventions are available. HTLV-1 starkly contrasts with other blood-borne sexually transmitted viral infections, such as, HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, with no antiviral treatments that reduce virus-infected cells, no rapid diagnostics or biomarker assays suitable for use in remote settings, and no effective vaccine. We review how the replication strategies and molecular properties of HTLV-1 establish a long-term stealthy viral pathogenesis through a fine-tuned balance of persistence, immune cell dysfunction, and proliferation of proviral infected cells that collectively present robust barriers to treatment and prevention. An understanding of the nature of the HTLV-1 provirus and opposing actions of viral-coded negative-sense HBZ and positive-sense regulatory proteins Tax, p12 and its cleaved product p8, and p30, is needed to improve the biomedical tools for preventing transmission and improving the long-term health of people with this lifelong infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hirons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Regulation of Expression and Latency in BLV and HTLV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101079. [PMID: 32992917 PMCID: PMC7601775 DOI: 10.3390/v12101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belong to the Deltaretrovirus genus. HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of the highly aggressive and currently incurable cancer adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a neurological disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). BLV causes neoplastic proliferation of B cells in cattle: enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL). Despite the severity of these conditions, infection by HTLV-1 and BLV appear in most cases clinically asymptomatic. These viruses can undergo latency in their hosts. The silencing of proviral gene expression and maintenance of latency are central for the establishment of persistent infection, as well as for pathogenesis in vivo. In this review, we will present the mechanisms that control proviral activation and retroviral latency in deltaretroviruses, in comparison with other exogenous retroviruses. The 5′ long terminal repeats (5′-LTRs) play a main role in controlling viral gene expression. While the regulation of transcription initiation is a major mechanism of silencing, we discuss topics that include (i) the epigenetic control of the provirus, (ii) the cis-elements present in the LTR, (iii) enhancers with cell-type specific regulatory functions, (iv) the role of virally-encoded transactivator proteins, (v) the role of repressors in transcription and silencing, (vi) the effect of hormonal signaling, (vii) implications of LTR variability on transcription and latency, and (viii) the regulatory role of non-coding RNAs. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of these mechanisms may allow for the development of more effective treatments against Deltaretroviruses.
Collapse
|
10
|
Razavi Pashabayg C, Momenifar N, Malekpour SA, Sadeghi M, Rahimi Foroushani A, Rafatpanah H, Valizadeh N, Sabet F, Jazayeri SM, Keyvani H, Rezaee SA, Norouzi M. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic study of Human T-cell lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104426. [PMID: 32561293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes the neurological disorder HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and/or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Iran is one of the endemic regions of the HTLV-1 in the Middle East. To infer the origin of the virus in Iran and to follow the movements of human population and routes of virus spread to this country, phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were performed. To this purpose, the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HTLV-1 was used. New LTR sequences were obtained from 100 blood samples which infected with HTLV-1. Moreover, all Iranian LTR sequences which have been reported so far, were obtained from GenBank database. Sequences were aligned and maximum-likelihood and Bayesian tree topologies were explored. After identification of Iranian specific cluster, molecular-clock and coalescent models were used to estimate time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSP), representing population dynamics HTLV-1 strains back to the MRCA, were estimated using BEAST software. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Iranian, Kuwaiti, German, Israelite and southern Indian isolates are located within the widespread "transcontinental" subgroup A clade of HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype a. Molecular clock analysis of the Iranian cluster dated back their respective tMRCA to be 1290 AC with a 95% HPD confidence intervals (918, 1517). BSPs indicated a rapid exponential growth rate in the effective number of infections prior the 15th century. Our results support the hypothesis of a multiple introductions of HTLV-1 into Iran with the majority of introductions occurring in prior the 15th century, at the same time the Mongol invasion of Iran. Our results further suggest that HTLV-1 introduction into Iran was facilitated by the commercial/migratory linkage as known as the ancient Silk Road which linked China to Antioch (now in Turkey).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cobra Razavi Pashabayg
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Momenifar
- Human and Animal Cell Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Center (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Malekpour
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sabet
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Norouzi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adkins BD, Ramos JC, Bliss-Moreau M, Gru AA. Updates in lymph node and skin pathology of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, biomarkers, and beyond. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 37:1-10. [PMID: 31889601 PMCID: PMC7668393 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection. ATLL predominantly affects individuals within HTLV-1 endemic areas such as Japan, areas of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and several genetic hits must occur before ATLL develops. ATLL is classically divided into four clinical variants based on manifestations of disease: acute, chronic, lymphomatous, and smouldering. As of 2019, a new subtype has been described: lymphoma type of ATL, extranodal primary cutaneous. In this review, emphasis will be taken to describe the common clinicopathologic manifestations of the disease, advances in biomarker discovery, mutational landscape and targeted therapeutic approaches to treat this highly aggressive and frequently lethal type of T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Juan C Ramos
- Division of Hematology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Pathology & Dermatology, Hematopathology and Dermatopathology Sections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kjerulff B, Petersen MS, Rodrigues CM, da Silva Té D, Christiansen M, Erikstrup C, Hønge BL. HTLV infected individuals have increased B-cell activation and proinflammatory regulatory T-cells. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151878. [PMID: 31810824 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) affects the human immune system in many ways, most notably by inducing proliferation of infected CD4 + T cells, but several other cell types are also affected. To characterize the effects of HTLV infection, we analysed blood samples from HTLV-infected individuals by flow cytometry. Samples were collected from visitors at the HIV clinic in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. These samples were tested for HTLV and HIV, and 199 were analysed by flow cytometry using panels for B cells, T-cell maturation and activation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and monocytes. CD80+ cell proportions were significantly higher in HTLV infected than in HTLV uninfected in all B cell subsets. Among T cells, there was no change in cell distribution between maturation stages, but a higher CD25+ proportion among Tregs (61.1 % vs 36.3 %, p < 0.001) in HTLV infected than in HTLV uninfected. The level of CD49d on individual cells was also higher (MFI 2734.5 vs 1,041, p < 0.001). In HTLV infected individuals, CD8 + T cells had a lower proportion of CTLA-4+ (2.5 % vs 3.5 %, 0.048) and higher PD1+ proportion on the CD45RO + subset (81.6 % vs 77.1 %, p < 0.001). Together, these findings point toward reduced regulation in HTLV + patients, which leads to immune activation. This study corroborates previous findings and offers new insight into the effects of HTLV by providing a broad flowcytometric analysis of immune cells in HTLV + individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Kjerulff
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Steen Petersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Bo Langhoff Hønge
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark; Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Skejby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Engdahl E, Niehusmann P, Fogdell-Hahn A. The effect of human herpesvirus 6B infection on the MAPK pathway. Virus Res 2018; 256:134-141. [PMID: 30130603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a neurotropic virus that has been repeatedly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism behind this suggested association is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate what genes were affected by HHV-6B, possibly revealing HHV-6B induced disease causing mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHOD First, gene expression in MTLE tissue positive for HHV-6B DNA (n = 10) and negative for HHV-6B DNA (n = 14) was compared using the Affymetrix® Human Gene 2.1 ST Array. Secondly, in vitro experiments were conducted where Molt-3 T cells were infected with HHV-6B and gene expression of MAP2K4 (MKK4) and 89 other genes in the MAPK signaling pathway was investigated using qPCR. In addition, phosphorylated MKK4 was assessed using IFA and the DNA methylation investigated with Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. RESULTS MAP2K4 was one of the most differently expressed genes in the Affymetrix array, suggesting an upregulation by HHV-6B infection in MTLE tissue. No gene reached statistical significance but MAP2K4 was selected for further investigation in vitro, where it was clearly upregulated by HHV-6B infection both on gene expression and protein expression level. Further investigating expression of genes in the MAPK pathways in vitro revealed that several genes were affected by HHV-6B infection, but none of these genes displayed viral induced changes in DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS As the MAPK pathways are involved in transforming different stimuli (like stress) into a cellular responses (like apoptosis or inflammation), it may not be surprising that genes in these pathways are affected by virus infection. This is the first report of HHV-6B's effect on these signaling cascades and given that both dysregulation of the MAPK pathways and an association with HHV-6B have been previously observed in epilepsy, a possible link of infection induced dysregulation of MAPK in epilepsy warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elin Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Neurology/Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Donhauser N, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Quantitating the Transfer of the HTLV-1 p8 Protein Between T-Cells by Flow Cytometry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:400. [PMID: 29563906 PMCID: PMC5850991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-encoded accessory protein p8 is cleaved from the precursor protein p12 encoded by the HTLV-1 open reading frame I. Both p12 and p8 are thought to contribute to efficient viral persistence. Mechanistically, p8 induces T-cell conjugates and cellular conduits. The latter are considered to facilitate transfer of p8 to target cells and virus transmission. Transfer of p8 between p8-expressing T-cells and recipient cells has been analyzed by immunofluorescence and live imaging. However, automatic quantitation of p8-transfer between cells has not been studied yet. Here we developed a novel method allowing time saving quantitation of p8 transfer between cells by flow cytometry. After establishing a protocol for the detection of intracellular p8 by flow cytometry and validation of p8 protein expression by western blot and immunofluorescence, we set up a co-culture assay between p8-expressing donor Jurkat T-cells and recipient Jurkat T-cells that had been prestained with a well-retained live cell dye. Upon quantitating the amount of p8 positive recipient cells with regard to the percentage of p8 expressing donor cells, time course experiments confirmed that p8 is rapidly transferred between Jurkat T-cells. We found that p8 enters approximately 5% of recipient T-cells immediately upon co-culture for 5 min. Prolonged co-culture for up to 24 h revealed an increase of relative p8 transfer to approximately 23% of the recipient cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of co-culture experiments and manual quantitation of p8 expression in fluorescence images confirmed the validity of the flow cytometry based assay. Application of the new assay revealed that manipulation of actin polymerization significantly decreased p8 transfer between Jurkat T-cells suggesting an important role of actin dynamics contributing to p8 transfer. Further, transfer of p8 to co-cultured T-cells varies between different donor cell types since p8 transfer could hardly been detected in co-cultures of 293T donor cells with Jurkat acceptor cells. In summary, our novel assay allows automatic and rapid quantitation of p8 transfer to target cells and might thus contribute to a better understanding of cellular processes and dynamics regulating p8 transfer and HTLV-1 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Donhauser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kubota R. Pathogenesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Molecular Pathology; Center for Chronic Viral Diseases; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima University; Kagoshima Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Physalin F, a seco-steroid from Physalis angulata L., has immunosuppressive activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with HTLV1-associated myelopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
18
|
Molecular Mechanisms of HTLV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission. Viruses 2016; 8:74. [PMID: 27005656 PMCID: PMC4810264 DOI: 10.3390/v8030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumorvirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a member of the delta-retrovirus family, is transmitted via cell-containing body fluids such as blood products, semen, and breast milk. In vivo, HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4⁺ T-cells, and to a lesser extent, CD8⁺ T-cells, dendritic cells, and monocytes. Efficient infection of CD4⁺ T-cells requires cell-cell contacts while cell-free virus transmission is inefficient. Two types of cell-cell contacts have been described to be critical for HTLV-1 transmission, tight junctions and cellular conduits. Further, two non-exclusive mechanisms of virus transmission at cell-cell contacts have been proposed: (1) polarized budding of HTLV-1 into synaptic clefts; and (2) cell surface transfer of viral biofilms at virological synapses. In contrast to CD4⁺ T-cells, dendritic cells can be infected cell-free and, to a greater extent, via viral biofilms in vitro. Cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 requires a coordinated action of steps in the virus infectious cycle with events in the cell-cell adhesion process; therefore, virus propagation from cell-to-cell depends on specific interactions between cellular and viral proteins. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 transmission with a focus on the HTLV-1-encoded proteins Tax and p8, their impact on host cell factors mediating cell-cell contacts, cytoskeletal remodeling, and thus, virus propagation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1 Epidemiological Aspects, Mechanisms and Determinants of Mother-to-Child Transmission. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020040. [PMID: 26848683 PMCID: PMC4776195 DOI: 10.3390/v8020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that infects at least 5-10 million people worldwide, and is the etiological agent of a lymphoproliferative malignancy; Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL); and a chronic neuromyelopathy, HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), as well as other inflammatory diseases such as infective dermatitis and uveitis. Besides sexual intercourse and intravenous transmission, HTLV-1 can also be transmitted from infected mother to child during prolonged breastfeeding. Some characteristics that are linked to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HTLV-1, such as the role of proviral load, antibody titer of the infected mother, and duration of breastfeeding, have been elucidated; however, most of the mechanisms underlying HTLV-1 transmission during breast feeding remain largely unknown, such as the sites of infection and cellular targets as well as the role of milk factors. The present review focuses on the latest findings and current opinions and perspectives on MTCT of HTLV-1.
Collapse
|
20
|
Melamed A, Laydon DJ, Al Khatib H, Rowan AG, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. HTLV-1 drives vigorous clonal expansion of infected CD8(+) T cells in natural infection. Retrovirology 2015; 12:91. [PMID: 26552867 PMCID: PMC4640420 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that persistently infects 5–10 million individuals worldwide and causes disabling or fatal inflammatory and malignant diseases. The majority of the HTLV-1 proviral load is found in CD4+ T cells, and the phenotype of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is typically CD4+. HTLV-1 also infects CD8+ cells in vivo, but the relative abundance and clonal composition of the two infected subpopulations have not been studied. We used a high-throughput DNA sequencing protocol to map and quantify HTLV-1 proviral integration sites in separated populations of CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells and unsorted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 HTLV-1-infected individuals. Results We show that the infected CD8+ cells constitute a median of 5 % of the HTLV-1 proviral load. However, HTLV-1-infected CD8+ clones undergo much greater oligoclonal proliferation than the infected CD4+ clones in infected individuals, regardless of disease manifestation. The CD8+ clones are over-represented among the most abundant clones in the blood and are redetected even after several years. Conclusions We conclude that although they make up only 5 % of the proviral load, the HTLV-1-infected CD8+ T-cells make a major impact on the clonal composition of HTLV-1-infected cells in the blood. The greater degree of oligoclonal expansion observed in the infected CD8+ T cells, contrasts with the CD4+ phenotype of ATL; cases of CD8+ adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma are rare. This work is consistent with growing evidence that oligoclonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells is not sufficient for malignant transformation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0221-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Melamed
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Daniel J Laydon
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Hebah Al Khatib
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Aileen G Rowan
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Charles R M Bangham
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Louboutin JP. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: Clinical presentation and pathophysiology. World J Neurol 2015; 5:68-73. [DOI: 10.5316/wjn.v5.i3.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder in which lesions of the central nervous system cause progressive weakness, stiffness, and a lower limb spastic paraparesis. In some cases, polymyositis, inclusion body myositis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like syndromes are associated with HTLV-1. TSP was first described in Jamaica in 1888 and known as Jamaican peripheral neuritis before TSP was related to HTLV-1 virus, the first retrovirus being identified, and the disease is since named HAM/TSP. There is no established treatment program for HAM/TSP. Prevention is difficult in low-income patients (i.e., HTLV-1 infected breast feeding mothers in rural areas, sex workers). Thus, there is a need for new therapeutic avenues. Therapeutic approaches must be based on a better understanding, not only of clinical and clinicopathological data, but also of the pathophysiology of the affection. Consequently, a better understanding of existing or newly developed animal models of HAM/TSP is a prerequisite step in the development of new treatments.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rizkallah G, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. [Intercellular transmission of HTLV-1: not all mechanisms have been revealed]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:629-37. [PMID: 26152167 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is mainly detected in CD4+ lymphocytes in vivo, but proviral genomes have also been detected although less frequently, in CD8+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and other non-lymphoid cells. Virus spread is highly dependent on cell-cell contact. This mode of transmission is correlated with an increased ability of infected cells to migrate, a property linked to cytoskeleton reorganization induced by the viral Tax protein. Cell-to-cell transmission relies on at least three non-exclusive molecular pathways. First, a specialized area, the "virological synapse'' (VS) promotes direct transmission of budding HTLV-1 particles into a synaptic cleft formed between infected and uninfected cells. Second, HTLV-1 particles accumulate at the plasma membrane of infected cells in a biofilm-like extracellular viral assembly that resembles a bacterial biofilm. Viral biofilm is rapidly transmitted to uninfected cells when infected cells contact target cells. Finally, membrane extensions called inter-cellular conduits facilitate HTLV-1 proteins transfer from infected to uninfected target cells, and may stabilize cell-cell contacts. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms of these HTLV-1 transmission pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerges Rizkallah
- Équipe oncogenèse rétrovirale ; équipe labellisée Ligue nationale contre le cancer ; centre international de recherche en infectiologie, Inserm U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France - École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Équipe oncogenèse rétrovirale ; équipe labellisée Ligue nationale contre le cancer ; centre international de recherche en infectiologie, Inserm U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France - École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Équipe oncogenèse rétrovirale ; équipe labellisée Ligue nationale contre le cancer ; centre international de recherche en infectiologie, Inserm U1111-CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France - École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France - Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, 69364, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tokunaga M, Uto H, Oda K, Tokunaga M, Mawatari S, Kumagai K, Haraguchi K, Oketani M, Ido A, Ohnou N, Utsunomiya A, Tsubouchi H. Influence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 coinfection on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1567-77. [PMID: 24463696 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) may worsen the clinical course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HTLV-1 coinfection influences the clinical characteristics of patients with HCV infection. METHODS This retrospective study included 523 consecutive patients from January 2001 to December 2010 with chronic liver disease due to HCV infection, in whom serum anti-HTLV-1 antibodies were examined. Among these patients, 265 were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS The seroprevalence of anti-HTLV-1 antibodies was significantly higher in patients with HCC (21.1%) than those without HCC (10.5%, P = 0.001). This significant difference was observed in female patients (29.5 vs. 8.5%, P < 0.001), but not in male patients (16.5 vs. 12.9%, P = 0.501). In multivariate analysis, anti-HTLV-1 antibody positivity was independently associated with HCC in female patients [odds ratio (OR), 5.029; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.760-14.369; P = 0.003], in addition to age (≥65 years; OR, 10.297; 95% CI, 4.322-24.533; P < 0.001), platelet count (<15 × 10(4)/μL; OR, 2.715; 95% CI, 1.050-7.017; P = 0.039), total bilirubin (≥1 mg/dL; OR, 3.155; 95% CI, 1.365-7.292; P = 0.007), and total cholesterol (≤160 mg/dL; OR, 2.916; 95% CI, 1.341-6.342; P = 0.007). In contrast, HTLV-1 coinfection was not associated with HCC in male patients, although age, alcohol consumption, platelet count, and albumin were independently associated with HCC. CONCLUSIONS HTLV-1 coinfection may contribute to the development of HCC in patients with chronic HCV infection, especially in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tokunaga
- Digestive and Lifestyle Diseases, Department of Human and Environmental Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Separate cellular localizations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Env and glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) are required for HTLV-1 Env-mediated fusion and infection. J Virol 2014; 89:502-11. [PMID: 25339765 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02686-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interaction of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) with the glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) expressed in target cells is essential for viral entry. This study found that the expression level of GLUT1 in virus-producing 293T cells was inversely correlated with HTLV-1 Env-mediated fusion activity and infectivity. Chimeric studies between GLUT1 and GLUT3 indicated that the extracellular loop 6 (ECL6) of GLUT1 is important for the inhibition of cell-cell fusion mediated by Env. When GLUT1 was translocated into the plasma membrane from intracellular storage sites by bafilomycin A1 (BFLA1) treatment in 293T cells, HTLV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion and infection also were inhibited without the overexpression of GLUT1, indicating that the localization of GLUT1 in intracellular compartments rather than in the plasma membrane is crucial for the fusion activity of HTLV-1 Env. Immunoprecipitation and laser scanning confocal microscopic analyses indicated that under normal conditions, HTLV-1 Env and GLUT1 do not colocalize or interact. BFLA1 treatment induced this colocalization and interaction, indicating that GLUT1 normally accumulates in intracellular compartments separate from that of Env. Western blot analyses of FLAG-tagged HTLV-1 Env in virus-producing cells and the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env in virus-like particles (VLPs) indicate that the processing of Env is inhibited by either overexpression of GLUT1 or BFLA1 treatment in virus-producing 293T cells. This inhibition probably is due to the interaction of the Env with GLUT1 in intracellular compartments. Taken together, separate intracellular localizations of GLUT1 and HTLV-1 Env are required for the fusion activity and infectivity of HTLV-1 Env. IMPORTANCE The deltaretrovirus HTLV-1 is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although HTLV-1 is a complex retrovirus that has accessory genes, no HTLV-1 gene product has yet been shown to regulate its receptor GLUT1 in virus-producing cells. In this study, we found that a large amount of GLUT1 or translocation of GLUT1 to the plasma membrane from intracellular compartments in virus-producing cells enhances the colocalization and interaction of GLUT1 with HTLV-1 Env, leading to the inhibition of cell fusion activity and infectivity. The results of our study suggest that GLUT1 normally accumulates in separate intracellular compartments from Env, which is indeed required for the proper processing of Env.
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamauchi J, Coler-Reilly A, Sato T, Araya N, Yagishita N, Ando H, Kunitomo Y, Takahashi K, Tanaka Y, Shibagaki Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Hasegawa Y, Utsunomiya A, Kimura K, Yamano Y. Mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, targets human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to treat associated myelopathy. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:238-48. [PMID: 25104771 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) can cause chronic spinal cord inflammation, known as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Since CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells are the main HTLV-1 reservoir, we evaluated the defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab as a treatment for HAM/TSP. METHODS We assessed the effects of mogamulizumab on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with HAM/TSP. We also studied how CD8(+) T cells, namely CD8(+) CCR4(+) T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, are involved in HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP pathogenesis and how they would be affected by mogamulizumab. RESULTS Mogamulizumab effectively reduced the HTLV-1 proviral load (56.4% mean reduction at a minimum effective concentration of 0.01 µg/mL), spontaneous proliferation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon γ (IFN-γ). Like CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells, CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells from patients with HAM/TSP exhibited high proviral loads and spontaneous IFN-γ production, unlike their CCR4(-) counterparts. CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells from patients with HAM/TSP contained more IFN-γ-expressing cells and fewer interleukin 4-expressing cells than those from healthy donors. Notably, Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that may help control the HTLV-1 infection were overwhelmingly CCR4(-). CONCLUSIONS We determined that CD8(+)CCR4(+) T cells and CD4(+)CCR4(+) T cells are prime therapeutic targets for treating HAM/TSP and propose mogamulizumab as a new treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | | | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| | | | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa
| | | | | | | | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Immunological alterations and associated diseases in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally co-infected with SIV and STLV. Virology 2014; 454-455:184-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
27
|
Zane L, Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and leukemogenesis: virus-cell interactions in the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:191-210. [PMID: 24008300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was originally discovered in the early 1980s. It is the first retrovirus to be unambiguously linked causally to a human cancer. HTLV-1 currently infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. In this chapter, we review progress made over the last 30 years in our understanding of HTLV-1 infection, replication, gene expression, and cellular transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, The National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0460, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pilotti E, Bianchi MV, De Maria A, Bozzano F, Romanelli MG, Bertazzoni U, Casoli C. HTLV-1/-2 and HIV-1 co-infections: retroviral interference on host immune status. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:372. [PMID: 24391628 PMCID: PMC3870298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated mechanisms by which HTLVs affect HIV-1 disease in co-infected hosts. During co-infection with HIV-1, HTLV-2 modulates the cellular microenvironment favoring its own viability and inhibiting HIV-1 progression. This is achieved when the HTLV-2 proviral load is higher than that of HIV-1, and thanks to the ability of HTLV-2 to: (i) up-regulate viral suppressive CCL3L1 chemokine expression; (ii) overcome HIV-1 capacity to activate the JAK/STAT pathway; (iii) reduce the activation of T and NK cells; (iv) modulate the host miRNA profiles. These alterations of immune functions have been mainly attributed to the effects of the HTLV-2 regulatory protein Tax and suggest that HTLV-2 exerts a protective role against HIV-1 infection. Contrary to HIV-1/HTLV-2, the effect of HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection on immunological and pathological conditions is still controversial. There is evidence that indicates a worsening of HIV-1 infection, while other evidence does not show clinically relevant effects in HIV-positive people. Possible differences on innate immune mechanisms and a particularly impact on NK cells are becoming evident. The differences between the two HIV-1/HTLV-1 and HIV-1/HTLV-2 co-infections are highlighted and further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pilotti
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Maria V Bianchi
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova Genova, Italy ; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Maria G Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Casoli
- GEMIB Laboratory, Center for Medical Research and Molecular Diagnostics Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
HTLV-1 clonality in adult T-cell leukaemia and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 26:89-98. [PMID: 24316494 PMCID: PMC4062949 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes a range of chronic inflammatory diseases and an aggressive malignancy of T lymphocytes known as adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). A cardinal feature of HTLV-1 infection is the presence of expanded clones of HTLV-1-infected T cells, which may persist for decades. A high viral burden (proviral load) is associated with both the inflammatory and malignant diseases caused by HTLV-1, and it has been believed that the oligoclonal expansion of infected cells predisposes to these diseases. However, it is not understood what regulates the clonality of HTLV-1 in vivo, that is, the number and abundance of HTLV-1-infected T cell clones. We review recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1 infection and disease that have come from high-throughput quantification and analysis of HTLV-1 clonality in natural infection.
Collapse
|
30
|
Machado PRL, Johnson WD, Glesby MJ. The role of human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfections in leprosy. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107 Suppl 1:43-8. [PMID: 23283452 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy spectrum and outcome is associated with the host immune response against Mycobacterium leprae. The role of coinfections in leprosy patients may be related to a depression of cellular immunity or amplification of inflammatory responses. Leprosy remains endemic in several regions where human T cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) are also endemic. We have evaluated the evidence for the possible role of these viruses in the clinical manifestations and outcomes of leprosy. HTLV-1, HBV and HCV are associated with leprosy in some regions and institutionalization is an important risk factor for these viral coinfections. Some studies show a higher prevalence of viral coinfection in lepromatous cases. Although HBV and HCV coinfection were associated with reversal reaction in one study, there is a lack of information about the consequences of viral coinfections in leprosy. It is not known whether clinical outcomes associated with leprosy, such as development of reactions or relapses could be attributed to a specific viral coinfection. Furthermore, whether the leprosy subtype may influence the progression of the viral coinfection is unknown. All of these important and intriguing questions await prospective studies to definitively establish the actual relationship between these entities.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ren T, Cheng H. Differential transforming activity of the retroviral Tax oncoproteins in human T lymphocytes. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:287. [PMID: 24065965 PMCID: PMC3779817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and type 2 (HTLV-1 and -2) are two closely related retroviruses. HTLV-1 causes adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma, whereas HTLV-2 infection is not etiologically linked to human disease. The viral genomes of HTLV-1 and -2 encode highly homologous transforming proteins, Tax-1 and Tax-2, respectively. Tax-1 is thought to play a central role in transforming CD4+ T lymphocytes. Expression of Tax-1 is crucial for promoting survival and proliferation of virally infected human T lymphocytes and is necessary for initiating HTLV-1-mediated oncogenesis. In transgenic mice and humanized mouse model, Tax-1 has proven to be leukemogenic. Although Tax-1 is able to efficiently transform rodent fibroblasts and to induce lymphoma in mouse model, it rarely transforms primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes. In contrast, Tax-2 efficiently immortalizes human CD4+ T cells though it exhibits a lower transforming activity in rodent cells as compared to Tax-1. We here discuss our recent observation and views on the differential transforming activity of Tax-1 and Tax-2 in human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ren
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute Hershey, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ando H, Sato T, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Utsunomiya A, Yamauchi J, Araya N, Yagishita N, Coler-Reilly A, Shimizu Y, Yudoh K, Hasegawa Y, Nishioka K, Nakajima T, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Positive feedback loop via astrocytes causes chronic inflammation in virus-associated myelopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2876-87. [PMID: 23892452 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the spinal cord. We hypothesized that a positive feedback loop driven by chemokines may be responsible for the chronic inflammation in HAM/TSP. We aimed to determine the identity of these chemokines, where they are produced, and how they drive chronic inflammation in HAM/TSP. We found that patients with HAM/TSP have extraordinarily high levels of the chemokine CXCL10 (also known as IP-10) and an abundance of cells expressing the CXCL10-binding receptor CXCR3 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Histological analysis revealed that astrocytes are the main producers of CXCL10 in the spinal cords of patients with HAM/TSP. Co-culture of human astrocytoma cells with CD4+ T cells from patients with HAM/TSP revealed that astrocytes produce CXCL10 in response to IFN-γ secreted by CD4+ T cells. Chemotaxis assays results suggest that CXCL10 induces migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to the central nervous system and that anti-CXCL10 neutralizing antibody can disrupt this migration. In short, we inferred that human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-infected cells in the central nervous system produce IFN-γ that induces astrocytes to secrete CXCL10, which recruits more infected cells to the area via CXCR3, constituting a T helper type 1-centric positive feedback loop that results in chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fukumoto R. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 non-structural proteins: Requirements for latent infection. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:983-8. [PMID: 23651172 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than 30 years since the discovery of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus identified. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infects 15-20 million people worldwide causing two major diseases: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 establishes several decades of latent infection, during which viral-host interaction determines disease segregation. This review highlights non-structural proteins that are encoded on the viral genome and manage latent infection. Latent infection is a key in HTLV pathology, so that effective inhibition of these proteins might lead to successful disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Risaku Fukumoto
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Enose-Akahata Y, Abrams A, Massoud R, Bialuk I, Johnson KR, Green PL, Maloney EM, Jacobson S. Humoral immune response to HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) in HTLV-1-infected individuals. Retrovirology 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23405908 PMCID: PMC3584941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection can lead to development of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a subset of infected subjects. HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) gene has a critical role in HTLV-1 infectivity and the development of ATL and HAM/TSP. However, little is known about the immune response against HBZ in HTLV-1-infected individuals. In this study, we examined antibody responses against HBZ in serum/plasma samples from 436 subjects including HTLV-1 seronegative donors, asymptomatic carriers (AC), ATL, and HAM/TSP patients using the luciferase immunoprecipitation system. Results Immunoreactivity against HBZ was detected in subsets of all HTLV-1-infected individuals but the test did not discriminate between AC, ATL and HAM/TSP. However, the frequency of detection of HBZ-specific antibodies in the serum of ATL patients with the chronic subtype was higher than in ATL patients with the lymphomatous subtype. Antibody responses against HBZ were also detected in cerebrospinal fluid of HAM/TSP patients with anti-HBZ in serum. Antibody responses against HBZ did not correlate with proviral load and HBZ mRNA expression in HAM/TSP patients, but the presence of an HBZ-specific response was associated with reduced CD4+ T cell activation in HAM/TSP patients. Moreover, HBZ-specific antibody inhibited lymphoproliferation in the PBMC of HAM/TSP patients. Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating humoral immune response against HBZ associated with HTLV-I infection. Thus, a humoral immune response against HBZ might play a role in HTLV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Enose-Akahata
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pique C, Jones KS. Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:378. [PMID: 23109932 PMCID: PMC3479854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deltaretroviruses human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) have long been believed to differ from retroviruses in other genera by their mode of transmission. While other retroviruses were thought to primarily spread by producing cell-free particles that diffuse through extracellular fluids prior to binding to and infecting target cells, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were believed to transmit the virus solely by cell–cell interactions. This difference in transmission was believed to reflect the fact that, relative to other retroviruses, the cell-free virions produced by HTLV-infected cells are very poorly infectious. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are primarily found in T cells in the peripheral blood, spread of these viruses was believed to occur between infected and uninfected, T cells, although little was known about the cellular and viral proteins involved in this interaction. Recent studies have revealed that the method of transmission of HTLV is not unique: other retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also transmitted from cell-to-cell, and this method is dramatically more efficient than cell-free transmission. Moreover, cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1, as well as HIV, can occur following interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, as well as between T cells. Conversely, other studies have shown that cell-free HTLV-1 is not as poorly infectious as previously thought, since it is capable of infecting certain cell types. Here we summarize the recent insights about the mechanisms of cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1 and other retroviruses. We also review in vitro and in vivo studies of infection and discuss how these finding may relate to the spread of HTLV-1 between individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Pique
- CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U567, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
McGill NK, Vyas J, Shimauchi T, Tokura Y, Piguet V. HTLV-1-associated infective dermatitis: updates on the pathogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:815-21. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neilia-Kay McGill
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing; Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University; Cardiff, UK
| | - Jui Vyas
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing; Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University; Cardiff, UK
| | - Takatoshi Shimauchi
- Department of Dermatology; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu; Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu; Japan
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing; Institute of Infection and Immunity; Cardiff University; Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The multifaceted oncoprotein Tax: subcellular localization, posttranslational modifications, and NF-κB activation. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:85-120. [PMID: 22429853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Constitutive NF-κB activation by the viral oncoprotein Tax plays a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of cellular proliferation, transformation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In an attempt to provide a general view of the molecular mechanisms of constitutive Tax-induced NF-κB activation, we summarize in this review the recent body of literature that supports a major role for Tax posttranslational modifications, chiefly ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, in the NF-κB activity of Tax. These modifications indeed participate in the control of Tax subcellular localization and modulate its protein-protein interaction potential. Tax posttranslational modifications, which highlight the ability of HTLV-I to optimize its limited viral genome size, might represent an attractive target for the design of new therapies for ATL.
Collapse
|
38
|
Hoshino H. Cellular Factors Involved in HTLV-1 Entry and Pathogenicit. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 22737146 PMCID: PMC3380293 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 – associated myelopathy and tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 has a preferential tropism for CD4 T cells in healthy carriers and ATL patients, while both CD4 and CD8 T cells serve as viral reservoirs in HAM/TSP patients. HTLV-1 has also been detected other cell types, including monocytes, endothelial cells, and dendritic cells. In contrast to the limited cell tropism of HTLV-1 in vivo, the HTLV receptor appears to be expressed in almost all human or animal cell lines. It remains to be examined whether this cell tropism is determined by host factors or by HTLV-1 heterogeneity. Unlike most retroviruses, cell-free virions of HTLV-1 are very poorly infectious. The lack of completely HTLV-1-resistant cells and the low infectivity of HTLV-1 have hampered research on the HTLV entry receptor. Entry of HTLV-1 into target cells is thought to involve interactions between the env (Env) glycoproteins, a surface glycoprotein (surface unit), and a transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have shown that glucose transporter GLUT1, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) are the three proteins important for the entry of HTLV-1. Studies using adherent cell lines have shown that GLUT1 can function as a receptor for HTLV. HSPGs are required for efficient entry of HTLV-1 into primary CD4 T cells. NRP-1 is expressed in most established cell lines. Further studies have shown that these three molecules work together to promote HTLV-1 binding to cells and fusion of viral and cell membranes. The virus could first contact with HSPGs and then form complexes with NRP-1, followed by association with GLUT1. It remains to be determined whether these three molecules can explain HTLV-1 cell tropism. It also remains to be more definitively proven that these molecules are sufficient to permit HTLV-1 entry into completely HTLV-1-resistant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Hoshino
- Advanced Scientific Research-Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Moreira-Ramos K, Castro FMMD, Linhares-Lacerda L, Savino W. Can thymic epithelial cells be infected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 106:759-62. [PMID: 22012233 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T cell leukaemias/lymphoma. Because thymic epithelial cells (TEC) express recently defined receptors for the virus, it seemed conceivable that these cells might be a target for HTLV-1 infection. We developed an in vitro co-culture system comprising HTLV-1+-infected T cells and human TECs. Infected T cells did adhere to TECs and, after 24 h, the viral proteins gp46 and p19 were observed in TECs. After incubating TECs with culture supernatants from HTLV-1+-infected T cells, we detected gp46 on TEC membranes and the HTLV-1 tax gene integrated in the TEC genome. In conclusion, the human thymic epithelium can be infected in vitro by HTLV-1, not only via cell-cell contact, but also via exposure to virus-containing medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaysa Moreira-Ramos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Talledo M, López G, Huyghe JR, Verdonck K, González E, Clark D, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E, Van Camp G, Van Laer L. Possible implication of NFKB1A and NKG2D genes in susceptibility to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in Peruvian patients infected with HTLV-1. J Med Virol 2012; 84:319-26. [PMID: 22170554 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a progressive disease causing paraparesis of the lower limbs. Only a minority of persons infected with HTLV-1 develop HAM/TSP. Universal susceptibility factors for HAM/TSP are not known. The viral genotype is similar in asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP patients. High proviral load has been associated consistently with HAM/TSP, but this factor does not explain fully the presence of disease in HTLV-1-infected subjects. Most likely, host genetic factors will play an important role in HAM/TSP development. A two-stage case-control study was carried out to evaluate the association between HAM/TSP and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 45 genes in addition to six human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. Ancestry-informative markers were used to correct for population stratification. Several SNPs belonging to NFKB1A and NKG2D showed a trend of association in both stages. The fact that the direction of the association observed in the first stage was the same in the second stage suggests that NFKB1A and NKG2D may be implicated in the development of HAM/TSP. Further replication studies in independent HTLV-1 patient groups should validate further these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Talledo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rahman S, Quann K, Pandya D, Singh S, Khan ZK, Jain P. HTLV-1 Tax mediated downregulation of miRNAs associated with chromatin remodeling factors in T cells with stably integrated viral promoter. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34490. [PMID: 22496815 PMCID: PMC3319589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural cellular mechanism to silence gene expression and is predominantly mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) that target messenger RNA. Viruses can manipulate the cellular processes necessary for their replication by targeting the host RNAi machinery. This study explores the effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transactivating protein Tax on the RNAi pathway in the context of a chromosomally integrated viral long terminal repeat (LTR) using a CD4+ T-cell line, Jurkat. Transcription factor profiling of the HTLV-1 LTR stably integrated T-cell clone transfected with Tax demonstrates increased activation of substrates and factors associated with chromatin remodeling complexes. Using a miRNA microarray and bioinformatics experimental approach, Tax was also shown to downregulate the expression of miRNAs associated with the translational regulation of factors required for chromatin remodeling. These observations were validated with selected miRNAs and an HTLV-1 infected T cells line, MT-2. miR-149 and miR-873 were found to be capable of directly targeting p300 and p/CAF, chromatin remodeling factors known to play critical role in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Overall, these results are first in line establishing HTLV-1/Tax-miRNA-chromatin concept and open new avenues toward understanding retroviral latency and/or replication in a given cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, and APOBEC3H haplotype 2 restrict human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. J Virol 2012; 86:6097-108. [PMID: 22457529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06570-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human APOBEC3 family consists of seven cytidine deaminases (A3A to A3H), some of which display potent antiretroviral activity against HIV-1 and other retroviruses. Studies that analyzed the effect of A3G on human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity resulted in conflicting findings, and our knowledge of HTLV-1 restriction by other A3 proteins remains limited. Since HTLV-1, much like HIV, targets CD4(+) T cells, we hypothesized that A3 proteins other than A3G restrict HTLV-1. All seven human A3 proteins were tested in HTLV-1 reporter and HIV-1 infectivity assays. We show that A3A, A3B, and A3H haplotype 2 (A3H hapII) acted as potent inhibitors of HTLV-1. Wild-type HIV-1, in contrast, was restricted by A3B and A3H hapII, but not by A3A. Catalytic site mutants of A3A, A3B, and A3H hapII showed that A3A and A3B restriction of HTLV-1 required deaminase activity. However, A3H hapII acted in a deaminase-independent manner when restricting HTLV-1, while requiring deaminase activity for HIV-1 restriction. We also analyzed A3 editing of HTLV-1 in five T-cell lines obtained from HTLV-1-infected patients. These cell lines contained extensively edited HTLV-1 sequences with G-to-A mutations in dinucleotide contexts suggestive of APOBEC3 mutagenesis. Comparison of the A3-induced mutations from reporter cells and the patient-derived cell lines indicate that A3G but also other A3 members, possibly A3A and A3B, affect HTLV-1 in vivo. Taken together, our data indicate that HTLV-1 is a likely target for multiple A3 proteins.
Collapse
|
43
|
Chan JK, Greene WC. Dynamic roles for NF-κB in HTLV-I and HIV-1 retroviral pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 2012; 246:286-310. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Cotranscriptional Chromatin Remodeling by Small RNA Species: An HTLV-1 Perspective. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:984754. [PMID: 23213554 PMCID: PMC3504244 DOI: 10.1155/2012/984754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell type specificity of human T cell leukemia virus 1 has been proposed as a possible reason for differential viral outcome in primary target cells versus secondary. Through chromatin remodeling, the HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax interacts with cellular factors at the chromosomally integrated viral promoter to activate downstream genes and control viral transcription. RNA interference is the host innate defense mechanism mediated by short RNA species (siRNA or miRNA) that regulate gene expression. There exists a close collaborative functioning of cellular transcription factors with miRNA in order to regulate the expression of a number of eukaryotic genes including those involved in suppression of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, as well as repressing viral replication and propagation. In addition, it has been suggested that retroviral latency is influenced by chromatin alterations brought about by miRNA. Since Tax requires the assembly of transcriptional cofactors to carry out viral gene expression, there might be a close association between miRNA influencing chromatin alterations and Tax-mediated LTR activation. Herein we explore the possible interplay between HTLV-1 infection and miRNA pathways resulting in chromatin reorganization as one of the mechanisms determining HTLV-1 cell specificity and viral fate in different cell types.
Collapse
|
45
|
Araya N, Sato T, Yagishita N, Ando H, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease. Viruses 2011; 3:1532-48. [PMID: 21994794 PMCID: PMC3187691 DOI: 10.3390/v3091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and associated with multiorgan inflammatory disorders, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and uveitis. HTLV-1-infected T cells have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of these disorders, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. HTLV-1 primarily infects CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells that play a central role in adaptive immune responses. Based on their functions, patterns of cytokine secretion, and expression of specific transcription factors and chemokine receptors, Th cells that are differentiated from naïve CD4(+) T cells are classified into four major lineages: Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cell population, which consists primarily of suppressive T cell subsets, such as the Treg and Th2 subsets in healthy individuals, is the predominant viral reservoir of HTLV-1 in both ATL and HAM/TSP patients. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cells become Th1-like cells in HAM/TSP patients, as evidenced by their overproduction of IFN-γ, suggesting that HTLV-1 may intracellularly induce T cell plasticity from Treg to IFN-γ(+) T cells. This review examines the recent research into the association between HTLV-1 and Treg cells that has greatly enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima 890-0064, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Olière S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
47
|
Integrase inhibitors effective against human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2011-7. [PMID: 21343468 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01413-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting the viral enzyme integrase have been in use for several years as part of the treatment regimen for patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and similar classes of compounds have been shown to inhibit human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) integration in vitro. The current study shows that the clinically approved HIV-1 integrase inhibitor, raltegravir, as well as the more recent diketo acid derivative, MK-2048, are active inhibitors of HTLV-1 infection in vitro. These agents were effective in inhibiting cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-1 in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. The drugs also inhibited HTLV-1 immortalization of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel adaptation of the Alu assay for viral integration was used to show that the drugs inhibit viral integration without affecting reverse transcription. These data support the administration of raltegravir and other integrase inhibitors as treatments for patients with HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 p8 protein increases cellular conduits and virus transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:20738-43. [PMID: 21076035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009635107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma as well as tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. HTLV-1 is transmitted to T cells through the virological synapse and by extracellular viral assemblies. Here, we uncovered an additional mechanism of virus transmission that is regulated by the HTLV-1-encoded p8 protein. We found that the p8 protein, known to anergize T cells, is also able to increase T-cell contact through lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 clustering. In addition, p8 augments the number and length of cellular conduits among T cells and is transferred to neighboring T cells through these conduits. p8, by establishing a T-cell network, enhances the envelope-dependent transmission of HTLV-1. Thus, the ability of p8 to simultaneously anergize and cluster T cells, together with its induction of cellular conduits, secures virus propagation while avoiding the host's immune surveillance. This work identifies p8 as a viral target for the development of therapeutic strategies that may limit the expansion of infected cells in HTLV-1 carriers and decrease HTLV-1-associated morbidity.
Collapse
|
49
|
Highly active antiretroviral treatment against STLV-1 infection combining reverse transcriptase and HDAC inhibitors. Blood 2010; 116:3802-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-270751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Approximately 3% of all human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–infected persons will develop a disabling inflammatory disease of the central nervous system known as HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, against which there is currently no efficient treatment. As correlation exists between the proviral load (PVL) and the clinical status of the carrier, it is thought that diminishing the PVL could prevent later occurrence of the disease. We have conducted a study combining valproate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, and azidothymidine, an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, in a series of baboons naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), whose PVL was equivalent to that of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers. We show that the combination of drugs caused a strong decrease in the PVL and prevented the transient rise in PVL that is seen after treatment with histone deacetylases alone. We then demonstrate that the PVL decline was associated with an increase in the STLV-1–specific cytotoxic T-cell population. We conclude that combined treatment with valproate to induce viral expression and azidothymidine to prevent viral propagation is a safe and effective means to decrease PVL in vivo. Such treatments may be useful to reduce the risk of HAM/TSP in asymptomatic carriers with a high PVL.
Collapse
|
50
|
Olière S, Hernandez E, Lézin A, Arguello M, Douville R, Nguyen TLA, Olindo S, Panelatti G, Kazanji M, Wilkinson P, Sékaly RP, Césaire R, Hiscott J. HTLV-1 evades type I interferon antiviral signaling by inducing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001177. [PMID: 21079688 PMCID: PMC2973829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) and the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP, but never both. To better understand the gene expression changes in HTLV-1-associated diseases, we examined the mRNA profiles of CD4+ T cells isolated from 7 ATL, 12 HAM/TSP, 11 AC and 8 non-infected controls. Using genomic approaches followed by bioinformatic analysis, we identified gene expression pattern characteristic of HTLV-1 infected individuals and particular disease states. Of particular interest, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1—SOCS1—was upregulated in HAM/TSP and AC patients but not in ATL. Moreover, SOCS1 was positively correlated with the expression of HTLV-1 mRNA in HAM/TSP patient samples. In primary PBMCs transfected with a HTLV-1 proviral clone and in HTLV-1-transformed MT-2 cells, HTLV-1 replication correlated with induction of SOCS1 and inhibition of IFN-α/β and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Targeting SOCS1 with siRNA restored type I IFN production and reduced HTLV-1 replication in MT-2 cells. Conversely, exogenous expression of SOCS1 resulted in enhanced HTLV-1 mRNA synthesis. In addition to inhibiting signaling downstream of the IFN receptor, SOCS1 inhibited IFN-β production by targeting IRF3 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These observations identify a novel SOCS1 driven mechanism of evasion of the type I IFN antiviral response against HTLV-1. Infection with HTLV-1 leads to the development of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) or the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP. Using gene expression profiling of CD4+ T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 infected patients, we identified Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) as being highly expressed in HAM/TSP and AC patients. SOCS1 expression positively correlated with the high HTLV-1 mRNA load that is characteristic of HAM/TSP patients. SOCS1 inhibited cellular antiviral signaling during HTLV-1 infection by degrading IRF3, an essential transcription factor in the interferon pathway. Our study reveals a novel evasion mechanism utilized by HTLV-1 that leads to increased retroviral replication, without triggering the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Olière
- Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|