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Moore KM, Pelletier AN, Lapp S, Metz A, Tharp GK, Lee M, Bhasin SS, Bhasin M, Sékaly RP, Bosinger SE, Suthar MS. Single-cell analysis reveals an antiviral network that controls Zika virus infection in human dendritic cells. J Virol 2024:e0019424. [PMID: 38567950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00194-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused an epidemic in the Americas in 2016 and is linked to severe neonatal birth defects, including microcephaly and spontaneous abortion. To better understand the host response to ZIKV infection, we adapted the 10× Genomics Chromium single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) assay to simultaneously capture viral RNA and host mRNA. Using this assay, we profiled the antiviral landscape in a population of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected with ZIKV at the single-cell level. The bystander cells, which lacked detectable viral RNA, expressed an antiviral state that was enriched for genes coinciding predominantly with a type I interferon (IFN) response. Within the infected cells, viral RNA negatively correlated with type I IFN-dependent and -independent genes (the antiviral module). We modeled the ZIKV-specific antiviral state at the protein level, leveraging experimentally derived protein interaction data. We identified a highly interconnected network between the antiviral module and other host proteins. In this work, we propose a new paradigm for evaluating the antiviral response to a specific virus, combining an unbiased list of genes that highly correlate with viral RNA on a per-cell basis with experimental protein interaction data. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) remains a public health threat given its potential for re-emergence and the detrimental fetal outcomes associated with infection during pregnancy. Understanding the dynamics between ZIKV and its host is critical to understanding ZIKV pathogenesis. Through ZIKV-inclusive single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we demonstrate on the single-cell level the dynamic interplay between ZIKV and the host: the transcriptional program that restricts viral infection and ZIKV-mediated inhibition of that response. Our ZIKV-inclusive scRNA-seq assay will serve as a useful tool for gaining greater insight into the host response to ZIKV and can be applied more broadly to the flavivirus field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Stacey Lapp
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amanda Metz
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Lee
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Swati Sharma Bhasin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory NPRC Genomics Core Laboratory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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2
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Moore KM, Pelletier AN, Lapp S, Metz A, Tharp GK, Lee M, Bhasin SS, Bhasin M, Sékaly RP, Bosinger SE, Suthar MS. Single cell analysis reveals an antiviral network that controls Zika virus infection in human dendritic cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.19.576293. [PMID: 38293140 PMCID: PMC10827181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.19.576293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused an epidemic in the Americas in 2016 and is linked to severe neonatal birth defects, including microcephaly and spontaneous abortion. To better understand the host response to ZIKV infection, we adapted the 10x Genomics Chromium single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) assay to simultaneously capture viral RNA and host mRNA. Using this assay, we profiled the antiviral landscape in a population of human moDCs infected with ZIKV at the single cell level. The bystander cells, which lacked detectable viral RNA, expressed an antiviral state that was enriched for genes coinciding predominantly with a type I interferon (IFN) response. Within the infected cells, viral RNA negatively correlated with type I IFN dependent and independent genes (antiviral module). We modeled the ZIKV specific antiviral state at the protein level leveraging experimentally derived protein-interaction data. We identified a highly interconnected network between the antiviral module and other host proteins. In this work, we propose a new paradigm for evaluating the antiviral response to a specific virus, combining an unbiased list of genes that highly correlate with viral RNA on a per cell basis with experimental protein interaction data. Our ZIKV-inclusive scRNA-seq assay will serve as a useful tool to gaining greater insight into the host response to ZIKV and can be applied more broadly to the flavivirus field.
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Blanch-Lombarte O, Ouchi D, Jimenez-Moyano E, Carabelli J, Marin MA, Peña R, Pelletier A, Talla A, Sharma A, Dalmau J, Santos JR, Sékaly RP, Clotet B, Prado JG. Selective loss of CD107a TIGIT+ memory HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in PLWH over a decade of ART. eLife 2023; 12:e83737. [PMID: 37723971 PMCID: PMC10508883 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-expression of inhibitory receptors (IRs) is a hallmark of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion (Tex) in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Understanding alterations of IRs expression in PLWH on long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART) remains elusive but is critical to overcoming CD8+ Tex and designing novel HIV-1 cure immunotherapies. To address this, we combine high-dimensional supervised and unsupervised analysis of IRs concomitant with functional markers across the CD8+ T-cell landscape on 24 PLWH over a decade on ART. We define irreversible alterations of IRs co-expression patterns in CD8+ T cells not mitigated by ART and identify negative associations between the frequency of TIGIT+ and TIGIT+ TIM-3+ and CD4+ T-cell levels. Moreover, changes in total, SEB-activated, and HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells delineate a complex reshaping of memory and effector-like cellular clusters on ART. Indeed, we identify a selective reduction of HIV-1 specific-CD8+ T-cell memory-like clusters sharing TIGIT expression and low CD107a that can be recovered by mAb TIGIT blockade independently of IFNγ and IL-2. Collectively, these data characterize with unprecedented detail the patterns of IRs expression and functions across the CD8+ T-cell landscape and indicate the potential of TIGIT as a target for Tex precision immunotherapies in PLWH at all ART stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del VallèsBarcelonaSpain
| | - Dan Ouchi
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
| | | | | | | | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
| | - Adam Pelletier
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | | | - José Ramón Santos
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBarcelonaSpain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalonaSpain
| | | | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBarcelonaSpain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalonaSpain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC)CataloniaSpain
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBarcelonaSpain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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4
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Mutascio S, Mota T, Franchitti L, Sharma AA, Willemse A, Bergstresser SN, Wang H, Statzu M, Tharp GK, Weiler J, Sékaly RP, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Jones RB, Kulpa DA. CD8 + T cells promote HIV latency by remodeling CD4 + T cell metabolism to enhance their survival, quiescence, and stemness. Immunity 2023; 56:1132-1147.e6. [PMID: 37030290 PMCID: PMC10880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to a reservoir of latently infected cells that harbor replication-competent virus and evade immunity. Previous ex vivo studies suggested that CD8+ T cells from people with HIV may suppress HIV expression via non-cytolytic mechanisms, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain unclear. Here, we used a primary cell-based in vitro latency model and demonstrated that co-culture of autologous activated CD8+ T cells with HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cells promoted specific changes in metabolic and/or signaling pathways resulting in increased CD4+ T cell survival, quiescence, and stemness. Collectively, these pathways negatively regulated HIV expression and ultimately promoted the establishment of latency. As shown previously, we observed that macrophages, but not B cells, promoted latency in CD4+ T cells. The identification of CD8-specific mechanisms of pro-latency activity may favor the development of approaches to eliminate the viral reservoir in people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mutascio
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Talia Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lavinia Franchitti
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ashish A Sharma
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Abigail Willemse
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maura Statzu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Fourati S, Tomalin LE, Mulè MP, Chawla DG, Gerritsen B, Rychkov D, Henrich E, Miller HER, Hagan T, Diray-Arce J, Dunn P, Levy O, Gottardo R, Sarwal MM, Tsang JS, Suárez-Fariñas M, Pulendran B, Kleinstein SH, Sékaly RP. Pan-vaccine analysis reveals innate immune endotypes predictive of antibody responses to vaccination. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1777-1787. [PMID: 36316476 PMCID: PMC9747610 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the pre-vaccination immune state is associated with the antibody response to vaccination. However, the generalizability and mechanisms that underlie this association remain poorly defined. Here, we sought to identify a common pre-vaccination signature and mechanisms that could predict the immune response across 13 different vaccines. Analysis of blood transcriptional profiles across studies revealed three distinct pre-vaccination endotypes, characterized by the differential expression of genes associated with a pro-inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and metabolism alterations. Importantly, individuals whose pre-vaccination endotype was enriched in pro-inflammatory response genes known to be downstream of nuclear factor-kappa B showed significantly higher serum antibody responses 1 month after vaccination. This pro-inflammatory pre-vaccination endotype showed gene expression characteristic of the innate activation state triggered by Toll-like receptor ligands or adjuvants. These results demonstrate that wide variations in the transcriptional state of the immune system in humans can be a key determinant of responsiveness to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lewis E Tomalin
- Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew P Mulè
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH-Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Dmitry Rychkov
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Henrich
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Hagan
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Dunn
- ImmPort Curation Team, NG Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Biomedical Data Science Center, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Hagan T, Gerritsen B, Tomalin LE, Fourati S, Mulè MP, Chawla DG, Rychkov D, Henrich E, Miller HER, Diray-Arce J, Dunn P, Lee A, Levy O, Gottardo R, Sarwal MM, Tsang JS, Suárez-Fariñas M, Sékaly RP, Kleinstein SH, Pulendran B. Transcriptional atlas of the human immune response to 13 vaccines reveals a common predictor of vaccine-induced antibody responses. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1788-1798. [PMID: 36316475 PMCID: PMC9869360 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systems vaccinology has defined molecular signatures and mechanisms of immunity to vaccination. However, comparative analysis of immunity to different vaccines is lacking. We integrated transcriptional data of over 3,000 samples, from 820 adults across 28 studies of 13 vaccines and analyzed vaccination-induced signatures of antibody responses. Most vaccines induced signatures of innate immunity and plasmablasts at days 1 and 7, respectively, after vaccination. However, the yellow fever vaccine induced an early transient signature of T and B cell activation at day 1, followed by delayed antiviral/interferon and plasmablast signatures that peaked at days 7 and 14-21, respectively. Thus, there was no evidence for a 'universal signature' that predicted antibody response to all vaccines. However, accounting for the asynchronous nature of responses, we defined a time-adjusted signature that predicted antibody responses across vaccines. These results provide a transcriptional atlas of immunity to vaccination and define a common, time-adjusted signature of antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hagan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bram Gerritsen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lewis E Tomalin
- Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Slim Fourati
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew P Mulè
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH-Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel G Chawla
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dmitri Rychkov
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan Henrich
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Dunn
- ImmPort Curation Team, NG Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Lee
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minne M Sarwal
- Division of Transplant Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Center for Biostatistics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Hernandez J, Tamargo JA, Sales Martinez S, Martin HR, Campa A, Sékaly RP, Bordi R, Sherman KE, Rouster SD, Meeds HL, Khalsa JH, Mandler RN, Lai S, Baum MK. Cocaine use associated gut permeability and microbial translocation in people living with HIV in the Miami Adult Study on HIV (MASH) cohort. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275675. [PMID: 36215260 PMCID: PMC9550062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if cocaine use impacts gut permeability, promotes microbial translocation and immune activation in people living with HIV (PLWH) using effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of 100 PLWH (ART ≥6 months, HIV-RNA <200 copies/mL) from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Cocaine use was assessed by self-report, urine screen, and blood benzoylecgonine (BE). Blood samples were collected to assess gut permeability (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, I-FABP), microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), immune activation (sCD14, sCD27, and sCD163) and markers of inflammation (hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6). Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the relationships of cocaine use. RESULTS A total of 37 cocaine users and 63 cocaine non-users were evaluated. Cocaine users had higher levels of I-FABP (7.92±0.35 vs. 7.69±0.56 pg/mL, P = 0.029) and LPS (0.76±0.24 vs. 0.54±0.27 EU/mL, P<0.001) than cocaine non-users. Cocaine use was also associated with the levels of LPS (P<0.001), I-FABP (P = 0.033), and sCD163 (P = 0.010) after adjusting for covariates. Cocaine users had 5.15 times higher odds to exhibit higher LPS levels than non-users (OR: 5.15 95% CI: 1.89-13.9; P<0.001). Blood levels of BE were directly correlated with LPS (rho = 0.276, P = 0.028), sCD14 (rho = 0.274, P = 0.031), and sCD163 (rho = 0.250, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Cocaine use was associated with markers of gut permeability, microbial translocation, and immune activation in virally suppressed PLWH. Mitigation of cocaine use may prevent further gastrointestinal damage and immune activation in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernandez
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Javier A. Tamargo
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sabrina Sales Martinez
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Haley R. Martin
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adriana Campa
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susan D. Rouster
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Heidi L. Meeds
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jag H. Khalsa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Diseases, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Raul N. Mandler
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shenghan Lai
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marianna K. Baum
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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8
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Tamargo JA, Sherman KE, Sékaly RP, Bordi R, Schlatzer D, Lai S, Khalsa JH, Mandler RN, Ehman RL, Baum MK. Cocaethylene, simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use, and liver fibrosis in people living with and without HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109273. [PMID: 35033954 PMCID: PMC8885871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The simultaneous consumption of cocaine and alcohol results in the production of cocaethylene (CE) in the liver, a highly toxic metabolite. Prior research suggests that cocaine use contributes to liver disease and its concomitant use with alcohol may increase its hepatotoxicity, but studies in humans are lacking. We evaluated the role of cocaine, its simultaneous use with alcohol, and CE on liver fibrosis. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Cocaine use was determined via self-report, urine screen, and blood metabolites, using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Hazardous drinking was determined with the AUDIT-C and liver fibrosis with the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4). RESULTS Out of 649 participants included in this analysis, 281 (43.3%) used cocaine; of those, 78 (27.8%) had CE in blood. Cocaine users with CE had higher concentrations of cocaine metabolites in blood and were more likely to drink hazardously than cocaine users without CE and cocaine non-users. Overall, cocaine use was associated with liver fibrosis. CE in blood was associated with 3.17 (95% CI: 1.61, 6.23; p = 0.0008) times the odds of liver fibrosis compared to cocaine non-users, adjusting for covariates including HIV and HCV infection. The effect of CE on liver fibrosis was significantly greater than that of cocaine or alcohol alone. CONCLUSIONS CE is a reliable marker of simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol that may help identify individuals at risk of liver disease and aid in the prevention of its development or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | | | - Jag H Khalsa
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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9
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Démoulins T, Baron ML, Gauchat D, Kettaf N, Reed SJ, Charpentier T, Kalinke U, Lamarre A, Ahmed R, Sékaly RP, Sarkar S, Kalia V. Induction of thymic atrophy and loss of thymic output by type-I interferons during chronic viral infection. Virology 2022; 567:77-86. [PMID: 35032866 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Type-I interferon (IFN-I) signals exert a critical role in disease progression during viral infections. However, the immunomodulatory mechanisms by which IFN-I dictates disease outcomes remain to be fully defined. Here we report that IFN-I signals mediate thymic atrophy in viral infections, with more severe and prolonged loss of thymic output and unique kinetics and subtypes of IFN-α/β expression in chronic infection compared to acute infection. Loss of thymic output was linked to inhibition of early stages of thymopoiesis (DN1-DN2 transition, and DN3 proliferation) and pronounced apoptosis during the late DP stage. Notably, infection-associated thymic defects were largely abrogated upon ablation of IFNαβR and partially mitigated in the absence of CD8 T cells, thus implicating direct as well as indirect effects of IFN-I on thymocytes. These findings provide mechanistic underpinnings for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting IFN-1 signals to manipulate disease outcomes during chronic infections and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Gauchat
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 1000, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Nadia Kettaf
- Laboratoire d'immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montréal, QC, H2X 1P1, Canada
| | - Steven James Reed
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology, Emory University Winship Cancer Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Vandana Kalia
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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10
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Chen RE, Smith BK, Errico JM, Gordon DN, Winkler ES, VanBlargan LA, Desai C, Handley SA, Dowd KA, Amaro-Carambot E, Cardosa MJ, Sariol CA, Kallas EG, Sékaly RP, Vasilakis N, Fremont DH, Whitehead SS, Pierson TC, Diamond MS. Implications of a highly divergent dengue virus strain for cross-neutralization, protection, and vaccine immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1634-1648.e5. [PMID: 34610295 PMCID: PMC8595868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although divergent dengue viruses (DENVs) have been isolated in insects, nonhuman primates, and humans, their relationships to the four canonical serotypes (DENV 1-4) are poorly understood. One virus isolated from a dengue patient, DKE-121, falls between genotype and serotype levels of sequence divergence to DENV-4. To examine its antigenic relationship to DENV-4, we assessed serum neutralizing and protective activity. Whereas DENV-4-immune mouse sera neutralize DKE-121 infection, DKE-121-immune sera inhibit DENV-4 less efficiently. Passive transfer of DENV-4 or DKE-121-immune sera protects mice against homologous, but not heterologous, DENV-4 or DKE-121 challenge. Antigenic cartography suggests that DENV-4 and DKE-121 are related but antigenically distinct. However, DENV-4 vaccination confers protection against DKE-121 in nonhuman primates, and serum from humans immunized with a tetravalent vaccine neutralize DENV-4 and DKE-121 infection equivalently. As divergent DENV strains, such as DKE-121, may meet criteria for serotype distinction, monitoring their capacity to impact dengue disease and vaccine efficacy appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Brittany K Smith
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - David N Gordon
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Emerito Amaro-Carambot
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - M Jane Cardosa
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Sarawak Malaysia (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak 94300, Malaysia; Integrated Research Associates, San Rafael, CA 94903, USA
| | - Carlos A Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; The Andrew M. Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; The Andrew M. Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110-1010, USA.
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11
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Zhang C, Song JW, Huang HH, Fan X, Huang L, Deng JN, Tu B, Wang K, Li J, Zhou MJ, Yang CX, Zhao QW, Yang T, Wang LF, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Jiao YM, Shi M, Shao F, Sékaly RP, Wang FS. NLRP3 inflammasome induces CD4+ T cell loss in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138861. [PMID: 33720048 DOI: 10.1172/jci138861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection is generally characterized by progressive CD4+ T cell depletion due to direct and bystander death that is closely associated with persistent HIV-1 replication and an inflammatory environment in vivo. The mechanisms underlying the loss of CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection are incompletely understood. In this study, we simultaneously monitored caspase-1 and caspase-3 activation in circulating CD4+ T cells, which revealed that pyroptotic and apoptotic CD4+ T cells are distinct cell populations with different phenotypic characteristics. Levels of pyroptosis and apoptosis in CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated during chronic HIV-1 infection, and decreased following effective antiretroviral therapy. Notably, the occurrence of pyroptosis was further confirmed by elevated gasdermin D activation in lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected individuals. Mechanistically, caspase-1 activation closely correlated with the inflammatory marker expression and was shown to occur through NLRP3 inflammasome activation driven by virus-dependent and/or -independent ROS production, while caspase-3 activation in CD4+ T cells was more closely related to T cell activation status. Hence, our findings show that NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis plays an essential role in CD4+ T cell loss in HIV-1-infected patients and implicate pyroptosis signaling as a target for anti-HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ning Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qi-Wen Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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12
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Rutishauser RL, Deguit CDT, Hiatt J, Blaeschke F, Roth TL, Wang L, Raymond KA, Starke CE, Mudd JC, Chen W, Smullin C, Matus-Nicodemos R, Hoh R, Krone M, Hecht FM, Pilcher CD, Martin JN, Koup RA, Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Sékaly RP, Pillai SK, Marson A, Deeks SG, McCune JM, Hunt PW. TCF-1 regulates HIV-specific CD8+ T cell expansion capacity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:136648. [PMID: 33351785 PMCID: PMC7934879 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many HIV cure strategies seek to expand HIV-specific CD8+ T cells to control the virus, all are likely to fail if cellular exhaustion is not prevented. A loss in stem-like memory properties (i.e., the ability to proliferate and generate secondary effector cells) is a key feature of exhaustion; little is known, however, about how these properties are regulated in human virus–specific CD8+ T cells. We found that virus-specific CD8+ T cells from humans and nonhuman primates naturally controlling HIV/SIV infection express more of the transcription factor TCF-1 than noncontrollers. HIV-specific CD8+ T cell TCF-1 expression correlated with memory marker expression and expansion capacity and declined with antigenic stimulation. CRISPR-Cas9 editing of TCF-1 in human primary T cells demonstrated a direct role in regulating expansion capacity. Collectively, these data suggest that TCF-1 contributes to the regulation of the stem-like memory property of secondary expansion capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, and they provide a rationale for exploring the enhancement of this pathway in T cell–based therapeutic strategies for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Deo T Deguit
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of the Philippines-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Medical Scientist Training Program.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Franziska Blaeschke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Medical Scientist Training Program.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Lynn Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kyle A Raymond
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | - Carly E Starke
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases and
| | - Joseph C Mudd
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases and
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Smullin
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Hellen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Cruz-Lebrón A, D’argenio Garcia L, Talla A, Joussef-Piña S, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Sékaly RP, de Carvalho KIL, Levine AD. Decreased Enteric Bacterial Composition and Diversity in South American Crohn's Disease Vary With the Choice of Treatment Strategy and Time Since Diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:791-800. [PMID: 31758685 PMCID: PMC7346893 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The symptomology of Crohn's disease [CD], a chronic inflammatory disease of the digestive tract, correlates poorly with clinical, endoscopic or immunological assessments of disease severity. The prevalence of CD in South America is rising, reflecting changes in socio-economic stability. Many treatment options are available to CD patients, including biological agents and corticosteroids, each of which offers variable efficacy attributed to host genetics and environmental factors associated with alterations in the gut microbiota. METHODS Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and taxonomic differences, we compared the faecal microbial population of Brazilian patients with CD treated with corticosteroid or anti-tumour necrosis factor [anti-TNF] immunotherapy. Faecal calprotectin and plasma sCD14 levels were quantified as markers for local and systemic inflammation, respectively. RESULTS Anti-TNF treatment led to an increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria and a decreased level of Bacteroidetes. In contrast, corticoid treatment was associated with an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, which has been linked to inflammation in CD. Disruption of the faecal microbiota was related to decreased bacterial diversity and composition. Moreover, the choice of clinical regimen and time since diagnosis modulate the character of the resulting dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS Enteric microbial populations in CD patients who have been treated are modulated by disease pathogenesis, local inflammatory microenvironment and treatment strategy. The dysbiosis that remains after anti-TNF treatment due to decreased bacterial diversity and composition abates restoration of the microbiota to a healthy state, suggesting that the identification and development of new clinical treatments for CD must include their capacity to normalize the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Cruz-Lebrón
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samira Joussef-Piña
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alan D Levine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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14
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Fourati S, Ribeiro SP, Blasco Tavares Pereira Lopes F, Talla A, Lefebvre F, Cameron M, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kim JH, Thomas R, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD, Koup RA, Michael NL, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Sékaly RP. Integrated systems approach defines the antiviral pathways conferring protection by the RV144 HIV vaccine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:863. [PMID: 30787294 PMCID: PMC6382801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 vaccine trial showed reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition by 31.2%, although mechanisms that led to protection remain poorly understood. Here we identify transcriptional correlates for reduced HIV-1 acquisition after vaccination. We assess the transcriptomic profile of blood collected from 223 participants and 40 placebo recipients. Pathway-level analysis of HIV-1 negative vaccinees reveals that type I interferons that activate the IRF7 antiviral program and type II interferon-stimulated genes implicated in antigen-presentation are both associated with a reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition. In contrast, genes upstream and downstream of NF-κB, mTORC1 and host genes required for viral infection are associated with an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among vaccinees and placebo recipients, defining a vaccine independent association with HIV-1 acquisition. Our transcriptomic analysis of RV144 trial samples identifies IRF7 as a mediator of protection and the activation of mTORC1 as a correlate of the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. The RV144 vaccine trial showed reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, but mechanisms underlying protection are poorly understood. Here, Fourati et al. assess the transcriptomic profile of blood collected from 223 vaccinees and 40 placebo recipients and identify IRF7 as a mediator of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Francois Lefebvre
- Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - J Kaewkungwal
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - P Pitisuttithum
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Jerome H Kim
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.,International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Fromentin R, Bakeman W, Lawani MB, Khoury G, Hartogensis W, DaFonseca S, Killian M, Epling L, Hoh R, Sinclair E, Hecht FM, Bacchetti P, Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Sékaly RP, Chomont N. CD4+ T Cells Expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 Contribute to HIV Persistence during ART. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005761. [PMID: 27415008 PMCID: PMC4944956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persists in a small pool of latently infected cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Identifying cellular markers expressed at the surface of these cells may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the size of the HIV reservoir. We hypothesized that CD4+ T cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules would be enriched in HIV-infected cells in individuals receiving suppressive ART. Expression levels of 7 immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3, CD160 and 2B4) as well as 4 markers of HIV persistence (integrated and total HIV DNA, 2-LTR circles and cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA) were measured in PBMCs from 48 virally suppressed individuals. Using negative binomial regression models, we identified PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 as immune checkpoint molecules positively associated with the frequency of CD4+ T cells harboring integrated HIV DNA. The frequency of CD4+ T cells co-expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 independently predicted the frequency of cells harboring integrated HIV DNA. Quantification of HIV genomes in highly purified cell subsets from blood further revealed that expressions of PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 were associated with HIV-infected cells in distinct memory CD4+ T cell subsets. CD4+ T cells co-expressing the three markers were highly enriched for integrated viral genomes (median of 8.2 fold compared to total CD4+ T cells). Importantly, most cells carrying inducible HIV genomes expressed at least one of these markers (median contribution of cells expressing LAG-3, PD-1 or TIGIT to the inducible reservoir = 76%). Our data provide evidence that CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1, TIGIT and LAG-3 alone or in combination are enriched for persistent HIV during ART and suggest that immune checkpoint blockers directed against these receptors may represent valuable tools to target latently infected cells in virally suppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariam B. Lawani
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Khoury
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wendy Hartogensis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marisela Killian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lorrie Epling
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Procopio FA, Fromentin R, Kulpa DA, Brehm JH, Bebin AG, Strain MC, Richman DD, O'Doherty U, Palmer S, Hecht FM, Hoh R, Barnard RJO, Miller MD, Hazuda DJ, Deeks SG, Sékaly RP, Chomont N. A Novel Assay to Measure the Magnitude of the Inducible Viral Reservoir in HIV-infected Individuals. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:874-83. [PMID: 26425694 PMCID: PMC4563128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying latently infected cells is critical to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the size of the long-lived viral reservoir, but the low frequency of these cells makes this very challenging. Methods We developed TILDA (Tat/rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay) to measure the frequency of cells with inducible multiply-spliced HIV RNA, as these transcripts are usually absent in latently infected cells but induced upon viral reactivation. TILDA requires less than a million cells, does not require RNA extraction and can be completed in two days. Findings In suppressed individuals on ART, we found the median frequency of latently infected CD4 + T cells as estimated by TILDA to be 24 cells/million, which was 48 times more than the frequency measured by the quantitative viral outgrowth assay, and 6–27 times less than the frequencies of cells harbouring viral DNA measured by PCR-based assays. TILDA measurements strongly correlated with most HIV DNA assays. The size of the latent reservoir measured by TILDA was lower in subjects who initiated ART during the early compared to late stage of infection (p = 0.011). In untreated HIV disease, the frequency of CD4 + cells carrying latent but inducible HIV largely exceeded the frequency of actively producing cells, demonstrating that the majority of infected cells are transcriptionally silent even in the absence of ART. Interpretations Our results suggest that TILDA is a reproducible and sensitive approach to measure the frequency of productively and latently infected cells in clinical settings. We demonstrate that the latent reservoir represents a substantial fraction of all infected cells prior to ART initiation. Research in context In this manuscript, we describe the development of a novel assay that measures the magnitude of the latent HIV reservoir, the main barrier to HIV eradication. This novel assay, termed TILDA for Tat/rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay, requires only 10 ml of blood, does not necessitate extraction of viral nucleic acids, is highly reproducible, covers a wide dynamic range of reservoir sizes and can be completed in two days. As such, TILDA may represent an alternative to existing assays used to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the size of the latent HIV reservoir. We developed TILDA (Tat/rev Induced Limiting Dilution Assay) to measure the frequency of cells with inducible multiply-spliced HIV RNA in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive ART. Our results suggest that TILDA is a reproducible and sensitive approach to measure the frequency of productively and latently infected cells in clinical settings. Using TILDA, We demonstrate that the latent reservoir represents a substantial fraction of all infected cells prior to ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Jessica H Brehm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Strain
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Douglas D Richman
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia ; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frederick M Hecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael D Miller
- Infectious Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Daria J Hazuda
- Infectious Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Chomont
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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17
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Lee J, Breton G, Oliveira TYK, Zhou YJ, Aljoufi A, Puhr S, Cameron MJ, Sékaly RP, Nussenzweig MC, Liu K. Restricted dendritic cell and monocyte progenitors in human cord blood and bone marrow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:385-99. [PMID: 25687283 PMCID: PMC4354373 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Liu, Nussenzweig, and colleagues track the differentiation of human progenitor cells into dendritic cells (DCs). They show that a granulocyte/monocyte/DC progenitor gives rise to a monocyte-DC progenitor that in turn gives rise to both monocytes and a common DC progenitor. The common DC progenitor produces the three major subsets of human DCs. In mice, two restricted dendritic cell (DC) progenitors, macrophage/dendritic progenitors (MDPs) and common dendritic progenitors (CDPs), demonstrate increasing commitment to the DC lineage, as they sequentially lose granulocyte and monocyte potential, respectively. Identifying these progenitors has enabled us to understand the role of DCs and monocytes in immunity and tolerance in mice. In humans, however, restricted monocyte and DC progenitors remain unknown. Progress in studying human DC development has been hampered by lack of an in vitro culture system that recapitulates in vivo DC hematopoiesis. Here we report a culture system that supports development of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell progenitors into the three major human DC subsets, monocytes, granulocytes, and NK and B cells. Using this culture system, we defined the pathway for human DC development and revealed the sequential origin of human DCs from increasingly restricted progenitors: a human granulocyte-monocyte-DC progenitor (hGMDP) that develops into a human monocyte-dendritic progenitor (hMDP), which in turn develops into monocytes, and a human CDP (hCDP) that is restricted to produce the three major DC subsets. The phenotype of the DC progenitors partially overlaps with granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs). These progenitors reside in human cord blood and bone marrow but not in the blood or lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyop Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Thiago Yukio Kikuchi Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yu Jerry Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sarah Puhr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | | | | | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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18
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El-Far M, Ancuta P, Routy JP, Zhang Y, Bakeman W, Bordi R, DaFonseca S, Said EA, Gosselin A, Tep TS, Eichbaum Q, van Grevenynghe J, Schwartz O, Freeman GJ, Haddad EK, Chomont N, Sékaly RP. Nef promotes evasion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells from the CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1463-1477. [PMID: 25626682 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a negative regulator of T-cell receptor-mediated CD4(+) T-cell activation and function. Upregulation of CTLA-4 during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection on activated T cells, particularly on HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells, correlates with immune dysfunction and disease progression. As HIV-1 infects and replicates in activated CD4(+) T cells, we investigated mechanisms by which HIV-1 modulates CTLA-4 expression to establish productive viral infection in these cells. Here, we demonstrate that HIV-1 infection in activated CD4(+) T cells was followed by Nef-mediated downregulation of CTLA-4. This was associated with a decreased T-cell activation threshold and significant resistance to CTLA-4 triggering. In line with these in vitro results, quantification of pro-viral HIV DNA from treatment-naive HIV-infected subjects demonstrated a preferential infection of memory CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells, thus identifying CTLA-4 as a biomarker for HIV-infected cells in vivo. As transcriptionally active HIV-1 and Nef expression in vivo were previously shown to take place mainly in the CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) [double-negative (DN)] cells, we further quantified HIV DNA in the CTLA-4(+) and CTLA-4(-) subpopulations of these cells. Our results showed that DN T cells lacking CTLA-4 expression were enriched in HIV DNA compared with DN CTLA-4(+) cells. Together, these results suggested that HIV-1 preferential infection of CD4(+)CTLA-4(+) T cells in vivo was followed by Nef-mediated concomitant downregulation of both CD4 and CTLA-4 upon transition to productive infection. This also highlights the propensity of HIV-1 to evade restriction of the key negative immune regulator CTLA-4 on cell activation and viral replication, and therefore contributes to the overall HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Far
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandrina DaFonseca
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elias A Said
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tévy-Suzy Tep
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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19
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Girard T, Gaucher D, El-Far M, Breton G, Sékaly RP. CD80 and CD86 IgC domains are important for quaternary structure, receptor binding and co-signaling function. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Fortin JS, Genève L, Gauthier C, Shoukry NH, Azar GA, Younes S, Yassine-Diab B, Sékaly RP, Fremont DH, Thibodeau J. MMTV superantigens coerce an unconventional topology between the TCR and MHC class II. J Immunol 2014; 192:1896-906. [PMID: 24453254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus superantigens (vSAGs) are notorious for defying structural characterization, and a consensus has yet to be reached regarding their ability to bridge the TCR to MHC class II (MHCII). In this study, we determined the topology of the T cell signaling complex by examining the respective relation of vSAG7 with the MHCII molecule, MHCII-associated peptide, and TCR. We used covalently linked peptide/MHCII complexes to demonstrate that vSAG presentation is tolerant to variation in the protruding side chains of the peptide, but can be sensitive to the nature of the protruding N-terminal extension. An original approach in which vSAG was covalently linked to either MHCII chain confirmed that vSAG binds outside the peptide binding groove. Also, whereas the C-terminal vSAG segment binds to the MHCII α-chain in a conformation-sensitive manner, the membrane-proximal N-terminal domain binds the β-chain. Because both moieties of the mature vSAG remain noncovalently associated after processing, our results suggest that vSAG crosslinks MHCII molecules. Comparing different T cell hybridomas, we identified key residues on the MHCII α-chain that are differentially recognized by the CDR3β when engaged by vSAG. Finally, we show that the highly conserved tyrosine residue found in the vSAg TGXY motif is required for T cell activation. Our results reveal a novel SAG/MHCII/TCR architecture in which vSAGs coerce a near-canonical docking between MHCII and TCR that allows eschewing of traditional CDR3 binding with the associated peptide in favor of MHCII α-chain binding. Our findings highlight the plasticity of the TCR CDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Simon Fortin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec HC3 3J7, Canada
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21
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Abstract
A major challenge in the development of a cure for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been the incomplete understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. It is now realized that the establishment of a latently infected reservoir refractory to immune system recognition has thus far hindered eradication efforts. Recent investigation into the innate immune response has shed light on signaling pathways downstream of the immunological synapse critical for T-cell activation and establishment of T-cell memory. This has led to the understanding that the cell-to-cell contacts observed in an immunological synapse that involve the CD4+ T cell and antigen-presenting cell or T-cell–T-cell interactions enhance efficient viral spread and facilitate the induction and maintenance of latency in HIV-infected memory T cells. This review focuses on recent work characterizing the immunological synapse and the signaling pathways involved in T-cell activation and gene regulation in the context of HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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22
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Breton G, Chomont N, Takata H, Fromentin R, Ahlers J, Filali-Mouhim A, Riou C, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Yassine-Diab B, Sékaly RP. Programmed death-1 is a marker for abnormal distribution of naive/memory T cell subsets in HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2013; 191:2194-204. [PMID: 23918986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic activation of T cells is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection and plays an important role in disease progression. We previously showed that the engagement of the inhibitory receptor programmed death (PD)-1 on HIV-1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells leads to their functional exhaustion in vitro. However, little is known about the impact of PD-1 expression on the turnover and maturation status of T cells during the course of the disease. In this study, we show that PD-1 is upregulated on all T cell subsets, including naive, central memory, and transitional memory T cells in HIV-1-infected subjects. PD-1 is expressed at similar levels on most CD4(+) T cells during the acute and the chronic phase of disease and identifies cells that have recently entered the cell cycle. In contrast, PD-1 expression is dramatically increased in CD8(+) T cells during the transition from acute to chronic infection, and this is associated with reduced levels of cell proliferation. The failure to downregulate expression of PD-1 in most T cells during chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with persistent alterations in the distribution of T cell subsets and is associated with impaired responses to IL-7. Our findings identify PD-1 as a marker for aberrant distribution of T cell subsets in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1P1, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Vaccines are the most cost effective public health measure for preventing viral infection and limiting epidemic spread within susceptible populations. However, the efficacy of current protective vaccines is highly variable, particularly in aging populations. In addition, there have been a number of challenges in the development of new vaccines due to a lack of detailed understanding of the immune correlates of protection. To identify the mechanisms underlying the variability of the immune response to vaccines, system-level tools need to be developed that will further our understanding of virus-host interactions and correlates of vaccine efficacy. This will provide critical information for rational vaccine design and allow the development of an analog to the "precision medicine" framework (already acknowledged as a powerful approach in medicine and therapeutics) to be applied to vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, United States
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24
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Youngblood B, Noto A, Porichis F, Akondy RS, Ndhlovu ZM, Austin JW, Bordi R, Procopio FA, Miura T, Allen TM, Sidney J, Sette A, Walker BD, Ahmed R, Boss JM, Sékaly RP, Kaufmann DE. Cutting edge: Prolonged exposure to HIV reinforces a poised epigenetic program for PD-1 expression in virus-specific CD8 T cells. J Immunol 2013; 191:540-4. [PMID: 23772031 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific CD8 T cells play a critical role in controlling HIV infection but eventually lose antiviral functions in part because of expression and signaling through the inhibitory programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor. To better understand the impact of prolonged TCR ligation on regulation of PD-1 expression in HIV-specific CD8 T cells, we investigated the capacity of virus-specific CD8 T cells to modify the PD-1 epigenetic program after reduction in viral load. We observed that the transcriptional regulatory region was unmethylated in the PD-1(hi) HIV-specific CD8 T cells, whereas it remained methylated in donor-matched naive cells at acute and chronic stages of infection. Surprisingly, the PD-1 promoter remained unmethylated in HIV-specific CD8 T cells from subjects with a viral load controlled by antiviral therapy for >2 y or from elite controllers. Together, these data demonstrate that the epigenetic program at the PD-1 locus becomes fixed after prolonged exposure to HIV virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Youngblood
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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25
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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26
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El-Far M, Isabelle C, Chomont N, Bourbonnière M, Fonseca S, Ancuta P, Peretz Y, Chouikh Y, Halwani R, Schwartz O, Madrenas J, Freeman GJ, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 by HIV-1 Nef protein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54295. [PMID: 23372701 PMCID: PMC3553160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef protein down-regulates several cell surface receptors through its interference with the cell sorting and trafficking machinery. Here we demonstrate for the first time the ability of Nef to down-regulate cell surface expression of the negative immune modulator CTLA-4. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 required the Nef motifs DD175, EE155 and LL165, all known to be involved in vesicle trafficking. Disruption of the lysosomal functions by pH-neutralizing agents prevented CTLA-4 down-regulation by Nef, demonstrating the implication of the endosomal/lysosomal compartments in this process. Confocal microscopy experiments visualized the co-localization between Nef and CTLA-4 in the early and recycling endosomes but not at the cell surface. Overall, our results provide a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 Nef interferes with the surface expression of the negative regulator of T cell activation CTLA-4. Down-regulation of CTLA-4 may contribute to the mechanisms by which HIV-1 sustains T cell activation, a critical step in viral replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Far
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Isabelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Bourbonnière
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simone Fonseca
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yoav Peretz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Younes Chouikh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Prince Naif Center for Immunology Research and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joaquín Madrenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Routy JP, Angel JB, Spaans JN, Trottier B, Rouleau D, Baril JG, Harris M, Trottier S, Singer J, Chomont N, Sékaly RP, Tremblay CL. Design and implementation of a randomized crossover study of valproic acid and antiretroviral therapy to reduce the HIV reservoir. HIV Clin Trials 2013. [PMID: 23195668 DOI: 10.1310/hct1306-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV reservoirs represent the major obstacles for eradication and are defined as a cell type that allows persistence of replication-competent HIV in patients on optimal long-term antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Several pilot clinical trials have been implemented to assess the value of experimental therapy to reduce reservoir size or eradicate HIV. In order to eradicate HIV, valproic acid was used as a new strategy to increase viral gene expression in the nucleus of infected cells with the expectation of generating a direct cell death or destruction by nearby cytotoxic cells. Previous pilot studies using VPA have showed conflicting results on the ability of VPA to reduce the size of HIV reservoirs. PURPOSE As the role of VPA on HIV reservoirs remains unclear, we conducted a multicenter clinical trial with a specific study design to obtain optimal information on reservoir changes while exposing the smallest number of individuals to the experimental medication. METHOD To this aim, a randomized, crossover design with 2 different treatment durations was implemented. By doubling the therapeutic period in one study arm, we were in a position to assess the impact of an extended duration of VPA on the size of the HIV reservoir and to evaluate the duration of treatment effects upon VPA withdrawal in the other arm. However, limitations for this type of study design included the logistical complexity of 2 uneven study arms and longer study duration. CONCLUSION Despite the absence of demonstrable impact of VPA on reservoir size, such crossover study design should be considered in the early stage testing of novel HIV therapeutics targeted to reduce reservoir size or eradicate HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Routy
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Peretz Y, He Z, Shi Y, Yassine-Diab B, Goulet JP, Bordi R, Filali-Mouhim A, Loubert JB, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, Boulassel MR, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Bernard N, Balderas R, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. CD160 and PD-1 co-expression on HIV-specific CD8 T cells defines a subset with advanced dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002840. [PMID: 22916009 PMCID: PMC3420930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections lead to persistent CD8 T cell activation and functional exhaustion. Expression of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has been associated to CD8 T cell dysfunction in HIV infection. Herein we report that another negative regulator of T cell activation, CD160, was also upregulated on HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes mostly during the chronic phase of infection. CD8 T cells that expressed CD160 or PD-1 were still functional whereas co-expression of CD160 and PD-1 on CD8 T cells defined a novel subset with all the characteristics of functionally exhausted T cells. Blocking the interaction of CD160 with HVEM, its natural ligand, increased HIV-specific CD8 T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Transcriptional profiling showed that CD160−PD-1+CD8 T cells encompassed a subset of CD8+ T cells with activated transcriptional programs, while CD160+PD-1+ T cells encompassed primarily CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype. The transcriptional profile of CD160+PD-1+ T cells showed the downregulation of the NFκB transcriptional node and the upregulation of several inhibitors of T cell survival and function. Overall, we show that CD160 and PD-1 expressing subsets allow differentiating between activated and exhausted CD8 T cells further reinforcing the notion that restoration of function will require multipronged approaches that target several negative regulators. HIV infection is widely known to cause generalized immune activation and immune exhaustion ultimately leading to HIV disease progression. Several studies have suggested over the years that the accumulation of inhibitory signalling proteins on the surface of responding cells is linked to immune exhaustion in HIV. It has become paramount to distinguish functionally exhausted CD8 T cells from activated HIV-specific CD8 T cells because both cell types have different fates. Using specific cell surface markers, we were able to identify these different cell types and show that HIV-infected patients accumulate dysfunctional CD8 T cells over time. Importantly, we show that this dysfunction is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Peretz
- Caprion/ImmuneCarta Services, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhong He
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu Shi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Goulet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebeka Bordi
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jean-Baptiste Loubert
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck P. Dupuy
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Rachid Boulassel
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Bernard
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Balderas
- BD Biosciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Hôpital St-Luc, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Département de Microbiologie et d'Immunologie, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U743, CRCHUM, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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van Grevenynghe J, Cubas RA, Noto A, DaFonseca S, He Z, Peretz Y, Filali-Mouhim A, Dupuy FP, Procopio FA, Chomont N, Balderas RS, Said EA, Boulassel MR, Tremblay CL, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Haddad EK. Loss of memory B cells during chronic HIV infection is driven by Foxo3a- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2012. [DOI: 10.1172/jci64981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Girard T, El-Far M, Gaucher D, Acuto O, Beaulé G, Michel F, Mourad W, Sékaly RP. A conserved polylysine motif in CD86 cytoplasmic tail is necessary for cytoskeletal association and effective co-stimulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:301-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Routy JP, Tremblay CL, Angel JB, Trottier B, Rouleau D, Baril JG, Harris M, Trottier S, Singer J, Chomont N, Sékaly RP, Boulassel MR. Valproic acid in association with highly active antiretroviral therapy for reducing systemic HIV-1 reservoirs: results from a multicentre randomized clinical study. HIV Med 2012; 13:291-6. [PMID: 22276680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conflicting results have been reported regarding the ability of valproic acid (VPA) to reduce the size of HIV reservoirs in patients receiving suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In a randomized multicentre, cross-over study, we assessed whether adding VPA to stable HAART could potentially reduce the size of the latent viral reservoir in CD4 T cells of chronically infected patients. METHODS A total of 56 virologically suppressed patients were randomly assigned either to receive VPA plus HAART for 16 weeks followed by HAART alone for 32 weeks (arm 1; n = 27) or to receive HAART alone for 16 weeks and then VPA plus HAART for 32 weeks (arm 2; n = 29). VPA was administered at a dose of 500 mg twice a day (bid) and was adjusted to the therapeutic range. A quantitative culture assay was used to assess HIV reservoirs in CD4 T cells at baseline and at weeks 16 and 48. RESULTS No significant reductions in the frequency of CD4 T cells harbouring replication-competent HIV after 16 and 32 weeks of VPA therapy were observed. In arm 1, median (range) values of IU per log(10) billion (IUPB) cells were 2.55 (range 1.20-4.20), 1.80 (range 1.0-4.70) and 2.70 (range 1.0-3.90; P = 0.87) for baseline, week 16 and week 48, respectively. In arm 2, median values of IUPB were 2.55 (range 1.20-4.65), 1.64 (range 1.0-3.94) and 2.51 (range 1.0-4.48; P = 0.50) for baseline, week 16 and week 48, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that adding VPA to stable HAART does not reduce the latent HIV reservoir in virally suppressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Routy
- Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Boulassel MR, Chomont N, Pai NP, Gilmore N, Sékaly RP, Routy JP. CD4 T cell nadir independently predicts the magnitude of the HIV reservoir after prolonged suppressive antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Virol 2011; 53:29-32. [PMID: 22019250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of HIV-1 integrated DNA in CD4 T cells was reported to predict the evolution of untreated HIV-1 infection independently of CD4 cell counts or plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. However, the relevance of reservoir level while on efficient antiretroviral therapy (ART) is still unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate factors that may contribute to the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 reservoir size in ART-treated HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia. STUDY DESIGN 35 subjects receiving ART with plasma HIV-1 RNA below the limit of detection for an average duration of 3.2 years were studied. A highly sensitive PCR was used to assess HIV-1 integrated DNA levels in sorted CD4 T cells. RESULTS The mean HIV-1 integrated DNA was 300±7copies/10(6) CD4 cells (range 10-1408). In univariate analysis, the levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA appeared to be independent of duration of HIV-1-infection, duration on ART, time since HIV-1 viral load was undetectable, delay between HIV-1 infection and starting ART, or viral load before starting ART. Conversely, CD4 T cell nadir, CD4/CD8 ratio and, to lesser degree, CD4 T cell counts were inversely associated with HIV-1 proviral DNA levels. In multivariate analysis, only CD4 T cell nadir significantly predicted levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA (P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS CD4 T cell nadir strongly predicted reservoir size independently of other factors in HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia. Collectively, these results indicate that the extent of CD4 T cell depletion before ART drives the size of the viral reservoir after prolonged therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Rachid Boulassel
- Division of Hematology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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33
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Peretz Y, Marra O, Thomas R, Legault D, Côté P, Boulassel MR, Rouleau D, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Tsoukas CM, Tremblay C, Bernard NF. Relative contribution of HIV-specific functional lymphocyte subsets restricted by protective and non-protective HLA alleles. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:189-98. [PMID: 21668360 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles such as B*57 and B*27 are associated with slow HIV disease progression. HIV-specific immune responses in slow progressors (SP) are characterized by a poly-functional profile. We previously observed within infected subjects that HIV peptide-specific responses could differ from each other in their functional composition. We investigate here whether responses restricted by MHC class I alleles associated with slow disease progression have a more poly-functional profile than responses restricted by other alleles. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 36 chronically HIV-infected individuals with a panel of optimal peptides restricted by the HLA alleles expressed by each subject, and assessed the contribution of single IL-2-, single IFN-γ-, and IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting lymphocytes to the total response measured using a dual color ELISPOT assay. The contribution of functional subsets to responses restricted by HLA B*57/B*27 was similar in SP and progressors. For responses restricted by other MHC class I alleles, dual IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting lymphocytes contributed significantly more to the total response in SP than progressors. Within SP subjects, peptides restricted by both B*57/B*27 and other alleles stimulated responses with similar functional profiles. In progressors, peptides restricted by B*57/B*27 stimulated responses composed of a significantly greater proportion of IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting cells than peptides restricted by other alleles. Within progressors, the contribution of IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting lymphocytes was greater to epitopes restricted by protective HLA alleles compared with responses restricted by other alleles. HLA haplotypes influence the relative functional composition of HIV-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Peretz
- National Immune Monitoring Laboratory (NIML), Genome Québec, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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van Grevenynghe J, Cubas RA, Noto A, DaFonseca S, He Z, Peretz Y, Filali-Mouhim A, Dupuy FP, Procopio FA, Chomont N, Balderas RS, Said EA, Boulassel MR, Tremblay CL, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Haddad EK. Loss of memory B cells during chronic HIV infection is driven by Foxo3a- and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3877-88. [PMID: 21926463 DOI: 10.1172/jci59211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of memory B cells occurs from the onset of HIV-1 infection and persists into the chronic stages of infection. Lack of survival of these cells, even in subjects being treated, could primarily be the consequence of an altered local microenvironment induced by HIV infection. In this study we showed that memory B cell survival was significantly decreased in aviremic successfully treated (ST) subjects compared with subjects who control viral load as a result of natural immunity (elite controller [EC]) or with uninfected control (HIV-) subjects. The lower survival levels observed in memory B cells from ST subjects were the result of disrupted IL-2 signaling that led to increased transcriptional activity of Foxo3a and increased expression of its proapoptotic target TRAIL. Notably, memory B cell survival in ST subjects was significantly enhanced by the addition of exogenous IL-2 in a Foxo3a-dependent manner. We further showed that Foxo3a silencing by siRNA resulted in decreased expression of TRAIL and apoptosis levels in memory B cells from ST subjects. Our results thus establish a direct role for Foxo3a/TRAIL signaling in the persistence of memory B cells and provide a mechanism for the reduced survival of memory B cells during HIV infection. This knowledge could be exploited for the development of therapeutic and preventative HIV vaccines.
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Chan C, Lin L, Frelinger J, Hérbert V, Gagnon D, Landry C, Sékaly RP, Enzor J, Staats J, Weinhold KJ, Jaimes M, West M. Optimization of a highly standardized carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester flow cytometry panel and gating strategy design using discriminative information measure evaluation. Cytometry A 2011; 77:1126-36. [PMID: 21053294 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The design of a panel to identify target cell subsets in flow cytometry can be difficult when specific markers unique to each cell subset do not exist, and a combination of parameters must be used to identify target cells of interest and exclude irrelevant events. Thus, the ability to objectively measure the contribution of a parameter or group of parameters toward target cell identification independent of any gating strategy could be very helpful for both panel design and gating strategy design. In this article, we propose a discriminative information measure evaluation (DIME) based on statistical mixture modeling; DIME is a numerical measure of the contribution of different parameters towards discriminating a target cell subset from all the others derived from the fitted posterior distribution of a Gaussian mixture model. Informally, DIME measures the "usefulness" of each parameter for identifying a target cell subset. We show how DIME provides an objective basis for inclusion or exclusion of specific parameters in a panel, and how ranked sets of such parameters can be used to optimize gating strategies. An illustrative example of the application of DIME to streamline the gating strategy for a highly standardized carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Tremblay CL, Rouleau D, Fortin C, Toma E, Sylla M, Cyr L, Cote S, Baz M, Sampalis J, Trautman L, Sékaly RP, Boivin G. Immunogenicity and tolerability of an inactivated and adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine, in HIV-1-infected patients. Vaccine 2010; 29:1359-63. [PMID: 21185423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a single dose of the split virion AS03-adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine (A/California/7/2009) in 84 HIV-1 infected individuals. Antibody titers were determined by hemagglutination inhibition assay and by microneutralization. Vaccine was well tolerated. At 21 days post vaccination, 56 (67%) patients had seroconverted. There was no correlation between baseline CD4 cell count (p=0.539) or HIV viral load (p=0.381) and immune response. Other vaccine strategies should be evaluated in this HIV population, to improve response rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile L Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada.
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Olière S, Hernandez E, Lézin A, Arguello M, Douville R, Nguyen TLA, Olindo S, Panelatti G, Kazanji M, Wilkinson P, Sékaly RP, Césaire R, Hiscott J. HTLV-1 evades type I interferon antiviral signaling by inducing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001177. [PMID: 21079688 PMCID: PMC2973829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) and the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP, but never both. To better understand the gene expression changes in HTLV-1-associated diseases, we examined the mRNA profiles of CD4+ T cells isolated from 7 ATL, 12 HAM/TSP, 11 AC and 8 non-infected controls. Using genomic approaches followed by bioinformatic analysis, we identified gene expression pattern characteristic of HTLV-1 infected individuals and particular disease states. Of particular interest, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1—SOCS1—was upregulated in HAM/TSP and AC patients but not in ATL. Moreover, SOCS1 was positively correlated with the expression of HTLV-1 mRNA in HAM/TSP patient samples. In primary PBMCs transfected with a HTLV-1 proviral clone and in HTLV-1-transformed MT-2 cells, HTLV-1 replication correlated with induction of SOCS1 and inhibition of IFN-α/β and IFN-stimulated gene expression. Targeting SOCS1 with siRNA restored type I IFN production and reduced HTLV-1 replication in MT-2 cells. Conversely, exogenous expression of SOCS1 resulted in enhanced HTLV-1 mRNA synthesis. In addition to inhibiting signaling downstream of the IFN receptor, SOCS1 inhibited IFN-β production by targeting IRF3 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These observations identify a novel SOCS1 driven mechanism of evasion of the type I IFN antiviral response against HTLV-1. Infection with HTLV-1 leads to the development of Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) or the neurological disorder HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the majority of HTLV-1–infected individuals remain asymptomatic carriers (AC) during their lifetime, 2–5% will develop either ATL or HAM/TSP. Using gene expression profiling of CD4+ T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 infected patients, we identified Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) as being highly expressed in HAM/TSP and AC patients. SOCS1 expression positively correlated with the high HTLV-1 mRNA load that is characteristic of HAM/TSP patients. SOCS1 inhibited cellular antiviral signaling during HTLV-1 infection by degrading IRF3, an essential transcription factor in the interferon pathway. Our study reveals a novel evasion mechanism utilized by HTLV-1 that leads to increased retroviral replication, without triggering the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Olière
- Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Rigsby H, Jouan L, Sauvé D, Sékaly RP, Willems B, Lamarre D. Dendritic cell inhibition is connected to exhaustion of CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol 2010; 184:3134-44. [PMID: 20173023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic viral infections have evolved mechanisms to interfere with aspects of pathogen recognition by dendritic cells (DCs), the role that these APCs play in virus-specific T cell exhaustion is unclear. Herein we report that NS3-dependent suppression of Toll/IL-1 domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-beta- and IFN-beta promoter stimulator-1- but not MyD88-coupled pathogen-recognition receptor-induced synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-alpha) from DCs by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a distinctive feature of a subgroup of chronically infected patients. The result is decreased CD8(+) T cell polyfunctional capacities (production of IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha, and CD107a mobilization) that is confined to HCV specificities and that relates to the extent to which HCV inhibits DC responses in infected subjects, despite comparable plasma viral load, helper T cell environments, and inhibitory programmed death 1 receptor/ligand signals. Thus, subjects in whom pathogen-recognition receptor signaling in DCs was intact exhibited enhanced polyfunctionality (i.e., IL-2-secretion and CD107a). In addition, differences between HCV-infected patients in the ability of CD8(+) T cells to activate multiple functions in response to HCV did not apply to CD8(+) T cells specific for other immune-controlled viruses (CMV, EBV, and influenza). Our findings identify reversible virus evasion of DC-mediated innate immunity as an additional important factor that impacts the severity of polyfunctional CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during a chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gaël Rodrigue-Gervais
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Routy JP, Boulassel MR, Yassine-Diab B, Nicolette C, Healey D, Jain R, Landry C, Yegorov O, Tcherepanova I, Monesmith T, Finke L, Sékaly RP. Immunologic activity and safety of autologous HIV RNA-electroporated dendritic cells in HIV-1 infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Clin Immunol 2009; 134:140-7. [PMID: 19889582 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity, manufacturing feasibility, and safety of a novel, autologous dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy (AGS-004) was evaluated in ten human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected adults successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Personalized AGS-004 was produced from autologous monocyte-derived DCs electroporated with RNA encoding CD40L and HIV antigens (Gag, Vpr, Rev, and Nef) derived from each subjects' pre-ART plasma. Patients received monthly injections of AGS-004 in combination with ART. AGS-004 was produced within a mean of 6 weeks and yielded 4-12 doses/subject Full or partial HIV-specific proliferative immune responses occurred in 7 of 9 evaluable subjects. Responses were specific for the AGS-004 presented HIV antigens and preferentially targeted CD8(+) T cells. Mild adverse events included flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and injection site reactions. No evidence of autoimmunity, changes in viral load, or significant changes in absolute CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell counts were observed. This pilot study supports the further clinical investigation of AGS-004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- Immunodeficiency Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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Routy J, Boulassel M, Mona L, Sylvie V, Cécile T, Jonathan A, John G, Jean-Guy B, Fiona S, Renu J, Don H, Irina T, Charles N, Sékaly RP. OA04-05. Safety and viral load changes in HIV-1 infected subjects treated with autologous dendritic immune therapy following ART discontinuation (CTN#239). Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767550 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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41
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Breton G, Yassine-Diab B, Cohn L, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Steinman RM. siRNA knockdown of PD-L1 and PD-L2 in monocyte-derived dendritic cells only modestly improves proliferative responses to Gag by CD8(+) T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. J Clin Immunol 2009; 29:637-45. [PMID: 19562472 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to their capacity to elicit and regulate immunity, dendritic cells (DCs) are important targets to improve vaccination. Knowing that programmed death-1 (PD-1) high virus-specific T cells become functionally exhausted during chronic exposure to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), the development of a therapeutic DC-based HIV-1 vaccine might include strategies that downregulate PD-L1 and PD-L2 counter-receptors. METHODS After showing that monocyte-derived DCs rapidly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression upon maturation with a variety of stimuli, e.g., Toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines, we determined that PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression could be knocked down by electroporation of a single small interfering RNA (siRNA) sequence twice at the monocyte and immature stages of DC development. This knockdown approached completion and was specific and lasting for several days. RESULTS We then added the PD-L1 and PD-L2 silenced monocyte-derived DCs to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-1-infected individuals along with pools of 15-mer HIV-1 Gag p24 peptides. However, in cultures from six patients, there was only a modest enhancing effect of PD-L1 and PD-L2 silencing on CD8(+) T cell proliferative responses to the DCs. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that, in monocyte-derived DCs, additional strategies than PD-L1 or PD-L2 blockade will be needed to improve the function of PD-1 high T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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42
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Chomont N, El-Far M, Ancuta P, Trautmann L, Procopio FA, Yassine-Diab B, Boucher G, Boulassel MR, Ghattas G, Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Hill BJ, Douek DC, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Nat Med 2009; 15:893-900. [PMID: 19543283 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV persists in a reservoir of latently infected CD4(+) T cells in individuals treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Here we identify central memory (T(CM)) and transitional memory (T(TM)) CD4(+) T cells as the major cellular reservoirs for HIV and find that viral persistence is ensured by two different mechanisms. HIV primarily persists in T(CM) cells in subjects showing reconstitution of the CD4(+) compartment upon HAART. This reservoir is maintained through T cell survival and low-level antigen-driven proliferation and is slowly depleted with time. In contrast, proviral DNA is preferentially detected in T(TM) cells from aviremic individuals with low CD4(+) counts and higher amounts of interleukin-7-mediated homeostatic proliferation, a mechanism that ensures the persistence of these cells. Our results suggest that viral eradication might be achieved through the combined use of strategic interventions targeting viral replication and, as in cancer, drugs that interfere with the self renewal and persistence of proliferating memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chomont
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Tanel A, Fonseca SG, Yassine-Diab B, Bordi R, Zeidan J, Shi Y, Benne C, Sékaly RP. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory T-cell survival. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:299-312. [PMID: 19249972 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of the memory T-cell response is the hallmark of immune protection and, hence, constitutes one of the most important objectives of vaccine-development strategies. Persistent memory T cells, developed after vaccination or microbial infections, ensure the generation of an antimicrobial response upon re-exposure to the pathogen through rapid clonal proliferation and activation of effector functions. However, in the context of many pathogen infections, these memory T cells fail to persist and die. In this review, we will highlight recent exciting findings in studies of memory T cells, their generation, their lineage relationships and their survival pathways; indeed, survival of memory T cells and maintenance of their functionality are key features of the immune response in its quest to control disease progression and in the development of vaccines to persistent microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Tanel
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM) Saint-Luc, 264 Rene Levesque Est, Montréal, Québec H2X 1P1, Canada.
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Ndongala ML, Peretz Y, Boulet S, Doroudchi M, Yassine-Diab B, Boulassel MR, Rouleau D, Tremblay C, LeBlanc R, Routy JP, Sékaly RP, Bernard NF. HIV Gag p24 specific responses secreting IFN-gamma and/or IL-2 in treatment-naïve individuals in acute infection early disease (AIED) are associated with low viral load. Clin Immunol 2009; 131:277-87. [PMID: 19135418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV-specific immune responses in acute infection early disease (AIED) may be effective at controlling viral replication and in establishing viral load (VL) set point. However, evidence correlating the function and specificity of these responses with the VL set point is lacking. To address this issue, we screened cells from 59 treatment-naïve HIV infected individuals (33 in AIED and 26 progressors) for responses to the entire HIV proteome using a dual color ELISPOT assay detecting 3 functional lymphocyte populations: single IFN-gamma, dual IFN-gamma/IL-2 and single IL-2 secreting cells. Responses characterized by dual secreting cells contributed more to the HIV specific response in AIED versus chronic infection. Of responses directed to individual HIV gene products the magnitude and breadth of only Gag p24-specific responses for the 3 functional subsets were associated with lower concurrent or set point VL. Therefore the early appearance of broader and more intense Gag-p24-specific responses may be a determinant of subsequent VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel L Ndongala
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Dulude G, Cheynier R, Gauchat D, Abdallah A, Kettaf N, Sékaly RP, Gratton S. The magnitude of thymic output is genetically determined through controlled intrathymic precursor T cell proliferation. J Immunol 2008; 181:7818-24. [PMID: 19017971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The thymus plays a crucial role in providing the immune system with naive T cells showing a diverse TCR repertoire. Whereas the diversity of thymic production is mainly ensured by TCR rearrangement at both the TRA and TRB loci, the number of cells reaching the double-positive differentiation stage defines the extent of thymic output. A quantitative analysis of TCR excision circles (TREC; signal-joint TRECs and DJbetaTRECs) produced at different stages of thymopoiesis was performed in nine laboratory mouse strains. The results clearly demonstrate that the magnitude of thymic output is directly proportional to the extent of proliferation in the double-negative 4 thymocyte subset. Strikingly, intrathymic precursor T cell proliferation was found to be strain dependent, thus suggesting a genetic regulation of thymic output. The inherited character of thymic output was further confirmed by the transmission of the phenotype in a recessive fashion in F(1) progeny of the different parental strains. Our results provide the first demonstration of the genetic regulation of thymic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Dulude
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherches du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Montréal, Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Démoulins T, Abdallah A, Kettaf N, Baron ML, Gerarduzzi C, Gauchat D, Gratton S, Sékaly RP. Reversible blockade of thymic output: an inherent part of TLR ligand-mediated immune response. J Immunol 2008; 181:6757-69. [PMID: 18981093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TLRs constitute a first set of sensors that detect viral nucleic acids including dsRNA which triggers TLR3. We report the early, direct, and detrimental effect of polyinosine-polycytidilic acid treatment on T cell development. Inhibition of thymopoiesis was targeted to several thymocyte subpopulations. First, both a blockade of the double negative (DN)1-DN2 transition and a severe down-regulation of DN3-DN4 thymocyte proliferation were observed. In addition, an important decrease in the absolute numbers of double-positive thymocytes, concomitant with an increase in frequencies of apoptotic cells in this population were shown. This inhibition of thymopoiesis resulted in a reduced thymic output, as evidenced by a drop of the absolute numbers of naive T cells and TCR excision circles levels. The decrease in thymic cellularity and defects in thymic development were severely reduced, but not completely abolished in IFN-alpha/betaR(-/-) mice, showing a direct contribution of type I IFNs, known to be massively up-regulated in viral infections, to the inhibition of T cell development. Strikingly, the TCR repertoire in treated mice was biased toward shorter CDR3 lengths as a result of a decreased expression of TdT and Rag2. However, thymic integrity remained intact since thymopoiesis was restored both quantitatively and qualitatively 14 days after the cessation of polyinosine-polycytidilic acid treatment. These results demonstrate a novel immunomodulatory role for virally encoded TLR ligands and RNA sensors; they further illustrate the diversity of mechanisms that viruses use to interfere with the development of a pathogen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherches du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Saint-Luc, Canada
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Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, Moser JM, Mehta RS, Drake DR, Castro E, Akondy R, Rinfret A, Yassine-Diab B, Said EA, Chouikh Y, Cameron MJ, Clum R, Kelvin D, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Balderas RS, Wilkinson P, Pantaleo G, Tartaglia J, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:3119-31. [PMID: 19047440 PMCID: PMC2605227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Correlates of immune-mediated protection to most viral and cancer vaccines are still unknown. This impedes the development of novel vaccines to incurable diseases such as HIV and cancer. In this study, we have used functional genomics and polychromatic flow cytometry to define the signature of the immune response to the yellow fever (YF) vaccine 17D (YF17D) in a cohort of 40 volunteers followed for up to 1 yr after vaccination. We show that immunization with YF17D leads to an integrated immune response that includes several effector arms of innate immunity, including complement, the inflammasome, and interferons, as well as adaptive immunity as shown by an early T cell response followed by a brisk and variable B cell response. Development of these responses is preceded, as demonstrated in three independent vaccination trials and in a novel in vitro system of primary immune responses (modular immune in vitro construct [MIMIC] system), by the coordinated up-regulation of transcripts for specific transcription factors, including STAT1, IRF7, and ETS2, which are upstream of the different effector arms of the immune response. These results clearly show that the immune response to a strong vaccine is preceded by coordinated induction of master transcription factors that lead to the development of a broad, polyfunctional, and persistent immune response that integrates all effector cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gaucher
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM) Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Shi Y, Trautmann L, Peretz Y, Zeidan J, Yassine-Diab B, He Z, Boulassel MR, Routy JP, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP. 23 Impaired signaling in memory T-cells during HIV infection. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Peretz Y, Shi Y, He Z, Trautmann L, Diab BY, Haddad E, Sékaly RP. 167 Elite controllers are enriched with HIV-specific cells expressing CD160 but lacking PD1. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Baron ML, Gauchat D, La Motte-Mohs R, Kettaf N, Abdallah A, Michiels T, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Sékaly RP. TLR Ligand-Induced Type I IFNs Affect Thymopoiesis. J Immunol 2008; 180:7134-46. [PMID: 18490712 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between TLRs and their ligands have profound immune modulation properties. Attention has focused mostly on the impact of TLR ligands on peripheral innate and adaptive immunity during viral infections, whereas little impact of TLR activation has been shown on thymic development. Here we show that treatment of murine fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) with TLR3 or TLR7 ligands induced rapid expression of IFN-alpha and -beta mRNA, hallmarks of acute and chronic viral infections. This resulted in an early developmental blockade, increased frequencies of apoptotic cells, and decreased proliferation of thymocytes, which led to an immediate decrease in cellularity. FTOCs infected with vesicular stomatitis virus, known to act through TLR7, were similarly affected. Down-regulation of IL-7R alpha-chain expression, together with an increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 and a concomitant decreased expression of the transcriptional regulator growth factor independence 1 were observed in TLR ligands or IFN-treated FTOCs. This indicates a role for these pathways in the observed changes in thymocyte development. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TLR activation and ensuing type I IFN production exert a deleterious effect on T cell development. Because TLR ligands are widely used as vaccine adjuvants, their immunomodulatory actions mediated mainly by IFN-alpha suggested by our results should be taken in consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laurence Baron
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Immunologie Humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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