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Torrillas-de la Cal A, Torres-Sanchez S, Bravo L, Llorca-Torralba M, Garcia-Partida JA, Arroba AI, Berrocoso E. Chemogenetic activation of locus coeruleus neurons ameliorates the severity of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:198. [PMID: 37658434 PMCID: PMC10474779 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most current disease-modifying therapies approved for multiple sclerosis (MS) are immunomodulatory drugs that counteract the aberrant activity of the immune system. Hence, new pharmacological interventions that drive anti-inflammatory activity and neuroprotection would represent interesting alternative therapeutic approaches or complementary strategies to treat progressive forms of MS. There is evidence of reduced noradrenaline levels and alterations to locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons in MS patients, as well as in animal models of this disease, potentially factors contributing to the pathophysiology. Drugs that enhance noradrenaline appear to have some beneficial effects in MS, suggesting their potential to dampen the underlying pathology and disease progression. METHODS Therefore, we explored the consequences of chronic LC noradrenergic neurons activation by chemogenetics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, the most widely used experimental model of MS. LC activation from the onset or the peak of motor symptoms was explored as two different therapeutic approaches, assessing the motor and non-motor behavioral changes as EAE progresses, and studying demyelination, inflammation and glial activation in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex during the chronic phase of EAE. RESULTS LC activation from the onset of motor symptoms markedly alleviated the motor deficits in EAE mice, as well as their anxiety-like behavior and sickness, in conjunction with reduced demyelination and perivascular infiltration in the spinal cord and glial activation in the spinal cord and prefrontal cortex (PFC). When animals exhibited severe paralysis, LC activation produced a modest alleviation of EAE motor symptoms and it enhanced animal well-being, in association with an improvement of the EAE pathology at the spinal cord and PFC level. Interestingly, the reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression associated with EAE in the spinal cord and PFC was reversed through chemogenetic LC activation. CONCLUSION Therefore, clear anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects were produced by the selective activation of LC noradrenergic neurons in EAE mice, having greater benefits when LC activation commenced earlier. Overall, these data suggest noradrenergic LC neurons may be targets to potentially alleviate some of the motor and non-motor symptoms in MS.
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Grants
- #FPU20-03072 "Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades"; FPU fellowship
- PID2022-1427850B-I00 "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER)-UE "A way to build Europe" from the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- PDC2022-133987-I00 "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER)-UE "A way to build Europe" from the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- PY20_00958 "Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía"
- CTS-510 "Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía"
- CEIJ-003 CEIMAR
- “CIBERSAM”: CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CB07/09/0033), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- “Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”; FPU fellowship
- “Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz-INiBICA” (IN-CO9)
- "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER)-UE “A way to build Europe” from the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Universidad de Cadiz
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrillas-de la Cal
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sonia Torres-Sanchez
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Partida
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology Area), University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain.
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain.
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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Wang Y, Li K, Zhao W, Liu Y, Li T, Yang HQ, Tong Z, Song N. Integrated multi-omics analyses reveal the altered transcriptomic characteristics of pulmonary macrophages in immunocompromised hosts with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179094. [PMID: 37359523 PMCID: PMC10289015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the extensive use of immunosuppressants, immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) has received increasing attention. Though aberrant adaptive immunity has been considered as a key reason for opportunistic infections, the characteristics of innate immunity in these immunocompromised hosts remain unclear. Methods In this study, wild type C57BL/6 mice or dexamethasone-treated mice were injected with or without Pneumocystis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were harvested for the multiplex cytokine and metabolomics analysis. The single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of indicated lung tissues or BALFs was performed to decipher the macrophages heterogeneity. Mice lung tissues were further analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or immunohistochemical staining. Results We found that the secretion of both pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolites in the Pneumocystis-infected mice are impaired by glucocorticoids. By scRNA-seq, we identified seven subpopulations of macrophages in mice lung tissues. Among them, a group of Mmp12+ macrophages is enriched in the immunocompetent mice with Pneumocystis infection. Pseudotime trajectory showed that these Mmp12+ macrophages are differentiated from Ly6c+ classical monocytes, and highly express pro-inflammatory cytokines elevated in BALFs of Pneumocystis-infected mice. In vitro, we confirmed that dexamethasone impairs the expression of Lif, Il1b, Il6 and Tnf, as well as the fungal killing capacity of alveolar macrophage (AM)-like cells. Moreover, in patients with PCP, we found a group of macrophages resembled the aforementioned Mmp12+ macrophages, and these macrophages are inhibited in the patient receiving glucocorticoid treatment. Additionally, dexamethasone simultaneously impaired the functional integrity of resident AMs and downregulated the level of lysophosphatidylcholine, leading to the suppressed antifungal capacities. Conclusion We reported a group of Mmp12+ macrophages conferring protection during Pneumocystis infection, which can be dampened by glucocorticoids. This study provides multiple resources for understanding the heterogeneity and metabolic changes of innate immunity in immunocompromised hosts, and also suggests that the loss of Mmp12+ macrophages population contributes to the pathogenesis of immunosuppression-associated pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Song
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Cremin M, Schreiber S, Murray K, Tay EXY, Reardon C. The diversity of neuroimmune circuits controlling lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L53-L63. [PMID: 36410021 PMCID: PMC9829467 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the nervous and immune systems communicate bidirectionally to regulate immunological outcomes in a variety of organs including the lung. Activation of neuronal signaling can be induced by inflammation, tissue damage, or pathogens to evoke or reduce immune cell activation in what has been termed a neuroimmune reflex. In the periphery, these reflexes include the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, sympathetic reflex, and sensory nociceptor-immune cell pathways. Continual advances in neuroimmunology in peripheral organ systems have fueled small-scale clinical trials that have yielded encouraging results for a range of immunopathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these successes, several limitations should give clinical investigators pause in the application of neural stimulation as a therapeutic for lung inflammation, especially if inflammation arises from a novel pathogen. In this review, the general mechanisms of each reflex, the evidence for these circuits in the control of lung inflammation, and the key knowledge gaps in our understanding of these neuroimmune circuits will be discussed. These limitations can be overcome not only through a better understanding of neuroanatomy but also through a systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters using immune activation in lung tissues as primary readouts. Our rapidly evolving understanding of the nervous and immune systems highlights the importance of communication between these cells in health and disease. This integrative approach has tremendous potential in the development of targeted therapeutics if specific challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sierra Schreiber
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
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5
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Hamon R, Ween MP. E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14955. [PMID: 36429673 PMCID: PMC9691196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infects via the respiratory system, but it can affect multiple systems and lead to multi system failure. There is growing evidence that smoking may be associated with higher rates of COVID-19 infections and worse outcomes due to increased levels of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells, but it is unknown whether E-cigarette use may lead to increased risk of COVID-19 infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, healthy donor bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or nicotine or flavoured E-cigarette vapour extract (EVE) before the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 recognition receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes. MDMs exposed to CSE and Tobacco EVE showed increased ACE2 expression; however, no treatment altered the TMPRSS2 expression. ACE2 was found to be upregulated by >2-fold in NHBE cells exposed to CSE, as well as nicotine, banana, or chocolate EVE, while TMPRSS2 was only upregulated by CSE or nicotine EVE exposure. These findings suggesting that flavourings can increase ACE2 expression in multiple cell types, while TMPRSS2 expression increases are limited to the epithelial cells in airways and may be limited to nicotine and/or cigarette smoke exposure. Therefore, increased risk of COVID-19 infection cannot be ruled out for vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Hamon
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Miranda P. Ween
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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6
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Vallorz EL, Janda J, Mansour HM, Schnellmann RG. Kidney targeting of formoterol containing polymeric nanoparticles improves recovery from ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1073-1089. [PMID: 35779607 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, formoterol, is an inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis and restorer of mitochondrial and kidney function in acute and chronic models of kidney injury. Unfortunately, systemic administration of formoterol has the potential for adverse cardiovascular effects, increased heart rate, and decreased blood pressure. To minimize these effects, we developed biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles containing formoterol that target the kidney, thereby decreasing the effective dose, and lessen cardiovascular effects while restoring kidney function after injury. Male C57Bl/6 mice, treated with these nanoparticles daily, had reduced ischemia-reperfusion-induced serum creatinine and kidney cortex kidney injury molecule-1 levels by 78% and 73% respectively, compared to control mice six days after injury. With nanoparticle therapy, kidney cortical mitochondrial number and proteins reduced by ischemic injury, recovered to levels of sham-operated mice. Tubular necrosis was reduced 69% with nanoparticles treatment. Nanoparticles improved kidney recovery even when the dosing frequency was reduced from daily to two days per week. Finally, compared to treatment with formoterol-free drug alone, these nanoparticles did not increase heart rate nor decrease blood pressure. Thus, targeted kidney delivery of formoterol-containing nanoparticles is an improvement in standard formoterol therapy for ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injuries by decreasing the dose, dosing frequency, and cardiac side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest L Vallorz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jaroslav Janda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Heidi M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, BIO5 Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA; The University of Arizona, BIO5 Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, USA.
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McFaline-Figueroa J, Schifino AG, Nichenko AS, Lord MN, Hunda ET, Winders EA, Noble EE, Greising SM, Call JA. Pharmaceutical Agents for Contractile-Metabolic Dysfunction After Volumetric Muscle Loss. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:795-806. [PMID: 35620911 PMCID: PMC9634984 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries represent a majority of military service member casualties and are common in civilian populations following blunt and/or penetrating traumas. Characterized as a skeletal muscle injury with permanent functional impairments, there is currently no standard for rehabilitation, leading to lifelong disability. Toward developing rehabilitative strategies, previous research demonstrates that the remaining muscle after a VML injury lacks similar levels of plasticity or adaptability as healthy, uninjured skeletal muscle. This may be due, in part, to impaired innervation and vascularization of the remaining muscle, as well as disrupted molecular signaling cascades commonly associated with muscle adaptation. The primary objective of this study was to assess the ability of four pharmacological agents with a strong record of modulating muscle contractile and metabolic function to improve functional deficits in a murine model of VML injury. Male C57BL/6 mice underwent a 15% multimuscle VML injury of the posterior hindlimb and were randomized into drug treatment groups (formoterol [FOR], 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside [AICAR], pioglitazone [PIO], or sildenafil [SIL]) or untreated VML group. At the end of 60 days, the injury model was first validated by comparison to age-matched injury-naive mice. Untreated VML mice had 22% less gastrocnemius muscle mass, 36% less peak-isometric torque, and 27% less maximal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate compared to uninjured mice (p < 0.01). Experimental drug groups were, then, compared to VML untreated, and there was minimal evidence of efficacy for AICAR, PIO, or SIL in improving contractile and metabolic functional outcomes. However, FOR-treated VML mice had 18% greater peak isometric torque (p < 0.01) and permeabilized muscle fibers had 36% greater State III mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (p < 0.01) compared to VML untreated mice, suggesting an overall improvement in muscle condition. There was minimal evidence that these benefits came from greater mitochondrial biogenesis and/or mitochondrial complex protein content, but could be due to greater enzyme activity levels for complex I and complex II. These findings suggest that FOR treatment is candidate to pair with a rehabilitative approach to maximize functional improvements in VML-injured muscle. Impact statement Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries result in deficiencies in strength and mobility, which have a severe impact on patient quality of life. Despite breakthroughs in tissue engineering, there are currently no treatments available that can restore function to the affected limb. Our data show that treatment of VML injuries with clinically available and FDA-approved formoterol (FOR), a beta-agonist, significantly improves strength and metabolism of VML-injured muscle. FOR is therefore a promising candidate for combined therapeutic approaches (i.e., regenerative rehabilitation) such as pairing FOR with structured rehabilitation or cell-seeded biomaterials as it may provide greater functional improvements than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McFaline-Figueroa
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Albino G. Schifino
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna S. Nichenko
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Magen N. Lord
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward T. Hunda
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Emily E. Noble
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah M. Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Han M, Lai S, Ge Y, Zhou X, Zhao J. Changes of Lipoxin A4 and the Anti-inflammatory Role During Parturition. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1332-1342. [PMID: 34786659 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parturition is the physiological process of newborn birth; more and more evidences show that parturition is closely related to the occurrence and resolution of inflammation. However, the inflammatory media and the mechanism are not very clear during parturition. Here, we investigate the inflammatory event during human parturition and in mouse model. We found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β) and cells (neutrophil and macrophage) are decreased in pregnant women in labor and in mouse labor model. Mechanistically, increased stress stimulates the high-level adrenaline production in labor. Then, adrenaline upregulates the expression of 12/15-LOX (lipoxygenase) to produce more lipoxin A4 (LXA4), which is an inflammation inhibitor. Thus, LXA4 promotes the elimination of inflammation during labor to protect the body from excessive inflammatory damages. In addition, using BOC-2, the inhibitor of LXA4 receptor could reboot the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study indicates that LXA4 is induced by adrenaline in labor and appropriate interference of this pathway may be a potential strategy to regulate the inflammatory process in parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Shaoyang Lai
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yimeng Ge
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China. .,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Baker JR, Donnelly LE. Leukocyte Function in COPD: Clinical Relevance and Potential for Drug Therapy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:2227-2242. [PMID: 34354348 PMCID: PMC8331105 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s266394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition affecting 10% of the global population over 45 years. Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments, with current therapies treating only the symptoms of the disease. COPD is an inflammatory disease, with a high infiltration of leukocytes being found within the lung of COPD patients. These leukocytes, if not kept in check, damage the lung, leading to the pathophysiology associated with the disease. In this review, we focus on the main leukocytes found within the COPD lung, describing how the release of chemokines from the damaged epithelial lining recruits these cells into the lung. Once present, these cells become active and may be driven towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. These cells release their own subtypes of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and proteases which can all lead to airway remodeling, mucus hypersecretion and emphysema. Finally, we describe some of the current therapies and potential new targets that could be utilized to target aberrant leukocyte function in the COPD lung. Here, we focus on old therapies such as statins and corticosteroids, but also look at the emerging field of biologics describing those which have been tested in COPD already and potential new monoclonal antibodies which are under review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Baker
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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10
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Peterson AL, Siddiqui G, Sloan EK, Creek DJ. β-Adrenoceptor regulation of metabolism in U937 derived macrophages. Mol Omics 2021; 17:583-595. [PMID: 34105576 DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have important roles in the immune system including clearing pathogens and wound healing. Metabolic phenotypes in macrophages have been associated with functional phenotypes, where pro-inflammatory macrophages have an increased rate of glycolysis and anti-inflammatory macrophages primarily use oxidative phosphorylation. β-adrenoceptor (βAR) signalling in macrophages has been implicated in disease states such as cancer, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The impact of βAR signalling on macrophage metabolism has not been defined. Using metabolomics and proteomics, we describe the impact of βAR signalling on macrophages treated with isoprenaline. We found that βAR signalling alters proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement and redox homeostasis of the cell. We showed that βAR signalling in macrophages shifts glucose metabolism from glycolysis towards the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathways. We also show that βAR signalling perturbs purine metabolism by accumulating adenylate and guanylate pools. Taken together, these results indicate that βAR signalling shifts metabolism to support redox processes and upregulates proteins involved in cytoskeletal changes, which may contribute to βAR effects on macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Peterson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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11
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Singh R, Belchamber KBR, Fenwick PS, Chana K, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Barnes PJ, Donnelly LE. Defective monocyte-derived macrophage phagocytosis is associated with exacerbation frequency in COPD. Respir Res 2021; 22:113. [PMID: 33879129 PMCID: PMC8059282 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower airway bacterial colonisation (LABC) in COPD patients is associated with increased exacerbation frequency and faster lung function decline. Defective macrophage phagocytosis in COPD drives inflammation, but how defective macrophage function contributes to exacerbations is not clear. This study investigated the association between macrophage phagocytosis and exacerbation frequency, LABC and clinical parameters. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were generated from 92 stable COPD patients, and at the onset of exacerbation in 39 patients. Macrophages were exposed to fluorescently labelled Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae for 4 h, then phagocytosis measured by fluorimetry and cytokine release by ELISA. Sputum bacterial colonisation was measured by PCR. RESULTS Phagocytosis of H. influenzae was negatively correlated with exacerbation frequency (r = 0.440, p < 0.01), and was significantly reduced in frequent vs. infrequent exacerbators (1.9 × 103 RFU vs. 2.5 × 103 RFU, p < 0.01). There was no correlation for S. pneumoniae. There was no association between phagocytosis of either bacteria with age, lung function, smoking history or treatment with inhaled corticosteroids, or long-acting bronchodilators. Phagocytosis was not altered during an exacerbation, or in the 2 weeks post-exacerbation. In response to phagocytosis, MDM from exacerbating patients showed increased release of CXCL-8 (p < 0.001) and TNFα (p < 0.01) compared to stable state. CONCLUSION Impaired COPD macrophage phagocytosis of H. influenzae, but not S. pneumoniae is associated with exacerbation frequency, resulting in pro-inflammatory macrophages that may contribute to disease progression. Targeting these frequent exacerbators with drugs that improve macrophage phagocytosis may prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K B R Belchamber
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P S Fenwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - K Chana
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Donaldson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J A Wedzicha
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L E Donnelly
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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12
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Ween MP, White JB, Tran HB, Mukaro V, Jones C, Macowan M, Hodge G, Trim PJ, Snel MF, Hodge SJ. The role of oxidised self-lipids and alveolar macrophage CD1b expression in COPD. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4106. [PMID: 33602992 PMCID: PMC7892841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells are increased, and their phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AM) is decreased alongside bacterial phagocytosis. Epithelial cellular lipids, including those exposed on uncleared apoptotic bodies, can become oxidized, and may be recognized and presented as non-self by antigen presenting cells. CD1b is a lipid-presenting protein, previously only described in dendritic cells. We investigated whether CD1b is upregulated in COPD AM, and whether lipid oxidation products are found in the airways of cigarette smoke (CS) exposed mice. We also characterise CD1b for the first time in a range of macrophages and assess CD1b expression and phagocytic function in response to oxidised lipid. Bronchoalveolar lavage and exhaled breath condensate were collected from never-smoker, current-smoker, and COPD patients and AM CD1b expression and airway 8-isoprostane levels assessed. Malondialdehyde was measured in CS-exposed mouse airways by confocal/immunofluorescence. Oxidation of lipids produced from CS-exposed 16HBE14o- (HBE) bronchial epithelial cells was assessed by spectrophotometry and changes in lipid classes assessed by mass spectrometry. 16HBE cell toxicity was measured by flow cytometry as was phagocytosis, CD1b expression, HLA class I/II, and mannose receptor (MR) in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). AM CD1b was significantly increased in COPD smokers (4.5 fold), COPD ex-smokers (4.3 fold), and smokers (3.9 fold), and AM CD1b significantly correlated with disease severity (FEV1) and smoking pack years. Airway 8-isoprostane also increased in smokers and COPD smokers and ex-smokers. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased in the bronchial epithelium of CS-exposed mice (MFI of 18.18 vs 23.50 for control). Oxidised lipid was produced from CS-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (9.8-fold of control) and showed a different overall lipid makeup to that of control total cellular lipid. This oxidised epithelial lipid significantly upregulated MDM CD1b, caused bronchial epithelial cell toxicity, and reduced MDM phagocytic capacity and MR in a dose dependent manner. Increased levels of oxidised lipids in the airways of COPD patients may be responsible for reduced phagocytosis and may become a self-antigen to be presented by CD1b on macrophages to perpetuate disease progression despite smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jake B White
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Violet Mukaro
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Critical Care, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles Jones
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew Macowan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gregory Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging Core Facility, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra J Hodge
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Salvator H, Buenestado A, Brollo M, Naline E, Victoni T, Longchamp E, Tenor H, Grassin-Delyle S, Devillier P. Clinical Relevance of the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Roflumilast on Human Bronchus: Potentiation by a Long-Acting Beta-2-Agonist. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:598702. [PMID: 33363471 PMCID: PMC7754640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Roflumilast is an option for treating patients with severe COPD and frequent exacerbations despite optimal therapy with inhaled drugs. The present study focused on whether the phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 inhibitor roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast N-oxide affect the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and chemokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human bronchial explants. We also investigated the interactions between roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide and the β2-agonist formoterol with regard to cytokine release by the bronchial preparations. Methods: Bronchial explants from resected lungs were incubated with roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide and/or formoterol and then stimulated with LPS. An ELISA was used to measure levels of TNF-α and chemokines in the culture supernatants. Results: At a clinically relevant concentration (1 nM), roflumilast N-oxide and roflumilast consistently reduced the release of TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 (but not CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8 and IL-6) from human bronchial explants. Formoterol alone decreased the release of TNF-α, CCL2, and CCL3. The combination of formoterol with roflumilast (1 nM) was more potent than roflumilast alone for inhibiting the LPS-induced release of TNF-α, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL9 by the bronchial explants. Conclusions: At a clinically relevant concentration, roflumilast N-oxide and its parent compound, roflumilast, reduced the LPS-induced production of TNF-α and chemokines involved in monocyte and T-cell recruitment but did not alter the release of chemokines involved in neutrophil recruitment. The combination of formoterol with roflumilast enhanced the individual drugs’ anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Amparo Buenestado
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Tatiana Victoni
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.,INSERM U1173, Infection and Inflammation, Département de Biotechnologie de la Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology, V2I - UMR-0092, Université Paris Saclay, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
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14
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Sharma D, Farrar JD. Adrenergic regulation of immune cell function and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:709-717. [PMID: 33219396 PMCID: PMC7678770 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system integrates the functions of multiple organ systems by regulating their autonomic physiological activities. The immune system is regulated both locally and systemically by the neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland and local sympathetic neurons. Immune cells respond by activation of adrenergic receptors, primarily the β2-adrenergic receptor, which signal through heterotrimeric G-proteins. Depending upon the cell type, adrenergic signaling regulates a variety of functions in immune cells ranging from cellular migration to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, due to the diurnal oscillation of systemic norepinephrine levels, various immune functions follow a circadian rhythmic pattern. This review will highlight recent advances in our understanding of how the sympathetic nervous system regulates both innate and adaptive immune functions and how this regulation is linked to circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drashya Sharma
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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15
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Activation of β 2 adrenergic receptor signaling modulates inflammation: a target limiting the progression of kidney diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 44:49-62. [PMID: 33155167 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR)-agonists, widely used as bronchodilators, have demonstrated wide-spectrum anti-inflammatory properties in both immune and non-immune cells in various tissues. Their anti-inflammatory properties are mediated primarily, but not exclusively, via activation of the canonical β2-AR signaling pathway (β2-AR/cAMP/PKA). As non-canonical β2-AR signaling also occurs, several inconsistent findings on the anti-inflammatory effect of β2-agonists are notably present. Increasing amounts of evidence have unveiled the alternative mechanisms of the β2-AR agonists in protecting the tissues against injuries, i.e., by augmenting mitochondria biogenesis and SIRT1 activity, and by attenuating fibrotic signaling. This review mainly covers the basic mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of β2-AR activation along with its limitations. Specifically, we summarized the role of β2-AR signaling in regulating kidney function and in mediating the progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Given their versatile protective effects, β2-agonists can be a promising avenue in the treatment of kidney diseases.
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16
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Finney LJ, Belchamber KBR, Fenwick PS, Kemp SV, Edwards MR, Mallia P, Donaldson G, Johnston SL, Donnelly LE, Wedzicha JA. Human Rhinovirus Impairs the Innate Immune Response to Bacteria in Alveolar Macrophages in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 199:1496-1507. [PMID: 30562053 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Secondary bacterial infection is associated with more severe symptoms and delayed recovery. Alveolar macrophages clear bacteria from the lung and maintain lung homeostasis through cytokine secretion. These processes are defective in COPD. The effect of HRV on macrophage function is unknown. Objectives: To investigate the effect of HRV on phagocytosis and cytokine response to bacteria by alveolar macrophages and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in COPD and healthy control subjects. Methods: Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoscopy and MDM by adherence. Macrophages were exposed to HRV16 (multiplicity of infection 5), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) 30 μg/ml, IFN-β 10 μg/ml, IFN-γ 10 μg/ml, or medium control for 24 hours. Phagocytosis of fluorescently labeled Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed by fluorimetry. CXCL8 (IL-8), IL-6, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and IL-10 release was measured by ELISA. Measurements and Main Results: HRV significantly impaired phagocytosis of H. influenzae by 23% in MDM (n = 37; P = 0.004) and 18% in alveolar macrophages (n = 20; P < 0.0001) in COPD. HRV also significantly reduced phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae by 33% in COPD MDM (n = 20; P = 0.0192). There was no effect in healthy control subjects. Phagocytosis of H. influenzae was also impaired by poly I:C but not IFN-β or IFN-γ in COPD MDM. HRV significantly reduced cytokine responses to H. influenzae. The IL-10 response to H. influenzae was significantly impaired by poly I:C, IFN-β, and IFN-γ in COPD cells. Conclusions: HRV impairs phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD, which may lead to an outgrowth of bacteria. HRV also impairs cytokine responses to bacteria via the TLR3/IFN pathway, which may prevent resolution of inflammation leading to prolonged exacerbations in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Finney
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kylie B R Belchamber
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Peter S Fenwick
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and.,2 Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Edwards
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Patrick Mallia
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- 1 COPD and Asthma Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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17
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Sio YY, Matta SA, Ng YT, Chew FT. Epistasis between phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and β2-adrenergic receptor influences extracellular epinephrine level and associates with the susceptibility to allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:352-363. [PMID: 31855300 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced extracellular epinephrine level often associates with asthma-related symptoms; however, the correlation between asthma and genetic variants in genes participating in the epinephrine signalling pathway remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To characterize the functions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), and to study the effects, including both direct and epistatic, of these SNPs on serum epinephrine level and asthma susceptibility. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms functions were characterized through in vitro luciferase assay. ADRB2 gene expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was measured by transcriptome sequencing and expression microarray on two separate Asian cohorts (NUS-UTAR, n = 278 and NUS-TA, n = 58). Serum epinephrine level was assessed on a Singapore Chinese cohort (NUS-SH, n = 314) with 155 asthmatic and 159 non-asthmatic subjects. A separate Singapore Chinese cohort (NUS-G, n = 3009) was genotyped to show disease association (direct and epistatic effect) of functional SNPs in PNMT and ADRB2. RESULTS Reduced serum epinephrine level was associated with increased asthma risk in Singapore Chinese. The minor allele of rs876493 was shown to increase PNMT promoter activity and reduce asthma risk. Multiple SNPs in ADRB2 forms a haplotype that was associated with the differential promoter activity of this gene. In this haplotype, rs11168070 was associated directly with ADRB2 expression in PBMCs. Both minor alleles from rs876493 and rs11168070 contribute synergistically to reduce asthma risk and increase serum epinephrine level. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Epistatic interaction between genetic variants from PNMT (rs876493) and ADRB2 (rs11168070) is associated with serum epinephrine level and the susceptibility of asthma. Our findings improved the current understanding of the genetic basis of this disease, while genotypic states of these SNPs may serve as potential biomarkers to predict susceptibility to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yie Sio
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Sri Anusha Matta
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yu Ting Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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18
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Martín AI, Gómez-SanMiguel AB, Priego T, López-Calderón A. Formoterol treatment prevents the effects of endotoxin on muscle TNF/NF-kB, Akt/mTOR, and proteolytic pathways in a rat model. Role of IGF-I and miRNA 29b. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E705-E714. [PMID: 29969314 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00043.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are associated with muscle wasting as a result of an increase in proteolysis. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether administration of a β2 adrenergic agonist, formoterol, was able to prevent the acute effects of sepsis induced by liposaccharide (LPS) injection on rat gastrocnemius muscle and to evaluate the possible roles of corticosterone, IGF-I, miR-23a, and miR-29b. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were injected with LPS and/or formoterol. Formoterol treatment decreased LPS-induced increase in serum corticosterone, TNFα upregulation, and NF-κB(p65) and Forkhead box protein O1 activation in the gastrocnemius. Atrogin-1, muscle RING-finger protein-1, microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3b (LC3b), and the lipidation of LC3b-I to LC3b-II were increased by LPS, and formoterol blocked these effects. Serum IGF-I and its mRNA levels in the gastrocnemius were decreased, whereas mecano growth factor and IGF binding protein 3 mRNA levels were increased in the rats injected with LPS but not in the rats that received LPS and formoterol. Similarly, LPS decreased Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, and formoterol blocked these decreases. Finally, miR-29b expression in the gastrocnemius was upregulated by endotoxin injection, whereas miR-23a was not significantly different. Formoterol treatment did not significantly modify LPS-induced increase in muscle miR-29b. Furthermore, in control rats formoterol increased the expression of this miRNA. We conclude that formoterol decreases endotoxin-induced inflammation and proteolysis in rat skeletal muscle. Those responses can be a direct effect of β2 adrenergic receptor stimulation or/and of blocking the effects of LPS on corticosterone and IGF-I. Muscle miR-23a and -29b do not seem to play an important role in those responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Teresa Priego
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University , Madrid , Spain
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19
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Ağaç D, Gill MA, Farrar JD. Adrenergic Signaling at the Interface of Allergic Asthma and Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:736. [PMID: 29696025 PMCID: PMC5904268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory viral infections are a major etiologic instigator of allergic asthma, and they drive severe exacerbations of allergic inflammation in the lower airways of asthma sufferers. Rhinovirus (RV), in particular, is the main viral instigator of these pathologies. Asthma exacerbations due to RV infections are the most frequent reasons for hospitalization and account for the majority of morbidity and mortality in asthma patients. In both critical care and disease control, long- and short-acting β2-agonists are the first line of therapeutic intervention, which are used to restore airway function by promoting smooth muscle cell relaxation in bronchioles. While prophylactic use of β2-agonists reduces the frequency and pathology of exacerbations, their role in modulating the inflammatory response is only now being appreciated. Adrenergic signaling is a component of the sympathetic nervous system, and the natural ligands, epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE), regulate a multitude of autonomic functions including regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune response. NE is the primary neurotransmitter released by post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate most all peripheral tissues including lung and secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the adrenergic signaling pathways are in direct contact with both the central and peripheral immune compartments. We present a perspective on how the adrenergic signaling pathway controls immune function and how β2-agonists may influence inflammation in the context of virus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ağaç
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michelle A Gill
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - J David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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20
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Layhadi JA, Turner J, Crossman D, Fountain SJ. ATP Evokes Ca 2+ Responses and CXCL5 Secretion via P2X 4 Receptor Activation in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1159-1168. [PMID: 29255078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes sense extracellular ATP, a danger-associated molecular pattern, released during cellular stress and death, via activation of cell surface P2X and P2Y receptors. Here, we investigate P2 receptor expression in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and receptors that mediate ATP-evoked intracellular [Ca2+]i signals and cytokine production in response to ATP concentrations that exclude P2X7 receptor activation. Expression of P2X1, P2X4, P2X5, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, and P2Y13 was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. ATP elicited intracellular Ca2+ responses in a concentration-dependent fashion (EC50 = 11.4 ± 2.9 μM, n = 3). P2Y11 and P2Y13 activations mediated the amplitude of [Ca2+]i response, whereas P2X4 activation, but not P2X1 or P2X7, determined the duration of Ca2+ response during a sustained phase. ATP mediated gene induction of CXCL5, a proinflammatory chemokine. P2X4 antagonism (PSB-12062 or BX430) inhibited ATP-mediated induction of CXCL5 gene expression and secretion of CXCL5 by primary macrophage. Inhibition of CXCL5 secretion by P2X4 antagonists was lost in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ Reciprocally, positive allosteric modulation of P2X4 (ivermectin) augmented ATP-mediated CXCL5 secretion. P2X7, P2Y11, or P2Y13 receptor did not contribute to CXCL5 secretion. Together, the data reveals a role for P2X4 in determining the duration of ATP-evoked Ca2+ responses and CXCL5 secretion in human primary macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Layhadi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Elsie Bertram Diabetes Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UY, United Kingdom; and
| | - David Crossman
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom;
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Juergens LJ, Racké K, Tuleta I, Stoeber M, Juergens UR. Anti-inflammatory effects of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) improve glucocorticoid effects in vitro: A novel approach of steroid-sparing add-on therapy for COPD and asthma? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.synres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Victoni T, Salvator H, Abrial C, Brollo M, Porto LCS, Lagente V, Naline E, Grassin-Delyle S, Devillier P. Human lung and monocyte-derived macrophages differ with regard to the effects of β 2-adrenoceptor agonists on cytokine release. Respir Res 2017. [PMID: 28637505 PMCID: PMC5480184 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background β2-adrenoceptor agonists have been shown to reduce the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We compare the expression of β2-adrenoceptors and the inhibitory effect of formoterol and salmeterol on the LPS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and a range of chemokines (CCL2, 3, 4, and IL-8) by human lung macrophages (LMs) and MDMs. Methods LMs were isolated from patients undergoing resection and MDMs were obtained from blood monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF. LMs and MDMs were incubated in the absence or presence of formoterol or salmeterol prior to stimulation with LPS. The effects of formoterol were also assessed in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor roflumilast. Results LPS-induced cytokine production was higher in LMs than in MDMs. Salmeterol and formoterol exerted an inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced production of TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4 in MDMs. In contrast, the β2-adrenoceptor agonists were devoid of any effect on LMs - even in the presence of roflumilast. The expression of β2-adrenergic receptors was detected on Western blots in MDMs but not in LMs. Conclusions Concentrations of β2-adrenoceptor agonists that cause relaxation of the human bronchus can inhibit cytokine production by LPS-stimulated MDMs but not by LMs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0613-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Victoni
- Laboratory of Histocompatibility and Cryopresevation, Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Hélène Salvator
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Charlotte Abrial
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Vincent Lagente
- Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, INRA, Université Rennes 1, Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France.,Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France.,INSERM UMR1173 & Mass Spectrometry Facility, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology-UPRES EA220, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, 11, rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France. .,Department of Airway Diseases, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France.
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Gill SK, Marriott HM, Suvarna SK, Peachell PT. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on human lung macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 793:49-55. [PMID: 27832943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The principal mechanism by which bronchodilator β-adrenoceptor agonists act is to relax airways smooth muscle although they may also be anti-inflammatory. However, the extent of anti-inflammatory activity and the cell types affected by these agonists are uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether β-adrenoceptor agonists prevent pro-inflammatory cytokine generation from activated human lung macrophages. Macrophages were isolated and purified from human lung. The cells were pre-treated with both short-acting (isoprenaline, salbutamol, terbutaline) and long-acting (formoterol, salmeterol, indacaterol) β-agonists before activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce cytokine (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) generation. The experiments showed that short-acting β-agonists were poor inhibitors of cytokine generation. Of the long-acting β-agonists studied, formoterol was also a weak inhibitor of cytokine generation whereas only indacaterol and salmeterol showed moderate inhibitory activity. Further experiments using the β2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI-118,551 suggested that the effects of indacaterol were likely to be mediated by β2-adrenoceptors whereas those of salmeterol were not. These findings were corroborated by functional desensitization studies in which the inhibitory effects of indacaterol appeared to be receptor-mediated whereas those of salmeterol were not. Taken together, the data indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of β-adrenoceptor agonists on human lung macrophages are modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonjit K Gill
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, The Medical School (Floor L), Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, The Medical School (Floor L), Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - S Kim Suvarna
- Histopathology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Peter T Peachell
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, The Medical School (Floor L), Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
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Gill SK, Yao Y, Kay LJ, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Peachell PT. The anti-inflammatory effects of PGE 2 on human lung macrophages are mediated by the EP 4 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3099-3109. [PMID: 27460634 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE PGE2 inhibits cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. However, the EP receptor that mediates this beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of PGE2 has not been defined. The aim of this study was to identify the EP receptor by which PGE2 inhibits cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. This was determined by using recently developed EP receptor ligands. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of PGE2 and EP-selective agonists on LPS-induced generation of TNF-α and IL-6 from macrophages were evaluated. The effects of EP2 -selective (PF-04852946, PF-04418948) and EP4 -selective (L-161,982, CJ-042794) receptor antagonists on PGE2 responses were studied. The expression of EP receptor subtypes by human lung macrophages was determined by RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS PGE2 inhibited LPS-induced and Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced cytokine generation from human lung macrophages. Analysis of mRNA levels indicated that macrophages expressed EP2 and EP4 receptors. L-902,688 (EP4 receptor-selective agonist) was considerably more potent than butaprost (EP2 receptor-selective agonist) as an inhibitor of TNF-α generation from macrophages. EP2 receptor-selective antagonists had marginal effects on the PGE2 inhibition of TNF-α generation, whereas EP4 receptor-selective antagonists caused rightward shifts in the PGE2 concentration-response curves. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These studies demonstrate that the EP4 receptor is the principal receptor that mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of PGE2 on human lung macrophages. This suggests that EP4 receptor agonists could be effective anti-inflammatory agents in human lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonjit K Gill
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Yiwen Yao
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Linda J Kay
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin A Bewley
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter T Peachell
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School (Floor L), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Genome Expression Profiling-Based Identification and Administration Efficacy of Host-Directed Antimicrobial Drugs against Respiratory Infection by Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7581-92. [PMID: 26416856 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01278-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that are safe, effective, and not vulnerable to developing resistance are highly desirable to counteract bacterial infections. Host-directed therapeutics is an antimicrobial approach alternative to conventional antibiotics based on perturbing host pathways subverted by pathogens during their life cycle by using host-directed drugs. In this study, we identified and evaluated the efficacy of a panel of host-directed drugs against respiratory infection by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). NTHi is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important cause of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We screened for host genes differentially expressed upon infection by the clinical isolate NTHi375 by analyzing cell whole-genome expression profiling and identified a repertoire of host target candidates that were pharmacologically modulated. Based on the proposed relationship between NTHi intracellular location and persistence, we hypothesized that drugs perturbing host pathways used by NTHi to enter epithelial cells could have antimicrobial potential against NTHi infection. Interfering drugs were tested for their effects on bacterial and cellular viability, on NTHi-epithelial cell interplay, and on mouse pulmonary infection. Glucocorticoids and statins lacked in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy. Conversely, the sirtuin-1 activator resveratrol showed a bactericidal effect against NTHi, and the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram showed therapeutic efficacy by lowering NTHi375 counts intracellularly and in the lungs of infected mice. PDE4 inhibition is currently prescribed in COPD, and resveratrol is an attractive geroprotector for COPD treatment. Together, these results expand our knowledge of NTHi-triggered host subversion and frame the antimicrobial potential of rolipram and resveratrol against NTHi respiratory infection.
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Xia N, Wang H, Nie X. Inhaled Long-Acting β2-Agonists Do Not Increase Fatal Cardiovascular Adverse Events in COPD: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137904. [PMID: 26378450 PMCID: PMC4574772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular safety of inhaled long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a controversial problem. Certain studies have suggested that inhaled LABAs lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with COPD. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the cardiovascular safety of inhaled LABAs in COPD. METHODS A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trials for LABA treatment of COPD with at least 3 months of follow-up was performed. The fixed-effects model was used to evaluate the effects of LABAs on fatal cardiovascular adverse events. Adverse events were collected for each trial, and the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LABA/placebo were estimated. RESULTS There were 24 trials included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, inhaled LABAs significantly decreased fatal cardiovascular adverse events in COPD patients (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.86, P = 0.002). In sensitivity analysis, there was still no increased risk of fatal cardiovascular events (RR 0.68, 95%CI 0.46 to 1.01, P = 0.06) after excluding the trial with the largest weight. Among the different types of LABAs, only salmeterol had a significant effect (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.90). In subgroup analyses, inhaled LABAs were able to significantly decrease fatal cardiovascular events in long-term trials (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.87) and in trials with severe COPD patients (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.96). CONCLUSION Inhaled LABAs do not increase the risk of fatal cardiovascular events in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhong Nie
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The most widely used maintenance therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs), and a number of these drugs are now available in combination with long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs). LAMAs inhibit the parasympathetic muscarinic pathway, while LABAs, as sympathomimetics, reduce airway smooth muscle (ASM) tone. As well as directly controlling the constriction and relaxation of ASM, muscarinic and adrenergic receptors are found on inflammatory cells, and drugs that target these receptors may also reduce inflammation in COPD. Evidence suggests that the muscarinic and adrenergic pathways cross-talk at the level of neuronal input to the ASM via second-messenger pathways within ASM cells. Although the cross-talk is not completely understood, pharmacologically targeting both pathways in COPD can maximize bronchodilation. Combining LAMAs and LABAs demonstrated improved efficacy compared with the individual therapies and so, for greater convenience, several fixed-dose combinations for once-daily use have been developed. These fixed-dose combinations demonstrate improvements in both lung-function and patient-reported outcomes compared with well-established monotherapies, with similar tolerability profiles to the individual agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reynold A Panettieri
- a University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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28
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Wex E, Kollak I, Duechs MJ, Naline E, Wollin L, Devillier P. The long-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist olodaterol attenuates pulmonary inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3537-47. [PMID: 25824824 PMCID: PMC4507158 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose β2-adrenoceptor agonists are widely used in the management of obstructive airway diseases. Besides their bronchodilatory effect, several studies suggest inhibitory effects on various aspects of inflammation. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of the long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist olodaterol to inhibit pulmonary inflammation and to elucidate mechanism(s) underlying its anti-inflammatory actions. Experimental Approach Olodaterol was tested in murine and guinea pig models of cigarette smoke- and LPS-induced lung inflammation. Furthermore, effects of olodaterol on the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator release from human parenchymal explants, CD11b adhesion molecule expression on human granulocytes TNF-α release from human whole blood and on the IL-8-induced migration of human peripheral blood neutrophils were investigated. Key Results Olodaterol dose-dependently attenuated cell influx and pro-inflammatory mediator release in murine and guinea pig models of pulmonary inflammation. These anti-inflammatory effects were observed at doses relevant to their bronchodilatory efficacy. Mechanistically, olodaterol attenuated pro-inflammatory mediator release from human parenchymal explants and whole blood and reduced expression of CD11b adhesion molecules on granulocytes, but without direct effects on IL-8-induced neutrophil transwell migration. Conclusions and Implications This is the first evidence for the anti-inflammatory efficacy of a β2-adrenoceptor agonist in models of lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke. The long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist olodaterol attenuated pulmonary inflammation through mechanisms that are separate from direct inhibition of bronchoconstriction. Furthermore, the in vivo data suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of olodaterol are maintained after repeated dosing for 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ines Kollak
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthias J Duechs
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- UPRES EA 220 and Clinical Research Department, Foch Hospital, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, France
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Philippe Devillier
- UPRES EA 220 and Clinical Research Department, Foch Hospital, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, France
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29
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Finney L, Berry M, Singanayagam A, Elkin SL, Johnston SL, Mallia P. Inhaled corticosteroids and pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 2:919-932. [PMID: 25240963 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids are widely used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and, in combination with long-acting β2 agonists, reduce exacerbations and improve lung function and quality of life. However, inhaled corticosteroids have been linked with an increased risk of pneumonia in individuals with COPD, but the magnitude of this risk, the effects of different preparations and doses, and the mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. Therefore, making informed clinical decisions--balancing the beneficial and adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD--is difficult. Understanding of the mechanisms of increased pneumonia risk with inhaled corticosteroids is urgently needed to clarify their role in the management of COPD and to aid the development of new, safer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Finney
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew Berry
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sarah L Elkin
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Lubahn CL, Lorton D, Schaller JA, Sweeney SJ, Bellinger DL. Targeting α- and β-Adrenergic Receptors Differentially Shifts Th1, Th2, and Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Immune Organs to Attenuate Adjuvant Arthritis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:346. [PMID: 25157248 PMCID: PMC4127464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulates host defense responses and restores homeostasis. SNS-immune regulation is altered in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and rodent models of RA, characterized by nerve remodeling in immune organs and defective adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling to immune cell targets. The SNS typically promotes or suppresses inflammation via α- and β2-AR activation, respectively, and indirectly drives humoral immunity by blocking Th1 cytokine secretion. Here, we investigate how β2-AR stimulation and/or α-AR blockade at disease onset affects disease pathology and cytokine profiles in relevant immune organs from male Lewis rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Rats challenged to induce AA were treated with terbutaline (TERB), a β2-AR agonist (600 μg/kg/day) and/or phentolamine (PHEN), an α-AR antagonist (5.0 mg/kg/day) or vehicle from disease onset through severe disease. We report that in spleen, mesenteric (MLN) and draining lymph node (DLN) cells, TERB reduces proliferation, an effect independent of IL-2. TERB also fails to shift T helper (Th) cytokines from a Th1 to Th2 profile in spleen and MLN (no effect on IFN-γ) and DLN (greater IFN-γ) cells. In splenocytes, TERB, PHEN, and co-treatment (PT) promotes an anti-inflammatory profile (greater IL-10) and lowers TNF-α (PT only). In DLN cells, drug treatments do not affect inflammatory profiles, except PT, which raised IL-10. In MLN cells, TERB or PHEN lowers MLN cell secretion of TNF-α or IL-10, respectively. Collectively, our findings indicate disrupted β2-AR, but not α-AR signaling in AA. Aberrant β2-AR signaling consequently derails the sympathetic regulation of lymphocyte expansion, Th cell differentiation, and inflammation in the spleen, DLNs and MLs that is required for immune system homeostasis. Importantly, this study provides potential mechanisms through which reestablished balance between α- and β2-AR function in the immune system ameliorates inflammation and joint destruction in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri L Lubahn
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH , USA
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH , USA
| | - Jill A Schaller
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH , USA
| | - Sarah J Sweeney
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University , Kent, OH , USA
| | - Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine , Loma Linda, CA , USA
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Long non-coding RNAs and enhancer RNAs regulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human monocytes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3979. [PMID: 24909122 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early reports indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel regulators of biological responses. However, their role in the human innate immune response, which provides the initial defence against infection, is largely unexplored. To address this issue, here we characterize the long non-coding RNA transcriptome in primary human monocytes using RNA sequencing. We identify 76 enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), 40 canonical lncRNAs, 65 antisense lncRNAs and 35 regions of bidirectional transcription (RBT) that are differentially expressed in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Crucially, we demonstrate that knockdown of nuclear-localized, NF-κB-regulated, eRNAs (IL1β-eRNA) and RBT (IL1β-RBT46) surrounding the IL1β locus, attenuates LPS-induced messenger RNA transcription and release of the proinflammatory mediators, IL1β and CXCL8. We predict that lncRNAs can be important regulators of the human innate immune response.
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Grailer JJ, Haggadone MD, Sarma JV, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Induction of M2 regulatory macrophages through the β2-adrenergic receptor with protection during endotoxemia and acute lung injury. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:607-18. [PMID: 24642449 DOI: 10.1159/000358524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The main drivers of acute inflammation are macrophages, which are known to have receptors for catecholamines. Based on their function, macrophages are broadly categorized as having either M1 (proinflammatory) or M2 phenotypes (anti-inflammatory). In this study, we investigated catecholamine-induced alterations in the phenotype of activated macrophages. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), mouse peritoneal macrophages acquired an M1 phenotype. However, the copresence of LPS and either epinephrine or norepinephrine resulted in a strong M2 phenotype including high levels of arginase-1 and interleukin-10, and a reduced expression of M1 markers. Furthermore, epinephrine enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and promoted type 2 T-cell responses in vitro, which are known features of M2 macrophages. Analysis of M2 subtype-specific markers indicated that LPS and catecholamine-cotreated macrophages were not alternatively activated but were rather of the regulatory macrophage subtype. Interestingly, catecholamines signaled through the β2-adrenergic receptor but not the canonical cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Instead, the M2 pathway required an intact phosphoinositol 3-kinase pathway. Blockade of the β2-adrenergic receptor reduced survival and enhanced injury in mouse models of endotoxemia and LPS-induced acute lung injury, respectively. These results demonstrate a role for the β2-adrenergic receptor in promoting the M2 macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamison J Grailer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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Rüdiger JJ, Gencay M, Yang JQ, Bihl M, Tamm M, Roth M. Fast beneficial systemic anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled budesonide and formoterol on circulating lymphocytes in asthma. Respirology 2014; 18:840-7. [PMID: 23617551 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inhaled glucocorticoids and long acting β2 -agonists reduce airway inflammation. It is unclear if this effect is based on the local action of the drugs or is due to a systemic effect on circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes. We assessed whether inhaled budesonide and/or formoterol modify the activity of circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes. METHODS Placebo controlled crossover design, including healthy (n = 10) or mild asthmatic males (n = 8). Blood was collected in the morning at 08:00 before drug inhalation, and drugs (placebo, budesonide 400 μg, formoterol 12 μg) were inhaled alone or in combination at 08:30. Four more blood samples were collected after inhalation at 09:00, 09:30, 12:30 and at 09:30 am on the following day. The activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, NFκB and IκB was determined in isolated lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS 10 μg/mL) for 24 h and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, eotaxin level were determined. Lymphocyte proliferation was induced by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA 10 μg/mL) over 24 h. RESULTS When combined, the drugs synergistically activated the glucocorticoid receptor within 30 min but did not modify NFκB or IκB activity. Inhaled budesonide significantly reduced LPS-induced IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, while inhaled formoterol had no such effect; however when combined, the inhibitory effect of budesonide was significantly increased by formoterol. PHA-induced proliferation was reduced by both drugs alone and in combination. CONCLUSIONS Combined budesonide and formoterol may reduce airway inflammation and immune reactivity of circulating lymphocytes through its local and systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen J Rüdiger
- Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Yin Y, Hou G, Li E, Wang Q, Kang J. PPARγ agonists regulate tobacco smoke-induced Toll like receptor 4 expression in alveolar macrophages. Respir Res 2014; 15:28. [PMID: 24612634 PMCID: PMC4007599 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that exerts multiple biological effects. Growing evidence suggests that PPARγ plays an important role in inflammation; however, the effects of this transcription factor on the inflammation caused by smoking are unclear. Methods We measured the expression of inflammatory cytokines (leukotriene B4, LTB4 and interleukin 8, IL-8), PPARγ and toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) in alveolar macrophages (AMs) harvested from rats exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 3 months in vivo. Some of the rats were pre-treated with rosiglitazone (PPARγ agonist, 3 mg/kg/day, ip), rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg/day, ip) + BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a PPARγ antagonist, 30 mg/kg/day, ig), or BADGE alone (30 mg/kg/day, ig). We also measured the expression of PPARγ, TLR2, TLR4 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in AMs gained from normal rats, which exposed to 5% CSE (cigarette smoke extract) for 12hrs, respectively pretreated with PBS, rosiglitazone (30 uM), rosiglitazone (30 uM) + BADGE (100 uM), 15d-PGJ2 (PPARγ agonist, 5 uM), 15d-PGJ2 (5 uM) + BADGE (100 uM), or BADGE (100 uM) alone for 30 min in vitro. Results In vivo, rosiglitazone counteracted CS-induced LTB4 and IL-8 release and PPARγ downregulation, markedly lowering the expression of TLR4 and TLR2. In vitro, both rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 inhibited CS-induced inflammation through the TLR4 signaling pathway. Conclusions These results suggest that PPARγ agonists regulate inflammation in alveolar macrophages and may play a role in inflammatory diseases such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiuyue Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shen Yang City, China.
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Tannheimer SL, Sorensen EA, Cui ZH, Kim M, Patel L, Baker WR, Phillips GB, Wright CD, Salmon M. The In Vitro Pharmacology of GS-5759, A Novel Bifunctional Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor and Long Acting β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:85-93. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Theron AJ, Steel HC, Tintinger GR, Feldman C, Anderson R. Can the anti-inflammatory activities of β2-agonists be harnessed in the clinical setting? DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1387-98. [PMID: 24285920 PMCID: PMC3840775 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s50995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenoreceptor agonists (β2-agonists) are primarily bronchodilators, targeting airway smooth muscle and providing critical symptomatic relief in conditions such as bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These agents also possess broad-spectrum, secondary, anti-inflammatory properties. These are mediated largely, though not exclusively, via interactions with adenylyl cyclase-coupled β2-adrenoreceptors on a range of immune and inflammatory cells involved in the immunopathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways. The clinical relevance of the anti-inflammatory actions of β2-agonists, although often effective in the experimental setting, remains contentious. The primary objectives of the current review are: firstly, to assess the mechanisms, both molecular and cell-associated, that may limit the anti-inflammatory efficacy of β2-agonists; secondly, to evaluate pharmacological strategies, several of which are recent and innovative, that may overcome these limitations. These are preceded by a consideration of the various types of β2-agonists, their clinical applications, and spectrum of anti-inflammatory activities, particularly those involving adenosine 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated clearance of cytosolic calcium, and altered gene expression in immune and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette J Theron
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa ; Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa
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Roflumilast inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and chemokine production by human lung parenchyma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74640. [PMID: 24066150 PMCID: PMC3774805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Roflumilast is the first phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor to have been approved for the treatment of COPD. The anti-inflammatory profile of PDE4 inhibitors has not yet been explored in human lung tissues. We investigated the effects of roflumilast and its active metabolite roflumilast-N-oxide on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines by human lung parenchymal explants. We also investigated roflumilast’s interaction with the long-acting β2-agonist formoterol. Methods Explants from 25 patients undergoing surgical lung resection were incubated with Roflumilast, Roflumilast-N-oxide and formoterol and stimulated with LPS. Levels of TNF-α, chemokines (in the culture supernatants) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (in tissue homogenates) were determined with appropriate immunoassays. Results Roflumilast and Roflumilast-N-oxide concentration-dependently reduced the release of TNF-α and chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL9 and CXCL10 from LPS-stimulated human lung explants, whereas CXCL1, CXCL5 and CXCL8 release was not altered. Formoterol (10 nM) partially decreased the release of the same cytokines and significantly increased the inhibitory effect of roflumilast on the release of the cytokines. Conclusions In human lung parenchymal explants, roflumilast and roflumilast-N-oxide reduced the LPS-induced release of TNF-α and chemokines involved in the recruitment of monocytes and T-cells but not those involved in the recruitment of neutrophils. Addition of formoterol to roflumilast provided superior invitro anti-inflammatory activity, which may translate into greater efficacy in COPD.
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Rossios C, To Y, Osoata G, Ito M, Barnes PJ, Ito K. Corticosteroid insensitivity is reversed by formoterol via phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:775-86. [PMID: 22251095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show a poor response to corticosteroids, which has been linked to oxidative stress. Here we show that the long-acting β(2) -agonist formoterol (FM) reversed corticosteroid insensitivity under oxidative stress via inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Responsiveness to corticosteroids dexamethasone (Dex), budesonide (Bud) and fluticasone propionate (FP) was determined, as IC(50) values on TNF-α-induced interleukin 8 release, in U937 monocytic cell line treated with hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with COPD or severe asthma. KEY RESULTS PBMCs from severe asthma and COPD were less sensitive to Dex compared with those from healthy subjects. Both FM (10(-9) M) and salmeterol (SM, 10(-8) M) reversed Dex insensitivity in severe asthma, but only FM restored Dex sensitivity in COPD. Although H(2) O(2) exposure decreased steroid sensitivity in U937 cells, FM restored responsiveness to Bud and FP while the effects of SM were weaker. Additionally, FM, but not SM, partially inhibited H(2) O(2) -induced PI3Kδ-dependent (PKB) phosphorylation. H(2) O(2) decreased SM-induced cAMP production in U937 cells, but did not significantly affect the response to FM. The reduction of SM effects by H(2) O(2) was reversed by pretreatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, or IC87114, a PI3Kδ inhibitor. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FM reversed oxidative stress-induced corticosteroid insensitivity and decreased β(2) adrenoceptor-dependent cAMP production via inhibition of PI3Kδ signalling. FM will be more effective than SM, when combined with corticosteroids, for the treatment of respiratory diseases under conditions of high oxidative stress, such as in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rossios
- Airway Disease Section, NHLI, Imperial College, London, UK
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Inflammation in COPD: implications for management. Am J Med 2012; 125:1162-70. [PMID: 23164484 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is recognized by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines as an inflammatory disease state, and treatment rationales are provided accordingly. However, not all physicians follow or are even aware of these guidelines. Research has shown that COPD inflammation involves multiple inflammatory cells and mediators and the underlying pathology differs from asthma inflammation. For these reasons, therapeutic agents that are effective in asthma patients may not be optimal in COPD patients. COPD exacerbations are intensified inflammatory events compared with stable COPD. The clinical and systemic consequences believed to result from the chronic inflammation observed in COPD suggest that inflammation intensity is a key factor in COPD and exacerbation severity and frequency. Although inhaled corticosteroids are commonly used and are essential in asthma management, their efficacy in COPD is limited, with only a modest effect at reducing exacerbations. The importance of inflammation in COPD needs to be better understood by clinicians, and the differences in inflammation in COPD versus asthma should be considered carefully to optimize the use of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Buenestado A, Grassin-Delyle S, Guitard F, Naline E, Faisy C, Israël-Biet D, Sage E, Bellamy JF, Tenor H, Devillier P. Roflumilast inhibits the release of chemokines and TNF-α from human lung macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1877-1890. [PMID: 21913898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lung macrophages are critically involved in respiratory diseases. This study assessed the effects of the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast and its active metabolite, roflumilast N-oxide on the release of a range of chemokines (CCL2, 3, 4, CXCL1, 8, 10) and of TNF-α, from human lung macrophages, stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide LPS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Lung macrophages isolated from resected human lungs were incubated with roflumilast, roflumilast N-oxide, PGE(2), the COX inhibitor indomethacin, the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 or vehicle and stimulated with LPS (24 h). Chemokines, TNF-α, PGE(2) and 6-keto PGF(1α) were measured in culture supernatants by immunoassay. COX-2 mRNA expression was assessed with RT-qPCR. PDE activities were determined in macrophage homogenates. KEY RESULTS Expression of PDE4 in lung macrophages was increased after incubation with LPS. Roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide concentration-dependently reduced the LPS-stimulated release of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL10 and TNF-α from human lung macrophages, whereas that of CXCL1 or CXCL8 was not altered. This reduction by the PDE4 inhibitors was further accentuated by exogenous PGE(2) (10 nM) but abolished in the presence of indomethacin or NS-398. Conversely, addition of PGE(2) (10 nM), in the presence of indomethacin restored inhibition by roflumilast. LPS also increased PGE(2) and 6-keto PGF(1α) release from lung macrophages which was associated with an up-regulation of COX-2 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide reduced LPS-induced release of CCL2, 3, 4, CXCL10 and TNF-α in human lung macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buenestado
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - S Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - F Guitard
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - E Naline
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - C Faisy
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - D Israël-Biet
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - E Sage
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J F Bellamy
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - H Tenor
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
| | - P Devillier
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Pharmacology UPRES EA220, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceMedical Intensive Care Unit, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Pneumology University Paris-Descartes, APHP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, FranceDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, FranceThoracic Surgery, Val d'Or Clinic, Saint-Cloud, FranceDepartment of Biology, Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany
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Bosmann M, Grailer JJ, Zhu K, Matthay MA, Sarma JV, Zetoune FS, Ward PA. Anti-inflammatory effects of β2 adrenergic receptor agonists in experimental acute lung injury. FASEB J 2012; 26:2137-44. [PMID: 22318967 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
These studies were undertaken to extend emerging evidence that β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) agonists, in addition to their bronchorelaxing effects, may have broad anti-inflammatory effects in the lung following onset of experimental acute lung injury (ALI). Young male C57BL/6 mice (25 g) developed ALI following airway deposition of bacterial LPS or IgG immune complexes in the absence or presence of appropriate stereoisomers (enantiomers) of β(2)AR agonists, albuterol or formoterol. Endpoints included albumin leak into lung and buildup of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and cytokines/chemokines in bronchoalveolar fluids. Both β(2)AR agonists suppressed lung inflammatory parameters (IC(50)=10(-7) M). Similar effects of β(2)AR agonists on mediator release were found when mouse macrophages were stimulated in vitro with LPS. The protective effects were associated with reduced activation (phosphorylation) of JNK but not of other signaling proteins. Collectively, these data suggest that β(2)AR agonists have broad anti-inflammatory effects in the setting of ALI. While β(2)AR agonists suppress JNK activation, the extent to which this can explain the blunted lung inflammatory responses in the ALI models remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bosmann
- The University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, 1301 Catherine Rd. Box 5602, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5602, USA
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Tannheimer SL, Sorensen EA, Haran AC, Mansfield CN, Wright CD, Salmon M. Additive anti-inflammatory effects of beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists or glucocorticosteroid with roflumilast in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:178-84. [PMID: 22306235 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (PDE4i) roflumilast has been approved in the US and EU for treatment of GOLD stage 3 and 4 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhaled β2 adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids are also used as standard of care in COPD. We investigated the anti-inflammatory interaction of roflumilast in combination with long-acting β2 agonists (LABA), salmeterol or formoterol, or a glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, on cytokine production from LPS-stimulated human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Salmeterol or formoterol caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) secretion with an IC50 of 0.33 pM (C.I. 0.006-19) and 34 pM (C.I. 13-87), respectively. When roflumilast was evaluated, the addition of salmeterol (1 nM) to roflumilast caused the IC50 for roflumilast to shift from 1.8 nM (C.I. 0.8-4) to 4.1 pM (C.I.0.3-69) (p < 0.01), and maximal inhibition increased from 72.5 ± 3.2% to 90.9 ± 3.1%. Addition of formoterol to roflumilast also produced an increased TNFα inhibition more than either drug alone (p < 0.05). The inhibition of TNFα production with salmeterol was both β2 adrenoceptor- and protein kinase A-dependent. Addition of roflumilast (10 nM) in the presence of dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα and CCL3. Roflumilast in combination with salmeterol, formoterol, or dexamethasone increased the inhibition of LPS-induced TNFα from human PBMC, in an additive manner. Addition of roflumilast to either a β2 adrenoceptor agonist or a glucocorticosteroid may provide superior anti-inflammatory activity and greater efficacy in COPD patients and be dose sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Tannheimer
- Respiratory Research, Gilead Sciences Inc., 199 East Blaine St., Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Zhang WH, Zhang Y, Cui YY, Rong WF, Cambier C, Devillier P, Bureau F, Advenier C, Gustin P. Can β2-adrenoceptor agonists, anticholinergic drugs, and theophylline contribute to the control of pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in COPD? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:118-34. [PMID: 22044554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a global epidemic disease with an increased morbidity and mortality in the world. Inflammatory process progresses and contributes to irreversible airflow limitation. However, there is no available therapy to better control the inflammatory progression and therefore to reduce the exacerbations and mortality. Thus, the development of efficient anti-inflammatory therapies is a priority for patients with COPD. β(2) -Adrenoceptor agonists and anticholinergic agents are widely used as first line drugs in management of COPD because of their efficient bronchodilator properties. At present, many studies in vitro and some data obtained in laboratory animals reveal the potential anti-inflammatory effects of these bronchodilators but their protective role against chronic inflammation and the development of emphysema in patients with COPD remains to be investigated. The anti-inflammatory effects of theophylline at low doses have also been identified. Beneficial interactions between glucocorticoids and bronchodilators have been reported, and signaling pathways explaining these synergistic effects begin to be understood, especially for theophylline. Recent data demonstrating interactions between anticholinergics with β(2) -adrenoceptor agonists aiming to better control the pulmonary inflammation and the development of emphysema in animal models of COPD justify the priority to investigate the interactive effects of a tritherapy associating corticoids with the two main categories of bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
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Guo YP, Liu Y, Li JB, Huang Y, Qi HP, Xie J, Cui XG, Yue ZY, Li WZ. Chronic β-adrenoceptor antagonists upregulate the rat alveolar macrophage adrenergic system through the β1-subtype. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:315-22. [PMID: 21865739 DOI: 10.1159/000331747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrate that macrophages synthesis and release catecholamines, which regulate the immune responses in an autocrine manner. These responses are mediated in part by β-adrenoceptors expressed on macrophages. Some β-adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used in clinical conditions. Here we investigated whether the chronic administration of β-adrenoceptor antagonists upregulate adrenergic system of alveolar macrophage and the potential mechanims. METHODS Propranolol (30 mg/kg·d) or atenolol (5 mg/kg·d) was administered by gavage to rats for 4 weeks. Then alveolar macrophages were isolated and the expression of β(1) or β(2)-adrenoceptor was detected by flow cytometric analysis. Dopamine β-hydroxylase expression was assessed by Western blot assay and the concentrations of noradrenaline, IL-6, and TNF-α in cell supernatants were measured using ELISA after 2 h or 24 h exposure of alveolar macrophages to 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Propranolol increased the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of β(1), β(2)-adrenoceptor and the frequency of β(1)-,β(2)- adrenoceptor positive macrophages. However, only the MFI of β(1)-adrenoceptor and the frequency of β(1)-adrenoceptor positive macrophages were increased by atenolol. Furthermore, both propranolol and atenolol promoted LPS-mediated dopamine β-hydroxylase protein expression and increased noradrenaline production in rat alveolar macrophages. This was accompanied by increased LPS-mediated IL-6 and TNF-α production in cell supernatants of alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that propranolol or atenolol upregulates alveolar macrophage adrenergic system, and the response may be β(1)-adrenergic receptor subtype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ping Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
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Bhatia S, Oh M, Whiting T, Quigley M, Whiting D. Surgical Complications of Deep Brain Stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2008; 86:367-72. [DOI: 10.1159/000175799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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