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Hosaka N, Kanda S, Shimono T, Nishiyama T. Induction of γδT cells from HSC-enriched BMCs co-cultured with iPSC-derived thymic epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10604-10613. [PMID: 34687276 PMCID: PMC8581322 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells bearing γδ antigen receptors have been investigated as potential treatments for several diseases, including malignant tumours. However, the clinical application of γδT cells has been hampered by their relatively low abundance in vivo and the technical difficulty of inducing their differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro. Here, we describe a novel method for generating mouse γδT cells by co-culturing HSC-enriched bone marrow cells (HSC-eBMCs) with induced thymic epithelial cells (iTECs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We used BMCs from CD45.1 congenic C57BL/6 mice to distinguish them from iPSCs, which expressed CD45.2. We showed that HSC-eBMCs and iTECs cultured with IL-2 + IL-7 for up to 21 days induced CD45.1+ γδT cells that expressed a broad repertoire of Vγ and Vδ T-cell receptors. Notably, the induced lymphocytes contained few or no αβT cells, NK1.1+ natural killer cells, or B220+ B cells. Adoptive transfer of the induced γδT cells to leukemia-bearing mice significantly reduced tumour growth and prolonged mouse survival with no obvious side effects, such as tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases. This new method suggests that it could also be used to produce human γδT cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hosaka
- Department of Pathology, Fuchu Hospital, Izumi, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Kanda
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan.,Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaki Shimono
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan.,Regenerative Research Center for Intractable Diseases, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nishiyama
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hitakata, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Zhu C, Shi Y, You J. Immune Cell Connection by Tunneling Nanotubes: The Impact of Intercellular Cross-Talk on the Immune Response and Its Therapeutic Applications. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:772-786. [PMID: 33529022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Direct intercellular communication is an important prerequisite for the development of multicellular organisms, the regeneration of tissue, and the maintenance of various physiological activities. Tunnel nanotubes (TNTs), which have diameters of approximately 50-1500 nm and lengths of up to several cell diameters, can connect cells over long distances and have emerged as one of the most important recently discovered types of efficient communication between cells. Moreover, TNTs can also directly transfer organelles, vehicles, proteins, genetic material, ions, and small molecules from one cell to adjacent and even distant cells. However, the mechanism of intercellular communication between various immune cells within the complex immune system has not been fully elucidated. Studies in the past decades have confirmed the existence of TNTs in many types of cells, especially in various kinds of immune cells. TNTs display different structural and functional characteristics between and within different immunocytes, playing a major role in the transmission of signals across various kinds of immune cells. In this review, we introduce the discovery and structure of TNTs, as well as their different functional properties within different immune cells. We also discuss the roles of TNTs in potentiating the immune response and their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
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3
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8-Isoprostane is an early biomarker for oxidative stress in chlorine-induced acute lung injury. Toxicol Lett 2017; 282:1-7. [PMID: 29017959 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of chlorine (Cl2) may cause oxidative acute lung injury (ALI) characterized by pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, and hyperreactive airways. The aim of the study was to identify possible biomarkers for Cl2-induced ALI. Female BALB/c mice were exposed to Cl2 for 15min using two protocols 1) concentration-dependent response (25-200ppm) and 2) time-kinetics (2h-14days post-exposure). Exposure to 50-200ppm Cl2 caused a concentration-dependent inflammatory response with increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL1/KC in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 2-6h after exposure which was followed by increased lung permeability and a neutrophilic inflammation 12-24h post-exposure. The early inflammatory cytokine response was associated with a clear but transient increase of 8-isoprostane, a biomarker for oxidative stress, with its maximum at 2h after exposure. An increase of 8-isoprostane could also be detected in serum 2h after exposure to 200ppm Cl2, which was followed by increased levels of IL-6 and CXCL1/KC and signs of increased fibrinogen and PAI-1. Melphalan, a non-oxidizing mustard gas analog, did not increase the 8-isoprostane levels, indicating that 8-isoprostane is induced in airways through direct oxidation by Cl2. We conclude that 8-isoprostane represents an early biomarker for oxidative stress in airways and in the blood circulation following Cl2-exposure.
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4
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Honavar J, Doran S, Ricart K, Matalon S, Patel RP. Nitrite therapy prevents chlorine gas toxicity in rabbits. Toxicol Lett 2017; 271:20-25. [PMID: 28237808 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) gas exposure and toxicity remains a concern in military and industrial sectors. While post-Cl2 exposure damage to the lungs and other tissues has been documented and major underlying mechanisms elucidated, no targeted therapeutics that are effective when administered post-exposure, and which are amenable to mass-casualty scenarios have been developed. Our recent studies show nitrite administered by intramuscular (IM) injection post-Cl2 exposure is effective in preventing acute lung injury and improving survival in rodent models. Our goal in this study was to develop a rabbit model of Cl2 toxicity and test whether nitrite affords protection in a non-rodent model. Exposure of New Zealand White rabbits to Cl2 gas (600ppm, 45min) caused significant increases in protein and neutrophil accumulation in the airways and ∼35% mortality over 18h. Nitrite administered 30min post Cl2 exposure by a single IM injection, at 1mg/kg or 10mg/kg, prevented indices of acute lung injury at 6h by up to 50%. Moreover, all rabbits that received nitrite survived over the study period. These data provide further rationale for developing nitrite as post-exposure therapeutic to mitigate against Cl2 gas exposure injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Karina Ricart
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, United States.
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5
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Acute respiratory changes and pulmonary inflammation involving a pathway of TGF-β1 induction in a rat model of chlorine-induced lung injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 309:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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γδ T Cells Are Required for M2 Macrophage Polarization and Resolution of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131236. [PMID: 26135595 PMCID: PMC4489797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the role of γδ T cells in the induction of alternatively activated M2 macrophages and the resolution of inflammation after ozone exposure. Wildtype (WT) mice and mice deficient in γδ T cells (TCRδ-/- mice) were exposed to air or to ozone (0.3 ppm for up to 72h) and euthanized immediately or 1, 3, or 5 days after cessation of exposure. In WT mice, M2 macrophages accumulated in the lungs over the course of ozone exposure. Pulmonary mRNA abundance of the M2 genes, Arg1, Retnla, and Clec10a, also increased after ozone. In contrast, no evidence of M2 polarization was observed in TCRδ-/- mice. WT but not TCRδ-/- mice expressed the M2c polarizing cytokine, IL-17A, after ozone exposure and WT mice treated with an IL-17A neutralizing antibody exhibited attenuated ozone-induced M2 gene expression. In WT mice, ozone-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils and macrophages resolved quickly after cessation of ozone exposure returning to air exposed levels within 3 days. However, lack of M2 macrophages in TCRδ-/- mice was associated with delayed clearance of inflammatory cells after cessation of ozone and increased accumulation of apoptotic macrophages in the lungs. Delayed restoration of normal lung architecture was also observed in TCRδ-/- mice. In summary, our data indicate that γδ T cells are required for the resolution of ozone-induced inflammation, likely because γδ T cells, through their secretion of IL-17A, contribute to changes in macrophage polarization that promote clearance of apoptotic cells.
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7
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Al Heialy S, Zeroual M, Farahnak S, McGovern T, Risse PA, Novali M, Lauzon AM, Roman HN, Martin JG. Nanotubes connect CD4+ T cells to airway smooth muscle cells: novel mechanism of T cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5626-34. [PMID: 25934863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact between airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and activated CD4(+) T cells, a key interaction in diseases such as asthma, triggers ASM cell proliferation and enhances T cell survival. We hypothesized that direct contact between ASM and CD4(+) T cells facilitated the transfer of anti-apoptotic proteins via nanotubes, resulting in increased survival of activated CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells, isolated from PBMCs of healthy subjects, when activated and cocultured with ASM cells for 24 h, formed nanotubes that were visualized by immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Cell-to-cell transfer of the fluorescent dye calcein-AM confirmed cytoplasmic communication via nanotubes. Immunoreactive B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1), two major anti-apoptotic proteins, were present within the nanotubes. Downregulation of Mcl-1 by small interfering RNA in ASM cells significantly increased T cell apoptosis, whereas downregulation of Bcl-2 had no effect. Transfer of GFP-tagged Mcl-1 from ASM cells to CD4(+) T cells via the nanotubes confirmed directionality of transfer. In conclusion, activated T cells communicate with ASM cells via nanotube formation. Direct transfer of Mcl-1 from ASM to CD(+) T cells via nanotubes is involved in T cell survival. This study provides a novel mechanism of survival of CD4(+) T cells that is dependent on interaction with a structural cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Al Heialy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Melissa Zeroual
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Soroor Farahnak
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Toby McGovern
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Paul-André Risse
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Mauro Novali
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Horia N Roman
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada; andResearch Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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8
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Wigenstam E, Koch B, Bucht A, Jonasson S. N-acetyl cysteine improves the effects of corticosteroids in a mouse model of chlorine-induced acute lung injury. Toxicology 2014; 328:40-7. [PMID: 25497111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine (Cl2) causes tissue damage and a neutrophilic inflammatory response in the airways manifested by pronounced airway hyperreactivity (AHR). The importance of early anti-inflammatory treatment has previously been addressed. In the previous study, both high-dose and low-dose of dexamethasone (DEX) decreased the risk of developing delayed effects, such as persistent lung injuries, while only high-dose treatment could significantly counteract acute-phase effects. One aim of this study was to evaluate whether a low-dose of DEX in combination with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and if different treatments (Triptolide, Reparixin and Rolipram) administered 1h after Cl2-exposure could improve protection against acute lung injury in Cl2-exposed mice. BALB/c mice were exposed to 300 ppm Cl2 during 15 min. Assessment of AHR and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed 24h post exposure. Neither of DEX nor NAC reduced the AHR and displayed only minor effects on inflammatory cell influx when given as separate treatments. When given in combination, a protective effect on AHR and a significant reduction in inflammatory cells (neutrophils) was observed. Neither of triptolide, Reparixin nor Rolipram had an effect on AHR but Triptolide had major effect on the inflammatory cell influx. Treatments did not reduce the concentration of either fibrinogen or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in serum, thereby supporting the theory that the inflammatory response is not solely limited to the lung. These results provide a foundation for future studies aimed at identifying new concepts for treatment of chemical-induced lung injury. Studies addressing combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment are highly motivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wigenstam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Koch
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Sofia Jonasson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden.
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9
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Honavar J, Doran S, Oh JY, Steele C, Matalon S, Patel RP. Nitrite therapy improves survival postexposure to chlorine gas. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L888-94. [PMID: 25326579 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00079.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to relatively high levels of chlorine (Cl₂) gas can occur in mass-casualty scenarios associated with accidental or intentional release. Recent studies have shown a significant postexposure injury phase to the airways, pulmonary, and systemic vasculatures mediated in part by oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysfunction in endogenous nitric oxide homeostasis pathways. However, there is a need for therapeutics that are amenable to rapid and easy administration in the field and that display efficacy toward toxicity after chlorine exposure. In this study, we tested whether nitric oxide repletion using nitrite, by intramuscular injection after Cl₂ exposure, could prevent Cl₂ gas toxicity. C57bl/6 male mice were exposed to 600 parts per million Cl₂ gas for 45 min, and 24-h survival was determined with or without postexposure intramuscular nitrite injection. A single injection of nitrite (10 mg/kg) administered either 30 or 60 min postexposure significantly improved 24-h survival (from ∼20% to 50%). Survival was associated with decreased neutrophil accumulation in the airways. Rendering mice neutropenic before Cl₂ exposure improved survival and resulted in loss of nitrite-dependent survival protection. Interestingly, female mice were more sensitive to Cl₂-induced toxicity compared with males and were also less responsive to postexposure nitrite therapy. These data provide evidence for efficacy and define therapeutic parameters for a single intramuscular injection of nitrite as a therapeutic after Cl₂ gas exposure that is amenable to administration in mass-casualty scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Center for Free Radical Biology and Lung Injury and Repair Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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10
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Mathews JA, Williams AS, Brand JD, Wurmbrand AP, Chen L, Ninin FMC, Si H, Kasahara DI, Shore SA. γδ T cells are required for pulmonary IL-17A expression after ozone exposure in mice: role of TNFα. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97707. [PMID: 24823369 PMCID: PMC4019643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is an air pollutant that causes pulmonary symptoms. In mice, ozone exposure causes pulmonary injury and increases bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages and neutrophils. We have shown that IL-17A is important in the recruitment of neutrophils after subacute ozone exposure (0.3 ppm for 24–72 h). We hypothesized that γδ T cells are the main producers of IL-17A after subacute ozone. To explore this hypothesis we exposed wildtype mice and mice deficient in γδ T cells (TCRδ−/−) to ozone or room air. Ozone-induced increases in BAL macrophages and neutrophils were attenuated in TCRδ−/− mice. Ozone increased the number of γδ T cells in the lungs and increased pulmonary Il17a mRNA expression and the number of IL-17A+ CD45+ cells in the lungs and these effects were abolished in TCRδ−/− mice. Ozone-induced increases in factors downstream of IL-17A signaling, including G-CSF, IL-6, IP-10 and KC were also decreased in TCRδ−/− versus wildtype mice. Neutralization of IL-17A during ozone exposure in wildtype mice mimicked the effects of γδ T cell deficiency. TNFR2 deficiency and etanercept, a TNFα antagonist, also reduced ozone-induced increases in Il17a mRNA, IL-17A+ CD45+ cells and BAL G-CSF as well as BAL neutrophils. TNFR2 deficient mice also had decreased ozone-induced increases in Ccl20, a chemoattractant for IL-17A+ γδ T cells. Il17a mRNA and IL-17A+ γδ T cells were also lower in obese Cpefat versus lean WT mice exposed to subacute ozone, consistent with the reduced neutrophil recruitment observed in the obese mice. Taken together, our data indicate that pulmonary inflammation induced by subacute ozone requires γδ T cells and TNFα-dependent recruitment of IL-17A+ γδ T cells to the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Etanercept
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoglobulin G
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Ozone/toxicity
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Mathews
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison S. Williams
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Brand
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison P. Wurmbrand
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lucas Chen
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernanda MC. Ninin
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Huiqing Si
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David I. Kasahara
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Shore
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Hox V, Steelant B, Fokkens W, Nemery B, Hellings PW. Occupational upper airway disease: how work affects the nose. Allergy 2014; 69:282-91. [PMID: 24397491 DOI: 10.1111/all.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the upper airways is common and can arbitrarily be divided into rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Infection and allergy represent two well-characterized and most frequently diagnosed etiologies of upper airway inflammation. Persistent upper airway inflammation caused by agents inhaled in the work environment represents a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice, and its pathophysiology has been little studied. Occupational rhinitis is a recognized medical condition with diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines. In contrast, only limited evidence is available about the relationship between work exposures and rhinosinusitis. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the available literature on occupational upper airway disease with a focus on pathophysiological mechanisms and with an emphasis on the current unmet needs in work-related upper airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Hox
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - B. Steelant
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - W. Fokkens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Academic Medical Centre; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - B. Nemery
- Research Unit of Lung Toxicology; Department of Public Health and Primary Care; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - P. W. Hellings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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12
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Abstract
γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence uniquely and that all three are necessary for maintaining immune competence. Functional and molecular analyses indicate that in infections, γδ T cells respond earlier than αβ T cells do and that they emerge late after pathogen numbers start to decline. Thus, these cells may be involved in both establishing and regulating the inflammatory response. Moreover, γδ T cells and αβ T cells are clearly distinct in their antigen recognition and activation requirements as well as in the development of their antigen-specific repertoire and effector function. These aspects allow γδ T cells to occupy unique temporal and functional niches in host immune defense. We review these and other advances in γδ T cell biology in the context of their being the major initial IL-17 producers in acute infection.
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13
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Adenovirus-mediated expression of keratinocyte growth factor promotes secondary flap necrotic wound healing in an extended animal model. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2013; 37:1023-33. [PMID: 23949128 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-013-0200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No effective treatments have been found for flap necrosis. Animal models that focus on the initial flap viability are inappropriate for necrotic wound studies. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) promotes keratinocyte proliferation with stronger activity and fewer complications and thus may be useful for necrotic flap wound healing. METHODS Rats with modified flap necrosis were randomly divided into four groups. An adenoviral vector expressing KGF was injected subdermally in the back of the animals after necrosis began. The expression and effect of KGF was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunoassay, and transwell, and wound healing was monitored. RESULTS The plasmid and adenovirus were able to express KGF and stimulate epithelial cell growth (p = 0.029). Histology showed that the necrosis healed fastest in the KGF administration group than in the control groups (p < 0.01). The adenovirus-mediated KGF (Ad-KGF) group had the thickest epithelium on days 15 (p = 0.044) and 25 (p = 0.014). The KGF level in the blood serum soared 10 and 15 days postoperatively (p < 0.01) but returned to baseline by day 25 (p = 0.561). The KGF mRNA levels in vivo increased dramatically in the Ad-KGF group (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The extended flap model is applicable in necrotic wound study. Keratinocyte growth factor can promote secondary necrotic flap wound healing, and administration of KGF can be achieved by an adenoviral vector.
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Jonasson S, Wigenstam E, Koch B, Bucht A. Early treatment of chlorine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation with corticosteroids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Hox V, Vanoirbeek JA, Alpizar YA, Voedisch S, Callebaut I, Bobic S, Sharify A, De Vooght V, Van Gerven L, Devos F, Liston A, Voets T, Vennekens R, Bullens DMA, De Vries A, Hoet P, Braun A, Ceuppens JL, Talavera K, Nemery B, Hellings PW. Crucial Role of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 and Mast Cells in Induction of Nonallergic Airway Hyperreactivity in Mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:486-93. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1358oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Jonasson S, Koch B, Bucht A. Inhalation of chlorine causes long-standing lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of chemical-induced lung injury. Toxicology 2013; 303:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Samal AA, Honavar J, Brandon A, Bradley KM, Doran S, Liu Y, Dunaway C, Steele C, Postlethwait EM, Squadrito GL, Fanucchi MV, Matalon S, Patel RP. Administration of nitrite after chlorine gas exposure prevents lung injury: effect of administration modality. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1431-9. [PMID: 22917977 PMCID: PMC3448851 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cl(2) gas toxicity is complex and occurs during and after exposure, leading to acute lung injury (ALI) and reactive airway syndrome (RAS). Moreover, Cl(2) exposure can occur in diverse situations encompassing mass casualty scenarios, highlighting the need for postexposure therapies that are efficacious and amenable to rapid and easy administration. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a single dose of nitrite (1 mg/kg) to decrease ALI when administered to rats via intraperitoneal (ip) or intramuscular (im) injection 30 min after Cl(2) exposure. Exposure of rats to Cl(2) gas (400 ppm, 30 min) significantly increased ALI and caused RAS 6-24h postexposure as indexed by BAL sampling of lung surface protein and polymorphonucleocytes (PMNs) and increased airway resistance and elastance before and after methacholine challenge. Intraperitoneal nitrite decreased Cl(2)-dependent increases in BAL protein but not PMNs. In contrast im nitrite decreased BAL PMN levels without decreasing BAL protein in a xanthine oxidoreductase-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of airways 6h postexposure showed significant bronchial epithelium exfoliation and inflammatory injury in Cl(2)-exposed rats. Both ip and im nitrite improved airway histology compared to Cl(2) gas alone, but more coverage of the airway by cuboidal or columnar epithelium was observed with im compared to ip nitrite. Airways were rendered more sensitive to methacholine-induced resistance and elastance after Cl(2) gas exposure. Interestingly, im nitrite, but not ip nitrite, significantly decreased airway sensitivity to methacholine challenge. Further evaluation and comparison of im and ip therapy showed a twofold increase in circulating nitrite levels with the former, which was associated with reversal of post-Cl(2) exposure-dependent increases in circulating leukocytes. Halving the im nitrite dose resulted in no effect in PMN accumulation but significant reduction of BAL protein levels, indicating a distinct nitrite dose dependence for inhibition of Cl(2)-dependent lung permeability and inflammation. These data highlight the potential for nitrite as a postexposure therapeutic for Cl(2) gas-induced lung injury and also suggest that administration modality is a key consideration in nitrite therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Samal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Angela Brandon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Kelley M. Bradley
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Stephen Doran
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Chad Dunaway
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Edward M. Postlethwait
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Giuseppe L. Squadrito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Michelle V. Fanucchi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Sadis Matalon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Pulmonary Injury and Repair, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Center for Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294
- Corresponding author: Dr. Rakesh Patel, Department of Pathology, University of, Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19 St. South, BMRII 532, Birmingham, AL 35294, , Telephone: (205)9975-9225 Fax: (205)934-7447
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Malo JL, Vandenplas O. Definitions and classification of work-related asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2012; 31:645-62, v. [PMID: 21978849 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The workplace can trigger or induce asthma and cause the onset of different types of work-related asthma (WRA). Based on current knowledge of clinical features, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and evidence supporting a causal relationship, the following conditions should be distinguished in the spectrum of WRA: (1) immunologic occupational asthma (OA), (2) nonimmunologic OA, (3) work-exacerbated asthma, and (4) variant syndromes, including eosinophilic bronchitis, potroom asthma, and asthmalike disorders caused by organic dusts. The rationale, issues, and controversies relating to this approach are critically reviewed to stimulate the development of a consensus on operational definitions of the various phenotypes of WRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Malo
- Department of Chest Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur, Université de Montréal, 5400 West Gouin Boulevard, Montreal H4J 1C5, Canada.
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γδ T cells attenuate bleomycin-induced fibrosis through the production of CXCL10. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1167-76. [PMID: 21356368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T cells associated with epithelial mucosal tissues and play a prominent role in both promoting and dampening inflammatory responses to pathogens; in addition, they strongly mediate epithelial repair. By using a bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis, we found that γδ T-cell populations dramatically increased after bleomycin administration. To determine the importance of these cells, we exposed mice lacking the δ chain of the γδ T-cell receptor (γδ knockout [KO]) to bleomycin. Pulmonary fibrosis was more severe in γδ KO mice, as measured by collagen deposition (hydroxyproline) and histopathological features. Furthermore, there was no evidence of resolution of the fibrotic response up to 45 days after bleomycin therapy. In contrast to control mice, γδ KO mice had decreased concentrations of IL-6, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, chemokine CXC ligand (CXCL) 1, and interferon inducible protein 10/CXCL10. In vitro culture of γδ T cells purified from lungs 17 days after bleomycin exposure (a time of peak influx of these cells) demonstrated that γδ T cells produced substantial quantities of all four of these cytokines, suggesting that γδ T cells are a predominant source of these proteins. To demonstrate that γδ T cells are effector cells in the fibrotic response, we performed adoptive transfer experiments with γδ T cells sorted from bleomycin-treated lungs; these cells were sufficient to resolve fibrosis in γδ KO mice and restore CXCL10 levels comparable to wild-type mice. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCL10 in the lung decreased the severity of fibrosis seen in the γδ KO mice. Finally, adoptive transfer of γδ T cells from CXCL10(-/-) mice failed to reverse the severe fibrosis in γδ KO mice. These results indicate that γδ T cells promote the resolution of fibrosis through the production of CXCL10.
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de Lange DW, Meulenbelt J. Do corticosteroids have a role in preventing or reducing acute toxic lung injury caused by inhalation of chemical agents? Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011; 49:61-71. [PMID: 21370942 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2011.553196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the evidence that treatment with corticosteroids improves the outcome in those exposed to lung-damaging agents. METHODS We searched Pubmed, Toxnet, Cochrane database, Google Scholar, and Embase from 1966 to January 2010 using the search terms "steroid", "corticosteroid", "lung injury", "lung damage", and "inhalation". These searches identified 287 papers of which 118 contained information on animal studies. However, most were reviews or case reports and only a few were controlled animal experiments of which 13 were considered relevant. ROLE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS: ANIMAL STUDIES Corticosteroids have no beneficial effect at the alveolar level on acute lung injury, which is caused by inhalation of poorly water-soluble compounds (e.g. nitrogen dioxide, ozone, phosgene) or following severe exposure to water-soluble compounds (e.g. chlorine, ammonia). In the recovery phase, corticosteroids may even be harmful, because corticosteroids hamper the division of type II alveolar cells and hamper the differentiation from type II into type I alveolar cells. The latter is important for the re-epithelialization of the alveolus and removal of excess of water in the alveolus. Furthermore, the quality of animal studies does not always allow extrapolation to human exposures. Differences between humans and animals in anatomy, pulmonary defense systems, breathing physiology, as well as the way the animals have been exposed, and the timing and route of corticosteroids in animal studies make predictions difficult. ROLE OF CORTICOSTEROIDS: HUMAN STUDIES An abundance of uncontrolled case reports and a few human crossover studies have evaluated the outcome of human volunteers exposed to various lung-damaging agents. Only a few reports contained systematic information on corticosteroid treatment. Data on the efficacy of corticosteroids after human exposure to lung-damaging agents are inconclusive. Often the number of patients involved is small or the severity of exposure is unclear or not well determined. These reports are therefore limited in their ability to establish a cause-effect relationship for the treatments involved. In some studies involving mild to moderate exposure to water-soluble agents (e.g. chlorine, ammonia), corticosteroid treatment was beneficial for some physiological parameters, such as airway resistance or arterial oxygen tension. However, severe lung injury and inflammation appear not to be improved by corticosteroid treatment. The optimal duration of treatment to obtain these beneficial effects has not been assessed adequately, but it only seems to be useful in the first hours after exposure. Generally, studies evaluating exposure to water-soluble compounds have too short a follow-up, which hampers the evaluation of the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment. The results of studies with longer follow-up suggest that the initial slight improvement in some variables is lost several hours after exposure. CONCLUSIONS Clinical data on the efficacy of corticosteroids after human exposure to lung-damaging agents are inconclusive as the number of well-structured controlled studies is small and the indications for administration of corticosteroids are unclear. There have been no human controlled studies of high-dose exposure to lung-damaging agents. Furthermore, treatment with corticosteroids is limited by the potential side effects, such as prolonged neuromuscular weakness, deregulation of glucose metabolism, superinfection, and sepsis, which could diminish the chances for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan W de Lange
- National Poisons Information Centre (NVIC), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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21
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Kaufman GN, Massoud AH, Audusseau S, Banville-Langelier AA, Wang Y, Guay J, Garellek JA, Mourad W, Piccirillo CA, McCusker C, Mazer BD. Intravenous immunoglobulin attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:718-28. [PMID: 21255135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. IVIG has been utilized as a steroid-sparing agent in severe asthma, but the results of clinical trials have been conflicting. OBJECTIVE To determine whether IVIG is able to attenuate bronchial reactivity, pulmonary inflammation and T cell function using a murine model of allergic airways disease. METHODS BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) or a phosphate-buffered saline control using local nasal sensitization, and then received five intranasal challenges on days 28-32 before sacrifice. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with either IVIG (1-2 g/kg) or equivalent human serum albumin 24 h before the first OVA challenge. Bronchial reactivity to methacholine was examined using the FlexiVent small animal ventilator. We evaluated pulmonary histology, mRNA from lung digests for T-helper type 2 (Th2)-related genes and bronchoalveolar lavage for cell counts and cytokines. Splenocytes were utilized to study OVA-induced cell proliferation, cytokine production and dendritic cell maturation. RESULTS IVIG markedly attenuated the perivascular and peribronchial pulmonary inflammation, and decreased bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. IVIG treatment of splenocytes from sensitized animals diminished cellular proliferation to OVA, whereas IVIG treatment in vivo markedly attenuated OVA-driven splenocyte proliferation. This is accompanied by diminished IL-13 and TNF-α levels in splenocyte culture, decreased expression of Jagged-1, increased Delta-4 and decreased GATA-3 mRNA levels, signs that IVIG has suppressed the expected Th2 response that accompanies repeated allergen exposure. Increased regulatory T cells were found in draining pulmonary lymph nodes in IVIG-treated mice but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IVIG was effective in ameliorating allergic airway disease in our model. IVIG may be a promising adjunct therapy requiring further study for patients with severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Kaufman
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Montreal, QC, Canada
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22
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Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2010; 7:257-63. [PMID: 20601629 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201001-008sm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can come into contact with chlorine gas during short-term, high-level exposures due to traffic or rail accidents, spills, or other disasters. By contrast, workplace and public (swimming pools, etc.) exposures are more frequently long-term, low-level exposures, occasionally punctuated by unintentional transient increases. Acute exposures can result in symptoms of acute airway obstruction including wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and/or dyspnea. These findings are fairly nonspecific, and might be present after exposures to a number of inhaled chemical irritants. Clinical signs, including hypoxemia, wheezes, rales, and/or abnormal chest radiographs may be present. More severely affected individuals may suffer acute lung injury (ALI) and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Up to 1% of exposed individuals die. Humidified oxygen and inhaled beta-adrenergic agents are appropriate therapies for victims with respiratory symptoms while assessments are underway. Inhaled bicarbonate and systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids also have been reported anecdotally to be beneficial. Chronic sequelae may include increased airways reactivity, which tends to diminish over time. Airways hyperreactivity may be more of a problem among those survivors that are older, have smoked, and/or have pre-existing chronic lung disease. Individuals suffering from irritant-induced asthma (IIA) due to workplace exposures to chlorine also tend to have similar characteristics, such as airways hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, and to be older and to have smoked. Other workplace studies, however, have indicated that workers exposed to chlorine dioxide/sulfur dioxide have tended to have increased risk for chronic bronchitis and/or recurrent wheezing attacks (one or more episodes) but not asthma, while those exposed to ozone have a greater incidence of asthma. Specific biomarkers for acute and chronic exposures to chlorine gas are currently lacking. Animal models for chlorine gas inhalation have demonstrated evidence of oxidative injury and inflammation. Early epithelial injury, airways hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling, likely diminishing over time, have been shown. As in humans, ALI/ARDS can occur, becoming more likely when the upper airways are bypassed. Inhalation models of chlorine toxicity provide unique opportunities for testing potential pharmacologic rescue agents.
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McGovern TK, Powell WS, Day BJ, White CW, Govindaraju K, Karmouty-Quintana H, Lavoie N, Tan JJ, Martin JG. Dimethylthiourea protects against chlorine induced changes in airway function in a murine model of irritant induced asthma. Respir Res 2010; 11:138. [PMID: 20925946 PMCID: PMC2965137 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to chlorine (Cl2) causes airway injury, characterized by oxidative damage, an influx of inflammatory cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. We hypothesized that Cl2-induced airway injury may be attenuated by antioxidant treatment, even after the initial injury. Methods Balb/C mice were exposed to Cl2 gas (100 ppm) for 5 mins, an exposure that was established to alter airway function with minimal histological disruption of the epithelium. Twenty-four hours after exposure to Cl2, airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine (MCh) was measured. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to determine inflammatory cell profiles, total protein, and glutathione levels. Dimethylthiourea (DMTU;100 mg/kg) was administered one hour before or one hour following Cl2 exposure. Results Mice exposed to Cl2 had airway hyperresponsiveness to MCh compared to control animals pre-treated and post-treated with DMTU. Total cell counts in BAL fluid were elevated by Cl2 exposure and were not affected by DMTU treatment. However, DMTU-treated mice had lower protein levels in the BAL than the Cl2-only treated animals. 4-Hydroxynonenal analysis showed that DMTU given pre- or post-Cl2 prevented lipid peroxidation in the lung. Following Cl2 exposure glutathione (GSH) was elevated immediately following exposure both in BAL cells and in fluid and this change was prevented by DMTU. GSSG was depleted in Cl2 exposed mice at later time points. However, the GSH/GSSG ratio remained high in chlorine exposed mice, an effect attenuated by DMTU. Conclusion Our data show that the anti-oxidant DMTU is effective in attenuating Cl2 induced increase in airway responsiveness, inflammation and biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby K McGovern
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hirota JA, Hackett TL, Inman MD, Knight DA. Modeling asthma in mice: what have we learned about the airway epithelium? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:431-8. [PMID: 20724554 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0146tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical reports of areas of damaged airway epithelium associated with shed epithelial cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, aberrant epithelial repair processes, and altered cytokine and growth factor release have highlighted some fundamental differences between the airway epithelium in individuals with and without asthma. However, the consequences of these epithelial changes are not clearly defined, and may be difficult to assess in the clinic. In this Review, we answer the two questions. (1) What in vivo models and methods have been used to inform us about airway epithelium damage, repair, and immune responses? Our response focuses on genetic influences as well as allergen exposure, environmental/chemical, and mechanical models. (2) How can we improve on existing mouse models to understand changes in airway epithelium biology in asthma? In answering the second question, we include exciting recent studies that have combined multiple exposure methods and/or epithelium-centric outcome measurements. By addressing these two questions, we propose that future interrogation of epithelial responses of both existing and nascent mouse models may provide greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma with hope of generating novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hirota
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre--Heart and Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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25
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Roy CJ, Reed DS, Hutt JA. Aerobiology and inhalation exposure to biological select agents and toxins. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:779-89. [PMID: 20682804 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810378650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol is the most likely route of dissemination of biological select agents and toxins in a bioterrorist attack, regardless of the natural route of exposure to the agent. The use of animal models for testing preventative and therapeutic countermeasures requires knowledge of the pathogenesis of disease after inhalation exposure. Factors that relate to outcome after respiratory exposure include the inherent infectivity and virulence and/or toxicity of the agent in the host under investigation, in addition to characteristics of the aerosol particle and host that affect the delivered dose of, and host response to, the inhaled material. This introductory article discusses the emerging science of aerobiology and the unique features of respiratory tract anatomy, physiology, and immunology that are relevant to the pathogenesis of aerosolized biothreat agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Roy
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Havran WL, Jameson JM. Epidermal T cells and wound healing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5423-8. [PMID: 20483798 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The murine epidermis contains resident T cells that express a canonical gammadelta TCR. These cells arise from fetal thymic precursors and use a TCR that is restricted to the skin in adult animals. These cells assume a dendritic morphology in normal skin and constitutively produce low levels of cytokines that contribute to epidermal homeostasis. When skin is wounded, an unknown Ag is expressed on damaged keratinocytes. Neighboring gammadelta T cells then round up and contribute to wound healing by local production of epithelial growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of skin gammadelta T cells, wound healing is impaired. Similarly, epidermal T cells from patients with healing wounds are activated and secreting growth factors. Patients with nonhealing wounds have a defective epidermal T cell response. Information gained on the role of epidermal-resident T cells in the mouse may provide information for development of new therapeutic approaches to wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Xi X, Guo Y, Chen H, Xu C, Zhang H, Hu H, Cui L, Ba D, He W. Antigen specificity of gammadelta T cells depends primarily on the flanking sequences of CDR3delta. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27449-55. [PMID: 19666468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.011684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural basis that determines the specificity of gammadelta T cell receptor (TCR) recognition remains undefined. Our previous data show that the complementary determining region of human TCRdelta (CDR3delta) is critical to ligand binding. Here we used linear and configurational approaches to examine the roles of V, N-D-N, or J regions in CDR3delta-mediated antigen recognition. Surprisingly, we found that the binding activities of CDR3delta from different gammadelta TCRs to their target tissues and ligands depend on the conserved flanking sequences (V and J) but not as much on the D region of CDR3delta fragment. We further defined the key residues in the V and J regions of CDR3delta fragments, including the cysteine residue in the V fragment and the leucine residue in the J fragment that determine their ligand binding specificity. Our results demonstrate that TCRdelta primarily uses conserved flanking regions to bind ligands. This finding may provide an explanation for the limited number of gammadelta TCR ligands that have as yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Xi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Peking Union Medical College, National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing 100005, China
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Jensen KDC, Chien YH. Thymic maturation determines gammadelta T cell function, but not their antigen specificities. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:140-5. [PMID: 19321327 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells contribute uniquely to host immune defense, but how they do so remains unclear. Recent work suggests that thymic selection does little to constrain gammadelta T cell antigen specificities, but instead determines their effector fate. When triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-experienced cells make IFNgamma, whereas ligand-naïve gammadelta T cells produce IL-17, a major initiator of inflammation. These advances warrant a fresh look at how gammadelta T cells may function in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D C Jensen
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Beckman B255, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Matsubara S, Takeda K, Jin N, Okamoto M, Matsuda H, Shiraishi Y, Park JW, McConville G, Joetham A, O'Brien RL, Dakhama A, Born WK, Gelfand EW. Vgamma1+ T cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:454-63. [PMID: 18927346 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gammadelta T cells regulate airway reactivity, but their role in ozone (O3)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is not known. Our objective was to determine the role of gammadelta T cells in O3-induced AHR. Different strains of mice, including those that were genetically manipulated or antibody-depleted to render them deficient in total gammadelta T cells or specific subsets of gammadelta T cells, were exposed to 2.0 ppm of O3 for 3 hours. Airway reactivity to inhaled methacholine, airway inflammation, and epithelial cell damage were monitored. Exposure of C57BL/6 mice to O3 resulted in a transient increase in airway reactivity, neutrophilia, and increased numbers of epithelial cells in the lavage fluid. TCR-delta(-/-) mice did not develop AHR, although they exhibited an increase in neutrophils and epithelial cells in the lavage fluid. Similarly, depletion of gammadelta T cells in wild-type mice suppressed O3-induced AHR without influencing airway inflammation or epithelial damage. Depletion of Vgamma1+, but not of Vgamma4+ T cells, reduced O3-induced AHR, and transfer of total gammadelta T cells or Vgamma1+ T cells to TCR-delta(-/-) mice restored AHR. After transfer of Vgamma1+ cells to TCR-delta(-/-) mice, restoration of AHR after O3 exposure was blocked by anti-TNF-alpha. However, AHR could be restored in TCR-delta(-/-)mice by transfer of gammadelta T cells from TNF-alpha-deficient mice, indicating that another cell type was the source of TNF-alpha. These results demonstrate that TNF-alpha and activation of Vgamma1+ gammadelta T cells are required for the development of AHR after O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Matsubara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Tian X, Tao H, Brisolara J, Chen J, Rando RJ, Hoyle GW. Acute lung injury induced by chlorine inhalation in C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:783-93. [PMID: 18645717 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802007841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans may be exposed to chlorine gas via accidental or intentional release, and effective countermeasures for the resulting lung injury are lacking. To develop a model in which therapeutic measures could be evaluated, lung injury induced by chlorine inhalation in two inbred mouse strains was examined. C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice were exposed for 1.1 h to varying doses of chlorine (197-289 ppm-h) and were evaluated for indices of lung injury at different times after exposure (6-48 h). Chlorine induced increases in lung weight that were more evident in FVB/N mice than in C57BL/6 mice. Both strains exhibited sloughing of airway epithelium observed within 6 h after exposure. As judged by Ly-6G immunostaining, chlorine exposure caused widespread neutrophil influx into the lung parenchyma at 6 h followed by a clustering of neutrophils around damaged airways by 24 h. High levels of cellular proliferation revealed by Ki-67 staining were observed in airway epithelium 48 h after exposure. Lavage fluid parameters showed consistent trends in both strains. Lavage fluid protein content was elevated throughout the times examined. Lavage fluid neutrophils were significantly increased beginning 12 h after exposure and were highest at 48 h. The concentration of the neutrophil chemoattractant KC peaked 6 h after exposure and was near baseline by 48 h. In summary, chlorine inhalation resulted in lung injury characterized by edema, epithelial cell death, and neutrophilic inflammation in C57BL/6 and FVB/N mice. Characterization of such responses in these mice will allow testing of therapeutic agents to treat chlorine-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Tian
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana, USA
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Jensen KDC, Su X, Shin S, Li L, Youssef S, Yamasaki S, Steinman L, Saito T, Locksley RM, Davis MM, Baumgarth N, Chien YH. Thymic selection determines gammadelta T cell effector fate: antigen-naive cells make interleukin-17 and antigen-experienced cells make interferon gamma. Immunity 2008; 29:90-100. [PMID: 18585064 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
gammadelta T cells uniquely contribute to host immune defense, but how this is accomplished remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class I T10 and T22-specific gammadelta T cells in mice and found that encountering antigen in the thymus was neither required nor inhibitory for their development. But when triggered through the T cell receptor, ligand-naive lymphoid-gammadelta T cells produced IL-17, whereas ligand-experienced cells made IFN-gamma. Immediately after immunization, a large fraction of IL-17(+) gammadelta T cells were found in the draining lymph nodes days before the appearance of antigen-specific IL-17(+) *beta T cells. Thus, thymic selection determines the effector fate of gammadelta T cells rather than constrains their antigen specificities. The swift IL-17 response mounted by antigen-naive gammadelta T cells suggests a critical role for these cells at the onset of an acute inflammatory response to novel antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk D C Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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IL-17 producing gammadelta T cells are required for a controlled inflammatory response after bleomycin-induced lung injury. Inflammation 2008; 31:167-79. [PMID: 18338242 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND gammadelta T cells play a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses in epithelial tissue, and in adaptive immunity, as gammadelta T cell deficient mice have a severely impaired capacity to clear lung pathogens. gammadelta T cells regulate the initial inflammatory response to microbial invasion and thereby protect against tissue injury. Here we examined the response of gammadelta T cells to lung injury induced by bleomycin, in an effort to study the inflammatory response in the absence of any adaptive immune response to a pathogen. RESULTS After lung injury by bleomycin, we localized the gammadelta T cells to the lung lesions. gammadelta T cells were the predominant source of IL-17 (as detected by flow cytometry and real-time PCR). Moreover, gammadelta T cell knockout mice showed a significant reduction in cellular infiltration into the airways, reduced expression of IL-6 in the lung, and a significant delay in epithelial repair. CONCLUSION Mouse gammadelta T cells produce IL-17 in response to lung injury and are required for an organized inflammatory response and epithelial repair. The lack of gammadelta T cells correlates with increased inflammation and fibrosis.
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