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Barosova R, Baranovicova E, Adamcakova J, Prso K, Hanusrichterova J, Mokra D. Sex differences in plasma metabolites in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S499-S508. [PMID: 38165754 PMCID: PMC10861256 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex seems to be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. This study aimed to find sex-related differences in metabolome measured by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy in healthy and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. Adult male and female animals were divided into controls and OVA-sensitized groups. OVA-sensitization was performed by OVA systemic and inhalational administration within 14 days; on day 15, animals were killed by anesthetic overdose followed by exsanguination. Blood was taken and differential white blood cell count was measured. Left lung was saline-lavaged and differential cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. After blood centrifugation, plasma was processed for (1)H NMR analysis. Metabolomic data was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). Eosinophil counts elevated in the BALF confirming eosinophil-mediated inflammation in OVA-sensitized animals of both sexes. Sex differences for lactate, glucose, and citrate were found in controls, where these parameters were lower in males than in females. In OVA-sensitized males higher glucose and lower pyruvate were found compared to controls. OVA-sensitized females showed lower lactate, glucose, alanine, 3-hydroxy-butyrate, creatine, pyruvate, and succinate concentrations compared to controls. In OVA-sensitized animals, lactate concentration was lower in males. Data from females (healthy and OVA-sensitized) were generally more heterogeneous. Significant sex differences in plasma concentrations of metabolites were found in both healthy and OVA-sensitized animals suggesting that sex may influence the metabolism and may thereby contribute to different clinical picture of asthma in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barosova
- Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovak Republic.
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2
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Astre G, Atlan T, Goshtchevsky U, Oron-Gottesman A, Smirnov M, Shapira K, Velan A, Deelen J, Levy T, Levanon EY, Harel I. Genetic perturbation of AMP biosynthesis extends lifespan and restores metabolic health in a naturally short-lived vertebrate. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1350-1364.e10. [PMID: 37321215 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During aging, the loss of metabolic homeostasis drives a myriad of pathologies. A central regulator of cellular energy, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), orchestrates organismal metabolism. However, direct genetic manipulations of the AMPK complex in mice have, so far, produced detrimental phenotypes. Here, as an alternative approach, we alter energy homeostasis by manipulating the upstream nucleotide pool. Using the turquoise killifish, we mutate APRT, a key enzyme in AMP biosynthesis, and extend the lifespan of heterozygous males. Next, we apply an integrated omics approach to show that metabolic functions are rejuvenated in old mutants, which also display a fasting-like metabolic profile and resistance to high-fat diet. At the cellular level, heterozygous cells exhibit enhanced nutrient sensitivity, reduced ATP levels, and AMPK activation. Finally, lifelong intermittent fasting abolishes the longevity benefits. Our findings suggest that perturbing AMP biosynthesis may modulate vertebrate lifespan and propose APRT as a promising target for promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Astre
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tehila Atlan
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uri Goshtchevsky
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Adi Oron-Gottesman
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Margarita Smirnov
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David 10803, Israel
| | - Kobi Shapira
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ariel Velan
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Joris Deelen
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne 50931, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Tomer Levy
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Itamar Harel
- Department of Genetics, the Silberman Institute, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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3
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Ghasemi A, Jeddi S. Streptozotocin as a tool for induction of rat models of diabetes: a practical guide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:274-294. [PMID: 36998708 PMCID: PMC10043433 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is the most used diabetogenic chemical for creating rat models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Despite ~60 years of using STZ in animal diabetes research, some prevailing views about STZ preparation and use are not supported by evidence. Here, we provide practical guides for using STZ to induce diabetes in rats. Susceptibility to the diabetogenic effect of STZ is inversely related to age, and males are more susceptible to STZ than females. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats, the most commonly-used rat strains, are sensitive to STZ, but some strains (e.g., Wistar-Kyoto rats) are less sensitive. STZ is mostly injected intravenously or intraperitoneally, but its intravenous injection produces more stable hyperglycemia. Despite the prevailing view, no fasting is necessary before STZ injection, and injection of its anomer-equilibrated solutions (i.e., more than 2 hours of dissolving) is recommended. Mortality following the injection of diabetogenic doses of STZ is due to severe hypoglycemia (during the first 24 h) or severe hyperglycemia (24 h after the injection and onwards). Some measures to prevent hypoglycemia-related mortality in rats include providing access to food soon after the injection, administration of glucose/sucrose solutions during the first 24-48 h after the injection, administration of STZ to fed animals, and using anomer-equilibrated solutions of STZ. Hyperglycemia-related mortality following injection of high doses of STZ can be overcome with insulin administration. In conclusion, STZ is a valuable chemical for inducing diabetes in rats, but some practical guides should be considered to perform well-conducted and ethical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Sajad Jeddi, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Arabi Street, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran, E-mail:
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4
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Ibogaine Has Sex-Specific Plasma Bioavailability, Histopathological and Redox/Antioxidant Effects in Rat Liver and Kidneys: A Study on Females. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010016. [PMID: 35054409 PMCID: PMC8780973 DOI: 10.3390/life12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ibogaine induces rapid changes in cellular energetics followed by the elevation of antioxidant activities. As shown earlier in male rats, ibogaine treatment with both 1 and 20 mg/kg b.w. per os led to significant glycogenolytic activity in the liver. In this work, female rats treated with the same doses of ibogaine per os displayed lower liver glycogenolytic activity relative to males, dilatation of the central vein and branches of the portal vein, and increased concentration of thiols 6 h after treatment. These changes were followed by increased catalase activity and lipid peroxidation, and decreased xanthine oxidase activity after 24 h. In kidneys, mild histopathological changes were found in all treated animals, accompanied by a decrease of glutathione reductase (after 6 and 24 h at both doses) and an increase of catalase (6 h) and xanthine oxidase activity (6 and 24 h). Ibogaine did not affect antioxidant enzymes activity in erythrocytes. Bioavailability of ibogaine was two to three times higher in females than males, with similar kinetic profiles. Compared to previous results in males, ibogaine showed sex specific effect at the level of antioxidant cellular system. Effects of ibogaine in rats are sex- and tissue-specific, and also dose- and time-dependent.
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5
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Kovačević S, Elaković I, Vojnović Milutinović D, Nikolić-Kokić A, Blagojević D, Matić G, Tappy L, Djordjevic A, Brkljačić J. Fructose-Rich Diet Attenuates Stress-Induced Metabolic Disturbances in the Liver of Adult Female Rats. J Nutr 2021; 151:3661-3670. [PMID: 34510217 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both fructose consumption and chronic stress contribute to the development of metabolic disorders. The consequences of such combination are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether fructose supplementation and chronic stress synergistically disturb hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. The role of energy sensing, redox, and inflammatory status during development of metabolic disturbances was investigated. METHODS Female Wistar rats, aged 2.5 mo, were divided into 4 experimental groups: control (C) fed a standard diet (commercial food and drinking water); fructose (F) fed the same food and 10% fructose solution; stress (S) fed the standard diet and subjected to chronic unpredictable stress and, stress + fructose (SF) combining conditions F and S as above. Stress included daily stressors: cold water forced swimming, physical restraint, cold room, wet bedding, rocking, switching, or tilting cages. After 9 wk, hepatic enzymes and transcription factors involved in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, antioxidative defence, energy sensing, and cytokines were assessed by qPCR, Western blotting, and spectrophotometry and analyzed by 2-factor ANOVA. RESULTS Fructose increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (40%; P < 0.05) and the ratio of inhibitory phosphorylation to total acetyl-CoA carboxylase (46%; P < 0.01), and decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c nuclear translocation by 30% (P < 0.05) in F and SF compared with C rats. Increased phosPck (phoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) (85%) and G6pase(glucose-6-phosphatase) (55%) was observed in S rats (P < 0.05). A 40% decrease in Apob (apolipoprotein B-100) and an increase in hepatic lipids (P < 0.05), together with a double increase in TNF-α (P < 0.001), were observed in S rats, but without liver histopathological changes. These stress effects on lipid accumulation and TNF-α were abolished in SF rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fructose does not enhance stress effects on hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism but attenuates its effects on hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation, suggesting that, in female rats, AMPK activation prevails over stress-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kovačević
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Elaković
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vojnović Milutinović
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić-Kokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Blagojević
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Matić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, UNIL-CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ana Djordjevic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Brkljačić
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Della Torre S. Beyond the X Factor: Relevance of Sex Hormones in NAFLD Pathophysiology. Cells 2021; 10:2502. [PMID: 34572151 PMCID: PMC8470830 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, being frequently associated with obesity, unbalanced dietary regimens, and reduced physical activity. Despite their greater adiposity and reduced physical activity, women show a lower risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to men, likely a consequence of a sex-specific regulation of liver metabolism. In the liver, sex differences in the uptake, synthesis, oxidation, deposition, and mobilization of lipids, as well as in the regulation of inflammation, are associated with differences in NAFLD prevalence and progression between men and women. Given the major role of sex hormones in driving hepatic sexual dimorphism, this review will focus on the role of sex hormones and their signaling in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and in the molecular mechanisms triggering NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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7
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Matsunaga Y, Koyama S, Takahashi K, Takahashi Y, Shinya T, Yoshida H, Hatta H. Effects of post-exercise glucose ingestion at different solution temperatures on glycogen repletion in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15041. [PMID: 34553503 PMCID: PMC8459029 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate ingestion is essential for glycogen recovery after exercise. Although studies have investigated methods for enhancement of glycogen repletion with regard to nutrients and their amounts, no studies have examined the effect of temperature of the ingested solution on glycogen recovery. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the temperature of glucose solution ingested after exercise on glycogen recovery. Seven-week-old male ICR mice were fasted for 16 h and subjected to treadmill running exercise (20 m/min for 60 min) to decrease glycogen storage. Then, the mice were administered glucose (1.5 mg/g body weight) at three different solution temperatures: 4°C, cold solution group (Cold); 37°C, mild solution group (Mild); and 55°C, hot solution group (Hot). Our results revealed that blood glucose, plasma insulin, and muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ among the three groups. In contrast, liver glycogen concentration in the Hot group was significantly higher than that in the post-exercise and Cold groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, portal glucose concentration was significantly higher in the Hot group than in the Cold group (p < 0.01). These observations suggest that postexercise muscle glycogen repletion occurs regardless of glucose solution temperature, and that ingesting hot glucose solution after exercise can be an effective means for liver glycogen repletion compared with cold glucose solution ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sho Koyama
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Terunaga Shinya
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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8
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Abstract
Mammals undergo regular cycles of fasting and feeding that engage dynamic transcriptional responses in metabolic tissues. Here we review advances in our understanding of the gene regulatory networks that contribute to hepatic responses to fasting and feeding. The advent of sequencing and -omics techniques have begun to facilitate a holistic understanding of the transcriptional landscape and its plasticity. We highlight transcription factors, their cofactors, and the pathways that they impact. We also discuss physiological factors that impinge on these responses, including circadian rhythms and sex differences. Finally, we review how dietary modifications modulate hepatic gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bideyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Rohith Nagari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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9
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Wilson RC, Lutterschmidt DI. Energy Metrics of Red-Sided Garter Snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) Vary with Sex but Not Life-History Stage. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 93:347-357. [PMID: 32730193 DOI: 10.1086/709994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Because reproduction is energetically expensive, an organism's energy stores are likely involved in mediating transitions between reproductive and self-maintenance activities. We investigated whether body condition index, adipocyte follicle size, and liver glycogen differ with the life-history transition from reproduction to migration and foraging in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Females primarily investing in mating behavior located at the den had a significantly higher body condition index than females migrating to summer feeding grounds. The body condition index of male snakes did not differ between snakes located at the den and those migrating to summer feeding grounds. Neither adipocyte follicle area nor liver glycogen stores differed significantly between snakes performing mating activities at the den and those migrating to summer feeding grounds. We did find a sexual dimorphism in that female red-sided garter snakes had significantly larger adipocyte follicles and higher liver glycogen compared with males. Our findings support the across-species phenomenon of females and males displaying a sexual dimorphism in stored energy substrates. Conversely, we did not find evidence to suggest that red-sided garter snakes primarily utilize fatty acids to fuel the initiation of migration, a finding that is not consistent with other long-distance migrators, such as birds. Because we did not find evidence to suggest that stored energy metrics influence the decision to migrate, a physiological mechanism that induces migration in red-sided garter snakes remains elusive.
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10
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Kovács Z, Brunner B, D'Agostino DP, Ari C. Age- and Sex-Dependent Modulation of Exogenous Ketone Supplement-Evoked Effects on Blood Glucose and Ketone Body Levels in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:618422. [PMID: 33505242 PMCID: PMC7829499 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.618422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In certain disease states, such as epilepsy, the elevation of blood ketone levels with ketogenic diets (KDs) has beneficial effects, while exogenous ketone supplements (EKSs) were shown to increase the level of blood ketone bodies (such as β-hydroxybutyrate, βHB) and decrease blood glucose levels without dietary restrictions. It has been suggested that ketone body and glucose utilization of the body may be modified by age and gender resulting in changes in blood βHB and glucose levels, but it was not investigated through several months yet. Thus, we investigated whether the effect of an EKS on blood βHB and glucose level is modulated by age and sex in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats, a model animal of human absence epilepsy. We used KEMCT (1:1 mix of ketone ester/KE and medium-chain triglyceride/MCT oil) by oral gavage in female and male WAG/Rij rats. Animals were fed with standard diet, which was supplemented by KEMCT (2.5 g/kg) once per month by oral gavage for 17 months. One hour after KEMCT treatment, changes in blood R-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-βHB) and glucose levels were measured. KEMCT gavage significantly increased blood R-βHB and decreased blood glucose levels, in both male and female rats, compared with the controls. In male rats, the KEMCT-induced increase in blood R-βHB levels was lower at the 7th and 8th months and higher at the 16th and 17th months, compared with the results at the 1st month. KEMCT-generated increase in R-βHB levels was higher in female rats, compared with male rats between the 2nd and 11th months, but older (between the 14th and 17th months) female rats showed lower levels than males. KEMCT gavage induced significantly lower glucose levels at the 4th, 9th, 10th, 12th, and 13th months in both sexes, but between the 14th and 17th months, only males showed significantly lower levels, compared with the results at the 1st month. KEMCT treatment induced lower blood glucose levels in female than in male rats between the 1st and 8th months, but higher glucose levels were measured in female rats at the 17th month than in males. These findings suggest that age and sex can modify the EKS-evoked effects on blood R-βHB and glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Brunner
- Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States.,Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Ocala, FL, United States
| | - Csilla Ari
- Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States.,Behavioral Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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11
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MacDonald AJ, Yang YHC, Cruz AM, Beall C, Ellacott KLJ. Brain-Body Control of Glucose Homeostasis-Insights From Model Organisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:662769. [PMID: 33868184 PMCID: PMC8044781 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.662769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight regulation of blood glucose is essential for long term health. Blood glucose levels are defended by the correct function of, and communication between, internal organs including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and brain. Critically, the brain is sensitive to acute changes in blood glucose level and can modulate peripheral processes to defend against these deviations. In this mini-review we highlight select key findings showcasing the utility, strengths, and limitations of model organisms to study brain-body interactions that sense and control blood glucose levels. First, we discuss the large platform of genetic tools available to investigators studying mice and how this field may yet reveal new modes of communication between peripheral organs and the brain. Second, we discuss how rats, by virtue of their size, have unique advantages for the study of CNS control of glucose homeostasis and note that they may more closely model some aspects of human (patho)physiology. Third, we discuss the nascent field of studying the CNS control of blood glucose in the zebrafish which permits ease of genetic modification, large-scale measurements of neural activity and live imaging in addition to high-throughput screening. Finally, we briefly discuss glucose homeostasis in drosophila, which have a distinct physiology and glucoregulatory systems to vertebrates.
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12
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Yu Y, He JH, Hu LL, Jiang LL, Fang L, Yao GD, Wang SJ, Yang Q, Guo Y, Liu L, Shang T, Sato Y, Kawamura K, Hsueh AJ, Sun YP. Placensin is a glucogenic hormone secreted by human placenta. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49530. [PMID: 32329225 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FBN1 encodes asprosin, a glucogenic hormone, following furin cleavage of the C-terminus of profibrillin 1. Based on evolutionary conservation between FBN1 and FBN2, together with conserved furin cleavage sites, we identified a peptide hormone placensin encoded by FBN2 based on its high expression in trophoblasts of human placenta. In primary and immortalized murine hepatocytes, placensin stimulates cAMP production, protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and glucose secretion, accompanied by increased expression of gluconeogenesis enzymes. In situ perfusion of liver and in vivo injection with placensin also stimulate glucose secretion. Placensin is secreted by immortalized human trophoblastic HTR-8/SVneo cells, whereas placensin treatment stimulates cAMP-PKA signaling in these cells, accompanied by increases in MMP9 transcripts and activities, thereby promoting cell invasion. In pregnant women, levels of serum placensin increase in a stage-dependent manner. During third trimester, serum placensin levels of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus are increased to a bigger extent compared to healthy pregnant women. Thus, placensin represents a placenta-derived hormone, capable of stimulating glucose secretion and trophoblast invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jia-Huan He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lin-Li Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lanlan Fang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gui-Dong Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingling Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanjie Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Trisha Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yorino Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aaron Jw Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ying-Pu Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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13
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Sex Differences in Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Muscle Transcriptional Response to Fasting and Refeeding in Mice. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121529. [PMID: 31783664 PMCID: PMC6953068 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is often used for obesity correction but the “refeeding syndrome” limits its efficiency, and molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic response to different food availability are under investigation. Sex was shown to affect hormonal and metabolic reactions to fasting/refeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate hormonal and transcriptional responses to fasting and refeeding in male and female C57Bl/6J mice. Sex asymmetry was observed both at the hormonal and transcriptional levels. Fasting (24 h) induced increase in hepatic Fgf21 gene expression, which was associated with elevation of plasma FGF21 and adiponectin levels, and the upregulation of expression of hepatic (Pparα, Cpt1α) and muscle (Cpt1β, Ucp3) genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. These changes were more pronounced in females. Refeeding (6 h) evoked hyperinsulinemia and increased hepatic expression of gene related to lipogenesis (Fasn) only in males and hyperleptinemia and increase in Fgf21 gene expression in muscles and adipose tissues only in females. The results suggest that in mice, one of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex asymmetry in hepatic Pparα, Cpt1α, muscle Cpt1β, and Ucp3 expression during fasting is hepatic Fgf21 expression, and the reason for sex asymmetry in hepatic Fasn expression during refeeding is male-specific hyperinsulinemia.
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14
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Blesson CS, Schutt A, Chacko S, Marini JC, Mathew PR, Tanchico D, Balakrishnan M, Yallampalli C. Sex Dependent Dysregulation of Hepatic Glucose Production in Lean Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:538. [PMID: 31447783 PMCID: PMC6691354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a lean type 2 diabetic rat model by gestational low protein programming. We aimed to identify if the regulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP) via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis is affected and if there are any sex differences. Fasting (6-7 months old) type 2 diabetic rats received 2H2O followed by a primed constant rate infusion of [6,6-2H2] glucose. Blood samples were drawn during steady states after 4 h of fasting and following a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. HGP and the fraction of glucose derived from gluconeogenesis under fasting and euglycemic states were measured from steady state glucose enrichments after the infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose and 2H2O tracers. Glycogenolysis was determined by calculating the difference between total HGP and gluconeogenesis rates. Hepatic gene expression of enzymes involved in HGP were quantified using qPCR. HGP rates was similar during fasting in both groups and sexes. However, under simulated fed condition, HGP rate was suppressed in controls but not in type 2 diabetic rats. They also showed inefficient HGP suppression in a simulated fed state. Differential analysis showed that suppression of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis under simulated fed state was affected in these low protein programmed type 2 diabetic rats. These effects were greater in females when compared to males. Further, key genes involved in these processes like G6Pase, Pepck, pyruvate carboxylase, and glycogen phosphorylase in liver were dysregulated. Our data shows impaired suppression of HGP via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in type 2 diabetic rats with greater effects on females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellakkan S. Blesson
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Childrens' Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Schutt
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Family Fertility Center, Texas Childrens' Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shaji Chacko
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutritional Research Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juan C. Marini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutritional Research Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pretty Rose Mathew
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daren Tanchico
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meena Balakrishnan
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Swe MT, Pongchaidecha A, Chatsudthipong V, Chattipakorn N, Lungkaphin A. Molecular signaling mechanisms of renal gluconeogenesis in nondiabetic and diabetic conditions. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8134-8151. [PMID: 30370538 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kidneys are as involved as the liver in gluconeogenesis which can significantly contribute to hyperglycemia in the diabetic condition. Substantial evidence has demonstrated the overexpression of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes, especially phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6 phosphatase, and the accelerated glucose release both in the isolated proximal tubular cells and in the kidneys of diabetic animal models and diabetic patients. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into the mechanisms that accelerate renal gluconeogenesis in the diabetic conditions and the therapeutic approaches that could affect this process in the kidney. Increase in gluconeogenic substrates, reduced insulin concentration or insulin resistance, downregulation of insulin receptors and insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin system are likely to participate in enhancing renal gluconeogenesis in the diabetic milieu. Several studies have suggested that controlling glucose metabolism at the renal level favors effective overall glycemic control in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, renal gluconeogenesis may be a promising target for effective glycemic control as a therapeutic strategy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myat Theingi Swe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Anchalee Pongchaidecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Research Center of Transport Protein for Medical Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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16
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McGill-Vargas L, Gastaldelli A, Liang H, Anzueto Guerra D, Johnson-Pais T, Seidner S, McCurnin D, Muscogiuri G, DeFronzo R, Musi N, Blanco C. Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Altered Gluconeogenic Pathway in Premature Baboons. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1140-1151. [PMID: 28324053 PMCID: PMC5460827 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants have altered glucose regulation early in life and increased risk for diabetes in adulthood. Although prematurity leads to an increased risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in adult life, the role of hepatic glucose regulation and adaptation to an early extrauterine environment in preterm infants remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental differences in glucose metabolism, hepatic protein content, and gene expression of key insulin-signaling/gluconeogenic molecules. Fetal baboons were delivered at 67%, 75%, and term gestational age and euthanized at birth. Neonatal baboons were delivered prematurely (67% gestation), survived for two weeks, and compared with similar postnatal term animals and underwent serial hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. Premature baboons had decreased endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared with term animals. Consistent with these results, the gluconeogenic molecule, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase messenger RNA, was decreased in preterm baboons compared with terms. Hepatic insulin signaling was altered by preterm birth as evidenced by decreased insulin receptor-β, p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, and Akt-1 under insulin-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, preterm baboons failed to have the normal increase in glycogen synthase kinase-α from fetal to postnatal life. The blunted responses in hepatic insulin signaling may contribute to the hyperglycemia of prematurity, while impaired EGP leads to hypoglycemia of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McGill-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hanyu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Diana Anzueto Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Teresa Johnson-Pais
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven Seidner
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Donald McCurnin
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
- San Antonio Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Cynthia Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- University Health System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Chapman M, Alifrangis L, Andersen L, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Chronic Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia in Rats Is Accompanied by Increased Body Weight, Hyperleptinaemia, and Decreased Neuronal Glucose Transporter Levels in the Brain. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:7861236. [PMID: 28421113 PMCID: PMC5379133 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7861236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is vulnerable to hypoglycaemia due to a continuous need of energy substrates to meet its high metabolic demands. Studies have shown that severe acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia results in oxidative stress in the rat brain, when neuroglycopenia cannot be evaded despite increased levels of cerebral glucose transporters. Compensatory measures in the brain during chronic insulin-induced hypoglycaemia are less well understood. The present study investigated how the brain of nondiabetic rats copes with chronic insulin-induced hypoglycaemia for up to eight weeks. Brain level of different substrate transporters and redox homeostasis was evaluated. Hyperinsulinaemia for 8 weeks consistently lowered blood glucose levels by 30-50% (4-6 mM versus 7-9 mM in controls). The animals had increased food consumption, body weights, and hyperleptinaemia. During infusion, protein levels of the brain neuronal glucose transporter were decreased, whereas levels of lipid peroxidation products were unchanged. Discontinued infusion was followed by transient systemic hyperglycaemia and decreased food consumption and body weight. After 4 weeks, plasma levels of lipid peroxidation products were increased, possibly as a consequence of hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. The present data suggests that chronic moderate hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia causes increased body weight and hyperleptinaemia. This is accompanied by decreased neuronal glucose transporter levels, which may be leptin-induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi F. H. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
- *Vivi F. H. Jensen:
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lene Alifrangis
- Department of Development DMPK, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Department of Development Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Section for Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid B. Bøgh
- Department of Toxicology, Safety Pharm and Pathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
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18
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Santiago AM, Clegg DJ, Routh VH. Estrogens modulate ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamic glucose-inhibited neurons. Mol Metab 2016; 5:823-833. [PMID: 27688996 PMCID: PMC5034617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brain regulation of glucose homeostasis is sexually dimorphic; however, the impact sex hormones have on specific neuronal populations within the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN), a metabolically sensitive brain region, has yet to be fully characterized. Glucose-excited (GE) and -inhibited (GI) neurons are located throughout the VMN and may play a critical role in glucose and energy homeostasis. Within the ventrolateral portion of the VMN (VL-VMN), glucose sensing neurons and estrogen receptor (ER) distributions overlap. We therefore tested the hypothesis that VL-VMN glucose sensing neurons were sexually dimorphic and regulated by 17β-estradiol (17βE). Methods Electrophysiological recordings of VL-VMN glucose sensing neurons in brain slices isolated from age- and weight-matched female and male mice were performed in the presence and absence of 17βE. Results We found a new class of VL-VMN GI neurons whose response to low glucose was transient despite continued exposure to low glucose. Heretofore, we refer to these newly identified VL-VMN GI neurons as ‘adapting’ or AdGI neurons. We found a sexual dimorphic response to low glucose, with male nonadapting GI neurons, but not AdGI neurons, responding more robustly to low glucose than those from females. 17βE blunted the response of both nonadapting GI and AdGI neurons to low glucose in both males and females, which was mediated by activation of estrogen receptor β and inhibition of AMP-activated kinase. In contrast, 17βE had no impact on GE or non-glucose sensing neurons in either sex. Conclusion These data suggest sex differences and estrogenic regulation of VMN hypothalamic glucose sensing may contribute to the sexual dimorphism in glucose homeostasis. Hypothalamic glucose sensitivity is sexually dimorphic. 17βE blunts activation of glucose inhibited neurons in low glucose. Estrogen regulation of glucose sensing may mediate sexual dimorphisms in glucose homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 17β-estradiol
- 17βE, 17β-estradiol
- AICAR, aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside
- AMP-activated kinase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARC, arcuate nucleus
- BSA-17βE, bovine serum albumin-conjugated 17βE
- CC, compound C
- ER, estrogen receptor
- GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid
- GE, glucose-excited
- GI, glucose-inhibited
- Glucose excited neurons
- Glucose inhibited neurons
- HRP, horse radish peroxidase
- IR, input resistance
- MPP, methylphenolpyrazole
- NGS, non-glucose sensing
- PHTPP, phenyltrifluoromethylpyrazolophenol
- POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- SF-1, steroidogenic factor
- Sexual dimorphism
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- VL-VMN, ventrolateral VMN
- VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- VMN, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
- Vm, membrane potential
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammy M Santiago
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States.
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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19
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Mårtensson M, Strid MA, Chapman M, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Assessment of implantable infusion pumps for continuous infusion of human insulin in rats: potential for group housing. Lab Anim 2016; 51:273-283. [PMID: 27465034 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216660740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Group housing is considered to be important for rats, which are highly sociable animals. Single housing may impact behaviour and levels of circulating stress hormones. Rats are typically used in the toxicological evaluation of insulin analogues. Human insulin (HI) is frequently used as a reference compound in these studies, and a comparator model of persistent exposure by HI infusion from external pumps has recently been developed to support toxicological evaluation of long-acting insulin analogues. However, this model requires single housing of the animals. Developing an insulin-infusion model which allows group housing would therefore greatly improve animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate the suitability of implantable infusion pumps for HI infusion in group-housed rats. Group housing of rats implanted with a battery-driven pump proved to be possible. Intravenous infusion of HI lowered blood glucose levels persistently for two weeks, providing a comparator model for use in two-week repeated-dose toxicity studies with new long-acting insulin analogues, which allows group housing, and thereby increasing animal welfare compared with an external infusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Flou Hjorth Jensen
- 1 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,2 Department of Toxicology & Safety Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måøv, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Mølck
- 2 Department of Toxicology & Safety Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måøv, Denmark
| | - Martin Mårtensson
- 3 Department of Diabetes Analytical Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måøv, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- 1 Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Brück Bøgh
- 2 Department of Toxicology & Safety Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måøv, Denmark
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20
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Beneficial effects of a red wine polyphenol extract on high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1467-1475. [PMID: 26913853 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MS) show several metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and oxidative stress (OS). Diet is one of the factors influencing the development of MS, and current nutritional advice emphasises the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption. Here, we assessed the effects of naturally occurring antioxidants, red wine polyphenols (RWPs), on MS and OS. METHODS Wistar rats (n = 20) weighing 200-220 g received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 months before they were divided into two groups that received either HFD only or HFD plus 50 mg/kg RWPs in their drinking water for an additional 2 months. A control group (n = 10) received a normal diet (ND) for 4 months. RESULTS Rats receiving HFD increased body weight over 20 % throughout the duration of the study. They also showed increased blood levels of C-peptide, glucose, lipid peroxides, and oxidised proteins. In addition, the HFD increased OS in hepatic, pancreatic, and vascular tissues, as well as induced pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia and hepatic steatosis. Addition of RWPs to the HFD attenuated these effects on plasma and tissue OS and on islet cell hyperplasia. However, RWPs had no effect on blood glucose levels or hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS RWPs showed an antioxidant mechanism of action against MS. This result will inform future animal studies exploring the metabolic effects of RWPs in more detail. In addition, these findings support the use of antioxidants as adjunctive nutritional treatments for patients with diabetes.
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21
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Zduniak K, Ziółkowski P, Regnell P, Tollet-Egnell P, Åkesson L, Cooper ME. Immunohistochemical analysis of cannabinoid receptor 1 expression in steatotic rat livers. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1227-1230. [PMID: 27073427 PMCID: PMC4812478 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to determine the expression levels of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in steatotic rat livers. The secondary aim was to clarify whether steatosis and inflammation are more marked in areas with increased CB1 overexpression. For ethical and economic reasons, the present study investigated tissue from archived liver blocks, which were obtained from 38 rats that had been euthanized during the course of previous research at the Karolinska Institute of the Karolinska University Hospital (Stockholm, Sweden) and Lund University (Malmö, Sweden). Liver tissue fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin was used that had been sourced from 36 male Sprague Dawley rats (age, 7 weeks) and 2 rats (age, 180 days) lacking normal leptin receptors. The rat liver tissue was stained with antibodies against CB1 and counterstained with hematoxylin. The expression of CB1 and the number of cells overexpressing CB1 were determined. Steatosis was scored according to the Dixon scoring system. CB1 overexpression and steatosis were detected in hepatocytes from all 38 livers sampled. The expression of CB1 was more marked in hepatocytes localized next to portal triads. Near the central veins, the expression was significantly weaker. Steatosis was more marked in areas of increased CB1 overexpression. Lymphocyte infiltration was more commonly observed in areas of increased CB1 overexpression. Therefore, the present results indicate that CB1 receptors are overexpressed in areas with steatosis, and indicate that CB1 in hepatocytes contributes to the formation of steatosis in rats, even prior to its progression to steatohepatitis. These results are consistent with publications reporting that CB1 in hepatocytes increases lipogenesis and contributes to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zduniak
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław PL-50-368, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław PL-50-368, Poland
| | | | - Petra Tollet-Egnell
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, The Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Lina Åkesson
- Diabetes and Celiac Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
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22
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Jensen VFH, Mølck AM, Heydenreich A, Jensen KJ, Bertelsen LO, Alifrangis L, Andersen L, Søeborg H, Chapman M, Lykkesfeldt J, Bøgh IB. Histopathological nerve and skeletal muscle changes in rats subjected to persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 29:17-30. [PMID: 26989298 PMCID: PMC4766526 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New insulin analogues with a longer duration of action and a flatter pharmacodynamic profile are developed to improve convenience and safety for diabetic patients. During the nonclinical development of such analogues, safety studies must be conducted in nondiabetic rats, which consequently are rendered chronically hypoglycemic. A rat comparator model using human insulin would be valuable, as it would enable differentiation between effects related to either persistent insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) or a new analogue per se. Such a model could alleviate the need for an in-study-comparator and thereby reduce the number of animals used during development. Thus, the aims of the present study were i) to develop a preclinical animal model of persistent hypoglycemia in rats using human insulin infusion for four weeks and ii) to investigate histopathological changes in sciatic nerves and quadriceps femoris muscle tissue, as little is known about the response to persistent hypoglycemia in these tissues. Histopathologic changes in insulin-infused animals included axonal degeneration and myofibre degeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that persistent IIH provokes peripheral nerve and skeletal myofiber degeneration within the same animals. This suggests that the model can serve as a nonclinical comparator model during development of long-acting insulin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi Flou Hjorth Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Lene Alifrangis
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Henrik Søeborg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, Barric Lane, Eye, Suffolk, IP23 7PX, UK
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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23
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Zhuonan Z, Sen G, Zhipeng J, Maoyou Z, Linglan Y, Gangping W, Cheng J, Zhongliang M, Tian J, Peijian Z, Kesen X. Hypoxia preconditioning induced HIF-1α promotes glucose metabolism and protects mitochondria in liver I/R injury. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:610-9. [PMID: 25726501 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the main lesions after liver transplantation. This study aims to detect hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protects transplanted liver against I/R injury by promoting glucose metabolism to decrease mitochondrial injury and apoptosis on rat model. METHODS The rats were given a treatment of 90 min non-lethal hypoxic preconditioning to induce and increase the HIF-1α expression. The autologous orthotopic liver transplantation model was used to imitate liver I/R injury. RESULTS Hypoxic-induced HIF-1α was detected to increase in liver tissue after 90-minute hypoxic environment (HP vs. Ctrl, *P<0.001). After operation, the expression of HIF-1α in liver tissue was also stayed at a high level. At 24h after operation, several genes were promoted, such as the levels of HK-2 (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.004), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.003), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK-1) (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.007), even the NF-κB and Erk pathways. From the TUNEL assay, the apoptosis in hypoxic preconditioning liver tissue was decreased compared with non-HP operative group at 12h after operation. The expressions of cleaved-caspase 3 (HP vs. AT, *P=0.0119) and PARP (HP vs. AT, *P=0.0134) in HP group were also significantly lower than AT group. CONCLUSION The hypoxia-induced HIF-1α could promote glucose metabolism to protect hepatocellular mitochondria from damage. It could be a useful way to protect liver against I/R injuries and inflammatory injury, and particularly promote the recovery of graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhuonan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Guo Sen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Ji Zhipeng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033 Jinan, China
| | - Zhuang Maoyou
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao First People Hospital, 276800 Rizhao, China
| | - Yin Linglan
- Department of Surgery, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China
| | - Wang Gangping
- Department of Pathology, Rizhao First People Hospital, 276800 Rizhao, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Center, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhongliang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China
| | - Jessie Tian
- Department of Thoracic medical oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, 77030 TX, United States
| | - Zhang Peijian
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Kesen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China.
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Dal S, Jeandidier N, Schaschkow A, Spizzo AH, Seyfritz E, Sookhareea C, Bietiger W, Péronet C, Moreau F, Pinget M, Maillard E, Sigrist S. Portal or subcutaneous insulin infusion: efficacy and impact on liver inflammation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:488-98. [PMID: 26095147 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal insulin allows physiological portal insulin administration and first-pass hepatic insulin extraction, but the impact on liver metabolism and inflammation is unknown. Our objective was to compare the impact, on metabolic control and liver function, of the same dose of insulin administered either intraperitoneally or subcutaneously during continuous infusion in diabetic rats. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (C), untreated diabetic (streptozotocin, 100 mg/kg) and diabetic rats treated by continual subcutaneous Insuplant® infusion (CSII) and continual intraperitoneal Insuplant(®) infusion (CPII) of 2 UI/200 g/day (via an osmotic mini-pump for 1-4 weeks). Insulin signalling pathways were analysed through hepatic expression of growth hormone receptor and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1. Metabolic control was determined by measurement of body weight, blood glucose and fructosamine. Liver function was assessed by measuring insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), with global inflammation assessed by levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) and lipid peroxidation in plasma. Liver inflammation was evaluated by quantification of hepatic macrophage infiltration and reactive oxygen species production. CPII induced a better improvement in metabolic control and liver function than CSII, producing a significant decrease in blood glucose and fructosamine, coupled with increased IGF-1 and hepatic glycogen storage. Moreover, liver oxidative stress and liver inflammation were reduced. Such observations indicate that the same insulin level in CPII improves glucose control and hepatic glucose metabolism and function, attenuating the hepatic inflammatory response to diabetes. These data demonstrate the importance of focusing on therapeutics to allow first-pass hepatic insulin extraction or prevent diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dal
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Nathalie Jeandidier
- Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète -Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Anaïs Schaschkow
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Spizzo
- Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète -Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Elodie Seyfritz
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Cynthia Sookhareea
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - William Bietiger
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Claude Péronet
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - François Moreau
- Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète -Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Michel Pinget
- Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète -Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Elisa Maillard
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, Strasbourg, 67200, France
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Dal S, Jeandidier N, Seyfritz E, Bietiger W, Péronet C, Moreau F, Pinget M, Maillard E, Sigrist S. Featured Article: Oxidative stress status and liver tissue defenses in diabetic rats during intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:184-92. [PMID: 26385497 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215603837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term insulin delivery can reduce blood glucose variability in diabetic patients. In this study, its impact on oxidative stress status, inflammation, and liver injury was investigated. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats with a single dose of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg). Untreated rats and rats administered Insuplant® (2 UI/200 g/day) through a subcutaneous osmotic pump for one or four weeks were compared with non-diabetic controls. Body weight, fructosamine level, total cholesterol, Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) level, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Hepatic injury was determined through the measurement of glycogen content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and macrophage infiltration. Liver oxidative stress status was evaluated through the measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) expression, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation. Induction of diabetes led to increased plasma oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, ROS production and macrophage infiltration increased in addition to SOD, CAT, and NADPH oxidase expression. Intensive insulin therapy improved metabolic control in diabetic animals as seen by a restoration of hepatic glycogen, plasma IGF-1 levels, and a decrease in plasma oxidative stress. However, insulin treatment did not result in a decrease in acute inflammation in diabetic rats as seen by continued ROS production and macrophage infiltration in the liver, and a decrease of p38MAPK activation. These results suggest that the onset of diabetes induces liver oxidative stress and inflammation, and that subcutaneous insulin administration cannot completely reverse these changes. Targeting oxidative stress and/or inflammation in diabetic patients could be an interesting strategy to improve therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dal
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Jeandidier
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète-Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, (HUS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Seyfritz
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - William Bietiger
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claude Péronet
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Moreau
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète-Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, (HUS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Pinget
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France Structure d'Endocrinologie, Diabète-Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, (HUS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisa Maillard
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
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Garcia Caraballo SC, Comhair TM, Houten SM, Dejong CHC, Lamers WH, Koehler SE. High-protein diets prevent steatosis and induce hepatic accumulation of monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1263-74. [PMID: 25287814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is steatosis of unknown etiology. To test how dietary protein decreases steatosis, we fed female C57BL/6 J mice low-fat (8 en%) or high-fat (42 en%) combined with low-protein (11 en%), high-protein (HP; 35 en%) or extra-high-protein (HPX; 58 en%) diets for 3 weeks. The 35 en% protein diets reduced hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid contents to ~50% of that in 11 en% protein diets. Every additional 10 en% protein reduced hepatic fat content ~1.5 g%. HP diets had no effect on lipogenic or fatty acid-oxidizing genes except Ppargc1α (+30%), increased hepatic PCK1 content 3- to 5-fold, left plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentration unchanged, and decreased inflammation and cell stress (decreased Fgf21 and increased Gsta expression). The HP-mediated decrease in steatosis correlated inversely with plasma branched-chain amino-acid (BCAA) concentrations and hepatic content of BCAA-derived monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) 14-methylpentadecanoic (14-MPDA; valine-derived) and, to a lesser extent, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (isoleucine-derived). Liver lipid content was 1.6- to 1.8-fold higher in females than in males, but the anti-steatotic effect of HP diets was equally strong. The strong up-regulation of PCK1 and literature data showing an increase in phosphoenolpyruvate and a decline in tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in liver reveal that an increased efflux of these intermediates from mitochondria represents an important effect of an HP diet. The HP diet-induced increase in 14-MPDA and the dietary response in gene expression were more pronounced in females than males. Our findings are compatible with a facilitating role of valine-derived mmBCFAs in the antisteatotic effect of HP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia C Garcia Caraballo
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tine M Comhair
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Tytgat Institute for Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Nutrigenomics Consortium, Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Koehler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Auberval N, Dal S, Bietiger W, Pinget M, Jeandidier N, Maillard-Pedracini E, Schini-Kerth V, Sigrist S. Metabolic and oxidative stress markers in Wistar rats after 2 months on a high-fat diet. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:130. [PMID: 25960774 PMCID: PMC4424531 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and hepatic complications. Oxidative stress in metabolic tissues has emerged as a universal feature of metabolic syndrome and its co-morbidities. We aimed to develop a rapidly and easily induced model of metabolic syndrome in rats to evaluate its impact on plasma and tissue oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Metabolic syndrome was induced in rats using a high-fat diet (HFD), and these rats were compared to rats fed a normal diet (ND) for 2 months. Metabolic control was determined by measuring body weight, blood glucose, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in plasma. Insulinemia was evaluated through the measure of C-peptide. Histological analysis was performed on the pancreas, liver and blood vessels. RESULTS After 2 months, the HFD induced an increase in body weight, insulin and triglycerides. Liver steatosis was also observed in the HFD group, which was associated with an increase in glycogen storage. In the pancreas, the HFD induced islet hyperplasia. Tissue oxidative stress was also increased in the liver, pancreas and blood vessels, but plasma oxidative stress remained unchanged. CONCLUSION This paper reports the development of a fast and easy model of rat metabolic syndrome associated with tissue oxidative stress. This model may be a good tool for the biological validation of drugs or antioxidants to limit or prevent the complications of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auberval
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphanie Dal
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - William Bietiger
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Pinget
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- />Structure d’Endocrinologie, Diabète –Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, (HUS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Jeandidier
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- />Structure d’Endocrinologie, Diabète –Nutrition et Addictologie, Pôle NUDE, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, (HUS), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisa Maillard-Pedracini
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Schini-Kerth
- />Département de Pharmacologie et Physicochimie, UMR 7213 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- />UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d’Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Bld René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France
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Saito K, Negishi M, James Squires E. Sexual dimorphisms in zonal gene expression in mouse liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:730-5. [PMID: 23791742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the metabolic functions of the liver are localized either in the pericentral region (zone 3) or in the periportal region (zone 1). However, a systematic analysis of the heterogeneity and sexual dimorphism of gene expression in the liver is lacking. Our objective was to obtain sections of intact tissue from zone 1 and zone 3 from both male and female mouse liver, and to measure the patterns of gene expression in these sections. Zone 1 and zone 3 areas were isolated by laser capture microdissection of liver sections, total RNA was isolated and microarray analysis was conducted using Agilent Whole Mouse Genome oligo arrays. To investigate functional characteristics as well as upstream regulators of specific gene lists, we used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We identified more than 925 genes in zone 1 and more than 450 genes in zone 3 of both male and female mice. Sexual dimorphism in metabolic functions was present in zone 1 but not zone 3. In zone 1, canonical pathways related to gluconeogenesis were male predominant, while canonical pathways related to hepatic progenitor cells were female predominant. In addition, we also analyzed the upstream regulators of zone-specific genes. SREBF1 was male-specific in zone 1, while TRIM24 was female-specific in zone 3. These results demonstrate the heterogeneity and sexually dimorphic differences in gene expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Saito
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Hepatic and plasma sex differences in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are associated with differences in expression of elongase 6, but not stearoyl-CoA desaturase in Sprague-Dawley rats. GENES AND NUTRITION 2012. [PMID: 23180365 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-012-0325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have been viewed as either beneficial or neutral with respect to health; however, recent evidence suggests that MUFA may be associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Sex differences in MUFA composition have been reported in both rats and humans, but the basis for this sexual dimorphism is unknown. In the current study, enzymes involved in MUFA biosynthesis are examined in rat and cell culture models. Male and female rats were maintained on an AIN-93G diet prior to killing at 14 weeks of age after an overnight fast. Concentrations of 16:0 (2,757 ± 616 vs. 3,515 ± 196 μg fatty acid/g liver in males), 18:1n-7 (293 ± 66 vs. 527 ± 49 μg/g) and 18:1n-9 (390 ± 80 vs. 546 ± 47 μg/g) were lower, and concentrations of 18:0 (5,943 ± 1,429 vs. 3,987 ± 325 μg/g) were higher in phospholipids in livers from female rats compared with males. Hepatic elongase 6 mRNA and protein were 5.9- and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in females compared with males. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression did not differ. Specific hormonal effects were examined in HepG2 cells cultured with varying concentrations of 17β-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone (0, 10, 30 and 100 nM) for 72 h. Progesterone and 17β-estradiol treatments increased, while testosterone decreased, elongase 6 protein. Sex differences in MUFA composition were associated with increased expression of hepatic elongase 6 in females relative to male rats, which appears to be mediated by sex hormones based on observations of hormonal treatments of HepG2 cells.
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Lebeck J, Gena P, O'Neill H, Skowronski MT, Lund S, Calamita G, Praetorius J. Estrogen prevents increased hepatic aquaporin-9 expression and glycerol uptake during starvation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G365-74. [PMID: 22114114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00437.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In starvation, glycerol is released from adipose tissue and serves as an important precursor for hepatic gluconeogenesis. By unknown sex-specific mechanisms, women suppress the endogenous glucose production better than men and respond to metabolic stress with higher plasma glycerol levels. Hepatic glycerol uptake is facilitated by aquaporin-9 (AQP9), a broad-selectivity neutral solute channel, and represents an insulin-regulated step in supplying gluconeogenesis with glycerol. In the present study, hepatic AQP9 abundance was increased 2.6-fold in starved male rats as assessed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. By contrast, starvation had no significant effect on hepatic AQP9 expression in female rats. Coordinately, plasma glycerol levels remained unchanged with starvation in male rats, whereas it was increased in female rats. The different responses to starvation were paralleled by higher glycerol permeability in basolateral hepatocyte membranes from starved male rats compared with starved females. Ovariectomy led to a starvation-response pattern identical to that observed in male rats with increased hepatic AQP9 expression and unchanged plasma glycerol levels. In cultured hepatocytes, 17β-estradiol and the selective estrogen receptor α-agonist, propyl pyrazole triol, caused a decrease in AQP9 expression. Our results support that a sex-specific regulation of the hepatic glycerol channel AQP9 during starvation contributes to the higher plasma glycerol levels observed in women during fasting and possibly results in a lower cytosolic availability of glycerol. Furthermore, the sexual dimorphism in the hepatic handling of glycerol during starvation might be explained by 17β-estradiol preventing the starvation-induced increase in hepatic AQP9 abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Lebeck
- Dept. of Biomedicine, the Water and Salt Research Center, Aarhus Univ., Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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